Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why is an arrow such a universal symbol for direction?	Is it understood by all humans? It may relate to our ability to universally understand pointing, (humans are one of the few species that instinctively understand pointing. Dogs, dolphins and elephants do too I believe,) it may activate the same piece of evolutionary instinct to interpret the sign as a direction.	[ "The typographical symbol developed in the 18th century as an abstraction from arrow projectiles. Its use is comparable to that of the older (medieval) manicule (pointing hand, 👈). Also comparable is the use of a fleur-de-lis symbol indicating north in a compass rose by Pedro Reinel (c. 1504).\n", "An early arro...
Is uniformity of the CMB a de facto requirement of The Standard Model, and if so, is there a distance scale at which it must be manifest?	Well, I'm not a physics expert, but I do not think that it matters to the CMB radiation that the universe might be infinite. Recall why this radiation exists in the first place. At first the universe was too dense and full of energy for photons to travel through it. It was opaque. As it expanded, is became less opaque...	[ "The 'standard model' groups the electroweak interaction theory and quantum chromodynamics into a structure denoted by the gauge group \"SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)\". The formulation of the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions in the standard model is due to Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg and, subsequently,...
How accurate is this video that explains why the Bible is true and trustworthy?	Ok, this question is more theology and philosophy than history, but there are some historical matters, and some critical thinking, so I'll address that as much as I can and nod towards the theological and philosophical. For the record, I'm an atheist with an evangelical background. The claim is the Bible is "the word...	[ "The producers surveyed the evidence and take positions that are mainstream among archaeologists and historians, although they continue to raise objections among both Christians who believe in the bible as either literal or historical truth and minimalists who assert that the Bible has no historical validation.\n",...
why is taking melatonin every night bad for you?	Your brain makes its own melatonin. Taking small amounts to shift your sleep schedule once in a while is OK, but taking large amounts consistently can stop your brain from making it normally. Also, in large quantities over time, taking melatonin can apparently lead to depression. Also, most melatonin tablets are way...	[ "Melatonin has been shown to accelerate the adaptation of the circadian system to a nighttime work schedule. Melatonin may benefit daytime sleep in night workers by an additional direct sleep promoting mechanism. Melatonin treatment may increase sleep length during both daytime and nighttime sleep in night shift wo...
how is it that i receive spam emails from names in my own address book?	You are also in their address books. Someone hacked your friends, and spammed everyone in their address books. It happened to me twice this week, from different friends. I know the common factor wasn't me, because I do not use an address book.	[ "Spammers may harvest email addresses from a number of sources. A popular method uses email addresses which their owners have published for other purposes. Usenet posts, especially those in archives such as Google Groups, frequently yield addresses. Simply searching the Web for pages with addresses — such as corpor...
Can someone explain the War of the Roses to me?	Two rival houses fought in a dynastic war over who would be the next ruler of England. The first house was Lancaster whose symbol was a red rose and the second house was York whose symbol was a white rose, hence the name "War of the Roses." The war lasted from 1455- 1485 with occasional battles being fought during that...	[ "The War of the Roses is a 1989 American dark comedy film based upon the 1981 novel of the same name by Warren Adler. The film follows a wealthy couple with a seemingly perfect marriage. When their marriage begins to fall apart, material possessions become the center of an outrageous and bitter divorce battle.\n", ...
Where do commonly referenced races in mythologies originate from?	First, fictional fantasy stories can be described as "highly derivative." In other words, authors steal from one another like nobody's business. Tolkien invented much (although even he drew inspiration from many sources), and many fantasy authors after Tolkien simply borrowed much of what he crafted with little concern...	[ "In addition to these, many other races exist: from the descendants of the ancients, the Mora Clan; the race of fish people who rule over the caverns of water, the Ixion Tribe; and other original clans to the well-known races like Humans, Ogres, Dwarfs, and Elves.\n", "The Origo Gentis Romanae (\"The origins of R...
How were warship fleet attacks coordinated before the advent of radio communication?	On the level of the individual Squadron or Fleet you would have signal flags. Which are still very much in use in every navy and every civilian vessel afloat. You could spell individual words or some flags had complex meanings such as "divers out" or "maneuvering impaired". And navies would have specific codes and all ...	[ "U.S. Navy ships traditionally avoid using their radios to prevent adversaries from locating them by direction finding. The Navy also needs to maintain traffic security, so it has radio stations constantly broadcasting a stream of coded messages. During and after World War II, Navy ships copied these \"fleet broadc...
In flatland, would the 3rd dimension be time?	It could be. However, answer me this. What is the second and third dimension to us? Is it width and height respectively, or length and width? The dimensions are arbitrary named and you would be correct if you named time as the first or second dimension. So yes, if in flatland you declare time a dimension y...	[ "It is therefore common (though not universal), for B-theorists to be four-dimensionalists, that is, to believe that objects are extended in time as well as in space and therefore have temporal as well as spatial parts. This is sometimes called a time-slice ontology.\n", "In philosophy, four-dimensionalism (also ...
why is uranium necessary for a nuclear weapon?	Plutonium can also be used. The material used must be radioactive enough to split fairly easily, otherwise a chain reaction is not possible. Note also that uranium has to be enriched, because the main component (U238) is not radioactive enough, so the small amount of U235 present in uranium ore has to be extracted (e...	[ "Uranium-235 is important for both nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons, because it is the only uranium isotope existing in nature on Earth in any significant amount that is fissile. This means that it can be split into two or three fragments (fission products) by thermal neutrons.\n", "The isotope uranium-235 is...
how do military aircraft intercept hijacked commercial planes?	Former navy, we did flight ops with helos to intercept subs and track em. Intercept is kind of a blanket term. You can "intercept" the plane or boat and guide it to a destination of your choice but that is a gentle hand approach. Imagine two bouncers at a bar standing next to you...you will prob listen if they are will...	[ "Detect, identify and control the intercept of hostile aircraft and missiles, and provide navigational assistance to friendly aircraft and provide continuous all-weather, radar, non-radar approach, departure, en route and tower air traffic control services to friendly aircraft.\n", "To supplement air traffic cont...
Aerodynamics Application	Golf balls are spherical; and with dimples on them, they are begging to be spun in the air. The dimples increase the range of flight for the golf ball because of lift (and low air drag because of no flow separation). A car with dimples on it would be similar to a car with a spoiler on the back end. A spoiler serves to ...	[ "In recent years, aerodynamics have become an area of increasing focus by racing teams as well as car manufacturers. Advanced tools such as wind tunnels and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have allowed engineers to optimize the handling characteristics of vehicles. Advanced wind tunnels such as Wind Shear's Full...
What are the limiting factors for mountain size and height?	On earth, or anywhere, the relative rates of constructive and destructive processes determine overall size of mountains. Two examples: Hawaii: Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea. These two largest volcanic mountains on earth are/were built by a magma supply at the Hawaii Hotspot, but the Pacific Plate is moving them away from ...	[ "The dynamics of mountain ranges are governed by differences in the gravitational potential energy of entire \"columns\" of the lithosphere (see isostasy). If a change in surface height represents an isostatically compensated change in crustal thickness, the rate of change of potential energy per unit surface area ...
How much of history is decided by so-called "great people" and how much is just the situation that creates them?	What you are asking about is called [Great Man Theory](_URL_0_) and while certainly there will be preferences in academia overall for or against certain theories the truth is that it is opinion (albeit based on evidence and logic). None can answer "what ifs" as a fact by the nature of the question. What I will say (w...	[ "A people's history is the history as the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. Individuals not included in the past in other type of writing about history are part of history-from-below theory's primary focus, which includes the disenfranchised, the oppressed, the poor, the nonconformists, the subaltern an...
what happens if a type 1 diabetic cuts sugar from their diet?	Long story short: they still need insulin because they literally produce none but the body can produce its own sugars, which it can't carefully regulate without insulin. Sugar is the fuel for the brain, and the brain will not function without it, which is why the body has safety mechanisms in place to create sugar fo...	[ "Sugars such as glucose and fructose can react with certain amino acids such as lysine and arginine and certain DNA bases such as guanine to produce sugar adducts, in a process called \"glycation\". These adducts can further rearrange to form reactive species, which can then cross-link the structural proteins or DN...
I'm a young woman in Salem, 1692. How likely is it that I will be accused of being a witch? Who is most likely to accuse me?	There are a number of issues that come into play with each accusation in the Salem Witch Trials. This is my area of expertise, so I'll try not to be too wordy, but please ask if you want more detail on any area. 1. Likelihood of an accusation depended on the family. The families to focus on in Salem (comprised of Sa...	[ "Booth, at age eighteen, was one of the six accusers in the 1692 Salem Witch Trials in Salem, Massachusetts, claiming that she was afflicted by witchcraft. Throughout the trials, there are records indicating that she accused ten people of witchcraft. Five of those accused are known to be executed directly due to he...
could an identical twin get off on a technicality if we can't know that it wasn't their twin that committed a crime?	Yes. In the U.S. and many other places juries are instructed to only vote guilty if the prosecution has shown "beyond a reasonable doubt" that the accused is guilty. If all of the evidence applies equally well to one twin as it does to another then there is a reasonable doubt and the accused would walk free. This is...	[ "In March 2009, a $6.8 million jewel theft in Germany was described as being close to a perfect crime, in that despite having DNA evidence (but no other evidence), the police were unable to bring the case to court since the DNA belonged to one of a pair of identical twins, and faced with denials by both, it could n...
why is it cheaper to fly from montreal to usa's west coast or latin america than to most canadian cities?	It's a function of two things: international agreements on air travel service, and the high cost of offering air travel (costs to airlines). There is an international agreement that, among other things, ensures that only domestic carriers can operate domestically (e.g., only Air Canada, West Jet, and smaller Canadian ...	[ "Travellers from Toronto to the United States are increasingly using Buffalo-Niagara International Airport (BUF). Located outside of Buffalo, New York, the lower airfares offered to U.S. destinations make travelling from BUF a cost effective alternative, despite the time needed to make the trip by motor vehicle. De...
if we are able to run simulations and determine where planet 9's orbit is. why are we unable to locate it in the sky?	What we have done is calculate a range of possible orbits. However we do not know where in its orbit it is. In any way it is very far away and relatively tiny at that distance. Imagine you know someone dropped a rubber duck in the Pacific ocean two years ago and you know exactly where and when they did so. You could go...	[ "Because the planet is predicted to be visible in the Northern Hemisphere, the primary search is expected to be carried out using the Subaru Telescope, which has both an aperture large enough to see faint objects and a wide field of view to shorten the search. Two teams of astronomers—Batygin and Brown, as well as ...
the canadian federal budget 2016	First let's look at the surplus/deficit. [Historically](_URL_3_) and [proposed future](_URL_1_). The $30B deficit is still significantly smaller than the $55B deficit in 2009. That doesn't mean it's good or bad, it just means that $30B isn't in any way unprecedented. Canada's [public Debt to GDP ratio](_URL_2_) has ...	[ "The Canadian federal budget for the 2009-2010 fiscal year was presented to the House of Commons of Canada by Finance Minister Jim Flaherty on January 27, 2009. The federal budget included $40 billion in stimulus and $20 billion in personal income tax cuts.\n", "The Canadian federal budget for fiscal year 2013–20...
Do electrons physically spin the way wheels and tops spin? Or does the word spin mean something different when it comes to electrons?	Different people will give different answers, because it has been taught differently over the years in introductory quantum mechanics classes. Current sophomore-level quantum mechanics dogma is that spin is an intrinsic quantity unrelated to anything you've ever encountered in the macroscopic world, and indeed that is ...	[ "Electrons are spin- particles. These have only two possible spin angular momentum values measured along any axis, formula_1 or formula_2, a purely quantum mechanical phenomenon. Because its value is always the same, it is regarded as an intrinsic property of electrons, and is sometimes known as \"intrinsic angular...
induction heating on a stove vs. a traditional gas or electric eye	I've never heard of induction stoves until now, but I think I understand the difference. With a gas or electric stove, the pot is heated through direct contact (conduction), like when your feet touch hot asphalt. The gas stove spews hot gas which touches the pot, and the electric stove heats the pot with its electric c...	[ "BULLET::::- An electric stove is a large kitchen appliance that converts electricity into heat in order to cook and bake food. In addition to heated coils atop a stovetop range, glass-ceramic cooktops and induction stoves using electromagnetic induction have proven to be popular in commercial kitchens as well as f...
why is it ok to shake spray deodorant but no canned air?	Normal aerosol cans contain both the desired product (deodorant, paint, etc.) and a pressurised gas that acts as a propellant. If you let the cans sit for a while, these two things will separate out, and if you press the nozzle you'll just get a blast of mostly propellant. You have to shake these cans to mix them tog...	[ "Canned air can be used for cleaning dust off surfaces such as keyboards, as well as sensitive electronics in which moisture is not desired. When using canned air, it is recommended to not hold the can upside down, as this can result in spraying liquid on to the surface. The liquid, when released from the can, boil...
what is a difference between red, blue and green laser?	Red light has a lower frequency than green, which is lower than blue. Lower frequencies require less energy an are easier to make. The technology to make blue lasers only emerged recently. On the atomic level, lasers are made when (among other things) electrons change energy levels within an atom, emitting a photon....	[ "In 2007, LaserMax, a company specializing in manufacturing lasers for military and police firearms, introduced the first mass-production green laser available for small arms. This laser mounts to the underside of a handgun or long arm on the accessory rail. The green laser is supposed to be more visible than the r...
This is my grandmother during World War 2 in her Nazi uniform. Can you tell by her military uniform, what her role was during the war?	There is very little to go on with her uniform since its only partially shown, but based on your mother mentioning batteries, she may have been a Luftwaffenhelferinn, who were auxiliaries of the Luftwaffe and manned flak guns and searchlights in anti-aircraft gun batteries. Comparing what we can see of her uniform to t...	[ "From then on, he began wearing a grey military jacket with a swastika eagle sewn on the upper left sleeve. Throughout the war, the only military decorations Hitler displayed were his Wound Badge and Iron Cross from World War I and the Nazi Golden Party Badge. Hitler's position in World War II was essentially supre...
the difference between yellow journalism and fake news.	The purpose of yellow journalism is to sell news through exaggeration and sensationalism. It focuses on scandals a rumors, and hides behind inaccuracy behind poor research. It relies on misleading headlines, unqualified experts, pseudoscience, and artists conceptions. While sometimes it makes stuff up, there is usua...	[ "The term \"fake news\" or Yellow journalism has taken over broadcast journalism throughout the past and current years. Its impact on broadcast journalism played a role in how news about the election was spread. Fake news defines how viewers see news that may be misleading or false. The main aim of Yellow Journalis...
is the music on record vinyls altered in any way to compensate for the difference in speed between the outer and inner part of the vinyl? if so, how?	Yes. First, how do a vinyl record work? Prior to first, how does sound work? Sound is a wave. More waves (higher frequency) reaching your ear make for a higher-pitched sound, less waves make for a lower pitch. Stronger and weaker waves mean louder and softer sounds. Now, a vinyl works by "translating" these waves int...	[ "Special vinyl records pressed with a digital timecode are played on normal turntables. The timecode signal is interpreted by a computer, connected to the turntables through an interface called the ScratchAmp. The signal represents where the stylus is on the record, in which direction it is traveling, and at what s...
Why are sound waves sinusoidal?	You can get any function (as long as you don't do crazy things like infinite numbers of discontinuities, and often even then) by adding together sine waves. Sometimes it's useful to consider something as a sum of sine waves. For example, with sound a sine wave will stimulate one receptor, so by looking at it as a sum o...	[ "To the human ear, a sound that is made of more than one sine wave will have perceptible harmonics; addition of different sine waves results in a different waveform and thus changes the timbre of the sound. Presence of higher harmonics in addition to the fundamental causes variation in the timbre, which is the reas...
how do television channels work? in fiber optics or traditional cable, how does the tv differentiate between different channels?	Different channels get carried on different frequencies (just like how AM/FM radio stations have different radio frequencies). Your TV/cable-box tunes into the frequency that the station is being broadcast on, hence your TV/cable-box has a 'tuner' built-in. Fiber Optic TV service is (normally) completely different tho...	[ "In the most common system, multiple television channels (as many as 500, although this varies depending on the provider's available channel capacity) are distributed to subscriber residences through a coaxial cable, which comes from a trunkline supported on utility poles originating at the cable company's local di...
Did pirates ever attack/siege settlements or did they pretty much exclusively prey on shipping lanes?	Uh, yes. All the time. Some of the greatest events in the history of the Caribbean were "pirates" attacking settlements. You have Morgan at Maricaibo/Gibraltar (a raid so devastating it essentially reduced Gibraltar to a ghost town). You had l'Onnalais who also raided Gibraltar. You had Sir John Hawkins raiding ...	[ "Contrary to popular belief, there is no documentary evidence of pirates using the area as a base of operations. Piracy was rampant in the Gulf of Mexico from pirates working out of Hispaniola, the Caribbean, and the Florida Keys. Notable raids occurred in 1683 and 1687 against the Spanish fort at San Marcos de Apa...
What did Anglo-Saxon Briton's international relations look like?	This is a question where the answer really depends on the period. Between Augustine's mission to Canterbury in 596 and the Norman Conquest of 1066, Anglo-Saxon England evolves from dozens of petty kingdoms, down to 5 major kingdoms by the mid-ninth century, three by the start of the tenth century and finally unified un...	[ "the more modern view is of co-existence between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. He suggests that several modern archaeologists have now re-assessed the invasion model, and have developed a co-existence model largely based on the Laws of Ine. The laws include several clauses that provide six different wergild lev...
If a small object is in orbit of a larger object, will the smaller object crash into the large object eventually?	If the two are in an isolated orbit with no external perturbations, the orbit will still decay over a very long time due to gravitational radiation.	[ "A 1-kg object impacting at 10 km/s, for example, is probably capable of catastrophically breaking up a 1,000-kg spacecraft if it strikes a high-density element in the spacecraft. In such a breakup, numerous fragments larger than 1 kg would be created.\n", "Formation by collision is constrained by the angular mom...
why are scorpions arachnids and not decapods?	The claws on a scorpion are called pedipalps. They are like the "feelers" of a spider. Some spiders have long pedipapls as well, and looks like they have ten legs. This is very different compared to a crab claw which is classified as a pinoer or its first leg.	[ "Proboscis worms are known for their eversible proboscises, but in most species these are unbranched and cylindrical, or may have a sharp, venomous stylet part way to the tip. In a few instances, they are branched but the side branches are short and the proboscis resembles a feather. In the case of \"G. repens\", t...
what's the whole problem surrounding captain marvel? why was it receiving bad reviews before even premiering?	There is a rating system to build hype. The “if you want to see this” button. People were abusing the button and making it look pretty negative. At the same time things were updated to make sure movies couldn’t be negatively effected before release.	[ "The last few years of Alonso's tenure as Editor in Chief saw Marvel deal with both dwindling sales and public controversies. In May 2016 a storyline that saw Captain America transformed by timeline manipulation into a double agent for the evil, Nazi-like organization Hydra prompted such criticism that Marvel relea...
Could we be leaving bacteria on the moon with the potential to survive and evolve?	It's possible that some bacteria has been to the Moon and back via Surveyor 3 (a Lunar probe), as it was collected by Apollo 12 and returned to Earth. During analysis Streptococcus mitis was found in the probe's camera. It could have potentially been contaminated prior to launch and managed to survive the various met...	[ "In 2017, a team of scientists led by Ferrari showed that bacteria could thrive in Antarctica, living only from the hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Because the conditions needed for the existence of these microorganisms are so minimal, the study has also cast light on the question o...
why don't vegans eat eggs.	Because the chickens are locked up and abused and etc.. etc.. 'Normal' hens would lay like 6 eggs a year, not 300+ they're bred specially for this, and like 99%+ of males born are killed as chicks. The hens are also just killed if they stop producing and the fact they produce so much leads to them living horrible live...	[ "One of the main differences between a vegan and an ovo-vegetarian diet is the avoidance of eggs. Vegans do not consume eggs under any circumstances. In battery cage egg production, unwanted male chicks are culled or discarded at birth during the process of securing a further generation of egg-laying hens.\n", "I...
why does phosphorus encourage algae blooms?	There are some chemicals which are available in limited amounts in the oceans and the runoff from farms where large amounts of fertiliser were used can add the missing chemicals which were restricting growth. What is eutrophication or hypertrophication? - water fertilizers and algae. - _URL_0_	[ "Phosphorus is an essential macromineral for plants, which is studied extensively in edaphology to understand plant uptake from soil systems. Phosphorus is a limiting factor in many ecosystems; that is, the scarcity of phosphorus limits the rate of organism growth. An excess of phosphorus can also be problematic, e...
If a parent's DNA is damaged after birth, will the DNA passed onto offspring contain similar damage?	Depends where the damage occurs. Even before birth only DNA damage that occurs in your parents gametes (reproductive cells) may be passed down to offspring. Any other DNA damage to all other cells do not affect the offspring (not counting for any epigenetic effects of course [which is a newer area of genetics not too w...	[ "It is important to distinguish between DNA damage and mutation, the two major types of error in DNA. DNA damage and mutation are fundamentally different. Damage results in physical abnormalities in the DNA, such as single- and double-strand breaks, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine residues, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocar...
why $1,000 is called a "grand".	There was a time when the $1,000 bill was the largest denomination. Around this time is when the word 'grand' was being used to describe large things 'grandprize', 'grandslam'. So the largest bill became known as a grand. _URL_0_ _URL_1_	[ "A \"\"grand\"\", sometimes shortened to simply \"\"G\"\", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix \"\"K\"\" or \"\"k\"\" (from \"kilo-\") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as \"$10k\" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A \"\"large\"\" or \"\"stack\...
why do large towels tend to have a seam that's 3/16ths away from the end? why have the seam at all? and why put it where its at?	It helps hold the end of the towel together. The extra structure keeps it from unraveling.	[ "In a flat or abutted seam, two pieces of fabric are joined edge-to edge with no overlap and sewn with hand or machine stitching that encloses the raw edges. Antique or old German seam is the 19th century name for a hand-sewn flat seam that joins two pieces of fabric at their selvages. This type of construction is ...
Good books for learning about scientific thought in The Dark Ages?	You'll hopefully find some good suggestions in the ['History of Science And Technology' section of our Books and Resources list.](_URL_0_) God's Philosophers by James Hannam is on that list - it's solid history. Which is not to say it's unbiased, because historians are humans with biases and philosophical viewpoint...	[ "Book publication of the science fiction novel \"Gather, Darkness\" followed in 1950. It deals with a futuristic world that follows the Second Atomic Age which is ruled by scientists, until in the throes of a new Dark Age, the witches revolt.\n", "The book comprises a comprehensive guide explaining how to write a...
how do mobile chipset manufacturers achieve incremental performance improvement year after year?	big upgrades include transistor size where you go from 14nm to 10nm etc. Right now on mobile phones, flagship androids that came out this year and the iPhone from last year use 7nm transistor size. The smaller the transistor, the more transistors you can fit and better performance. Sometimes it's the way these transis...	[ "Computer industry technology road maps predicted in 2001 that Moore's law would continue for several generations of semiconductor chips. Depending on the doubling time used in the calculations, this could mean up to a hundredfold increase in transistor count per chip within a decade. The semiconductor industry tec...
How powerful of a blast would be needed to stop an F4 tornado assuming it could be detonated in the center at any height?	Any explosion powerful enough to disrupt a tornado will do much more damage than the tornado itself. [I've done some rough calculation in the past](_URL_1_), and it turns out a moderate (2.4 Megaton) blast could probably disrupt a tornadic supercell while at the same time [killing almost everyone within a 10-mile radiu...	[ "BULLET::::- The most destructive tornado occurred first at an unknown strength, although Bob Irisen states during a press conference that it is \"at least a five on the Fujita Scale\" (an F5 is the highest conceivable rating on the scale, although its original iteration included categories otherwise considered imp...
dark circles/bags under eyes?	Fatigue can cause dark circles, but for those of us who always have them, vitamin K is effective -- but not perfect. On the fatigue side, some good sleep and lots of water will help. Bags are mild swelling or puffiness under the eyes which are common as you age. With aging, the tissues around your eyes, including s...	[ "Grease or stick shadow is applied to the eyelids and blended out toward the eyebrow bone before powder is applied; dry eye shadow is used alone or to intensify and touch up the color underneath. Dark eye shadow or grease deepens the eye sockets, creating a skull-like effect. Shades of brown and gray are best for i...
when i'm passing urine, why does it froth some of the time but not others? this is into water without any cleaning products in it.	The froth is from the amount of protein in your urine. The times you will most notice this is in the morning when the content is highest.	[ "Because urea in urine breaks down into ammonia, urine has been used for the cleaning properties of the ammonia therein. In pre-industrial times urine was used – in the form of \"lant\" or aged urine – as a cleaning fluid.\n", "Urine can be put on compost piles or directly used as fertilizer. Adding urine to comp...
how can we distinguish older movies from newer movies that look like older movies?	Mostly by film stock/optics. A film enthusiast just can "tell". Also by costumes. Period films can subtly seem contrived.	[ "In February 2004, a few months following release, the film was voted eighth on \"Empire\"s \"100 Greatest Movies of All Time\", compiled from readers' top ten lists. This forced the magazine to abandon its policy of only allowing films being older than a year to be eligible. In 2007, \"Total Film\" named \"The Ret...
what are the pros and cons that have occurred due to the legalization of marijuana in colorado and other states?	Citations or links to studies that back up your claims are always appreciated.	[ "Colorado is now 1 of 8 states that have legalized both medical and recreational marijuana, allowing them to tax the product. As of July 2014, six months after recreational shops began sales of marijuana in Colorado, the state has enjoyed a tax revenue of 45 million with 98 million expected by the end of the calend...
why causes long wait times in the er? what can be done to shorten wait times? is this bad for patients?	It's called triage. As each person arrives they are assessed and then put into the queue. Just because they arrived last doesn't mean they get seen last. If they're the next worst off person they'll go in next. A few years ago I was in an ER here in Australia. A guy was yelling at a nurse because he'd been there ...	[ "It is unclear how many of the patients waiting longer have to. Some may be by choice, because they wish to go to a well-known specialist or clinic that many people wish to attend, and are willing to wait to do so. Waiting times may also vary by region. One experiment reported that uninsured patients experienced lo...
are humans the only animals (with similar sleep patterns) that get groggy in the mornings? if so, why?	Dogs get groggy. Mine's a real jerk until he's had his morning cup of coffee.	[ "As with birds, the main rule for mammals (with certain exceptions, see below) is that they have two essentially different stages of sleep: REM and NREM sleep (see above). Mammals' feeding habits are associated with their sleep length. The daily need for sleep is highest in carnivores, lower in omnivores and lowest...
Why does pyelonephritis(kidneys infection) causes mental confusion?	The main reason is because the kidneys are made to filter out compounds that are toxic to other organ systems, including the brain. The main one of clinical importance is urea, a byproduct of protein metabolism. This is what is measured in a BUN lab and when it is so elevated and causes symptoms, this is known as [ur...	[ "Nephrotic syndrome, a kidney disorder, causes excessive loss of protein in the urine, low levels of albumin in the blood, a high level of cholesterol in the blood and swelling, triggering a hypercoagulable state and increasing chances of clot formation. Other less common causes include hypercoagulable state, cance...
how does eye black work?	Less light reflects off of black than lighter shades like skin tone. Combined with our tendency to sweat (and make our cheeks even more reflective), an unpainted cheek can push a lot of unwanted sunlight into your eye. Matte black strip fixes a lot of that.	[ "BULLET::::- Eye liner is used to enhance and elongate the apparent size or depth of the eye. For example, white eyeliner on the waterline and inner corners of the eye makes the eyes look bigger and more awake. It can come in the form of a pencil, a gel, or a liquid and can be found in almost any color. Conversely,...
I can throw a baseball a lot further than a ping pong ball. I cannot throw a bowling ball nearly as far as a baseball. Is there an "optimal" mass or mass to diameter ratio for a ball to throw it as far as possible?	There are a lot of details which this answer will not contain, but this will give you the tools to start thinking about the question. The reason you can't throw a ping pong ball very far is that it is that the force of the air resistance causes a large acceleration on the object. The force on the object due to air re...	[ "Diceball! got positive press reviews partly because of its statistical similarities to the actual games of baseball. In Diceball! the batter puts the ball in play 66% of the time compared to 76% in Major League Baseball. The batter is struck out 23% of the time, against 15% in baseball. 11% of the at-bats end up i...
Meat pulls away from bone when done cooking, how?	The connective tissue that connects the bone to the meat dissolves around the same temeperature as when the meat is fully cooked.	[ "The principal effect of cooking meat on the bone is that it alters the flavour and texture. Albumen and collagen in the bones release gelatin when boiled which adds substance to stews, stocks, soups and sauces. The bone also conducts heat within the meat so that it cooks more evenly and prevents meat drying out an...
If light could instantly reach it's destination, what would we see?	It is moot to discuss this since it's a fundamental property of the universe, that mass-less particles travel at c. To propose a hypothetical situation where light could travel at greather speeds than the speed of light means creating a universe with fundamentally different laws of physics, which renders arguing with...	[ "At 10 p.m. on October 11, Columbus saw a light \"like a small wax candle that rose and lifted up\". He pointed it out to other people on board, some of whom were able to see the light, while others did not. The actual landfall was about 35 miles from the location Columbus saw the light, so if taken that the light ...
in america, why are some counties in the midwest squares?	If you see a straight line on a map, the person that drew the line didn't live there. The northeast was settled before states existed, so the town, county, and state lines all follow how the population lives because they were asked how they want their borders, often following geographical features that separate commun...	[ "A typical town in the northern three states was laid out in a square. Each contained 36 sections, squares or . One section was reserved for the support of public schools. This was copied when the Continental Congress laid out Ohio in 1785–87.\n", "The Midwestern United States is central and located inland. The a...
What determines how large (or small) the flame on the wick of a lit candle is?	Fire needs three things: an ignition source, oxygen and fuel. Once it's lit, the size of the flame is determined by the ratio of oxygen to fuel it has access to. A bunsen burner has a bigger flame because (1) it's burning pressurized gas, and (2) it's nozzle can be adjusted to allow more or less air (and the oxygen in ...	[ "The main determinant of the height of a candle flame is the diameter of the wick. This is evidenced in tealights where the wick is very thin and the flame is very small. Candles whose main purpose is illumination use a much thicker wick.\n", "A candle wick is usually a braided cotton that holds the flame of an o...
do transgender people who have had sex reassignment surgery feel pleasure during sexual intercourse the same way that people born that sex would?	Yes, they feel pleasure. Whether or not they feel pleasure the same way people born that sex would is impossible to answer. It's hard enough to even find two people of the same sex that feel sexual pleasure the same way, or from the same things.	[ "Transgender people who haven't undergone sex reassignment surgery are still able to procreate. However, many states mandate sex reassignment surgery in order for a trans person's gender identity to be legally recognized. This has been criticized as forcible sterilization. Some transgender people wish to retain the...
why do people [write] like this in some articles and posts?	The words in brackets are a word that wasn't actually said by the speaker, but was included by the writer in order to clarify what is being said.	[ "It may be used at the end of an article to warn the reader that the written material has not been personally written by the author, who likely dictated it to a secretary, but they did not have the time to write it themselves. Very busy people may be expected to sign off their article with such notation. However, i...
when my computer is running slow, what is actually occurring?	A number of things can affect computer performance. You can have the hardware running slow (due to malfuntion, overheating, lack of stable power etc.), additional programs/actions being used by the computer at the same time (virus scans, downloads, background programs etc.), or innefficient use of resources (poorly org...	[ "It became obvious to the early computer developers that their fast machines spent most of the time idle because the single program they were executing had to wait while a slow peripheral device completed an essential operation such as reading or writing data; in modern terms, programs were I/O-bound, not compute-b...
how bonds and interest rates and bonds and stocks are related	Stocks typically have higher rates of return than bonds. But bonds are much less risk. So there risk /reward trade off made by investors when they choose to invest their money. As interest rates rise, there are investors who are willing to flip from stocks to bonds based on their personal risk/reward profile. When it’s...	[ "Stocks and bonds are competing asset classes for investors. When stocks yield more than bonds, investors are better off investing in stocks. When funds flow from bonds into stocks on a large scale, the yield on bonds should increase and the yield on stocks decrease, until the Fed model equilibrium is reached.\n", ...
why aren’t we allowed to lower the salaries of politicians? so that we can be sure that they are running not for money but because they really want to serve?	Mostly because it would become a tool to control the have-nots. Lower the the salaries of politicians until it a burden even for those who want to serve. Net result is that the only people who would run wouldn't be the people who want to serve, but the people who are financially able. Side note. Most of the money pol...	[ "Political observer Michael Chugani said there was no \"single credible reason why these novice politicians are being paid more than heads of state of some countries.\" Lau Ngai-keung was sceptical that political appointments would help to foster local political talent, noting that such appointees may earn up to si...
why are some companies able to directly compare their products to their competitors' whereas others use terms like "leading brand?"	depends on the industry. if an industry has a clear leader, one that people buy because they know the name, then that's what other companies compare their product too. but it doesn't do much good to say we're better than one of the many competing options you may have heard of.	[ "Frequently, companies will invent different (sub)brands to differentiate their product lines into a premium and a general segment (e.g. Toyota with their Lexus, Prius, and Scion marques). In most ways, the premium segment can be thought of as the contrary or a complement of value brands. The success of a brand is ...
Soviet Space Program	I think the premise of the question is misleading. Other than being beaten to the Moon, the Soviet space program didn't really decline "so rapidly". The Soviets continued to send probes that landed on the surface of Mars and Venus. The USSR was the only country to operate semi-permanent space stations in near Earth orb...	[ "The Soviet space program was secondary in military funding to the Strategic Rocket Forces' ICBMs. While the West believed that Khrushchev personally ordered each new space mission for propaganda purposes, and the Soviet leader did have an unusually close relationship with Korolev and other chief designers, Khrusch...
In the split second before someone is about to collide with another moving vehicle, would it be more beneficial for them to tighten their muscles, or relax them?	[Drunk ~~drivers~~ trauma victims have a higher rate of survival than their sober counterparts](_URL_0_). It's possible that the alcohol-induced relaxation may help survivorship during that trauma, though as far as I'm aware, that idea is still speculative. In general, any structure with some "breathing room" can abs...	[ "The existence of many pili pulling simultaneously on the cell body results in a balance of forces determining the movement of the cell body. This is known as the tug-of-war model of twitching motility. Sudden changes in the balance of forces caused by detachment or release of individual pili results in a fast jerk...
how are video games optimized for hardware?	Regarding console to PC, you have to remember that consoles run very little in the background, they have their emulation software and that's it. PC's run a hundred different little processes and programs constantly, just to stay running. Then you have your sound card programs, your graphics suites, your update program...	[ "Since 3D graphics hardware accelerators have become popular in regular desktop computers, the rendering algorithm of commercial computer games has been limited to rasterisation technology, which has certain advantages, but also limitations.\n", "Video games can be incorporated into live audio and visual performa...
Egyptian and Inca cultures never met?	Yeah...no. No they never met. And as cshock91 pointed out, the Inca existed long after the ancient Egyptians. And long after the Roman Egyptians. In fact, the Inca empire was just beginning to really expand and become an empire around the time that Columbus was born, they are very much contemporary and you can draw s...	[ "Four pre-Incan cultures stood out at the highest level of goldsmithy. They are Vicus, Moche, Sican and Chimu that developed on the northern coast of Peru. The Inca Empire was richer in possession of metal objects in gold and silver and the quality and finesse of its finished than its predecessors.\n", "Prior to ...
why / what incentive do girls have to post their pics on /r/gonewild?	This needs to be divided into two questions: *Why would girls post pics anywhere? Why do girls want to be seen naked?* Everyone wants to be told they're sexy, but in general its more important for girls' self-confidence. Our society, the way we parent, our cultural expectations ([Gender](_URL_1_)) and even our in...	[ "A study based in Hong Kong set out to examine “tween\" girls in order to determine the media's influence on their perception of gender and identity roles. These girls, ages 8–12, were asked to take images from the media to illustrate what they thought girls and women should or should not do. The sources of media u...
Did Charlemagne commit a genocide against the Saxons?	It is extremely hard to apply modern notions of war crimes like genocide to the pre-modern world. While there have existed behaviors that were condemned as outside the "normal" scope of war since time immemorial, there has rarely ever been an attempt to codify these taboos and enforce them across jurisdictional lines ...	[ "During the Saxon Wars, Charlemagne, King of the Franks, forcibly converted the Saxons from their native Germanic paganism by way of warfare, and law upon conquest. Examples are the Massacre of Verden in 782, when Charlemagne reportedly had 4,500 captive Saxons massacred for rebelling, and the \"Capitulatio de part...
how did simply browsing webpages infect your computer with malware? can they still do that with today's modern browsers?	Through security faults in software you are using, that software could be the browser, a plugin like flash or java, or even the OS itself. let's say somebody has found a security vulnerability in the way that your browser renders certain types of image files that would allow somebody to take control of it and execute ...	[ "In late 2010, the results of browser malware testing undertaken by NSS Labs were published. The study looked at the browser's capability to prevent users following socially engineered links of a malicious nature and downloading malicious software. It did not test the browser's ability to block malicious web pages ...
is plastic pollution still a problem if i properly dispose/incinerate all my trash?	Incineration generates a ton of air pollution or toxic waste so I’m not sure if that can be considered a solution or “proper”	[ "Microplastics pollution are a concern if plastic waste is improperly dumped. If plastic straws are improperly disposed of, they can be transported via water into soil ecosystems, and others, where they break down into smaller, more hazardous pieces than the original plastic straw.\n", "Up to 60% of used plastic ...
Why can gold and aluminum actually bond?	I will not be able to answer the question completely as I am not that deep into theoretical chemistry but I will try to clarify things a bit. The definition of an alloy is very broad and will vary depending on who you ask so I will use two sub categories. The first one is solid solution, this is probably what most...	[ "The reason aluminum is used to form the alloy is because it is very corrosion resistant itself. When oxygen is present, aluminum reacts to form an aluminum oxide layer, which is chemically bound to the surface and seals the core aluminum from any further reaction. Therefore, diffusing aluminum into a base metal in...
why are prescription narcotics frequently cited as a major contributor in the opioid crisis when they only make up 34% of pharmaceutical-related er visits and just 17% of all drug-related er visits?	People are given prescriptions for problems, but then develop dependencies on them. When they can't afford the prescriptions anymore they often turn to cheaper alternatives. The cheaper the alternative, the potentially more dangerous since it'll probably contain other potentially deadly chemicals. It's not necessaril...	[ "poemAs we have all seen, opioids are a prime contributor to our addiction and overdose crisis. In 2015, nearly two-thirds of drug overdoses were linked to opioids like Percocet, OxyContin, heroin, and fentanyl. [...] Americans consume more opioids than any other country in the world. In fact, in 2015, the amount o...
Was there ever a "war" between Native American tribes before European settlement?	Archaeologists and Anthropologists who studied the Mayan Civilization of Central America, used to think that the Maya were peaceable people who built their pyramid cities, studied the stars and the calendar, maintained trade routes, but did not engage in wars. There was vociferous denial of any evidence which pointed ...	[ "Because a large part of the conflict between the native tribes took place far beyond the frontier and in locations that had yet to have European contact, the full extent and impact of the war is unknown. Most knowledge of the western parts of the conflict comes through accounts of French explorers and the tribes t...
What is “personality” and how does it differ from a “personality disorder”?	The definition of when a personality becomes 'disordered' is a social construct. There is no accurate yardstick, and often the diagnosis is highly subjective with psychiatrists disagreeing about cases. Generally disorders are diagnosed when behaviour is seen as dangerous, outlandish, or eccentric from the point of vi...	[ "Personality, defined psychologically, is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish individual humans. Hence, personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors that differ from social norms and expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties...
Why did Pakistan launch a geonocidal campaign against the Bangladeshis? Wernt they West Pakistan at the time? their "people", as well as being majority Muslim.	I think you mean "East Pakistan," but nevertheless the reasons for the war were numerous. Bengalis actually comprised the majority of the Pakistani population at that time, but they were being treated more or less like a colony by West Pakistan which controlled the organs of the state. By this I mean they extracted res...	[ "Bangladeshi conventional forces attacked border outposts. Kamalpur, Belonia and the Battle of Boyra are a few examples. 90 out of 370 BOPs fell to Bengali forces. Guerrilla attacks intensified, as did Pakistani and Razakar reprisals on civilian populations. Pakistani forces were reinforced by eight battalions from...
How easy it is to weld metals in space/vacuum?	Just to get you started, this is a real phenomenon known as [cold welding](_URL_0_).	[ "Alternatively, cold welding between two metal surfaces could also transfer low-dimensional nanostructured metal without heating (especially for critical sizes less than ~10 nm). Three-dimensional structures can be fabricated by repeating this procedure. The cold welding approach has the advantage of reducing surfa...
Suppose you throw a coin an infinite amount of times. What are the chances that an infinite streak of heads is going to come up?	1. If at any point an infinite streak of heads starts, then that's all that happens for the rest of the coin flips, according to the typical meaning of doing "infinitely many repetitions" of something. [1] 1. From this, your intuition should probably be that it's very unlikely to occur, since you're saying that after ...	[ "If we toss a fair coin ten times then the exact probability that no pair of heads come up in succession (i.e. \"n\" = 10 and \"k\" = 2) is \"p\"(10,2) = formula_11 = 0.140625. The approximation formula_12 gives 1.44721356...×1.23606797... = 0.1406263...\n", "BULLET::::- Fat Tony says that the odds of the coin co...
how do countries get themselves out of debt? is it possible for a country to achieve zero debt?	The easiest way is just to declare all previous debts null and void. As countries with masses of people with guns to back it up such declarations typically stand (although borrowing in the future will be tricky).	[ "Some observers such as Professor Steve Keen of University of Western Sydney, believe that many countries are hurtling towards peak debt, fueled by excess borrowing and an addiction to credit. To such observers, it appears illogical to take on ever increasing debt just to bid against each other for the same assets....
Why did king Charles IX order the killing of Huguenot leaders?	You are right to see that there is something odd in Charles IX's decision to have the Huguenot leaders killed. The first attempt to kill Coligny ( the one that only wounded him, on the 22nd of August ) is more than likely not on the hands of the King, Catherine de Medicis or the crown but instead a plot from the Ul...	[ "The French king at the time of Joan's birth, Charles VI, suffered from bouts of insanity and was often unable to rule. The king's brother Louis, Duke of Orléans, and the king's cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, quarreled over the regency of France and the guardianship of the royal children. This dispute ...
Is it possible to perform not an organ transplant surgery, but an organ implant surgery?	Strictly speaking, we already do implants! Kidney transplants usually just leave the original failing kidney in place, leaving patients with an awesome 3 kidneys. Though not stem cells, artificial hearts have been implanted to replace a failed heart. Dick Cheney famously had this procedure, and for a long a while had 0...	[ "A transplant surgeon is a surgeon who performs organ transplants. Among the many organs that can be transplanted are: kidneys. livers, hearts, lungs, the pancreas, the intestine (especially the small intestine), and recently, faces, tracheal (windpipe) tissue, and penises. At the present time, some organs, notably...
is it better to hold in your pee, or is it better to pee at the first signal?	Always making a habit of holding it when you really have to go pee helps the formation of kidney stones in the long run. I wouldn't recommend it. When you have to go, the best thing to do is go.	[ "PEEP may also be set empirically. Some authors suggest performing a 'recruiting maneuver'a short time at a very high continuous positive airway pressure, such as 50 cm (4.9 kPa)to recruit or open collapsed units with a high distending pressure before restoring previous ventilation. The final PEEP level should be t...
What led to Bloody Kansas?	Bleeding Kansas came about as a result of the 1854 Nebraska-Kansas Act. This invalidated the previous Missouri Compromise, which had made all new states admitted to the Union either slave or free, depending on whether they fell above or below the 36°30′ north parallel. Under the Nebraska-Kansas Act, the settlers of an ...	[ "Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent civil confrontations in the United States between 1854 and 1861 which emerged from a political and ideological debate over the legality of slavery in the proposed state of Kansas. The conflict was characterized by years of electoral fraud, ra...
why does rewinding feels slow and choppy when you connect a multimedia hard drive / usb to a tv, but doing fast forward is quick and neat? isn't all zeros and ones in either direction?	Video files are compressed using a technique that involves "keyframes" and "deltas". In a nutshell, the video starts with an image of the entire scene. This is called a keyframe. But then the next frame will only show the things that have changed from the previous fame. This is called a "delta". So the video w...	[ "Fast-forwarding is the exact opposite of rewinding, in which tape, music, etc., are moved backward at a user's discretion. In either operation, because of sound distortion, volume is usually muted or severely reduced.\n", "With the advent of inexpensive digital music media, fast-forwarding has most likely lost i...
Is there a limit to the trauma the body can endure where it can no longer heal?	Doctors sometimes amputate because there is lack of blood flow to a limb. If blood can not get to a tissue that means neither can oxygen (which means the tissue will start to die and release toxic byproducts which could lead to septic shock, followed by death) and neither can white blood cells (so can't fight infection...	[ "Healing must happen by repair in the case of injury to cells that are unable to regenerate (e.g. neurons). Also, damage to the collagen network (e.g. by enzymes or physical destruction), or its total collapse (as can happen in an infarct) cause healing to take place by repair.\n", "Scar free healing is the proce...
Which country was more instrumental in defeating Nazi Germany, the US or Russia?	History is not Call of Duty, where at the end of the fun everyone's scores are neatly laid out for your viewing pleasure. This stupid debate retains its popularity, like all stupid debates, precisely because there is real no answer to this deceptive question. It poses as a serious academic debate, when in reality it'...	[ "Russia helped liberate Germany in 1812-15 in the Napoleonic Wars, and the two were generally friendly for a century. Germany fought against Russia in World War I (1914-1918). Relations were warm in the 1920s, very cold in the 1930s, friendly in 1939-41, and then turned into war to the death 1941-45. In the 1920s b...
why do 'bad children' get gifted coal?	Santa has always been linked to coal. St Nick comes down the chimney, trudging sooted footprints on the carpet and leaving gifts in stockings on the mantle. Two ideas seem to go around. Firstly it seems to be that santa wouldn't bother even bringing anything down the chimney for bad children, instead he would just r...	[ "Pawloski was the son of a Polish immigrant coal miner who viewed professional baseball as a way to escape the hard life of a miner. \"Growing up in the coal region can't help but make you physically and mentally tough,\" Stan explained in a 2000 interview. \"It wasn't an easy life. The coal companies owned everyth...
birth control pills say to use a secondary form of prevention if you miss a day. why is this, when most pills have a whole week of placebo pills? how is skipping a day make it ineffective when you skip 7 days at the end of your pack?	The placebo pills are meant to line up with your period - they allow your body to return to its normal cycle to allow the period to happen normally. Since you were taking the pill beforehand, ovulation never happened, which means that there's no egg to fertilize during the placebo pill time. However, if you miss a ...	[ "Progestogen-only contraceptive pills (sometimes called the 'mini pill') are taken continuously without a 7-day span of using placebo pills, and therefore menstrual periods are less likely to occur than with the combined pill with placebo pills. However, disturbance of the menstrual cycle is common with the mini-pi...
if you paint a spacecraft with 'super-black' paint, would it be invisible (from earth)?	Downside - painting it super black will cause it to absorb more sunlight, making it hotter. You would have to balance that with a larger cooling system.	[ "BULLET::::- The second way is to study the influence of coatings for the thermal control system. For instance, if the spacecraft is painted in white, it will reflect a lot of the radiation and moreover, it is not able to collect the energy from the sun. This implies that it is getting colder in the satellite, perh...
How did modern western civilizations morals/ethics originate?	Greek philosophy, Roman law, Judaism, Christianity, Age of Enlightenment...	[ "Western culture is characterized by a host of artistic, philosophic, literary and legal themes and traditions. Christianity, including the Roman Catholic Church, Protestantism the Eastern Orthodox Church, and Oriental Orthodoxy, has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the ...
Why are East Asian countries ethnically homogenous?	> Why are East Asian countries ethnically homogenous? Short answer / TL;DR — They aren't. Longer answer — I can't speak for Japan, but at least in China, the number that are being reported are not accurate. To start, the People's Republic of China has 56 official ethnic groups, the term often translated as "...	[ "East Asians is a term used for ethnic groups that are indigenous to East Asia, which consists of China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. The major ethnic groups that form the core of East Asia are the Han, Joseon, and Yamato. Other ethnic groups of East Asia include the Bai,...
why do police officers who break the law and abuse their power get "placed on leave" and not fired? when their is clear empirical evidence.	They are effectively suspended while the investigation happens. Would you like to be immediately fired if you did something wrong at your job and have no investigation? They are people too and entitled to the same rights when it comes to them possibly losing their jobs.	[ "Other legal responses included Stanford University law professor Robert Weisberg, who stated that \"this decision authorizes lower courts to construe ambiguous situations in favor of police and prosecutors\", and University of Michigan law professor Richard Friedman who concluded, \"[t]his decision means that poli...
how is water/waste recycle in a space station environment?	Urine can be filtered and purified to be drinkable again. Solid waste on the ISS at least is usually stored in waste tanks and later studied when it's returned to earth with the astronauts.	[ "Wastewater reclamation can be especially important in relation to human spaceflight. In 1998, NASA announced it had built a human waste reclamation bioreactor designed for use in the International Space Station and a manned Mars mission. Human urine and feces are input into one end of the reactor and pure oxygen, ...
what are we doing to preserve data for future generations-- thousands of years down the road-- to make new discoveries that build on our research?	The digital media which we store data on may have a lower life span than a stone tablet, but we aren't just leaving it around to decay. Future astronomers will presumably be able to reference historical data which was copied from hard drive to flash drive to futuristic holographic media, to metastable carbon lattice, e...	[ "The best research starts by looking at secondary data, this information already exists. The two basic sources: internal (within an organisation) and external, published by someone outside have become easier to access in recent years. Information Technology, with Intranets and the Internet, has improved our ability...
how does my ipod know what time it is if the battery dies and i put it in a charger?	Your iPod has a small backup battery called a CMOS battery. This keeps the clock running even when the main battery is dead.	[ "BULLET::::- Around 8 hours of battery life on models using a AAA battery (Alkaline or NiMH). Others have a rechargeable battery which charges via USB host connection. Many turn off automatically when idle for even 30 seconds. Note also that charge duration varies widely between playback and recording modes.\n", ...
same parents children 50% same genes?	Humans have 46 chromosomes, which occur as 23 pairs. Keeping it simple, half of each pair comes from the mother, the other half comes from the father. This means it's possible for a couple to have over 70 trillion genetically unique children (2^46 combinations). Of course the real number is a bit different. If the pa...	[ "An individual's own child, who carries one half of the individual's genes, is defined as one offspring equivalent. A sibling's child, who will carry one-quarter of the individual's genes, is 1/2 offspring equivalent. Similarly, a cousin's child, who has 1/16 of the individual's genes, is 1/8 offspring equivalent.\...
wil dna be the same at birth as at death	Yes, mutations do happen when your cells divide and the DNA doesn't copy correctly. This is how cancer happens. A mutation in a specific cell happens where it doesn't die and just keeps growing and copying itself. Most mutations do nothing (or just cause the death of the new cell and that's where that mutation stops...	[ "Mosaic trisomy 16, a rare chromosomal disorder, is compatible with life, therefore a baby can be born alive. This happens when only some of the cells in the body contain the extra copy of chromosome 16. Some of the consequences include slow growth before birth.\n", "Each person's DNA contains two copies of these...
how can someone justify restricting voting rights? what are the unbiased beinifts from doing so?	_URL_0_ Low information voters may make bad decisions. Voting restrictions can potentially be a tool to improve voter quality. For instance, same day voter registration may only attract the uninformed. Closing voter registration a month before the election might be reasonable.	[ "Another argument against compulsory voting, prevalent among legal scholars in the United States, is that it is essentially a compelled speech act, which violates freedom of speech because the freedom to speak necessarily includes the freedom \"not\" to speak.\n", "On 3 January 2013, the Court ruled that the law ...
why do cold things go warm, and warm/hot things go cold?	That's a really interesting question. I can tell you are thinking. Sadly your French fry simply won't get hot again and your cheese will never just get cool. Both of them work actually work in the same way. It's not that some things get cool and others get hot. Both of them get closer to room temperature. Whenev...	[ "There has been controversy over why damp cold air feels colder than dry cold air. Some believe it is because when the humidity is high, our skin and clothing become moist and are better conductors of heat, so there is more cooling by conduction.\n", "An object at a different temperature from its surroundings wil...
Does Empty Space have a Reference Frame or is it Possible to have 0 Velocity?	There isn't a universal reference frame, any inertial frame is equally valid. There is however a reference frame in which the cosmic microwave background is most isotropic, and we are moving about 600 km/s relative to it. There is nothing special about physics in this frame though.	[ "A non-inertial reference frame is a frame of reference that is undergoing acceleration with respect to an inertial frame. An accelerometer at rest in a non-inertial frame will, in general, detect a non-zero acceleration. In a curved spacetime all frames are non-inertial. The laws of motion in non-inertial frames d...
if cooking a protein would mess its structure, how does the body use it as a nutritional value?	Our bodies break down proteins into their amino acid components, then use these amino acids to create proteins specific for our bodies and our bodies needs. Cooking or heating a protein otherwise typically makes it non-functional, but it’s nutritional components (amino acids) are still there.	[ "A complete protein or whole protein is a food source of protein that contains an adequate proportion of each of the nine essential amino acids necessary in the human diet. Examples of single-source complete proteins are red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, soybeans and quinoa. The concept does not ...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.