Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why do #2 / 2hb pencils work on bubble exams yet others don't?	It's the way the graphite reflects light that assists machines in grading the tests. I can't tell you why #2 mechanical pencils aren't allowed, however. I've used them when the moderator said not to, and they work fine.	[ "BULLET::::2. Some Pencils are Smarter than People by Erwin A. Steinkamp - A young man purchases a pencil from a street vendor, and discovers, to his delight, that when he takes tests with the pencil, it always writes down the correct answers.\n", "Using lower grade colored pencils does have its advantages, howev...
How multicultural was the city of Rome during the height of the Empire?	Early imperial Rome was the most multicultural place in the classical world. Probably the chief source of non-Italian immigrants was the slave trade, which brought tens of thousands of captives (mostly of eastern origin) to the capital. But there was also voluntary migration on a very considerable scale - again, if we ...	[ "European Americans of the United States founded the city named Rome in 1834, when the residents of the area were still primarily Cherokee, before their removal on the Trail of Tears to Indian Territory. The competition for resources among its diverse inhabitants led to both innovation and strife. Its location at t...
what are the fundamentals and basics of islam?	It's a religion of peace contrary to how badly it's been portrayed lately so don’t listen to these terrorists who incorrectly will tell you the religion is about killing, beating and blowing things up. Back to a contributive answer: Muslims refer God as "Allah"; muslims' book is Qur-an, and they follow the teach...	[ "Islam's most fundamental concept is a strict monotheism called \"tawhid\", affirming that God is one and incomparable (\"wāḥid\"). The basic creed of Islam, the Shahada (recited under oath to enter the religion), involves \"()\", or, \"I testify there is no god other than God.\"\n", "Definitions vary as to what ...
What was daily life like for a Viet Cong soldier? For example, how much time did they actually spend in tunnels?	The broad answer is that it depended greatly on where exactly you are talking about. Tunnels were used extensively during the Vietnam War (dating back to the French conflict, where they proved their usefulness). The images you show are relatively accurate, but only for a select area of South Vietnam in the area usu...	[ "American soldiers used the term \"Black Echo\" to describe the conditions within the tunnels. For the Viet Cong, life in the tunnels was difficult. Air, food and water were scarce and the tunnels were infested with ants, venomous centipedes, scorpions, spiders and vermin. Most of the time, soldiers would spend the...
why is it possible for sprinters to get faster times.through the decades?	There's some difference between what athletes of today can accomplish with better sports science and nutrition and athletes in prior times. Also, there are a lot more people alive today than there were even two generations ago, so there's a greater chance that the fastest person ever is alive today than two generations...	[ "Sprinters have a higher ratio of fast-twitch muscle fibers than non-sprinters. Road cycling sprinters sometimes tend to have a larger build than the average road racing cyclist, combining the strength of their legs with their upper body to produce a short burst of speed necessary in a closely contested finish. Som...
"In 1850, 42% of free Negroes in Charleston SC owned slaves" How accurate is this statement?	That quote seems to have originated from an [article](_URL_0_) published on The Root in 2013 and written by the renowned scholar Henry Louis Gates. In the article Gates is quoting Stanley Engerman, an economic historian who has written on slavery as an economic system. Gates does not give the exact source for the quote...	[ "According to the 1840 Virginia census, Grattan owned at least one slave, although not listed in the corresponding federal schedule of slaveowners. In June, 1857, Grattan traveled to Cleveland, Ohio to deliver a speech favoring slavery (and denouncing abolitionism preached from the pulpit) to an assembly of the Pre...
Is there historical evidence of Cleopatra being beautiful?	I thought for sure that I had written an answer on this already, but I certainly can not find it! The short answer is, yes there is historical evidence of Cleopatra being beautiful. However, there is also historical evidence that she was emphatically not considered the most beautiful woman of her time, and would almos...	[ "Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the British Museum, London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome. The woman in has facial features similar to others (including the pronounced aquiline nose), but lacks a royal diadem and sports...
How many single atoms would you have to pile up before you could see the pile with the naked eye?	Let's do an order-of-magnitude calculation. The eye can see about 1/60 of a degree. At 10 centimeters, this is about 0.003 centimeters for the diameter of a small disk. The disk will have an area somewhere around 2.7x10^-5 cm^2 (2.7x10^-9 m^2 ). Let's say the radius of an atom is about 10^-10 meters (100 pm). This is...	[ "Later revised to take place as a tabletop experiment, if successful, it is estimated that a mass of roughly 10 atoms would have been superposed, approximately nine orders of magnitude more massive than any superposition observed to that date (2003).\n", "Atomic dimensions are thousands of times smaller than the ...
why is it that wild animals are able to drink “wild” water (lakes, rivers, etc) yet humans appear to not be able to drink water out of a wild water source?	Gut flora is the main reason. Over time we have lost the ability to digest complex microbioata that are dangerous. Also it's not safe for other animals to drink contaminated water, they face similar problems and die to ameobic dysentery as well	[ "Numerous living beings use water made accessible by condensation. A few examples of these are the Australian thorny devil, the darkling beetles of the Namibian coast, and the coast redwoods of the West Coast of the United States.\n", "Although not the only example, no better example can be found than the issue o...
How much time to evaporate a glass of water kept outside in California.?	Well first of all, if you're in California, go put a glass of warer outside and see. Second, this is a difficult problem to solve, and is dependent on a lot of factors: Water temperature Water volume Exposed surface area of the cup Humidity of the air Pressure of the atmosphere The way the evaporation works is t...	[ "In 2002 in Santiago de Cuba in the East of the island residents went without tap water for as much as 20 days. Water was not reliably chlorinated, partly due to the unavailability of chlorine. As a result, residents received water that was not safe to drink and had to store it in their homes, which further increas...
the axiom of choice in zermelo-fraenkel set theory.	Suppose you have three sets. {1,2,3}, {a,b,c}, and {+,$,#}. You can pick one element from each set - say, 2 from the first set, c from the second, and + from the third. You can prove this using only the other axioms of ZF by, say, going from one set to the next and selecting an element from each in finite time. The pr...	[ "The Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms, the result of the axiomatic method applied to set theory, allowed the \"proper\" formulation of set-theory problems and helped to avoid the paradoxes of naïve set theory. One such problem was the Continuum hypothesis. Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the historically controversial axio...
how do you sharpen a diamond knife?	I don't know about diamond knives, but I do know that both diamonds and lasers are used to shape and cut diamonds. BTW, you can use two rough diamonds to make a sharp diamond, it is much harder to do this, but it is possible. Also, other materials can break diamonds as well.	[ "Knife sharpening is the process of making a knife or similar tool sharp by grinding against a hard, rough surface, typically a stone, or a flexible surface with hard particles, such as sandpaper. Additionally, a leather razor strop, or strop, is often used to straighten and polish an edge. See simple sharpening tu...
Did Hitler or the Nazi's hate Mickey Mouse?	The second volume of Art Spiegelman's wonderful graphic novel Maus starts off with a famous quote from a Pomeranian Nazi newspaper calling for the downfall of Mickey Mouse, which has popularized a notion that the regime despised Disney.The Third Reich's stance on Disney and its products is somewhat more complex. Cert...	[ "The book portrays humans with the heads and tails of different species of animals; Jews are drawn as mice and other Germans and Poles as cats and pigs, among others. Spiegelman took advantage of the way Nazi propaganda films depicted Jews as vermin, though he was first struck by the metaphor after attending a pres...
why are sponges considered to have no tissue?	A tissue in the biological sense is that cells differentiate into different forms, assuming different functions; and that said cells organise themselves into recognizable shapes to enable the function ti occur. Sponges don't have that. Every singe sponge more or less consists of one cell type with a few variations, b...	[ "Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxy...
do different patterns of emergency vehicle lights have different purposes? if yes, what do they mean?	Emergency vehicles can definitely drive with lights but no sirens, as they want to keep the quiet. They normally only put sirens on if they are approaching traffic and need to make everyone aware. You should still pull over for emergency vehicles with lights but no sirens.	[ "Emergency vehicle lighting is generally used to clear the right of way for emergency vehicles, or to warn approaching motorists of potential hazards, such as a vehicle that is stopped or moving slower than the rate of traffic, or a car that has been pulled over. It may also be used to provide specific directions t...
why does gravity always pull and cannot push like magnets can?	Because that's not how gravity works. Gravity has nothing to do with magnets. It's like asking, why can't our lungs breathe water. Or why Hydrogen has the lowest atomic mass. ie. Why it has the amount of neutrons/protons that it has. It just does.	[ "As gravitational pull increases, the magnet's acceleration as it falls will tend to increase, except to the extent that the damping coefficient the magnet is experiencing (as a result of the conductor) increases, combined with the extent that the \"velocity\" of the magnet \"also\" increases – a magnet moving or f...
what were friedrich nietzsche's core beliefs?	this looks suspiciously like crowdsourcing your homework...	[ "Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a philosopher who challenged Christianity, the traditional ideas of purity, God, afterlife and other things such as morality. Nietzsche was a believer in creating the perfect human, or at least a definition of one. He believed in achieving this perfection through the enhancement...
why my vicodin makes me itch.	obviously someone else can answer this better, but I believe opiates cause the release of histamines. If you were to take benadryl and vicodin, you shouldn't itch.	[ "Vicine is an inactive compound in the body. When vicine enters the body through food, it is hydrolysed by the intestinal microflora to a highly reactive free radical generating compound, the aglycone divicine. Upon hydrolysis, the glucose part of the molecule is split off and that results in the reduced divicine. ...
Is veganism/vegetarianism a recent phenomenon? Were there people in history who didn't consume animals for ethical reasons?	It is certainly not a recent phenomenon at all. There are numerous historical examples of vegetarianism and veganism. One of my areas is in dietary ethics in South Asia so I will just discuss some historical cases there. However, the Ancient Greeks also had examples of vegetarians, in particular Pythagoras. In terms ...	[ "The question of whether there are any ethical duties toward animals was hotly debated, and the arguments in dispute were quite similar to the ones familiar in modern discussions on animal rights. Vegetarianism was usually part and parcel of religious convictions connected with the concept of transmigration of the ...
why do broadcast tv stations limit streaming? i thought they wanted more viewers.	The ad revenue from streaming websites doesn't go to the broadcasters. It goes to whoever set up the site to steal their content and rehost it. This is why the Supreme Court has found time and time again that these services are illegal. It's the same reason musicians don't like it when you steal their music and play i...	[ "Alternatively, broadcasters have argued that the free market approach discourages carriage disputes. In a 2013 op-ed, former FCC commissioner, Robert McDowell, argued:TV stations make more money as more people see their shows, thus creating an incentive to distribute their product as widely as possible. These same...
Swabbing the poop deck - why were they anyways mopping on boats?	In terms of the cultural impact of mopping on ships, I do not feel qualified to comment, however there were several practical reasons for regularly swabbing decks. During the Age of Sail and usage of Ships of the Line, loose powder on gun-decks was a significant fire hazard and danger. Therefore swabbing decks to keep ...	[ "BULLET::::- Sweepers: \"Sweepers, Sweepers, man your brooms. Give the ship a clean sweep down both fore and aft! Sweep down all decks, ladders and passageways! Dump all garbage clear of the fantail! Sweepers.\" (Most ships today actually discourage throwing of trash over the side but instead use mulch/pulp rooms.)...
Is it possible to convert heat generated by computer farms to produce electricity like solar updraft towers do ?	Possible? yes, the concept still works whether you are heating the air by the sun, computers or a hairdryer. You could only ever at absolute maximum extract the same energy you put into those computers, computers are not natural sources of heat, you put electricity into those computers and a lot of it comes out as ...	[ "In 2018, Soochow University researchers reported hybridizing a triboelectric nanogenerator and a silicon solar cell by sharing a mutual electrode. This device can collect solar energy \"or\" convert the mechanical energy of falling raindrops into electricity.\n", "Solar and wind power are extremely scalable, as ...
So... what happens next if Curiosity finds a form of life? Also, what would they consider life?	According to NASA, MSL/Curiosity's mission is not to search for life, but to do geological survey and search for traces of past environments that might have been suitable for life. At any rate, the rover is not equipped with instruments that would be able to discover life itself.	[ "Curiosity measured ionizing radiation levels of 76 mGy a year. This level of ionizing radiation is sterilizing for dormant life on the surface of Mars. It varies considerably in habitability depending on its orbital eccentricity and the tilt of its axis. If the surface life has been reanimated as recently as 450,0...
coal/carbon is black, but when compressed make clear diamonds. how does the color change?	These different forms of materials, made of the same element, are called allotropes. These allotropes have completely different properties because each atom is behaving as if it had a completely different way of bonding to it's neighbors (which they do). In the case of carbon allotropes in which one is transparent and ...	[ "Carbon black (subtypes are acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, or ethylene cracking tar. Carbon black is a form of paracrystalline carbon that has a high surface-area-...
Is it reasonable to assume that the average person is getting more attractive each generation?	I'm going with no. Biggest reason is that what is deemed attractive is social construct and changes from generation to generation. It was not long ago that pale skin and being overweight was considered more attractive than tanned skin and skinny. Similarly, this varies even in a single generation with culture. A not...	[ "Results showed that most of the participants overwhelmingly believed more attractive subjects have more socially desirable personality traits than either averagely attractive or unattractive subjects. Participants also believed that attractive individuals would lead happier lives in general, have happier marriages...
what was/is the purpose of the lhc?	Suppose I have a bunch of cars and you want to figure out what they are. You can't see the cars but I will let you perform tests on them. For example you can have them drive around at normal city speeds and look at fuel consumption and make some educated guesses. But the real way to find out exactly what those cars are...	[ "The LHC Computing Grid was constructed as part of the LHC design, to handle the massive amounts of data expected for its collisions. It is an international collaborative project that consists of a grid-based computer network infrastructure initially connecting 140 computing centres in 35 countries (over 170 in 36 ...
Can a taser shock if the person being shocked is in the air?	The target does not need to be in contact with the ground for a taser to work. The taser fires 2 electrodes, connected by wire to the taser, at the target and this created a complete circuit for current to flow: From taser via the first wire, through the target, via the second wire back to the taser.	[ "Manufacturers' instructions and manuals shipped with the products state that a half-second shock duration will cause intense pain and muscle contractions, startling most people greatly. Two to three seconds will often cause the recipient to become dazed and drop to the ground, and over three seconds will usually c...
Why is the sun yellow?	All hot bodies emit radiation according to a characteristic curve called the black-body distribution. Actually, the black-body distribution is an ideal, and in reality, the actual spectrum of the sun will be slightly [different](_URL_0_), but it's basically the case. You can see the different shapes of the curves of ...	[ "The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on spectral class and it is informally designated as a \"yellow dwarf\" because its visible radiation is most intense in the yellow-green portion of the spectrum. It is actually white, but from the Earth's surface it appears yellow because of atmospheric scatterin...
Does entropy indicate that eventually energy will spread out so much, through spontaneous processes, that all matter will eventually cease to exist?	See [here](_URL_0_). Basically, the idea is that since entropy is increasing the universe will reach a maximum entropy and all energy will be evenly distributed. All matter would not cease to exist, but would be in thermodynamic equilibrium.	[ "The idea of heat death stems from the second law of thermodynamics, of which one version states that entropy tends to increase in an isolated system. From this, the hypothesis implies that if the universe lasts for a sufficient time, it will asymptotically approach a state where all energy is evenly distributed. I...
why does the u.s. court hear cases about the nfl such as deflategate?	Yarr, ['twas asked by those what sailed in before ye!](_URL_1_) Enjoy yon older explanations, and remember [rule 7](_URL_0_) says search to avoid repostin'.	[ "The case went to trial in the spring of 1986 and lasted 42 days. On July 29, a six-person jury handed down a verdict that devastated the USFL, even though it technically won its case. The jury declared the NFL a \"duly adjudicated illegal monopoly\", and found that the NFL had willfully acquired and maintained mon...
Why does hot water cut through grease better than cold or room temperature water?	It is as simple as heating and freezing butter. When you heat it up, it turns into liquid, making it easier to wipe away/wash off. When cold water is applied, it can solidify if the water is cool enough. The grease doesn't liquefy enough to wash away with ease with cold water. Heat is the measure of kinetic energ...	[ "Water is a good conductor of heat but has drawbacks as a cutting fluid. It boils easily, promotes rusting of machine parts, and does not lubricate well. Therefore, other ingredients are necessary to create an optimal cutting fluid.\n", "EP grease contains solid lubricants, usually graphite and/or molybdenum disu...
If we rotate around the sun, why aren't we getting a completely different sky every few months?	We do. Orion is only visible at night in the northern hemisphere in the autumn through spring.	[ "Viewed from the same location, a star seen at one position in the sky will be seen at the same position on another night at the same sidereal time. This is similar to how the time kept by a sundial can be used to find the location of the Sun. Just as the Sun and Moon appear to rise in the east and set in the west ...
How do molecules on one side of a permeable membrane "know" the concentration of that same molecule on the other side?	They don't know. They are all moving around all the time in random directions. Lets take your example of sodium ions diffusing across a membrane. In a given time period each individual ion has some probability of moving across the membrane. Since there are a lot more sodium ions on one side there will be many more ions...	[ "The permeability of a membrane is the rate of passive diffusion of molecules through the membrane. These molecules are known as permeant molecules. Permeability depends mainly on the electric charge and polarity of the molecule and to a lesser extent the molar mass of the molecule. Due to the cell membrane's hydro...
attempted manslaughter	Your understanding of the difference between the two isn't quite right. Generally, a killing is classified as manslaughter if it is accidental/ the result of criminal negligence (involuntary) or an in-the-moment crime of passion (voluntary). The second is a bit fuzzy, and many cases could be classified as murder rather...	[ "Voluntary manslaughter is a form of homicide where a defendant's culpability is mitigated by an \"adequate provocation\", thereby resulting in a lesser sentence than a murder charge. Traditionally, at common law, manslaughter was limited to certain categories of actions, but by the time the Berry case was decided ...
how are countries seperated?	At some point in history they've decided where the borders are. In many cases it follow a natural landmark like a river, but in others it's just a decision on "this is mine, that is yours" or the result of a stalemate in a war. Granted, it doesn't always work perfectly, there's several places where countries disagree...	[ "An administrative division, unit, entity, area or region, also referred to as a subnational entity, constituent unit, or country subdivision, is a portion of a country or other region delineated for the purpose of administration. Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree of autonomy and are usually req...
When I "start" two balls in a Newton's Cradle, why does it reflect with two balls on the other side instead of just the last ball with twice as much kinetic energy?	Because both energy and momentum are conserved. Energy is quadratic in velocity and momentum is linear. If the energy of two balls went into one ball, the resulting velocity would only be 1.4x the original, meaning momentum would be lost. Momentum can't be lost, so that can't happen (at least not without something e...	[ "The 'lone' ball may be to either side of the two balls, and can have its position in relation to them altered whilst juggling the pattern by throwing it not at a vertical angle, or moving the hand holding it when it has been caught. This ball can also be thrown quickly from one hand to the other as in a box patter...
Are there any records of isolated communities in Europe or elsewhere retaining pagan traditions or practices locally a la "The Wicker Man"?	The Baltic countries of Latvia and Lithuania were some of the last areas of Europe to be converted to Christianity. Rural areas are said to have practiced paganism centuries longer. Link to paper on it : _URL_0_ "Although officially christianized in the thirteenth century, the ancient Latvians did not accept Christi...	[ "In the 2001 Census, a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland, and Wales declared themselves to be pagans or adherents of Wicca. However, other surveys have led to estimates of around 250,000 or even higher.\n", "The Neo-pagan movement in the United Kingdom is primarily represented by Wicca and Witchcraft ...
why do we feel stronger when we're mad?	Well, when you get angry your body also gets mad, this means that once your brain releases power milk, this power milk is called adrenaline, and what it does it makes you think faster, get stronger and it gives you better reflexes.	[ "In depression, exaggerated all-or-nothing thinking can form a self-reinforcing cycle: these thoughts might be called \"emotional amplifiers\" because, as they go around and around, they become more intense. Here are some typical all-or-nothing thoughts:\n", "When thinking of \"downward\" counterfactual thinking,...
Why did Portugal's overseas power decline so dramatically in the 17th century?	I tried to give an answer to a similar [question](_URL_1_) some time ago, but might as well add some more thoughts now In a multitude of factors of the reason of Portuguese "decline" the main ones are: 1) arrival of seaborne European competitors in Asia in shape of Dutch East India Company (VOC) but also English Ea...	[ "The decline of Spain and Portugal in the 17th century paved the way for other European powers, namely the Netherlands, France and England. Portugal would lose influence in all but three of its colonies, Portuguese India, Macau and Timor.\n", "During the 15th and 16th centuries, with its global empire that includ...
How big of a reaction would Francium cause when dropped in water?	You don't see the Francium + water reaction because it is too scarce an element to create a noticeable reaction. Francium is the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements, and has a half-life of just 22 minutes. As such, you can't really amass enough of it to make a noticeable reaction with water. Accordin...	[ "Tephra deposits from the eruption dammed the Rhine, creating a lake. When the dam broke, an outburst flood swept downstream, leaving deposits as far away as Bonn. The fallout has been identified in an area of more than 300,000 square kilometres, stretching from central France to northern Italy, and from southern S...
why do we glorify conquerors like genghis khan and vilify the likes of adolf hitler?	Genghis Khan won. Hitler lost. Also, time. I imagine old Genghis was every bit the monster that Hitler was but we don't know him like we know Adolph.	[ "Regarding condemnation for having referred to Adolf Hitler as being a \"great man\", Farrakhan has said, \"I have throughout my life referred to Hitler as a wicked man, yet, the national news media insists that I called him a 'great man', with the implied inference that 'great' means 'good'. However, I did refer t...
Is it likely that genital Herpes will be cured within this decade (or the next)?	A cure is unlikely. The problem is when herpes is latent, it just kinda sits there. Unless if you have a method to actively inactivate or remove ~~latent virus particles (doubtful)~~ the viral plasmid, you'll never have a "cure". Prevention, vaccine, and drugs to suppress outbreaks are significantly easier to develop ...	[ "Genital herpes can be spread by viral shedding prior to and following the formation of ulcers. The risk of spread between a couple is about 7.5% over a year (for unprotected sex). The likelihood of transferring genital herpes from one person to another is decreased by male condom use by 50%, by female condom by 50...
Did acting Quasetors have the right to vote in the Senate?	Quaestors were automatically enrolled in the Senate after the time of Sulla's reforms. That means as soon as they took office, they could participate in meetings. Having said that, most of them were not in the city while in office, but instead out in the provinces or with armies, doing their jobs. Some of them were a...	[ "BULLET::::- The Plebeians demand the right to stand for election as consul but the Roman senate refused to grant them this right. Ultimately, a compromise is reached, and consular command authority is granted to Consular Tribunes (\"Military Tribunes with Consular powers\" or tribuni militares consulari potestate)...
How could the first organism develop something as complex as replication without the evolutionary process?	Certain types of RNA can both act as a coding sequence and an enzyme of replication. It has been hypothesized that organisms built themselves around this basic mechanism. So instead of having to gain replicative function, the organisms had it since the beginning. To go a little further, the core components of RNA are ...	[ "Bernal suggested that evolution commenced between stages 1 and 2. Bernal regarded the third stage—discovering methods by which biological reactions were incorporated behind a cell's boundary—as the most difficult. Modern work on the way that cell membranes self-assemble, and the work on micropores in various subst...
how does dna even do things?	Short answer: structure = function. The order of the four "thingies" in DNA determine the order of the joined-up LEGO blocks that we call a protein. DNA uses 20 different, specific LEGO blocks. For example, AAA codes for one type of LEGO, AGA codes for a different one, and so on. (There is overlap - each of the 20 LEG...	[ "DNA encodes the genetic information required for an organism to carry out its life cycle. In effect, DNA serves as the \"hard drive\" which stores genetic data. DNA is replicated and serves as its own template for replication.\n", "DNA can be copied very easily and accurately because each piece of DNA can direct...
How effective as a fighting force were the "martial races" e.g Sikh's and Gurkha's in the British Army? Were they deserving of their reputation?	Remember, the Martial Race theory came to fruition not in the early part of British colonialism where the East Indian Company was actually conquering land (the two Anglo-Sikh wars were between 1846-1849; the "Gorkha War" was 1816-18, the Third and final Maratha War was 1817–1818, etc.). The "martial race" idea was rea...	[ "The Rajputs were designated as a Martial Race in the period of the British Raj. This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either \"martial\" or \"non-martial\": a \"martial race\" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting, whilst the remainder were those...
stock prices	The stock market is very complex, so I'm going to address your questions individually. Changes in price are driven by the market, it's purely "what it's worth". This is both in terms of a share of the company (and it's worth) or what others are willing to pay for a stock. No one determines the price, the market does....	[ "In financial markets, the mid price is the price between the best price of the sellers of the stock or commodity offer price or ask price and the best price of the buyers of the stock or commodity bid price. It can simply be defined as the average of the current bid and ask prices being quoted.\n", "U.S. mortgag...
how can movie previews show scenes or quotes that are different from what is actually shown or said in the movie?	Previews aren't always based on final cuts. When a preview features a scene that isn't in the final film, it isn't out of an attempt to deceive, but because the editing changed between the time the preview was constructed and when the final film was released.	[ "Receiving pointing-out instructions is similar to watching a movie preview. Unless we see the preview, we have no idea what the movie will be about. So a preview is an excellent way to be introduced to what a particular movie might be like. We might see the preview and then decide to skip the filmthat is up to us....
What major advancements were there in musket combat?	The problem is that way too much attention is paid to line infantry and even then too much attention paid to their use of muskets. In reality nor musketry nor line infantry alone paint an accurate, complete picture of warfare in the early modern period. First of all there's the fact that melee combat had never stopped ...	[ "The 16th century saw the first widespread use of the matchlock musket as a decisive weapon on the battlefield with the Turks becoming leaders in this regard. The first of these campaigns was the campaign against the Persians in 1514 under Yavuz Sultan Selim, or Selim the Grim. Armed with gunpowder weapons, his arm...
Is there anything that suggests that Nazi Germany encouraged its Olympic athletes to dope?	Not a complete answer but some facts: Steroids weren't marketed commercially until 1960 however have a record of being used in sport since at least 1954 (Soviet physicians talking to Ziegler) There is definitely an element of the definition that the substance needs to be banned to be considered doping. There has bee...	[ "German workers' sports clubs were soon banned by the Nazi party; at this point the KPD approached Seelenbinder, asking him to join one of the legal sports clubs, to train to get as much sporting success as possible, so he would be able to carry messages across Germany and into other countries. As one of the countr...
why does my mouth get all salty before i puke?	My wild guess would be it is to counter the awaited stomach acids (more than a salty flavour i found it weird-flavoured, but definitely alcalic)	[ "Water-soluble jellies can be used to lubricate the mouth. Salt mouthwash can soothe the pain and keep food particles clear so as to avoid infection. Patients are also encouraged to drink plenty of liquids, at least three liters a day, and avoid alcohol. Citrus fruits, alcohol, and foods that are hot are all known ...
how despite trade embargoes north korea has successfully launched a rocket to place a satellite into orbit	North Korea is not really cut off from the rest of the world. A lot of companies are doing business with them. Take the Ryugyong Hotel for instance. It is being build by an Egyptian company and will be run by a German company.	[ "On 7 February 2016, North Korea successfully launched a long-range rocket, supposedly to place a satellite into orbit. Critics believe that the real purpose of the launch was to test a ballistic missile. The launch was strongly condemned by the UN Security Council. A statement broadcast on Korean Central Televisio...
does drinking 1l of water 2-3 times a day have the same “hydration impact” as spreading the water out over the day?	There's a lot of nonsense out there masquerading as science about how you need to drink so much water every day, but unless you have a health issue or are an athlete, drink as much water as you need to not feel thirsty, and don't worry about not drinking enough. Your body does a pretty good job of telling you when you ...	[ "A typical person will lose minimally two to maximally four liters of water per day under ordinary conditions, and more in hot, dry, or cold weather. Four to six liters of water or other liquids are generally required each day in the wilderness to avoid dehydration and to keep the body functioning properly. The U.S...
young and old sperm impact	The likelihood of genetic mutation is higher at an older age. Coupled with factors like smoking and stress also increases that likelihood.	[ "The formation of primary spermatocytes (a process known as spermatocytogenesis) begins in humans when a male is sexually matured at puberty, around the age of 10 through 14. Formation is initiated upon the pulsated surges of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, which leads to the secretion ...
can we calculate the death of a star with enough accuracy to watch the light disappear from the sky?	We can look at a star's mass and spectrum and say a star will go "soon", which to an astronomer means definitely some time between now and about a million years in the future. For example, we're currently waiting patiently for a red giant star called Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion to go supernova. It has already...	[ "The stars of the night sky cannot be counted unaided because they are so numerous and there is no way to track which have been counted and which have not. Further complicating the count, fainter stars may appear and disappear depending on exactly where the observer is looking. The result is an impression of an ext...
why do americans need to file tax returns each year?	> Why doesn't the government just calculate how much tax we need to pay for each paycheck based on basic information (salary/wage, pay frequency, state of residence, etc)? Because that's not enough to determine your taxes. Are you currently a student? Are you paying back student loans? Are you paying off interest o...	[ "Tax returns are filed separately for states and localities imposing income tax, and may be due on dates that differ from federal due dates. Some states permit related corporations to file combined or consolidated returns. Most states and localities imposing income tax require estimated payments where tax exceeds c...
why is a burger not considered a sandwich, but a pulled pork "sandwich" is?	a burger is a sandwich, it is meat between two pieces of bread. Hotdogs are typically one piece of bread with the meat on top. But ya a burger is a sandwich, which is meat between two pieces of bread.	[ "The term 'burger' is also applied to any hot sandwich using a bun for the bread, even when the filling does not contain beef, such as a chicken burger (generally with chicken breast rather than chicken mince), salmon burger, pulled pork burger, veggie burger, etc. The term 'sandwich' is usually only applied when t...
when a pregnant woman is rh negative, they receive the rhogam shot, where the doctor automatically assumes the man is a positive blood type- i have a few questions about this.	To my knowledge it does nothing to the fetus. If you are fairly certain as to who the father is, the doctor should take that into account. The purpose of the shot is to keep the mother from developing antibodies to the rh+ blood factor(it protects future babies, not really much for the one you are carrying when you get...	[ "Because many pathological conditions in a pregnant woman can cause deviations in estriol levels, these screenings are often seen as less definitive of fetal-placental health than a nonstress test. Conditions which can create false positives and false negatives in estriol testing for fetal distress include preeclam...
How do astronomers both find things so far away that aren't objects, like the KBC Void or Boötes Void, and identify objects' properties like atmosphere, temperature, and whether there's water and such on or in the object?	For voids, we essentially look at how far away all the objects in a given part of the sky are, this can be done using redshift (See [here](_URL_0_)). When a survey was done by Robert Kirshner, Augustus Oemler Jr, Paul Schechter and Stephen Shectman of Galactic redshifts in 1980 they discovered that there was an area in...	[ "Astronomers have discovered some stars that seemingly orbit around an empty space. \"Astrometric binaries\" are relatively nearby stars which can be seen to wobble around a point in space, with no visible companion. The same mathematics used for ordinary binaries can be applied to infer the mass of the missing com...
if you're not supposed to ever button up the lowest button of a suit, why do they exist?	It's a silly reason, really. Originally, jackets were supposed to be done up all the way. But at some point, people decided it looked better if they 'flared out' around your waist (since this was typically the widest part of the body... at least if you're a wealthy over-indulgent Earl). Having the fabric pulled in a...	[ "When fastening a three-button suit, the middle button is fastened, and the top one sometimes, but the bottom is traditionally not designed to be. Although in the past some three-button jackets were cut so that all three could be fastened without distorting the drape, this is not the case. A four-button suit is non...
why do all relationship/dating mediums have way more men than women?	You are not considering the possibility that there is an equal number of single men and women but that they seek for dates in different avenues. Women, in general, don't seek out dates via dating websites as much as men. That doesn't mean they aren't seeking out dates via friends or in a club, for example. The reason ...	[ "There is a general perception that men and women approach dating differently, hence the reason why advice for each sex varies greatly, particularly when dispensed by popular magazines. For example, it is a common belief that heterosexual men often seek women based on beauty and youth. Psychology researchers at the...
what does kim jong-un gain by provoking the us and japan?	A seat at the grown ups table instead of being stuck over with the little kids like Venezuela, Nigeria and Greece. And he's infinitely harder to kill off with nukes than without. Just ask Saddam and Qadaffi.	[ "On April 16, 2018, Trump met with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at Mar-a-Lago. Trump announced that Japan and the US had a shared objective in resolving the North Korea issue, saying that the Korean War had not yet ended but endorsing its end. He tweeted on 27 April, \"KOREAN WAR TO END! The United States, an...
Which civilization invented gunpowder and are there historical records on gun powder?	> 2) Was it first discovered by a chinese dynasty and if so, The earliest known texts that we can reliably call references to gunpowder are Chinese, and are Tang Dynasty. The earliest recipes that have survived are Song Dynasty, and these are most certainly gunpowder. It's possible, likely even, that the earliest ve...	[ "BULLET::::- 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China: Gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907)....
why does a phone's camera focus on close objects for a second then unfocus?	It is because the camera did not recognize the close object as the object that you are planning to shoot, this can be corrected by lightly pressing the focus button.	[ "Photography blog has reviewed the camera and has generally good things to say. They do note the peculiar layout of the dials and buttons on the back of the camera. They offer that the dial should have more options on it, rather than forcing the user to delve into menus to get to settings that would normally appear...
Regarding interstellar colonization: Is it possible to find a nebula with an earth-like atmosphere?	Firstly, nebulae are really, really low density - more than 10^(14) times less dense than our atmosphere. That is considered an excellent laboratory vacuum here on Earth! As you can imagine, you wouldn't do very well when put into a lab vacuum chamber... The Earth's atmosphere has also been heavily affected due to it ...	[ "Planetary nebulae likely play a crucial role in the chemical evolution of the Milky Way by expelling elements into the interstellar medium from stars where those elements were created. Planetary nebulae are observed in more distant galaxies, yielding useful information about their chemical abundances.\n", "As on...
if the internet is basically a network of wires and computers, how does data navigate itself from one specific computer to where it needs to be?	_[rolls up sleeves]_ As others have said, it all comes to addresses, but there's a bit more to it than that, and it's sort of, kind of, magical when you understand it. This is long, but I'm writing it because I love talking about this stuff, and I hope it entertains somebody. First, you have to realise that a compute...	[ "Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes. Nodes are generally identified by network addresses, and can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, and servers, as well as networking hardware such as routers and switches. Two such devices can be said to be...
if obama is the head of the executive branch, and the fcc is a part of the executive branch, why can't obama just tell the fcc to get rid of internet fast lanes? doesn't he have power over the fcc?	We have a system of checks and balances... the president is not the king who has unilateral authority. The job of the executive branch is to enforce the laws, the legislative branch of the government makes the laws, and the judicial branch of government makes sure these laws are constitutional. This is an ideal way t...	[ "On 14 November 2008 it was announced that President-elect Barack Obama has selected Susan Crawford and Werbach to lead the review of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The review team \"will ensure that senior appointees have the information necessary to complete the confirmation process, lead their depa...
What technique can be used to tell if an AI is truly intelligent?	Before your question is answered, you have to evaluate what you mean by intelligent. When discussing Artificial Intelligence, usually the benchmark is that intelligence is a feature exhibited by something if its reactions fit the environment. However, we have to be a bit more specific, since we would usually want to ru...	[ "BULLET::::- \"The AI effect\": Machines are \"already\" intelligent, but observers have failed to recognize it. When Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov in chess, the machine was acting intelligently. However, onlookers commonly discount the behavior of an artificial intelligence program by arguing that it is not \"real...
why are turtles not considered amphibious?	Depends on what you mean by "amphibious". The more general definition: "suited for water and land" certainly applies. But scientists use words differently, and in this case "amphibious" has a very specific meaning for biologists. Amphibians are a class of animals that, among other things, are generally (but not alwa...	[ "Sea turtles are amphibious reptiles, but they are not amphibians. Reptiles belong to the class Reptilia while amphibians belong to the class Amphibia. These are two distinct taxonomic groups. Reptiles have scales and leathery skins, while the skins of amphibians are smooth and porous. Unlike frogs, sea turtle eggs...
At what rate is history still being actively uncovered?	Oh, boy. Where to even start with this one? There is all sorts of awesome information/text/archaeological finds, etc. etc. that are constantly being uncovered, and researched and discussed and argued over and published. The very concept around a Doctorate isn't just to say, "Wow, I learned a helluvalot, and now everyon...	[ "Historians also concede that there are many preservation issues surrounding the selection of the media to transmit this information to the future. Some of these issues include the obsolescence of technology and the deterioration of electronic and magnetic storage media (known as the digital dark age), and possible...
Do certain enzymes "die out" if not utilized?	That's really not how it works. Overtime people accumulate various mutations across the genome, randomly. Evolution loves to roll the dice. Most of the time, these mutations don't do a whole lot. Once in awhile though, a mutation will have an effect: most commonly, it is deleterious, and the organism fails to to pass ...	[ "Although enzymes are generally specific towards their substrate, enzymatic side activities (enzyme promiscuity) can lead to toxic or useless products. These side reactions proceed at much lower rates than their normal physiological reactions, but build-up of damaged metabolites can still be significant over time. ...
is it possible to not have citizenship of any country?	Short answer: yes, it's possible. The repercussions are that any nation can declare you persona-non-grata which means you can be arrested simply for being present in their territory. Additionally, you would be legally considered an alien anywhere you were, and have to deal with the local issues.	[ "Some countries consider multiple citizenship undesirable and take measures to avoid it. Since a country has control only over who has its citizenship, but has no control over who has any other country's citizenship, the only way for a country to avoid multiple citizenship is to deny its citizenship to people in ca...
why there is such a big public outcry against stopping illegal immigration if it is illegal in the first place?	The current situation in the US is that there are a lot of illegal immigrants and not a lot of resources dedicated to finding and deporting them. Nobody really likes that situation, but the question is what to do to resolve it. One side thinks the country should spend a lot more money on deporting people and keeping ...	[ "It will have little or no effect on illegal immigration because it increases taxes only if a business voluntarily discloses its paid wages to unauthorized aliens. Illegal immigration is a national issue and the responsibility of the federal government.\n", "The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibi...
Question about Chicago Manual of Style Citation for Census Information	Personally I would just treat it as a government document and cite it that way. These two links should help: [American](_URL_1_) [Canadian](_URL_0_) If you want to be a hundred percent sure, just ask your professor or whoever assigned the thing you are getting citations for, they'll tell you what they prefer.	[ "A book was published in 1909 by The Chicago Directory Company indexing the old and new street numbers for most of Chicago. This volume is available online in PDF format indexed by initial letter, Plan of Re-Numbering, City of Chicago, August 1909. The opening text of the book says: \"EXPLANATORY\"\n", "The 1400-...
why are mobile websites much faster and more responsive than the dedicated app they beg you to install?	Follow-up question: does it have something to do with revenue? Are there more ads on the horrible apps? Good question, OP!	[ "Not only is the screen different, nowadays mobile users want different things than desktop users. According to a survey conducted by Google, users want mobile friendly websites as they use them every day for different tasks, i.e. research. Moreover, if a web site is mobile friendly, the users are more likely to re...
Was drinking water available to plebeians in Rome at any time?	Only those who could afford to pay the state for the license to connect private pipes to public aqueducts could have a private water supply. The license wasn't especially expensive, but it was certainly a luxury--the city was filled with public fountains, so there was little need for a private water supply for anyone b...	[ "This water was not suitable for drinking, however, and emperor Augustus used it to fill his naumachia in Trastevere. This water supply allowed emperor Augustus and the public to enjoy sham naval battles. The water surplus was used for the irrigation of Caesar's \"horti\" (gardens) and for the irrigation of fields....
how is it that people look so different from eachother despite the fact that our faces have the same components, with only millimetres in difference of the placement of said things?	Objectively, many human faces are quite similar. But our brains are incredibly attuned to small differences in faces, because the ability to recognize different humans is crucial to humans' operating as a social species.	[ "Faces and bodies are often perceived together allowing humans to identify if an individual is familiar or not. Despite this almost simultaneous perception it is important to establish that they are processed by different structures, and thus perceived separately. This has been established as being distinct to the ...
why does a song sound different when you hear it on the radio compared to listening it on e.g. a cd on the same speakers?	It's mostly dynamic range (how loud or soft something can get). We measure changes in volume in dB. Our ears have a dynamic range of about 120-130 dB, so we can hear the difference between loud and soft pretty well. Commercial CDs have a dynamic range of 96dB, which is close enough to the human hearing to be comfortabl...	[ "Musicality, especially on the radio, contains musical aspects (timbre, emotional impact, melody), and artifacts that arise from non-musical aspects (soundstaging, dynamic range compression sonic balance). The introduction of these sonic artifacts affects the balance between these musical and non-musical aspects. W...
Why does each planet have exactly 5 Lagrange points?	There are 5 Lagrange points because there are 5 solutions to the problem of where acceleration is 0 in the 2 body problem in a rotating reference frame. At each of these 5 points, and at no others, the gravitational forces of the two bodies perfectly balance the centrifugal force of the rotating reference frame.	[ "In astronomy, Lagrangian points are five positions in the orbital plane of two large orbiting bodies where a small object affected only by gravity can maintain a stable position relative to the two large bodies. The first three Lagrangian points (L, L, L) lie along the line connecting the two large bodies, while t...
What causes rogue waves?	Well, lets start by looking at a completely linear system, which waves in water nearly are. In this case, when two waves are in the same place, the total water height is simply the sum of the two. The waves completely don't interact, so they then move away from one another again. If you seed the system with lots of ran...	[ "Rogue waves are an open water phenomenon, in which winds, currents, non-linear phenomena such as solitons, and other circumstances cause a wave to briefly form that is far larger than the \"average\" large occurring wave (the significant wave height or 'SWH') of that time and place. The basic underlying physics th...
when answering the most difficult unsolved maths problems, how are wrong answers known to be wrong?	Let's start with a simple example and work our way up. Suppose "What is 2232^(2)?" were a difficult, unsolved problem. Suppose you gave me a proposed solution: 4981825. I know, immediately, without even thinking, that your proposed answer is wrong. How do I know that? Well, 2232 is even, so 2232^2 must be even, but...	[ "If answered incorrectly or not answered within the time limit, the answer is marked incorrect. If one player answers correctly twice in one round, the round will end. When a round ends, a block will be removed for each society's incorrect answers. The quizzes and floor removal will continue until a team is no long...
why do astronomers feel like tabby's star may have an alien megastructure around it?	The dips in luminosity are of differing scales and periods. This is really weird, because orbiting objects should have a regular period, and we can usually simulate a plausible set of planets to explain the changes we see in the star. Other ideas, such as a swarm of comets, have been proposed, but it would need to be a...	[ "It is unknown which of the two stars produces the dimming events. Potential explanations that have been investigated include planets transiting a binary star, planets that are perturbing the orbits of each other producing large transit timing variations, a disintegrating planet, large dust producing asteroids, and...
why do some people feel slow and out of it during the day but awake and focused at night?	Your body has what is often referred to as a circadian rhythm. This is basically just a 24-hour long cycle that repeats every 24 hours (very approximately). The circadian rythm regulates the function of a number of processes, especially in the autonomic nervous system. That's the part of your nervous system...	[ "The reason that collisions involving drowsy driving are more or less likely to happen at different times of the day may have to do with circadian rhythms (the biological time clock). The biological master clock in the hypothalamus is the suprachiasmatic nucleus or SCN. It provides the main control of the circadian...
What Technology Would be Needed to Produce Element 119?	We can likely produce element 119 already, although it's not a trivial matter to figure out how to do so. The easiest way to produce an extremely heavy nucleus seems to be using heavy ion fusion reactions. Using particle accelerators we can very easily accelerate a moderately heavy stable nucleus such as calcium-48 to...	[ "Attempts to synthesize elements 119 and 120 push the limits of current technology, due to the decreasing cross sections of the production reactions and their probably short half-lives, expected to be on the order of microseconds. Heavier elements, beginning with element 121, would likely be too short-lived to be d...
What is the Zero Point Energy Field, and why does it seem to not be prevalent in our modern scientific community?	Essentially we know that bound states of particles can't have zero energy. But neither can you extract energy from that lowest state, as there would have to be a state lower for that bound state to fall into. So you can't actually use this for anything. It's just a fact of reality that you can't extract all the...	[ "Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. As well as atoms and molecules, the empty space of the vacuum has these prop...
if lead is so insanely dangerous why do we leaden things like decanters and water pipes?	Leaded glass is pretty inert and doesn't intact with much. It's pretty safe. Lead pipes are just old. Once they have been installed for a while, they get a protective costing over the lead and are fairly safe. We don't install new ones anymore.	[ "BULLET::::- Lead and chemical hazards: Lead has remained a constant contaminant in the older housing stock in the United States. Lead was commonly used in house paints until it was banned in the U.S. in 1977. Additionally, tetraethyl lead was used as a gasoline additive until the 1990s. These common uses contribut...
reuptake inhibitors	The reuptake inhibitors block the "pumps" ,for lack of a better term, from pulling the serotonin and norepinephrine back into the neuron. Therefore leaving them in the space, called a synapse, to help transmit the electrical signals between neurons. The thought is that most depression is caused by low levels of these n...	[ "A reuptake inhibitor (RI) is a type of drug known as a reuptake modulator that inhibits the plasmalemmal transporter-mediated reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse into the pre-synaptic neuron. This leads to an increase in extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter and an increase in neurotrans...
Did we really all originate from Africa?	All the evidence suggests that humans and our relatives come originally from Africa. All of our closest primate relatives came from Africa (phylogenetic evidence). Genetic diversity is greatest in Africa (evidence that Africa is the evolutionary source population). Fossils get younger and younger as you trace them out...	[ "BULLET::::- 21 September – Scientists report that, based on human DNA genetic studies, all non-African humans in the world today can be traced to a single population that exited Africa between 50,000 and 80,000 years ago.\n", "In September 2016, scientists reported that, based on human DNA genetic studies, all n...
if a person is revived is it legally murder?	It would be attempted as they’re not actually dead. The person isn’t legally dead until they give up resuscitation efforts and record the death.	[ "Again, if suicide is not illegal, then no one can stop another person from killing themselves. Binding noted that in reality, the majority of people who prevent a suicide attempt are not usually prosecuted and that most people who are prevented from killing themselves do not make a second attempt. He was of the op...
when/where do insects sleep? i've never seen one "sleep"	Alright, there are a ton of wrong answers here. No one really knows what the reason for sleep is. We just know that if you don't sleep, crazy shit happens and then you die. When you sleep, your brain synchronizes brain waves, your heart rate slows, your breathing slows, and your body temperature drops. That is becaus...	[ "The electrophysiological study of sleep in small invertebrates is complicated. Insects go through circadian rhythms of activity and passivity but some do not seem to have a homeostatic sleep need. Insects do not seem to exhibit REM sleep. However, fruit flies appear to sleep, and systematic disturbance of that sta...
How were Asian countries such as the Philippines and Indonesia able to keep their native language despite being colonized?	I wrote about this relatively recently. Here is an answer from me and a little thread to go with it afterwards: [Why the Philippines speaks its native languages instead of Spanish ](_URL_0_) Basically, Filipinos did not really speak Spanish during the colonial period. Part of this had to do with the fact that the fe...	[ "Indonesia and the Philippines are both archipelagic countries with ethnic populations that have common Austronesian ancestry. The historical links between ancient Indonesia and the Philippines have commenced since around the 9th century. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription dated from 900 CE mentioned the Javanese M...
legally, what are the requirements for an action to be considered a "hate crime"?	For the purposes of collecting statistics, the FBI has defined a hate crime as a “criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity.” Source: [_URL_1_](_URL_0_)	[ "Defined in the 1999 National Crime Victim Survey, \"A hate crime is a criminal offence. In the United States, federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the basis of a person's race, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally protected activity.\" In 2009, the Matthew Shepard Act add...
Are sociopaths exclusive to humans?	Maybe. I'm currently involved in a project that is investigating some genetic polymorphism that have been linked with sociopathy in humans in a nonhuman primate. I won't say it results in animal "sociopathy." The word sociopathy is frequently regarded as the ontogenetic manifestation of psychopathy, which evidence s...	[ "Hare has described psychopaths as 'social predators', 'remorseless predators', or in some cases 'lethal predators', and has stated that 'Psychopathic depredations affect people in all races, cultures, and ethnic groups, and at all levels of income and social status'.\n", "It may be that a significant portion of ...
Considering there is strong criticism of modern Pop music involving very little actual talent, were the Beatles received the same at that point in time?	I've previously answered a similar question on how the Beatles were received in the 1960s by critics and the establishment [here](_URL_0_). However, I will also say that, if the question is specifically comparing the Beatles to modern pop music, it depends on who is receiving the group. Certainly not everyone was a f...	[ "Among the less favourable critiques, \"Time\" magazine's reviewer wrote that \"The Beatles\" showcased the \"best abilities and worst tendencies\" of the Beatles, as it is skilfully performed and sophisticated, but lacks a \"sense of taste and purpose\". William Mann of \"The Times\" opined that, in their over-rel...
When did we stop using "the class system" in America? Do we just call it something else? It seems like in the early 1900s, there was three classes... ??	Flights still have "first class" although many call it business class. I'm sure ships and trains still have similar arrangements. I think it's a mistake to suggest that there is a direct correlation between this and a formalized position in society, although obviously more well off people are more likely to be able to ...	[ "Today there are generally two classes, known as \"first class\" and \"second class\", or the equivalent in the local language. The three-tier class structure was abolished on most European railways by the end of the 1950s in favor of a two-tier structure conceived by the UIC. In fact, the old \"first class\" from ...
how do the japanese type?	They make the syllables in romaji on the keyboard, which automatically turn into their hiragana counterparts. The current word is underlined, and they press SPACE to turn the current word into kanji if appropriate. Then, if they want a different kanji, they can scroll through a list of alternatives. It can actually be ...	[ "Modern Japanese is written in a mixture of three main systems: kanji, characters of Chinese origin used to represent both Chinese loanwords into Japanese and a number of native Japanese morphemes; and two syllabaries: hiragana and katakana. The Latin script (or romaji in Japanese) is used to a certain extent, such...
how magnetic chargers work.	Did ye search? _URL_0_	[ "Two magnetic cores are used because the AC current will generate high voltage in the control windings. By connecting them in opposite phase, the two cancel each other, so that no current is induced in the control circuit.\n", "A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic f...
What did Northern Irish loyalists advocate?	Historians of the north of Ireland use the term "loyalist" to denote particularly hardline unionists, who, by definition, advocate for the maintenance of the official union between Ireland (and later Northern Ireland) and Britain, which was established with the Act of Union in 1801. The colonial settlement of Irelan...	[ "Loyalists and Unionist from nearly all political and social backgrounds reacted with anger to the Sunningdale agreement in particular the part that offered the Dublin government a say in how Northern Ireland would be governed. Many young Loyalists joined the Loyalist paramilitary groups like the UVF and Ulster Def...
why do so many humans require glasses?	You'll see all sorts of wrong answers to this: nearsightedness is due to glasses becoming popular, nearsightedness is due to lack of selection for good vision, etc. But really, in humans, myopia is simply a disease of the modern world, like obesity, diabetes, or heart disease. There are numerous studies which show th...	[ "Many people require glasses for the reasons listed above. There are many shapes, colors, and materials that can be used when designing frames and lenses that can be utilized in various combinations. Oftentimes, the selection of a frame is made based on how it will affect the appearance of the wearer. Some people w...
what is the scientific difference between a doctor prescribing stronger doses of a medication, versus more frequent doses? are they not the same?	Depends on the medication. Take Seroquel for example. At a lower dose like 150-200mg, it helps to treat schizophrenia. At a medium dose, like 300mg or so, it's great as an antidepressant. At higher doses in the 600mg+ range, it's a bipolar medication. The medication itself can be metabolized fairly quickly, so higher...	[ "Although some medications are best dosed by actual body weight (e.g., succinylcholine), most resuscitation medications are distributed in lean body mass (e.g., epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, etc.) so that IBW as accurately predicted by length, not the actual body weight, would appear preferab...

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