Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why can you "taste" certain foods after burping, even when it is hours later and you have eaten or drank several other types of food and beverages after eating the initial food?	Smell is a major component of how you"taste" foods. Food can stay in your stomach a long while, especially if you're having a hard time digesting it. Gases from your stomach carry with it the smells of the food in your stomach when you burp. You smell it again, so recall the tasting of the food.	[ "When ingested, the fruit is reportedly \"pleasantly sweet\" at first, with a subsequent \"strange peppery feeling ... gradually progress[ing] to a burning, tearing sensation and tightness of the throat\". Symptoms continue to worsen until the patient can \"barely swallow solid food because of the excruciating pain...
the genetics of blood types including the rh factor (positive or negative)	Without your SO's blood type the baby's blood type could be any of the blood types. _URL_0_ This video should help explain everything easily. As for the Rh factor, being + is considered dominate so the baby be positive.	[ "According to a comprehensive study, the worldwide frequency of Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood types is approximately 94% and 6%, respectively. The same study concluded that the share of the population with Rh-negative blood type is set to fall further in the future primarily due to low population growth in Euro...
De Broglie wavelength depends on momentum, how does this translate to frames where the momentum is zero?	A quantitative treatment would be really awful to do, but in principle, yes. Instead of worrying about the wavelength of the electrons as they pass through a crystal lattice of atoms with well-defined positions, the crystal atoms would instead have to be described in terms of their own de Broglie wavelengths, in which ...	[ "Louis de Broglie postulated that all particles with a specific value of momentum \"p\" have a wavelength \"λ = h/p\", where \"h\" is Planck's constant. This hypothesis was at the basis of quantum mechanics. Nowadays, this wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength. For example, the electrons in a CRT display h...
were the nazis aware of how evil they were?	I believe some of them were. There was an experiment done by Stanley Milgram where one was ordered to test a "participant" then give "electric shocks" to them if they got a question wrong. They were more likely to do it if there was someone in the room with them, and even gave "lethal" amount of shocks. The "participan...	[ "Despite exploration into the nature of evil in philosophical and fantasy terms, Carmody's depiction of evil as an authoritarian dictatorship society is very realistic and socially significant and more than one or two parallels can be drawn with such societies as Nazi Germany. Comparisons such as these are even spe...
what is compartmentalization in psychology?	Pretend your brain is a library- You dont want all of the work problem books mixed in with the childhood memory books! So, you make sure to organize your library and keep all the books where they belong- that way they dont cause a mess or problem and you can keep enjoying your library. Basically you keep your emo...	[ "\"Compartmentalization\" refers to the separation of spaces in the living system that allow for separate environments for necessary chemical processes. Compartmentalization is necessary to protect the concentration of the ingredients for a reaction from outside environments.\n", "When referring to engineering, c...
A friend of mine got some official papers from his grandfather in Ottoman turkish and can't translate them by himself. Is there a historian that knows what they are about?	It looks like the top picture is an official document in Arabic script, and the bottom one is its translation or transliteration. If this guess is correct, the document is a title for a piece of land according to the words in the top left corner. At the bottom there is a date, of which I can only make out the year: ...	[ "It was published by William Nosworthy Churchill, an Englishman who moved to Turkey aged 19 and was familiar with the Turkish language and the Ottoman Turkish script having worked as a translator at the American Consulate in Constantinople. \"Ceride-i Havadis\" published foreign news items translated by Churchill a...
what is the difference between $5 department store headphones and $500 headphones? do they fundamentally have the same components inside or made with different materials?	The size, weight, shape, material, and electrical properties of the transducer inside the headphones make a big difference in the quality of the sound. Better made headphones will sound much closer to the actual recording than cheap department store headphones. Professional headphones that faithfully reproduce music ...	[ "As a consequence all intervals of any given type have the same size (e.g., all major thirds have the same size, all fifths have the same size, etc.). The price paid, in this case, is that none of them is justly tuned and perfectly consonant, except, of course, for the unison and the octave.\n", "As a consequence...
Health questions about bacon	A risk factor for heart disease is something that increases your chance of getting it. You cannot change some risk factors for heart disease, but others you can change. The risk factors for heart disease that you CANNOT change are: * Your age. The risk of heart disease increases with age. * Your gender. Men have a ...	[ "Various different opinions circulate about the health risks associated with the consumption of bacon. The World Cancer Research Fund, a non profit organisation focused on cancer research and cancer prevention, carried out research on just this. They conducted an investigation on 51 million people. The results obta...
East Berlin and East Germany had the Stazi secret police. Did West Germany, particularly West Berlin have a similar organization to protect against spies or terrorists?	From an [earlier answer of mine](_URL_1_) There were really four different organizations in the FRG tasked with spying during the Cold War and in theory, each worked their own territory. The main German intelligence agency, Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND/Federal Intelligence Agency) was focused on conventional spywork...	[ "In Nazi Germany, the \"Geheimstaatspolizei\" (Secret State Police, Gestapo) (1933–1945) was used to eliminate opposition; as part of the Reich Main Security Office, it also was a vital organizer of the Holocaust. Although the Gestapo had a relatively small number membership (32,000 in 1944), \"it maximized these s...
How do these new robotic prothetic arms work?	I don't study this specifically, but I have followed Nicolelis' work in the past, who focuses on neuroprothesis- or brain-computer interfaces. One thing to understand is that for every movement- let's say lateral movement of the arm- isn't coded by only one neuron. There are populations of cells that can engage a singl...	[ "Rather than designing Domo's arms for absolute precision, Edsinger and Weber designed the arms to work more closely to that of a human. Human arms are adept at sensing and controlling the forces at every joint, giving up precision in position for compliance. Translating this to a humanoid robot required the design...
Was Newton aware that interplanetary space is a vacuum? If so, how?	He wrote a bit about that in [Opticks](_URL_0_). But in short: yes, he was. Because he was aware that air pressure dropped with altitude. And because the planets moved without friction through it: > to make way for the regular and lasting Motions of the Planets and Comets, it's necessary to empty the Heavens of all ...	[ "In 1898, American astronomer Charles Augustus Young wrote: \"Inter-planetary space is a vacuum, far more perfect than anything we can produce by artificial means...\" (\"The Elements of Astronomy\", Charles Augustus Young, 1898).\n", "Outer space is the closest known approximation to a perfect vacuum. It has eff...
Before the European honeybee was introduced to the Americas, how was farming and pollination different?	It wasn't much different. Bumblebees are excellent pollinators and native bees (or solitary bees) can carry out a pollination role in a very similar ways to bees. Hang around a flowerbed for a few minutes, and you'll notice all kinds of tiny, little bees flying around. These little native bees are seldom studied, an...	[ "Western honey bees are not native to the Americas. American colonists imported honey bees from Europe for their honey and wax. Their value as pollinators began to be appreciated by the end of the nineteenth century. The first honey bee subspecies imported were likely European dark bees. Later Italian bees, Carniol...
What is the current state of the field for the History of Space Exploration?	Not an answer, but may I suggest you send a message to David S.F. Portree? He was the official Historian for NASA for quite some time. I would trust his word on most anything here. [his WIRED profile](_URL_1_) [He also tweets a lot](_URL_0_) This is one of the few men to be a Spaceflight historian, he would be a...	[ "While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing s...
What do we know about those who lie in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier?	Taking a chance based on Reddit Demographics, but can you clarify that you mean the Tomb of the Unknowns in the US at Arlington? While obviously the most well known for US citizens, it's far from the only one of its kind.	[ "The Tomb of the Known Soldier is the grave of Private Charles W. Graves (1893–1918). Private Graves was an infantryman in the American Expeditionary Force who fought in World War I. On October 5, 1918, Private Graves was killed by German artillery shrapnel on the Hindenburg Line. His mother received the telegram f...
can anything be 100% silent?	Sound is dependent on a medium. In outer space sound doesn't transmit since there is nothing to propagate the sound wave. Most of the movies have it incorrect... So you can be above absolute zero and still have no sound. But it you are in a medium that will, yes, everything has a sound	[ "Silent describes the state of silence (the absence of ambient audible sound, the emission of sounds of such low intensity that they do not draw attention to themselves, or the state of having ceased to produce sounds; this latter sense can be extended to apply to the cessation or absence of any form of communicati...
if all cells are made of lipid walls, what stops two cells from blobing into one when they collide?	It's because cell membranes aren't just made of lipids, they're made of phospholipids. Phospholipids have the typical hydrophobic fatty acid tails that other fats have, but at their head, they have a very hydrophilic phosphate group. Stick a bunch of these phospholipids in water, and they'll naturally group the fat...	[ "2. Cohesion, causing cells to aggregate into clumps of various sizes instead of a homogeneous suspension of individual cells undergoing binary fission. Cohesion can cause imprecision and fluctuations in T. Cohesive clumps may also be adhesive, leading to both imprecision due to cohesion and inaccuracy (increased T...
why and how is it an accepted notion that in quantum physics, particles exhibit different properties when observed as compared to not being observed?	As strange as it sounds, that's what we see when we do experiments. Sometimes particles behave like waves and sometimes like particles. One of the simplest experiments that shows this is [the double slit experiment](_URL_0_). Basically: You take electrons and shoot them at a piece of metal with one small slit in it. B...	[ "Because of the relativistic unification of the particle and wave pictures into the single expression of Eq. (1), there appears an illusion of co-existence of these two pictures. However, a little reflection shows that this view of the quantum theory of light detection is very far from the truth indeed. Let us say,...
Why do babies say double-syllable words like "mama" and "dada" when one syllable would seemingly be easier?	It depends on what stage of language development the kid is at. As children age, they go through distinct stages of learning, and they acquire the ability to recognize, and later produce, words of increasing phonetic complexity. For example, it's easier for a child to say a 'd' sound than it is to say a 'th' sound....	[ "Infants begin to understand words such as \"Mommy\", \"Daddy\", \"hands\" and \"feet\" when they are approximately 6 months old. Initially, these words refer to their own mother or father or hands or feet. Infants begin to produce their first words when they are approximately one year old. Infants' first words are...
Where does the energy go when two apposing wavelengths of light cancel each other out?	Deconstructive interference at one place requires the constructive interference of the wave somewhere else—so you don't lose the energy, the books only don't balance when you include absorption and emission, but then something is going to get hotter or colder, so you're still conserving energy. To bring quantum mechani...	[ "where \"formula_7\" is the resonant wavelength and \"m\" is the mode number of the ring resonator. This equation means that in order for light to interfere constructively inside the ring resonator, the circumference of the ring must be an integer multiple of the wavelength of the light. As such, the mode number mu...
If I shone a very bright infrared or UV (non-visible EM waves) flashlight into my eyes, would I notice it? And could my eyes be damaged by it?	Yes, your eyes can be damaged by high-intensity light exposure, whether visible, UV, or IR. For example [snow blindness](_URL_0_) is an example of UV damage to the eye. - Whether you would notice any immediate effects would depend on the dose of radiation (intensity and exposure time) received. In the snow blindn...	[ "The infrared light used in telecommunications cannot be seen, so there is a potential laser safety hazard to technicians. The eye's natural defense against sudden exposure to bright light is the blink reflex, which is not triggered by infrared sources. In some cases the power levels are high enough to damage eyes,...
Does climate science predict we've warmed the earth in the first place?	Those aren't standard deviations, they are 90% confidence intervals. The graph indicates that the available data suggests the total anthropogenic forcing is somewhere between +0.6 and +2.4 W/m^2, with a 10% chance that they lie outside of those values (either above or below).	[ "In 2008, the \"Almanac\" stated that the earth had entered a global cooling period that would probably last decades. The journal based its prediction on sunspot cycles. Said contributing meteorologist Joseph D'Aleo, \"Studying these and other factor suggests that cold, not warm, climate may be our future.\"\n", ...
What is the consensus among historians regarding the origins of the "second serfdom" in Tsarist Russia?	I'm not sure that a consensus of the sort you are looking for actually exists. But you might find informative [Enrico Dal Lago's 2009 article "Second Slavery, Second Serfdom, and Beyond: The Atlantic Plantation System and the Eastern and Southern European Landed Estate System in Comparative Perspective, 1800–60".](_UR...	[ "The origins of serfdom in Russia (, ) may be traced to the 12th century, when the exploitation of the so-called zakups on arable lands (, ) and corvée smerds (Russian term for corvée is , ) was the closest to what is now known as serfdom. According to the \"Russkaya Pravda\", a princely smerd had limited property ...
How did you kill an armoured knight?	/u/Tass237 is correct, but I'll expand a little. The development of plate armour triggered the development of weapons designed to defeat plate armour. Basic cuts and blows from existing weapons were ineffective, thus poleaxes, halberds, maces, war hammers and the like were developed with the sole purpose of defeating ...	[ "A frontal charge by the English Knights was stopped by Bruce's spearmen militia, who effectively slaughtered the English Knights as they were on unfavorable ground. The militia soon defeated the knights. As Bruce's spearmen pressed downhill on the disorganised English knights they fought with such vigour that the ...
if i delete some files on flash storage (e.g a pen drive), how is the data still (partly) recoverable?	Most OS's don't really delete files when you "delete" them. They merely mark the space as usable again if some other data needs to get written. Until the data is overwritten, there may be enough of it around to figure out what was deleted if someone can get a low enough level look at it.	[ "A flash memory storage system with \"no wear leveling\" will not last very long if data is written to the flash. Without wear leveling, the underlying flash controller must permanently assign the logical addresses from the operating system (OS) to the physical addresses of the flash memory. This means that every w...
why do towels get rough when dried outside on a line?	Hard water deposits not being rubbed/softened by tumble dry action.	[ "Paper towel is absorbent towel made from paper in both British and North American English. In Britain, paper towel for kitchen use is also known as kitchen roll, kitchen paper, and kitchen towel. For home use, it usually sold in a roll of perforated sheets, but some are sold in stacks of pre-cut and pre-folded lay...
Could beneficial bacteria from probiotics form antibiotic resistance too?	Yes, they can and do. The problem is that you then have those genetics in your gut which can easily be transferred horizontally to pathogens when they arrive allowing them to develop resistance far more quickly then they otherwise would have.	[ "One of the proposed mechanisms of how probiotics protect from AAD is by regulating the composition of organisms in the intestines. Studies involving \"L. acidophilus\" and \"Bifidobacterium\" suggest that these microbes inhibit the growth of facultative anaerobic bacteria, which tends to increase during antibiotic...
what is madness?	Its kinda like asking “what is sickness?” It is not being well, with specific emphasis on mental state. “Madness” covers an enormous number of conditions with a huge variety of symptoms, and is not at all a strict of protect term. You could look into different forms of mental illness, which may help narrow things down...	[ "Divine madness, also known as theia mania and crazy wisdom, refers to unconventional, outrageous, unexpected, or unpredictable behavior linked to religious or spiritual pursuits. Examples of \"divine madness\" can be found in Hellenism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sufism, and Shamanism.\n", "Amenomania (co...
If the gene that codes for six digits is dominant, why do so few people have six digits?	You're confusing dominance with frequency. Dominance refers to the phenotype of heterozygotes. If a gene, like the one for achondroplasial dwarfism is simple mendelian dominant it means that heterozygotes (those people with one copy of the A.D. allele and one copy of the wildtype/normal allele) have the same phenotype ...	[ "Because digits are encoded by pairs, only an even number of digits can be encoded. Typically an odd number of digits is encoded by adding a \"0\" as first digit, but sometimes an odd number of digits is encoded by using five narrow spaces in the last digit.\n", "The main source of problems was confusion between ...
A question for historians versed in the Japanese occupation of Manchuria and Unit 731	Firstly, Unit 731 wasn't that big. There were a lot of collaborators who had nothing to do with Unit 731. Policemen, regular doctors, civil servants, etc. The Japanese ruled, if you wanted to be successful you had to go along with them. If he was friends with the Japanese, went to medical school in Nagasaki, then it's ...	[ "The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on 18 September 1931, when the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident. After the war, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo. Their occupation lasted until the Soviet Union and Mongolia launched the M...
why is shooting a deer in the head a bad shot?	It is the same reason attempting to shoot a person in the head is a bad shot. (Assuming you are the general public, and not a navy seal). Whenever you are trying to kill anything, be it human or animal, with a gun or bow and arrow. There are 4 ways to kill that target in what is considered a humane fashion. 1. Take a...	[ "Deerstalkers have the humane despatch of the deer at the forefront of their mind (right behind safe shooting practice), and there are many scenarios which prevent a shot from being taken, such as no safe backstop, no clear shot, the deer doesn't stop, there are other deer behind the chosen deer, the deer which is ...
why can you see the dot of a laser when you shine it in the sky at night	The dot? Or the line? Because if you're pointing at the night sky, you shouldn't be able to see the dot unless I'm missing something. As for the line, well that can be a lot of things, but yes, I'd go with dust.	[ "Most people are able to see this phenomenon in the sky, although it is rather weak, and many people do not notice it until asked to pay attention. The dots are highly conspicuous against a monochromatic blue background (~430 nm) instead of the sky.\n", "The Purple Crow Lidar is considered to be a powerful laser ...
Were there actually any soilders that could kill dozens of people in battle?	According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, at Stamford a giant Norseman armed with an axe held the bridge alone, buying time for the rest of Harald's army to form a shield-wall. The Chronicle claims that he killed 40 men, although "forty" is presumably chronicler-speak for "a large number, I don't know exactly". The brid...	[ "During World War I, no man's land was often hundreds of yards across. The area was usually devastated by the warfare and riddled with craters from artillery and mortar shells, and sometimes contaminated by chemical weapons. Heavily defended by machine guns, mortars, artillery and riflemen on both sides, it was oft...
Does nicotine addiction permanently change the brain?	There is a reason many drugs have such high relapse rates with some, like methamphetamine, having over 90% relapse rates. The memory of the drug is very powerful. Not only do you have the reward associated with the drug itself, and its effects on dopamine, but you also have a myriad of "cues" that act as part of the...	[ "Various causes have been proposed to explain the causes of nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine binds to nicotinic receptors in the brain that, in turn, cause an increase in dopamine. Dopamine is the major chemical that stimulates reward centers in the brain. The brain recruits an opposing force to dampen the effects of ...
why forward slash is two words but backslash is one word.	Because its real name is "solidus" but that didn't catch on. "Backslash" as much of a descriptive term as it is a name. It's one whole word because we use "back" as a prefix a lot, in words like backdraft, backgammon, or backward itself. We don't use "forward" as a prefix too often; it's usually 'fore' in prefix terms...	[ "A backsword is a type of sword characterised by having a single-edged blade and a hilt with a single-handed grip. It is so called because the triangular cross section gives a flat back edge opposite the cutting edge. Later examples often have a \"false edge\" on the back near the tip, which was in many cases sharp...
Did the Scandinavian vikings influence the British culture in a major way as a result of their conquests.	Absolutely. Iona Abbey, perhaps the most important Christian site in all of Britain was attacked several times, eventually causing some of the monks to flee south towards Ireland, where they'd go on to write (or influence) several key annals which offer us great insight on the history of Ireland and its language. For ...	[ "During the Viking Age, Scandinavian men and women travelled to many parts of Europe and beyond, in a cultural diaspora that left its traces from Newfoundland to Byzantium. This period of energetic activity also had a pronounced effect in the Scandinavian homelands, which were subject to a variety of new influences...
Why were pre-firearms european armies so small? Why was there no exception to this, which might have conquered all of Europe with troop numbers that were more common in ancient times? Why are there generally so few or no great conquerors in Europe post Rome?	'Pre-firearms' would appear to be a rather difficult periodization to make. There is evidence of gunpowder weaponry such as handgonnes being used as early as the late 14th century. But, assuming you mean the 16th century with the so-called 'military revolution,' armies before that time and after Rome (which presents an...	[ "These variables impacted the development of military systems. Low population densities for example meant that large forces could not be raised and maintained in being for a long time. The Zulu as one instance, could field an estimated 50,000 warriors, impressive by regional standards. But this was the nation's ent...
why do water bottles have 2% calcium?	Calcium is one of the minerals added to the water to improve its flavor. They add enough of it that it shows up on the nutritional information.	[ "Elemental calcium is a term used on dietary supplement labels to refer to the amount of calcium in a product. Calcium pills contain calcium in a variety of molecules, such as calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium citrate-maleate, etc. Each pill supplies a different amount of elemental calcium. For example, c...
what determines what limbs will stop working after a spinal inury?	It depends where along the spine the injury to the spinal cord occurs. If the cord is damaged low down, then signals can still make their way from the brain to the arms, abdomen, and so on, but the leg function and other muscles below the damage may be impaired. Total tetraplegia is usually a result of damage to the ...	[ "The injured spinal cord is an “altered” spinal cord. After a SCI, supraspinal and spinal sources of control of movement differ substantially from that which existed prior to the injury, thus resulting in an altered spinal cord. The automaticity of posture and locomotion emerge from the interactions between periphe...
For a guy with a generally benign reputation in office long ago, Woodrow Wilson provokes fierce criticism, including charges (promoted spying on your neighbors, was relatively pro-kkk, and was eager to jump into the Great War, unnecessarily) that sound very un-American. How fair are his critics?	This question has popped up before, there's a pretty good discussion of it [here](_URL_0_) Maybe someone else will post their thoughts. I would suggest that humans tend to like all our heroes totally heroic, all our villains totally villainous, and really love surprise: therefore all the variations in print on "Thin...	[ "Notwithstanding his accomplishments in office, Wilson has received criticism for his record on race relations and civil liberties, for his interventions in Latin America, and for his failure to win ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Many conservatives have attacked Wilson for his role in expanding the feder...
Perhaps it is time to entertain a discussion of the top military leaders of all time?	Subutai, Ghengis Khan's general. I think only Alexander conquered more of the world.	[ "By some historians he is considered the most effective general of his generation as well as one of the greatest in military history. Although a tough leader, he was respected by his troops. He touched their sentiments e.g. by addressing them in his speeches as \"gentlemen soldiers\" (señores soldados), but was als...
[SOURCE REQUEST] Where can I find diaries kept by people during historical time periods?	Ooh you've actually got a tricky one here. The Troubles are a few decades too young for you to start getting diaries etc. available to the public. Many of the people in that event are still alive, and archives generally don't open sensitive records (like diaries and letters) while people they effect are still living. T...	[ "Many diaries were retained by the soldier or their family, however some of the surviving diaries are held in the collections of Australian cultural institutions including the Australian War Memorial, National Archives of Australia, State Library of New South Wales, State Library of Queensland, State Library of Sou...
if media attributes a source anonymously, how does anyone know if that source is true and not just fabricated by whoever wrote/reported it?	Credibility. Does the publication/journalist have a track record of reporting accurate information? This also comes down to the ethics of the journalist as well. Do they have a good track record of their sources reporting factual stories? If it's fabricated, and it can be proved to be malicious fabrication, that's ...	[ "Anonymous sources are double-edged—they often provide especially newsworthy information, such as classified or confidential information about current events, information about a previously unreported scandal, or the perspective of a particular group that may fear retribution for expressing certain opinions in the ...
how do stars and planets emit radio frequencies without a radio tower - like what's the source and how's that different from our 'manmade' radio towers?	Radio waves are just a frequency of electromagnetic radiation, far below the infrared. Many things are natural sources of radio waves. Think of them as either glowing or reflecting "the color radio" as opposed to "the color green" or whatever. It's just that we didn't really notice all the stars and planets emitting...	[ "At VLF, LF and MF the radio mast or tower is often used directly as an antenna. Its height determines the vertical radiation pattern. Masts and towers with heights around a quarter wave or shorter, radiate considerable power towards the sky. This allows only a small area of fade-free reception at night, because th...
Looking for a (great) layperson's book about Babylon....or perhaps just a fantastic look at Babylon that isn't dry.	You could try Babylon by Paul Kriwaczek.	[ "There are five principal writers whose descriptions of Babylon exist in some form today. These writers concern themselves with the size of the Hanging Gardens, their overall design and means of irrigation, and why they were built.\n", "The main sources of information about Babylon—excavation of the site itself, ...
how does exhaust affect engine performance?	I'm guessing you mean how can changing the exhaust system on a car increase performance? When combustion happens in an engine, fuel and air is burnt in the combustion chamber, this causes an expansion which pushes the piston down. This is what generates the power in a normal car engine. However this combustion of cou...	[ "A tuned exhaust system is an exhaust system for an internal combustion engine which improves its efficiency by using precise geometry to reflect the pressure waves from the exhaust valve or port back to the valve or port at a particular time in the cycle. \n", "The design and orientation of the intake manifold i...
What does a bruise look like underneath the skin?	Bruises are indeed caused by blood, however, if the bruise is visible it is inside the skin and not underneath it. The skin consists out of various layers and these various layers consist out of different cell-types and tissues. The shape and colour of the bruise on the outside varies depending on how deep inside the s...	[ "A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a type of hematoma of tissue, the most common cause being capillaries damaged by trauma, causing localized bleeding that extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Most bruises are not very deep under the skin so that the bleeding causes a visible discoloration. ...
How well can personality traits currently be predicted using neurological measures?	We know that changes in certain brain areas can be associated with certain personality characteristics. This doesn’t mean we can look at someone’s brain and guess their personality, we are still very far from that. Reduced volume and interconnectedness of the frontal lobes is often seen in people who commit suicide, c...	[ "The predictive effects of the Big Five personality traits relate mostly to social functioning and rules-driven behavior and are not very specific for prediction of particular aspects of behavior. For example, it was noted that high neuroticism precedes the development of all common mental disorders and is not attr...
Chemistry:How do you figure out what something is?	Step 1) Use a separations technique such as HPLC, solid phase extraction, or liquid liquid extraction to fractionate the asparagus Step 2) Repeat the fractionation with urine Step 3) Use high resolution LC/MS to analyze all of the fractions, looking for chemicals that are common to the asparagus and urine Step 4) Us...	[ "Chemistry focuses on how substances interact with each other and with energy (for example heat and light). The study of change of matter (chemical reactions) and synthesis lies at the heart of chemistry, and gives rise to concepts such as organic functional groups and rate laws for chemical reactions. Chemistry al...
How did so many Japanese businesses end up involved in so many different industries?	I recommend you to read more about the zaibatsu. The answer to your question lies all in the zaibatsu. Especially Mitsui and Mitsubishi group. Those companies were so dominant that it just made sense to produce "everything". Actually I am senior management of a "group" company now and I have worked 7 years for Hitach...	[ "During the Meiji period, Japan underwent a rapid transition towards an industrial economy. Both the Japanese government and private entrepreneurs adopted Western technology and knowledge to create factories capable of producing a wide range of goods. By the end of the period, the majority of Japan's exports were m...
how long does the earth have left before it becomes uninhabitable?	Check out this Wikipedia [Future timeline of Earth](_URL_0_) * In about 600 million years the Sun's increasing luminosity begins to disrupt the carbonate-silicate cycle; Carbon dioxide levels begin to fall. Photosynthesis is no longer possible for the most part. ~99 percent of present-day species will die. * In about...	[ "\"This end of the world will occur without noise, without revolution, without cataclysm. Just as a tree loses leaves in the autumn wind, so the earth will see in succession the falling and perishing all its children, and in this eternal winter, which will envelop it from then on, she can no longer hope for either ...
why rockets are sometimes launched at night?	Rockets launch whenever is necessary to make sure their payload ends up in the proper orbit. Sometimes that's at night, and so they launch at night. Rockets are actually a lot easier to spot at night, because they're spewing a giant stream of flaming exhaust out the back. A night launch is really a sight to see, you...	[ "The launch, which occurred in pre-dawn darkness, was the first American night launch since Apollo 17, and was watched by several thousand spectators. The unusual launching time was due to tracking requirements for the primary payload, INSAT-1B; the program would not have another night launch until STS-61-B in 1985...
why do some osx programs have to be dragged and dropped into the applications folder, while some have installer packages?	Same reason why some windows programs are just simple exes and others require an installer The ones that need an installer usually have some other dependencies or modify the system in some way.	[ "On Mac devices it requires root privileges; the same is also true for older versions of the installer for Windows in that it requires administrator privileges to install. Newer Windows versions install using normal user privileges and only in the user account that invokes the installer. Once installed it becomes a...
why humans can walk up and down stairs without having to look down at them.	Also, stairs are required to be a standard step height and minimum tread width. When you find non standard stairs you will look down, guaranteed.	[ "Masses of people walking up and down stairs at once, or great numbers of people stomping in unison, can cause serious problems in large structures like stadiums if those structures lack damping measures.\n", "The two concentric processions on the stairs use enough people to emphasise the lack of vertical rise an...
Is the wheel a mandatory invention/discovery for the advancement of a civilization?	There are civilizations that have no wheels. Canals are an excellent alternative. Dragging things on skids is a passable alternative.	[ "The wheel is one of the most important inventions, but its inventor and exact date of invention are not yet known. The oldest known wheel was excavated from Mesopotamia, believed to be 5500 years old. This earliest wheel was a potter's wheel, used in the city of Ur in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), invented by Me...
What was going on in Austria during the Cold War?	From 1945-1955, Austria was under military occupation by the four Allied powers, much like Germany. Unlike its Germany, the geography of Austria and Vienna did not lend itself well to an easy partition. The military administration and occupation of Vienna was particularly cumbersome, with the Allies forming unified pat...	[ "After the war Austria was occupied by the allied armies, separated from Germany, and divided into four zones of occupation. The Soviets did not create a separate socialist government in their zone as they did in East Germany. Instead, Austria was required to sign the Austrian State Treaty of 1955 under which it pl...
how are the us and chinese economies linked?	How are they linked? Well quite simply trade, the USA imports around $400 billion worth of goods every year from China while it only exports around $111 billion. So every year the USA is on the bad end of a $300 billion deficit, which is not a good position to be in. To offset the trade deficit China purchases large ...	[ "Chinese dependency on the US dollar became prevalent after the purchase of shares of the United States debt during the Great Recession. Due to this purchase, the two nations share a deeply rooted economic relationship. US depends on China for holding their debt and, in turn, China cannot sell their debt without de...
if all the ants in the world came together to lift one two month old baby, would they be able to?	Pretty sure if all ants in the world came together they'd be able to lift way more than just a baby	[ "A study of a nest in Romania found that 10 species of ant were fed to the chicks. During the first 10 days, the young received an average of 15 g each, from days 10–20, 39.5 g, and from day 20, 49.3 g. The seven chicks consumed an estimated 1.5 million ants and pupae before leaving the nest.\n", "Like every ant,...
Is it really necessary to read the Cambridge Chinese history?	The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, also published by Cambridge University Press, is a less dense text that covers the basic outline of Chinese history (plus it has pictures!). Amazon is selling it for a little over $40 (£24 I believe). However, if you're looking for books as detailed as the Cambridge series,...	[ "The Cambridge History of China is an ongoing series of books published by the Cambridge University Press (CUP) covering the history of China from the founding of the Qin dynasty in 221 BC to 1982 AD. Chinese history before the Qin dynasty is covered in an independent volume, The Cambridge History of Ancient China ...
why is it easier to see weak light, when not looking directly at it?	Your peripheral vision is designed to see changes in dark/light while your central vision is designed to see color and detail. You can see dim lights better with your peripheral because that is what it’s designed to do.	[ "Functional hypotheses propose that although multiple muscles may be affected, a deficit may be more readily apparent in the eyes for several reasons. Slight weakness in a limb may be tolerated, but slight weakness in the extraocular muscles would lead to misalignment of the two eyes, even a small degree of which c...
why is it that whenever i am not suppose to or cant touch my face, it always starts to itch?	I don't have an answer for you, but can you imagine being an astronaut with one of those fishbowls on your head for hours at a time? Fuck, I get itchy just thinking about it.	[ "Itch is induced by mechanical, chemical, thermal, or electrical stimuli of sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system, or by psychological prompts. The receptors that are responsible for the sensation of itch caused by environmental stimuli are found within the upper layers of the skin. Once stimulated, us...
Ottoman-Bulgarian relations during the First World War	Besides the short fighting in Romania, i don’t believe ottoman/Bulgarian Troops ever worked in tandem, and even then, they where kept separate, Bulgaria had to manage and help oversee Romania and Serbia whilst the ottomans had to focus on things like Gallipoli, the Palestinian front, and the British advance out of Kuwa...	[ "An Ottoman–Bulgarian (or Turco-Bulgarian) alliance was signed in Sofia on 19 August 1914 during the opening month of the First World War, although at the time both the signatories were neutral. The Minister of the Interior, Talaat Pasha, and President Halil Bey of the Chamber of Deputies signed the treaty on behal...
what prevents people with server access at a bank or payment processor to "spawn" themselves in money?	Auditing. Lots and lots of auditing. It may surprise you to learn that banks are super serious about money and keeping track of money. So if some money just randomly appears they get pretty suspicious.	[ "When payment transactions are stored in servers, it increases the risks of unauthorized breaches by hackers. Financial cyber attacks and digital crime also form a greater risks when going cashless. Many companies already suffer data breaches, including of payment systems. Electronic accounts are vulnerable to unau...
Is there a positive correlation between age at which mating occurs and length of life in humans?	> what "significantly longer" means, especially in terms of proportionality I don't know the paper you're referring to, but significance in this context almost certainly means statistical significance (i.e., p-values) and does not necessarily mean that the effect was large in magnitude; for instance if the sample si...	[ "The age when sexual maturity is gained has been given differently by different studies. Wilson observed that females become mature before 13 months, and the minimum age was found to be eight months. He noted that males take longer to mature, nearly 11 to 14 months. The species is monogamous, with pairs remaining t...
what the fuck happened/is happening at charlottesville ?	Group A protests for their more extreme conservative views. Group B protests Group A. Both Group A and Group B exchange inflammatory statements. Both Group A and Group B might've engaged in physical altercations. Person O accelerates vehicle into subset of Group B. Edit: spelling	[ "Occupy Charlottesville is a social movement in Charlottesville, Virginia that began on October 15, 2011, in solidarity with Occupy Wall Street and the rest of the Occupy movement. The downtown Lee Park encampment was taken down on November 30, 2011 when 18 members of the movement were arrested and charged with tre...
quantum darwinism	In Layman's terms, this is what the wiki sais: In QM, the components of the universe exist in an unknown quantum state. Something causes these probability functions to leak information into our universe. This is information we can measure by using "classical" means (like a ruler, a balance, a volt-meter etc.). The t...	[ "Quantum Darwinism is a theory claiming to explain the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world as due to a process of Darwinian natural selection induced by the environment interacting with the quantum system; where the many possible quantum states are selected against in favor of a stable pointer s...
what technological advances would be needed to make a pharmaceutical cure for obesity/prevention of fat gain possible, and why isn't it possible?	The problem is, if you binge eat and your body doesn't process it, you have to shit it out. If your body is just sending it on through you are going to shit RIGHT after you eat (or even before you're done), and it won't even look like shit but rather look a lot like what you ate. Now take a look at a big cheeseburg...	[ "Regarding drug therapies, it has been stated that: \"\"An emerging concept is that the development of anti-obesity agents must not only reduce fat mass (adiposity) but must also correct fat dysfunction (adiposopathy).\"\" This is in recognition that the use of weight loss therapies and drugs in overweight patients...
Will spiders use already formed webs that they have found (whether the web is from the same species or not) or do spiders only use webs that they themselves have made?	I did a bit of research, and I want to offer an expanded and more in depth answer. As I mentioned in my first post, web building spiders tend to build and rebuild there webs. This is true, but not all web building spiders; some spiders, once the web is built, tend to just repair the web where it's damaged. To answer ...	[ "There is no consistent relationship between the classification of spiders and the types of web they build: species in the same genus may build very similar or significantly different webs. Nor is there much correspondence between spiders' classification and the chemical composition of their silks. Convergent evolu...
Would combining isopropyl alcohol with hydrogen peroxide create a more effective antiseptic?	I am speaking from a biology background, so I can't comment much on the chemical implications of mixing isopyopyl alcohol and peroxide. Note, however, that hydrogen peroxide is fairly reactive. That said, swabs of multiple antiseptics are used when preparing an area for surgery and injection. In my biological research...	[ "Practitioners of alternative medicine have advocated the use of hydrogen peroxide for various conditions, including emphysema, influenza, AIDS and cancer, although there is no evidence of effectiveness and in some cases it may even be fatal.\n", "Historically hydrogen peroxide was used for disinfecting wounds, p...
if quantum physics was created to deal with light, how can it be used with other waves/particles?	One of the key understandings of quantum physics is that light doesn't just act like a wave, it also acts like a particle. It isn't really either one, it just sometimes acts like them. It is something that we have a hard time understanding, because it doesn't act like things in the macroscopic world do. Tur...	[ "The quantum particle of light is called a photon. Light has both a wave-like and a particle-like nature. In other words, light can appear to be made of photons (particles) in some experiments and light can act like waves in other experiments. The dynamics of classical electromagnetic waves are completely described...
How could the practice of performing excorcisms in the Catholic church survive for so many centuries? Are there credible cases where it worked?	When you're asking "where it worked" do you mean where someone had an ailment that was actually found to have been caused by demons or demonic possession who were actually, literally expelled by exorcism, or where someone just felt better after an exorcism?	[ "The Canon did not put an end to Puritan belief in the efficacy of exorcism. On the other hand, it stamped out the public use of exorcism by clergy of the church, until the period of the English Civil War. Nonconformists continued to use exorcism.\n", "The first official guidelines for exorcism were established i...
how does a smartphone keep track of a timer set when you restart or reset your device?	Two basic ways (phones, computers, etc.) 1. a battery! there is a little clock with a dedicated battery. 2. the network (cell network, internet, etc.) provides the time (time servers, domain controllers etc, for computers and the cell system for phones). that gives you the current time. Then...the details of the...	[ "The products have built-in security codes for controlled activation. Once the code has been input into the device, it is activated for a time period of 8, 12, or 24 hours. Upon expiration of the time clock, the device shuts off and cannot be used again until the code is re-entered. This prevents unauthorized use i...
Can someone help me find records of a pilot who died during WWII?	Do you know what state they were from? The lists are broken down here at the archives .gov website by state and service branch : _URL_0_ I linked you the Navy/Marines/Coast Guard database because the Battle of the Coral Sea wad a naval battle, notable as the first time two fleets fought one another without ever seein...	[ "MIA Hunters was a Minnesota-based volunteer nonprofit organization dedicated to finding and recovering the remains of lost American pilots air crew members missing in action from World War II. MIA Hunters organized at least 34 missions to China, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, the Philippines, and elsewhere to locate t...
when radio stations say they have 12 million listeners, how do they know?	[_URL_1_](_URL_0_) There are basically two methods: * Surveys. The company asks a representative sample of people "which radio shows did you hear last week"? A similar method is diaries, where each person in the survey keeps a list of every show they hear. * People meters. Each person in the survey has a special mach...	[ "Included is a list of the 20 most-listened-to radio shows in the United States according to weekly cumulative listenership, followed by a selection of shows of various formats that are most-listened-to within their category. (Unless otherwise noted, the \"Talkers\" \"non-scientific\" estimate is the source.)\n", ...
what makes something microwaveable or non-microwaveable? is all food microwaveable?	Yeah, all food is microwaveable (well, unless it has gold or silver leaf in it as some pastries may). Non-microwaveable cookware absorbs microwave radiation and so it'll get hot, and also prevent the food from getting hot. That's all. Microwaveable cookware generally does not absorb much microwave radiation.	[ "Whether polystyrene can be microwaved with food is controversial. Some containers may be safely used in a microwave, but only if labelled as such. Some sources suggest that foods containing carotene (vitamin A) or cooking oils must be avoided.\n", "Microwave ovens produce heat directly within the food, but despi...
Why did the victors of WW1 give Danzig to Poland and cut off part of Germany?	I tackled this question [with an answer back in December.](_URL_0_)	[ "Between the two world wars, many in Germany claimed that the territory ceded to Poland in 1919–1922 should be returned to Germany. This claim was one of the justifications for the German invasion of Poland in 1939, heralding the start of the Second World War. The Third Reich annexed the former German lands, compri...
How does a historic researcher go about finding a topic to work on?	Find journals from your area of expertise. Read the most recent editions. Find out what the prominent questions and debates are. Select a relevant subject. Edit: I found [this](_URL_0_).	[ "BULLET::::12. Historical research allows one to discuss past and present events in the context of the present condition, and allows one to reflect and provide possible answers to current issues and problems. Historical research helps us in answering questions such as: Where have we come from, where are we, who are...
Is psychopathy advantageous from an evolutionary perspective?	Reid Malloy submitted a paper in 2011 suggesting just that. Predators in the wild must be able to identify the weakest and easiest target or they will not eat. Malloy argues that psychopaths share that trait and that they can read the facial emotion from people better than non-psychopaths. Wheeler, Book and Costello in...	[ "Psychopathy is associated with several adverse life outcomes as well as increased risk of disability and death due to factors such as violence, accidents, homicides, and suicides. This, in combination with the evidence for genetic influences, is evolutionarily puzzling and may suggest that there are compensating e...
how do cuts on the inside of your mouth, on your cheek, tongue and lip not get super infected by all of our nasty mouth germs?	A big fraction of the germs that live in our mouths are commensal bacteria, which means we share common interest, we offer them the right temperature, nutriments and convenient humidity to live while they stop any infection from arising by other microorgnisms, this of course, is in case of a healthy body. If the commen...	[ "Mouth infections spread from the root of the infected tooth through the jaw bones and into potential spaces between the fascial planes of surrounding soft tissue, eventually forming an abscess. These potential spaces are usually empty, but can expand and form a pocket of pus when an infection drains into them. The...
antenna theory	Think of an antenna like a piece of water pipe. We can send a pressure wave into one end of the pipe, and it will flow through the pipe, hit the cap on the other end, and bounce back. Now, instead of doing that once, we can do it over and over, rhythmically. If the pipe length and the frequency of our cadence have...	[ "Antenna theory is based on classical electromagnetic theory as described by Maxwell's equations. Physically, an antenna is an arrangement of one or more conductors, usually called elements. An alternating current is created in the elements by applying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to rad...
When I have a hangover, why do the symptoms come in 'waves'?	Dehydration. It's your body's way of saying it hates you for being awesome last night.	[ "Symptoms can sometimes come and go with wave-like re-occurrences or fluctuations in severity of symptoms. Common symptoms include impaired cognition, irritability, depressed mood, and anxiety; all of which may reach severe levels which can lead to relapse.\n", "Common symptoms most frequently reported include a ...
the purpose of a $1 salary	It's a tradition among the tech giants in silicon valley to have a $1 a year salary. They own such a big share of the company they are worth billions so putting them on a $200k/year salary is stupid because it's in their best intentions to make the company work.	[ "A number of top executives in large businesses and governments have worked for a one-dollar salary. One-dollar salaries are used in situations where an executive wishes to work without direct compensation, but for legal reasons must receive a payment above zero, so as to distinguish him or her from a volunteer. Th...
what was the appendix used for before it became obsolete?	The current best theory is that it isn't entirely obsolete. It functions as a place where various microorganisms that live in your gut can survive even if you have diarrhea, or if you eat something that has antibiotic properties. Those microorganisms can be pretty important to proper digestion and good health (you don'...	[ "An appendix includes supplementary data or information to give more in-depth analysis or clarification. Some items included in an appendix are time tables, work plans, schedules, activities, methodologies, legal paperwork, and letters of support or endorsements from the community.\n", "Scholars are almost unanim...
what factors contribute to whether you need to have a/some limbs amputated? is it damage to bones? muscles? nerves?	Med student here. Most of it has to do with the viability of the limb which is determined by the quality of the blood flow to the limb/extremity. Muscle, bone and nerve damage are like cutting leaves and flowers off a plant. Blood flow is like removing water. Without consistent flow the thing dies and/or cannot repair...	[ "Treatment of tissue defects caused after a trauma present major surgical challenges especially those of the upper and lower limb, due to the fact that they often not only cause damage to the skin but also to bones, muscles/tendons, vessels and/or nerves.\n", "Injuries to the spinal cord interfere with electrical...
What are the consequences of vacuums being created within an atmosphere?	> In a river so that water was forced to run around it? Not sure what you mean by this; "nature abhors a vacuum" and will not flow around it. > Around a plant and left there for a few minutes? I'm not sure about the biology, but in a hard vacuum water will vaporize. I suspect the structure of a plant/animal can r...	[ "Many have said that a vacuum does not exist, others that it does exist in spite of the repugnance of nature and with difficulty; I know of no one who has said that it exists without difficulty and without a resistance from nature. I argued thus: If there can be found a manifest cause from which the resistance can ...
What is known about the golden 'cap(s)' that adorned the tops of the Great Pyramids?	A fragmented inscription found near the pyramid of Udjebten mentions a gilded capstone (bnbn.t). No known pyramidions from the old and middle kingdom exist that have a mechanism for a metal coating. So it is more likely that the inscription refers to the tip of an obelisk that once stood in or near the pyramid temple...	[ "A pyramidion is a capstone at the top of a pyramid. Called benbenet in ancient Egyptian language, it associated the pyramid as a whole with the sacred benben stone. Pyramidions may have been covered in gold leaf to reflect the rays of the sun; in the Middle Kingdom, they were often inscribed with royal titles and ...
Slugs. Where are they?	They are probably outside dispersed under rocks and things. Check places that are damp. And there's always a bunch in the hosta :( Butterflies shelter from rain under leaves and in other little nooks and crannies I believe.	[ "Slugs are parasitised by several organisms, including acari and a wide variety of nematodes. The slug mite, \"Riccardoella limacum\", is known to parasitise several dozen species of mollusks, including many slugs, such as \"Agriolimax agrestis\", \"Arianta arbustrum\", \"Arion ater\", \"Arion hortensis\", \"Limax ...
when and how did greek/roman mythology slowly shift from a religion to mythology	It happened as the people of those regions converted to other religions, primarily when they converted to Christianity.	[ "In Ancient Roman times, a new Roman mythology was born through syncretization of numerous Greek and other foreign gods. This occurred because the Romans had little mythology of their own, and inheritance of the Greek mythological tradition caused the major Roman gods to adopt characteristics of their Greek equival...
why do phones have enough battery to show you the picture saying that they're out of battery?	Because most cellphone batteries are Lithium Ion, and it will [hurt the battery's capacity to hold electricity](_URL_0_!) if you let it empty all the way.	[ "A battery indicator is a feature of many electronic devices. In mobile phones, the battery indicator usually takes the form of a bar graph - the more bars that are showing, the better the battery's state of charge.\n", "An easy fix for this is to put an eraser on the cover and use it to slide the cover open. Fur...
Do items floating loosly in the ISS (such as astronauts when they aren't touching anything) add to its overall weight?	In orbital mechanics, the mass of a spacecraft (like the ISS) makes no difference in the way It orbits a body (like the Earth). This means that the total mass (Which is proportional to weight) of the ISS makes no difference in the orbital properties of the ISS. You could fill up the ISS with lead and it would still fol...	[ "While the weight of an object is dependent on the strength of the local gravitational field, the mass of an object is independent of gravity, as mass is a measure of the quantity of matter. Accordingly, for astronauts in microgravity, no effort is required to hold objects off the cabin floor; they are \"weightless...
Does a photon "leaving" the sun (yet close to it) move slower because it's affected by its gravity?	As near as we can tell, photons are massless particles (which makes more sense if you consider light as an EM wave instead of a particle). Gravity does not change the speed at which light propagates, but it can change its frequency ([gravitational redshift](_URL_1_)). Gravity can also change the direction light trave...	[ "BULLET::::- Extra energetic photons: Photons travelling through galaxy clusters should gain energy and then lose it again on the way out. The accelerating expansion of the Universe should stop the photons returning all the energy, but even taking this into account photons from the cosmic microwave background radia...
how do mobile devices charge while they are in use?	Most fundamentally it's just that the source (informally a wall wart) is providing more power than is being consumed by the device, so the battery charges.	[ "BULLET::::- Inconvenience – When a mobile device is connected to a cable, it can be moved around (albeit in a limited range) and operated while charging. In most implementations of inductive charging, the mobile device must be left on a pad to charge, and thus can't be moved around or easily operated while chargin...
My uncle gave this to me when he died.. What is it?	Itzamna is the name of the Mayan sky god. In Google images, there is an image of Itzamna from the Dresden codex that looks just like the image on your object.	[ "Great Uncle Bruce is a deceased character who is mentioned in \"Cabin Fever\" and \"The Third Wheel.\" Greg is presented with a rather luxurious blanket as a Christmas gift, only to be repelled by it upon learning that it had formerly belonged to Great Uncle Bruce before his death. This leads him to give it to an ...
how pepe the frog went from "feels good man" to a conservative political symbol	He didn't. Pepe is still just a frog meme. He's no more conservative political symbol than any other meme. He's more popular on 4chan than Reddit, and 4Chan is more alt-right than Reddit, so that could be why he got mixed up in this. Leave pepe alone!	[ "Pepe the Frog was created in 2005 as part of an online comic. As culture took hold, Pepe the Frog became an established meme, often shared online by celebrities. As its population grew, the designated community morphed from fans of the author and comic to include members of the alt-right and Donald Trump supporter...
PTSD in the American War of Independence	I recently picked up the audio book of Atkinson's The British Are Coming. It is the first part of a trilogy on the military history of the revolution. There are a number of officers and enlisted accounts that he includes from the Canadian campaign, Breed's Hill, Charleston, and others that discuss the horrors of the ...	[ "The development of the diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for American veterans of the Vietnam War can be understood as a political act which labeled the collective distress of a defeated USA as individual psychopathology. Proponents of this view, point to the de-politicization of the distress of t...
What was the first status automobile that a well to do American would have bought when they started to be popular with the rich and famous?	/u/theshowisnottheshow gave a good background. The early automobile market was so flooded with different marques and manufacturers (Over 5,000 marques are listed between 1895 and 1942 in the Standard Catalogue of American Cars - most of them never produced a single automobile or ever advanced beyond a single prototyp...	[ "BULLET::::- 24 March – Robert Allison of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania becomes the first person to buy an American-built automobile when he buys a Winton automobile that had been advertised in \"Scientific American\".\n", "BULLET::::- March 24 – Robert Allison of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania becomes the first person to...
how the "helicopter effect" happens in a car when you have a window open.	It is called [Helmholtz Resonance](_URL_0_). This is basically where there is a low pressure area outside your car because the air is moving relative to the car which, according to [Bernoulli's Principle](_URL_1_), lowers fluid pressure. The air in your car wants to equalize with the lower pressure outside your car, so...	[ "BULLET::::- Some of the helicopter crashes are caused by resonance too. The eyeballs of the pilot resonate because of excessive pressure in the upper air, making the pilot unable to see overhead power lines. As a result, the helicopter is out of control.\n", "This phenomenon has been observed during helicopter f...
Why does the standard deviation formula have an (n-1) instead of n?	Essentially, you want to try and find the population standard deviation from a smaller sample. If the population is finite and you know all the relevant information (eg, you know everyone's age in the US), then you can compute the exact population standard deviation, and this has an 'N' in the bottom rather than 'N-1'....	[ "The value is assumed to conform acceptably to a normal distribution, so the mean can be assumed to be 1.15 in the reference group. The standard deviation, if not given already, can be inversely calculated by knowing that the absolute value of the difference between the mean and, for example, the upper limit of the...
After recently watching a Kurzgesagt video about bringing a piece of the sun to Earth: Are fusion reactors truly safe when they fail?	> a piece of the sun, each the size of a house Note that the core of a star is very dense, so dense it can fuse elements at much lower temperatures because of the extreme pressure. In fusion reactors they have to compensate for the lack in pressure with higher temperatures, however, the amount of stuff being heated i...	[ "The design called for the reactor to be positioned in the tip of the spacecraft behind a strong radiation shield protecting sensitive spacecraft equipment. The reactor would only be powered up once the probe was well out of Earth orbit, so that the amount of radionuclides that must be launched into orbit is minimi...
How can I navigate the dark so easily after just getting a momentary glimpse of my surroundings?	It's not surprising that you are able to create a mental map of areas that you traverse often, but it may be surprising to you that it is constantly utilizing and rewriting this map every time you revisit that area. Let's take your room, for example. Objects with permanency, like your desk or bed, are reinforced in tha...	[ "Under conditions in which there is no visual stimulation (in total darkness), we can still perform smooth pursuit eye movements with the help of a proprioceptive motion signal (e.g. your moving finger).\n", "If you looked out from a source of light, all of the objects you can see would appear in light. Anything ...
why aren't there more bruce lee/ninja fighters in us mma?	Basically the best martial artist in the world in a confined space is susceptible to a bull rush or equivalent. Without the space to manoeuvre they are vulnerable to very close quarter fighting.	[ "American Ninja Warrior (sometimes abbreviated as ANW) is an American sports entertainment competition, which is a spin-off of the Japanese television series \"Sasuke\". It features hundreds of competitors attempting to complete series of obstacle courses of increasing difficulty in various cities across the United...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.