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At the end of the movie 'The Imitation Game' about Turing and the Enigma code, the claim is made that 'historians' estimate that he shortened the war by around two years and saved roughly 14 million lives. Is this plausible? | I can't answer to your first question because it is absolutely not my field, but when it comes to the second part, my answer is no. "If xxxx then xxx" is not a very wise thing to say when it comes to history, mainly because we don't know what could have happeend or not happened if something had been different.
An exam... | [
"BULLET::::- Hugh Whitemore's play, \"Breaking the Code\" (1986), focuses on the life and death of Alan Turing, who was the central force in continuing to solve the Enigma code in the United Kingdom, during World War II. Turing was played by Derek Jacobi, who also played Turing in a 1996 television adaptation of th... |
What is the smallest non-zero displacement that has ever been measured? | Gravitational wave detectors such as [LIGO](_URL_0_) are designed to detect displacements of attometre scale: 1 or 2 x 10^-18 metres, using interferometry.
There may be interferometers out there that are even more sensitive than this. | [
"The absolute permeability number, which has no units, is determined by the rate of flow of air, under standard pressure, through a rammed cylindrical specimen. DIN standards define the specimen dimensions to be 50 mm in diameter and 50 mm tall, while the American Foundry Society defines it to be two inches in diam... |
i have always been told that standing in front of a microwave door would be harmful for me cause of radiation? do microwaves release ionizing radiation? | Microwaves use gigahertz radio waves. They are not ionizing. They cook the food my heating the water molecules the food.
The grill in the door acts as a Faraday cage to keep the radio waves from escaping, while allowing you to watch the food.
Edit: typo | [
"Microwave ovens, although shielded for safety purposes, still emit low levels of microwave radiation. This is not harmful to humans, but can sometimes cause interference to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and other devices that communicate on the 2.45 GHz wavebands; particularly at close range.\n",
"Low-powered microwave tr... |
how come there are no videos showing the plane hitting the pentagon? | ...[here](_URL_0_) is the securtiy video. What else are you looking for? | [
"He mentioned in his book that there is no video evidence that shows a plane hitting Pentagon and he asserts that there was no debris of the plane found after the crash. He believes that a missile hit the Pentagon not an airplane and it was an inside job.\n",
"The Department of Defense released filmed footage on ... |
If two nuclear bombs were detonated one in a major metropolitan area and the other in a empty desert, would there be a difference in blast radius? | A blast will travel farther over flat ground than over hilly ground or buildings. The actual extent of the blast would be dependent on a huge number of factors, such as the blast strength, the altitude of detonation, the density of buildings and their construction, etc.
There have only been two detonations over citie... | [
"The nuclear bunker buster is the nuclear weapon version of the bunker buster. The non-nuclear component of the weapon is designed to greatly enhance the penetration into soil, rock, or concrete to deliver a nuclear warhead to a target. These weapons would be used to destroy hardened, underground military bunkers d... |
Are there any know records of Stalin speaking or writing in Georgian after he became the leader of the Soviet Union? | If there are I could not find any. It is known that he did speak Georgian fluenty, and even wrote poetry. Fairly decent one too. He went to a seminary, where he was one of the top students.
You may ask how come there are no records of him speaking or writing in Georgian? I would have to imagine it would have to be some... | [
"The Red Army invasion of Georgia of 1921 forced him into exile to France where he published his memoirs about Joseph Stalin (frequently cited in the works of a prominent U.S. Sovietologist Robert C. Tucker) and produced a study of the 18th-century Georgian code of King Vakhtang VI (both works published in Paris, 1... |
what is a prenuptial agreement and why is it portrayed in such a negative manner in film and television? | The idea is to make a legal document outlining whose stuff is whose before the marriage, so if they should divorce, there is a clear delineation of how assets are to be distributed. For example, someone wealthy might want a prenup to ensure their partner isn't simply going to marry with the goal of divorcing soon after... | [
"Prenuptial agreements are, at best, a partial solution to obviating some of the risks of marital property disputes in times of divorce. They protect minimal assets and are not the final word. Nevertheless, they can be very powerful and limit parties' property rights and alimony. It may be impossible to set aside a... |
How does Newton's 3rd Law apply to an object falling in a vacuum? | Air resistance isn't the reaction force of the gravitational force acting on an object. The reaction force of gravitational force acting on the falling object is the gravitational force the object exerts on the body its falling to. | [
"Aristotle implies that in a vacuum the speed of fall would become infinite, and concludes from this apparent absurdity that a vacuum is not possible. Opinions have varied on whether Aristotle intended to state quantitative laws. Henri Carteron held the \"extreme view\" that Aristotle's concept of force was basical... |
why are rape+homicide rates so high? what motivates someone who is simply out for sexual gratification to rape (and possibly end up murdering the victim) and why is that seen as a better alternative than paying for sex? | Ive studied violent crime in grad school a bit. It’s not as simple as looking for sexual gratification. In fact the sex is secondary for most, and the real thrill comes from overpowering and beating the system if only for a little while. Sex is just a means to that end for many. | [
"There are many factors which contribute to the persistence of violence among individuals and on a societal level; gender is one relevant factor to understanding the culture of violence theory. In the United States, a majority of reported rapes involve female victims. However, there is a growing body of evidence to... |
Could solar flares realistically disable all electronics on earth? | Read up on the Carrington Event of 1859. An event like this, were it to occur today, would likely cause widespread electric grid damage and result in electrical outages. These outages could be lengthy in duration due to the availability of replacement components. Satellites including communication and GPS would be aff... | [
"In addition to these solar observing facilities, many non-solar astronomical satellites observe flares either intentionally (e.g., NuSTAR), or simply because the penetrating hard radiations coming from a flare can readily penetrate most forms of shielding.\n",
"Despite their size, Hyder flares generally do not h... |
Did the ancient Mesopotamians look like current day Iraqis? Or do we not know how they looked like? | Rooms Seven and Eight of the British Museum contain Assyrian artwork from Nineveh and Nimrud. These large stone bas-reliefs show various Assyrian kings, with their long curled hair and curled beards. There is other Assyrian artwork that shows hair length was generally longer t... | [
"The ancient Chaldeans seem to have migrated into Mesopotamia sometime between c. 940–860 BCE, a century or so after other new Semitic arrivals, the Arameans and the Suteans, appeared in Babylonia, c. 1100 BCE. They first appear in written record in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III during the 850s BC... |
in the uk, what happens to the state and government during the 17 days before an election when parliament is dissolved? | The monarch has the prerogative to form and dissolve the government. The prerogative could easily be used to re-convene the houses of government. | [
"Removing the power of the monarch, on advice of the prime minister, to dissolve parliament before its five-year maximum length, the act permits early dissolution if the House of Commons votes by a two-thirds supermajority, as occurred in the 2017 general election. Parliament is also dissolved if a government loses... |
What would a person be like if they couldn't remember anything short term? What would their perception be experience the present? | What you're thinking happens when someone has anterograde amnesia which is the loss in ability to create new memories. I came across this man Clive Wearing when I researching (just casually) this topic a couple of years back: _URL_0_
You can see in the video he basically forgets anything very quickly and is delighted ... | [
"Our experience of the world is not of a series of unconnected moments. Indeed, it would be impossible to have an experience of the world if we did not have a sense of temporality. That our perception brings an impression to our minds depends upon retention and protention. \n",
"The world as experienced is an int... |
what is so special about petroleum oils that we can't just simply use most other kinds of oil (vegetable, animal) as a fuel substitute? | Petroleum oils are hydrocarbon chains, links of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms hooked to them. Vegetable oils have links of carbon atoms with some hydrogen atoms, but also some oxygen-hydrogen units attached to them.
You can absolutely use these as a fuel supplement, in the US almost all cars run on 10% Ethanol (mo... | [
"Vegetable oils are increasingly used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Vegetable oils are the basis of biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles, but straight vegetable oil needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oi... |
When did the practice of naming city streets originate? | not discouraging more info on this topic, especially since I can't find most of the previous discussions on historic street naming (how are they defying my search-fu??), but FYI, here are a couple of previous posts which can at least get you started:
[Why did the Romans name highways but not local roads?](_URL_1_)
[W... | [
"Street names reflected this bottom-up emergence, and street names were not coordinated from development to development, even for along the same north-south or east-west line. Some names were used more than once, by different streets across various Denver neighborhoods and surrounding towns. There was no universal ... |
Can anyone tell me what Herodotus is holding in this sculpture and its significance ? | Do you mean [this image?](_URL_3_) If so, somebody has made a mistake. That's not Herodotus.
It's part of a larger [bas relief](_URL_4_) at the Louvre, made to celebrate Napoleon as a law-giver. It is "History Inscribing upon Her Tablet the Names of Napoleon the Great and the Legislators Moses, Numa, and Lycurgus." S... | [
"To the left and right of the sculpture are phrases from the works of Thucydides. To the left, \"\" (\"There's one empty bier made up for the unidentified [fallen] ones\"); to the right, \"\" (\"The whole earth is the sepulchre of famous men\"). Both are quotes from \"History of the Peloponnesian War\". Over the ma... |
9th century Wales and two-handed axes | If you don't mind linking some of said images, that would be very helpful in determining their historicity.
That being said, we have very VERY little information about the specific armaments of soldiers in the early Viking period. For example, Ragnar Lothbrok was himself a semi-legendary figure who we don't even know... | [
"In the 14th century, the use of axes is increasingly noted by Froissart in his Chronicle, with King John II using one at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 and Sir James Douglas at the Battle of Otterburn in 1388. Bretons were apparently noted axe users, with Bertrand du Guesclin and Olivier de Clisson both wielding a... |
How did conquistadores/missionaries react when they found muslims in the Philippines? | Yes, the (Christian) Spanish were surprised. To elaborate on this answer, I will be using two main sources: Isaac Donoso's *Islamic Far East: Ethnogenesis of Philippine Islam* and Cesar Adib Majul's *Muslims in the Philippines*.
This is not directly about the topic at hand, but the Andalusian Muslim diaspora had exten... | [
"In 1521, the explorer Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippines for Spain. The Spanish failed to conquer and convert the Muslim areas in the south. After consolidating the northern part of the Philippine islands, they failed to take over the well-organized Muslim Sultanates.\n",
"Muslim missionaries arrived in ... |
[psychology/neuro] why do most people value romantic relationships far beyond friendships? | You cannot pass on genes with your friends. The hypothalamus is in control of you. The sense that you are fulfilling your duty as the hero of a cosmically ordained narrative, and other romantic premonitions are conjured up in response to the hormones oxytocin, serotonin, vassopressin, adrenaline etc. Its the minds w... | [
"Popular perceptions of intimate relationships are strongly influenced by movies and television. Common messages are that love is predestined, love at first sight is possible, and that love with the right person always succeeds. Those who consume the most romance-related media tend to believe in predestined romance... |
Best American history book for a non-native speaker of English in 8th grade? | i gave this book
_URL_0_
to my chinese cousin in zhong 3.
she thought it was hilarious. I own all of larry gonicks cartoon histories and science books, theyre amazing | [
"A Key into the Language of America or An help to the Language of the Natives in that part of America called New England) is a book written by Roger Williams in 1643 describing the American Indian languages in New England in the 17th century, largely Narragansett, an Algonquian language. The book is the first study... |
why do you dream about people that haven't been in your life for a long time? (example: an ex from over 10 years ago) | A lot of it has to do with mental triggers. Most of the time, triggers without us even realizing with them. A mannerism your ex had (sarcasm, a specific joke, a favorite food, a line in a movie) can bring all those memories rushing back. Also, keep in mind that your brain has an extremely high capacity when it comes to... | [
"When asked whether the man's experiences had been a dream all along, Lynne responded: \"This is what I'd like to know, because it's baffled me since I wrote it, if he has actually gone [to the future], or if he's just thinking about it. ... It could be real, or it could be a dream... I'm not sure. I'd rather not s... |
How is internal autopilot possible? And what is actually going on? | The phenomenon you're describing is referred to as [highway hypnosis](_URL_0_) or [driving without awareness](_URL_1_). | [
"An autopilot is a system used to control the trajectory of an aircraft without constant 'hands-on' control by a human operator being required. Autopilots do not replace human operators, but instead they assist them in controlling the aircraft. This allows them to focus on broader aspects of operations such as moni... |
What was the deal with the Fenian Raids into Canada? | The Fenian Raids(1866-71) were a series of raids across the USA-Canada border, undertaken by Irish-Americans who wished to put political pressure on the British Crown, and ultimately, to get the British to withdraw from Ireland and gain Irish independence.
Ireland had been ruled by Britain for a few hundred years at t... | [
"After the invasion of Canada West failed, the Fenians decided to concentrate their efforts on Canada East; however, the U.S. government had begun to impede Fenian activities, and arrested many Fenian leaders. The Fenians soon saw their plans begin to fade. General Samuel Spear of the Fenians managed to escape arre... |
why were ww2 soldiers trained to shoot "dirty harry style" instead of using two hands? | One obvious advantage is that it leaves the left hand open for the use of a knife or other tool. Most effective pistol engagements will occur within 10 meters or so, and that distance can be quickly covered by an opponent. Shooting and then immediately transitioning to melee might be quite common. | [
"World War II combatives are close quarters combat techniques, including hand-to-hand, advanced firearm point shooting methods, and weapons techniques (knife/bayonet/improvised weapons) that were taught to allied special forces in World War II by such famous instructors as Rex Applegate and William Ewart Fairbairn.... |
Did word of the New World discovered by Leif Ericson ever get to the Western Europeans? | Yes.
The first known record of Vinland in Western Europe was chronicled by Adamus Bremensis (Adam of Bremen) in the late 11th century.
He was a German academic, who wrote a somewhat known piece of medieval germanic literature, called *Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum*, in which there is the first Western Eu... | [
"A French tradition holds that Alonso Pinzón sailed to the New World with the navigator Jean Cousin, and that together they discovered the continent in 1488, four years before Colombus. Back in Dieppe, Pinzón left Cousin in a dispute, and is claimed to have left for Spain, from where he advised Columbus on his west... |
Why are many instruments made of brass? What about the material makes it suitable for music? | It is an easy metal to work and draw into shape. It also provides good resonance for the sound and is less expensive than some other options. | [
"The view of most scholars (see organology) is that the term \"brass instrument\" should be defined by the way the sound is made, as above, and not by whether the instrument is actually made of brass. Thus one finds brass instruments made of wood, like the alphorn, the cornett, the serpent and the didgeridoo, while... |
why do kids perceive vegetables to be less appetizing than other foods (ie meats, starches, etc)? | This isn't always the case, and much of it is modelling. My five year old eats a lot of fruit, sometimes too much. Something raw is served with every meal, such as salad, plus a variety of other plant foods. Sometimes we eat junk, like chips or biscuits, but it's occasional. Yesterday, the kids came home from a party, ... | [
"There is growing evidence that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is related to greater happiness, life satisfaction, and positive mood. This evidence is independent of demographic or health variables including socio-economic status, exercise, smoking, and body mass index (BMI). Further studies have demonstrated... |
Why do cellular frequencies have to be significantly higher than WiFi's 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz? Especially when it comes to the new 5g that's rolling out? | I don't think they *have* to use higher frequencies, at least not for any technical reason. The Wikipedia article mentions that the first 5G deployments were in South Korea and use a band around 3.5 GHz.
I would assume the decision to use a specific higher frequency band in the US is partly to satisfy the target data... | [
"Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded. Degradation caused by such conflicts can cause frequent dropped connections and degradation of service. However, this high carrier frequency also brings a slight disadvantage: The effec... |
Question on freezing water? | The water is probably fairly pure and as a result there were no good nucleation sites for ice crystals to begin to form. The water was subsequently cooled below freezing while having nothing to latch onto and freeze.
When you picked up the bottle you disturbed it enough for an ice crystal to find a place to start to ... | [
"Blagden's experiments on how dissolved substances like salt affected the freezing point of water led to the discovery that \"the freezing point of a solution decreases in direct proportion to the concentration of the solution\", now called Blagden's Law.\n",
"However, even with this definition it is not clear wh... |
why simple and stupid android applications (like games) "need" acces to personal info like device id & call information | The device ID is required by many adservers, to avoid revenue fraud. But call information just means the game wants to pause when it detects that you're received a phone call.
It's easy to say "hurr stealin ur data", but the more complicated truth is that Android permissions can be vague and confusing. At the end of t... | [
"User applications therefore have no knowledge of the user's \"real\" IP address, nor do they have access to any information about the physical hardware. In order to obtain such information, an application would have to find a way \"break out\" of the VM, or to subvert the Gateway (perhaps through a bug in Tor or t... |
Will Repeated Exposure to Histamine Dull H1 Histamine Receptors? | I'm not sure this is predictable. The upregulation or downregulation of receptors due to exposure to a drug is variable in mechanism and magnitude. It is a theory to explain the change in response to a drug. We presume that the majority of the effect is due to increased number of receptors on the cell surface. This at ... | [
"The histamine H receptor is an inhibitory autoreceptor located on histaminergic nerve terminals, and is believed to be involved in modulating the release of histamine in the brain. Histamine has an excitatory effect in the brain via H receptors in the cerebral cortex, and so drugs such as ciproxifan which block th... |
why does the "no smoking" light exist in planes? | First, the designs for most planes we fly on today date from the 1960s/1970s when a lot more people did smoke, and the designs still cater to that. There are probably still airlines somewhere that allow it.
Second, people who do still smoke need to be reminded, because it's tough flying for hours if you do, and if you... | [
"As the flight progressed, smoke began to accumulate in the passenger cabin of the aircraft; it was first assumed to be cigarette smoke. However, it soon began to grow thicker and had an ominous odour of sulphur. Passengers who had a view of the aircraft's engines through the window noted that they were unusually b... |
how are gas elements separated? | Most commonly, cryogenic distillation. They're gases at room temperature, but are they still a gas at -200C? Cool them down until one gas liquefies and remove it. Then the next. Keep cooling until all but the lightest gas has separated out as a liquid.
That usually works, but if you're separating out two gases wit... | [
"Mixtures of gases with different molecular masses can be partly separated by sending the mixture through small holes of a thin wall because the numbers of molecules that pass through a hole is proportional to the pressure of the gas and inversely proportional to its molecular mass. The technique has been used to s... |
has cern found the higgs particle or not? i know last year there were very strong indicators that they did and they would get back to all of us when they tested further. but i cant find anything but 8 month old speculative documents at this point. | The LHC shut down for upgrades in early 2013 and is due to restart soon, so there are likely to be more announcements once it's been running for a while and they've analysed the new data.
The current position seems to be that they're confident they've found "*a* Higgs boson", but won't yet call it "*the* Higgs boson".... | [
"In July 2017, CERN confirmed that all measurements still agree with the predictions of the Standard Model, and called the discovered particle simply \"the Higgs boson\". As of 2019, the Large Hadron Collider has continued to produce findings that confirm the 2013 understanding of the Higgs field and particle.\n",
... |
Would we be able to see the landing gear left behind on the moon by the Apollo missions with a telescope to prove we landed there? | There are no Earth-based telescopes that come close to having the necessary resolution to identify the Apollo equipment.
However, there are a number of other ways in which we can observe the things our kind left on the Moon. One such way is through the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment. Multiple Apollo missions, includin... | [
"\"The Daily Telegraph\" published a story in 2002 saying that European astronomers at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) would use it to view the landing sites. According to the article, Dr. Richard West said that his team would take \"a high-resolution image of one of the Apollo landing sites.\" Marcus Allen, a consp... |
Why is LSD a hallucinogenic drug that is associated with serotonin and not dopamine? | Pretty much all psychedelics bind to the serotonin 5HT-2A receptor and other serotonin receptor subtypes with lower affinity, which is thought to mediate a lot of hallucinogenic activity. LSD also binds to D2 [dopamine receptors](_URL_0_), while other psychedelics, like psilocybin and psilocin [do not](_URL_2_). It's... | [
"Most serotonergic psychedelics are not significantly dopaminergic, and LSD is therefore atypical in this regard. The agonism of the D receptor by LSD may contribute to its psychoactive effects in humans.\n",
"Serotonergic psychedelics (also known as serotonergic hallucinogens) are a subclass of psychedelic drugs... |
What makes a Portugese Man O War not one organism? | The man o war is not a jelly fish but a "siphononphorae", A siphonophore is a multi-cellular organism. Each zooid is multicellular, and thus the siphonophore is as well.
The difference between a normal multicellular organism is probably that the cells in the body do not carry the same DNA.
That being said, the rest o... | [
"As Eddie Brock explained, the Carnage symbiote was born with abilities even more singular than those of its progenitor—due to the fact that it gestated in an environment alien to it—Earth. The alien symbiote endows Kasady with physical strength greater than that of Spider-Man and Venom combined and shape-shifting ... |
How would one measure the amount of liquid in a cloud? | Ooh tricky! I think I would first try radar attenuation. Since radar waves will attenuate in water following a Beer-Lambert-type absorption law, maybe you could fire radar waves at a cloud, measure the attenuation deviation from the transmitted beam with reference to a beam that traveled the same distance but NOT throu... | [
"The liquid water content (LWC) is the measure of the mass of the water in a cloud in a specified amount of dry air. It is typically measured per volume of air (g/m) or mass of air (g/kg) (Bohren, 1998). This variable is important in figuring out which types of clouds are likely to form and is strongly linked to th... |
How is the American Civil War/its effects viewed and taught outside the US? | I can't comment on A level as I have no experience of it, but at GCSE (roughly US high school diploma level) it doesn't tend to get taught.
[This](_URL_0_) .pdf shows the provisional modules for GCSE History A and B from the exam board OCR. As it shows, only one of the modules, *The Making of America 1789-1900*, from ... | [
"The American Civil War is one of the secular crises in American history that produced heroes. Societies venerate people and events of the past and present, and governments likewise use a variety of official mechanisms to honor them, including place names, architecture, currency, and postage stamps. Like other secu... |
how is the meat and chicken industry meeting the global food requirement without wiping out farm animal populations? | They grow large numbers of animals in small spaces, bringing in grain by truck for them to eat. A large percentage of the world's grain production is fed to meat animals. | [
"Some scientists claim that the growing demand for meat is contributing to significant biodiversity loss as it is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production. The 2019 ... |
Why is the katana so prevalent in the discussion of Japanese warfare and samurai? | you said it in your question -- it was a status symbol at the time, and has maintained its elevated position, but now in characterizing the era. | [
"\"Katana\" were used by \"samurai\" both in the battlefield and for practicing several martial arts, and modern martial artists still use a variety of \"katana\". Martial arts in which training with \"katana\" is used include \"iaijutsu\", \"battōjutsu\", \"iaidō\", \"kenjutsu\", \"kendō\", \"ninjutsu\" and \"Tens... |
After European contact, was there a mass die off of aboriginal Australians similar to what happened to native Americans? | If by 'mass die off', you mean deaths because of disease in the immediate aftermath of European contact (as opposed to a more protracted series of massacres and frontier wars over the course of colonisation)...well, either way the answer is yes. But if you mean deaths because of disease ([to recycle a previous answer](... | [
"Around 100 Aboriginal Australians were killed but not recorded, as Aboriginal people were not counted as part of the population at the time. They had tried to help shipwrecked men, but the back surge caught them and swept them into the sea. Only eight Aboriginal people were recorded among the casualties, all of wh... |
Why does snow melt faster under trees? | The University of Washington did an interesting study on this:
_URL_0_
In short, despite the shade provided by the tree, the long-wave radiation from the tree (not just the roots) more than makes up for the loss of radiation from the sun, which makes the snow melt faster. | [
"Snow interacts with vegetation in two principal ways, vegetation can influence the deposition and retention of snow and, conversely, the presence of snow can affect the distribution and growth of vegetation. Tree branches, especially of conifers intercept falling snow and prevent accumulation on the ground. Snow s... |
If a 50 year old person receives a 20 year old heart in a transplant does the heart "remain" younger than the rest of the patient's own cells? | Not really a meaningful question considering most foreign organs get rejected after about 10-15 years because despite our best efforts of immunosuppression the human immune system really does not like having non-self tissue around. The cell material is in theory more fresh and could survive longer in situ, but practica... | [
"In the United States, heart failure affects 5.8 million people, and each year 550,000 new cases are diagnosed. In 2011, heart failure was the most common reason for hospitalization for adults aged 85 years and older, and the second most common for adults aged 65–84 years. It is estimated that one in five adults at... |
How Can We Diffrentiate Between Front and Back With Our Ears? | Before sound reaches your eardrums, it is modified in subtle ways by diffraction/reflection/absorption in your external ear and skull. This modification is different, depending on where the sound comes from. In other words, sound that hits the back of your ear is modified differently from sound that hits the front of... | [
"Functionally, the external ear is served by three (3) ear muscles, the auricularis posterior muscle (rear ear-muscle), the auricularis superior muscle (upper ear-muscle), and the auricularis anterior muscle (front ear-muscle), the most notable of which is the auricularis posterior muscle, which functions to pull t... |
is there a way to determine how much pain someone is in using technology? do our brains react differently or the same despite each individuals unique pain tolerance? | Because pain is *subjective* measure. Two people can be subjected to the exact same injury, but it'll seem more painful to one person and less to the other.
You could *in theory* put a person in an fMRI and measure how their brain is reacting to the pain, but -- again -- their perception of the pain might make that m... | [
"One study recorded the brain activity of subjects using electroencephalography whilst subjects were shown footage of needle penetrating a hand. There was a recorded increase in activity in the frontal, temporal and parietal areas of the brain when the individuals were exposed to the footage and observed pain in ot... |
why do social media apps like snapchat frequently update their layout despite a negative response almost every time? | It might be a "New" fancy thing that they might be able to advertise in some way, but usually, it's to keep up with what is deemed "Stylish" and "Modern". It just like how windows 7 and older, ios 6 and older, OSX Mavericks and older have these fancy 3D looking buttons, but later version have got these transparent, p... | [
"In November 2017, Snapchat announced a redesign, which proved controversial with many of its followers. CNBC's Ingrid Angulo listed some of the reasons why many disliked the update, citing that sending a snap and re-watching stories was more complicated, stories and incoming snaps were now listed on the same page,... |
Do neutrons still break down in elements? | It is unstable when it is unbound (half-life roughly 10 minutes) and undergoes beta decay.
Bound neutrons are generally stable and do not decay.
That being said, there are exceptions in radioactive elements, specifically in beta emitters. Radioactive materials are Elements which are not stable and decay into other el... | [
"In a mass of pure natural uranium, the number and energy of the neutrons being released through natural decay are too low to cause appreciable fission events in the few U atoms present. In order to increase the rate of neutron capture to the point where a chain reaction can occur, known as criticality, the system ... |
Why do you store enzymes with a high optimum temperature in the fridge? | The optimal temperature is the point where it has highest catalytic activity. It does not imply that it is stable, especially for an extended period of time.
Enzymes naturally degrade over time as the structure unfolds and chemical degradation occurs. That's why it needs to be refrigerated or frozen for storage. | [
"Cooling the food product to a temperature just above freezing in a refrigerator is generally required to slow the growth of these organisms. This cooling can permit foods to remain safely edible for up to two weeks after opening.\n",
"Knowledge of an enzyme's resistance to high temperatures is especially benefic... |
buying a house | 300k decisions shouldnt be advised on reddit. it also changes depending on what country, province/state, and even county of state youre in. you need to talk to a realtor at the very least. look up houses on zillow
_URL_0_ | [
"A starter home or starter house is a house that is usually the first which a person or family can afford to purchase, often using a combination of savings and mortgage financing. In the real estate industry the term commonly denotes small one- or two-bedroom houses, often older homes but sometimes low-cost new dev... |
Why did Franco choose King Juan Carlos as His Successor? | In short, Franco restored the House of Bourbon because Franco was a conservative and a traditionalist. Franco saw the King of Spain as a rock of stability against the excesses of the Spanish Republics and believed, incorrectly, that a Bourbon prince raised under his tutelage would continue to enforce and support a trad... | [
"Juan Carlos met and consulted Franco many times while heir apparent and often took part in official and ceremonial state functions, standing alongside the dictator, much to the anger of hardline republicans and more moderate liberals, who hoped that Franco's death would bring in an era of reform. During 1969–1975,... |
In your opinion, could the French Revolution have been prevented? If so, how? | In my opinion, yes.
The early years of the debt, and grain crisis, were exacerbated and plagued by Louis' inaction or mismanagement. This manifested itself with his failure to acknowledge the grain shortages, firing of his financial minister Jacques Necker (loved by the people, mind you), and then again by his failure... | [
"The outbreak of the French Revolution had been received with great alarm by the rulers of Europe's continental powers, which had been further exacerbated by the execution of Louis XVI of France, and the overthrow of the French monarchy. In 1793, the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Naples, ... |
why would the uk government put the tuition fees up if they have to lend out the money to pay for it? | this benefits them, because when they loan out money, (usually) there is a grace period after your studies are finished, then they start charging interest, and the government *really* likes it when you have to give them more money over (possibly) a longer period of time. | [
"To cover the cost of the fees UK and EU students could take out a tuition fee loan meaning that there would be no requirement to pay fees upfront. The loan, which would not depend on household income, would be paid directly to the university or college from the student loans company.\n",
"In its first term, the ... |
How historically accurate is the movie Caligula (1979) | I'm gonna try to summarize the historical inaccuracies in the entire film.
As the film opens we see Caligula with his sister Drusilla, although it is said that Caligula had incestious relations with her sister we are missing through all the movie his two other sisters: Agrippina (Claudius's wife) and Julia Livilla.
A... | [
"The film is loosely based on real events that occurred within the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 2nd century AD. As Ridley Scott wanted to portray Roman culture more accurately than in any previous film, he hired several historians as advisors. Nevertheless, some deviations from historical fact were made t... |
If viewing Earth from another planet (even mars) how much brighter would it be than other planets because of artificial light sources? | [This article](_URL_0_) mentions astronomers calculating something on the lines of what you are asking.
Here's the snippet:
> To see how feasible hunting for alien light beacons might be, first Loeb and Turner calculated how well it might work within our solar system. They began with an imaginary alien world in the ... | [
"Approximately half of the Earth is illuminated at any time by the Sun. The area subjected to direct illumination is almost exactly half the planet; but because of atmospheric and other effects that extend the reach of indirect illumination, the area of the planet covered by either direct or indirect illumination a... |
What causes shockwaves to form on an airfoil when the airflow is supersonic? Why does this cause flow separation? | Shockwaves form around an airfoil because the flow is disturbed (an obstacle is in the way) and the information can not be sent fast enough (because supersonic flow) to other molecules of air.
Wikipedia explains it a lot better than I do :
> When an object (or disturbance) moves faster than the information can propag... | [
"In supersonic flight (Mach numbers greater than 1.0), wave drag is the result of shockwaves present in the fluid and attached to the body, typically oblique shockwaves formed at the leading and trailing edges of the body. In highly supersonic flows, or in bodies with turning angles sufficiently large, unattached s... |
the ideas and significance of thomas aquinas. | This is almost impossible to do and keep short or in the scope for a five year old, but basically Thomas commented on and integrated the thoughts and ideas of Aristotle into Christian thought. To get an idea on how much of an impact this has had, remember the line at the end of this exchange in the Star Trek movie: _... | [
"Aquinas, father of Thomism, was immensely influential in Catholic Europe, placed a great emphasis on reason and argumentation, and was one of the first to use the new translation of Aristotle's metaphysical and epistemological writing. His work was a significant departure from the Neoplatonic and Augustinian think... |
what keeps the heart beating? | Quite an interesting question actually! Did you know that if you ripped the heart out of a living animal and plunged it into a saline solution, it would keep beating? The contractions are fully autonomous!
& #x200B;
The heart is made of very particular cells. Heart "Muscle" cells, wich are responsible for contractio... | [
"The heart beats according to a rhythm set up by the sinus node or pacemaker. It is acted on by the nervous system, as well as hormones in the blood, and venous return: the amount of blood being returned to the heart. The two nerves acting on the heart are the vagus nerve, which slows heart rate down by emitting ac... |
how can someone squat in a house i own but am not presently occupying? | I'm assuming this question is inspired by the recent article about the soldier. In the US, there are laws protecting tenants. Because they've claimed that is what they are, they have to go through an eviction process to get rid of them. It's really, really, stupid when you consider situations like this. | [
"Squatting in England and Wales usually refers to a person who is not the owner, taking possession of land or an empty house. People squat for a variety of reasons which include needing a home, protest, \n",
"Squatting is a criminal offence in Scotland, punishable by a fine or even imprisonment, see Trespass (Sco... |
how can a reader find out if a news story is representing fact and not a biased opinion? | Typically it's pretty easy to tell when a story is presenting an opinion. They'll gloss over details, use emotionally charged language, provide few if any citations, present only one side of the argument, etc. Factual news articles tend to be detailed and make efforts to contact the people involved in the story to get ... | [
"A journalist who excludes relevant pieces of information from the set of true facts is telling a lie of omission; if the audience had all the missing data, it would reach a different conclusion. A journalist who strives for neutrality may also fail to exclude popular and/or widespread untrue claims from the set of... |
Would a perfect sphere be able to contain a vacuum? | Not a physicist but I believe that a sphere would be an excellent shape for a vacuum flask. Look at the pressure vessel (the part that contains humans) of the bathyscaphe Trieste _URL_0_ . It is for the most part spherical. Obviously it doesn't contain a vacuum, but it did withstand an enormous pressure differential... | [
"A Dyson sphere is a hollow spherical megastructure that completely encompasses a star. The inside surface is inhabited. The structure need not be a complete sphere; as, for example, in Niven's novel \"Ringworld\" (1970). In that conception, a solid ring with a radius of perhaps 1 AU surrounds a star, and is spun l... |
What were the Indus Valley Civilization seals thought to be before the actual DISCOVERY of the Indus Valley Civilization? | Let me just correct you the IVC sites was first discovered by Archeologist Daya Ram Sahni in 1921 at Harrappa, present day Pakistan. The second major was discovered by R.D Banerjee at Mohenjodaro in Sindh, Pakistan(then British India).
Just to Add on in 1853 A.Cunningham a British Engineer did discover a Harrappan Seal... | [
"The first Indus Valley or Harappan seal was published by Alexander Cunningham in 1872. It was half a century later, in 1912, when more Indus Valley seals were discovered by J. Fleet, prompting an excavation campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall in 1921–22, resulting in the discovery of the ancient civilization a... |
What were Pablo Escobar's plans if had become the president of Colombia? | If I could piggy-back, according to the Columbian soap opera biopic, Pablo Escobar: Patron del Mal, he wanted to outlaw extradition. Does anybody know of a source that backs this up? It logically makes sense, but telenovelas don't pack a bibliography. | [
"During his tenure, on December 2, 1993 the leader of the Medellín Cartel, Pablo Escobar was shot and killed by Colombian National Police. After Escobar's death, Busby announced on national television: \"Pablo Escobar's death and the dismantling of the Medellin cartel are great successes for Colombia. But now they ... |
Speakers in extreme cold? | I would be concerned about the temperature range of the components. Some electronics like capacitors will only work to -20 degrees Celsius, and some don't handle low absolute pressure so well. Some hookup wire insulation will crack and potentially fail at such cold temperatures. The membrane material may also become br... | [
"Thus it can be seen that receivers with a narrow bandwidth have a higher sensitivity than receivers with a large bandwidth and that input noise can be decreased by putting the receiver input stage at a cold temperature.\n",
"However, electronic filtering is inherently unable to solve this problem with the digita... |
how are new flu shots tested every year if medical trials are so slow and expensive? | Probabilistic models predict which strains of the flu are most likely to hit. These strains are included in the vaccine. The vaccines are only as effective as the predictions are accurate, so the effectiveness can vary from year to year.
They don't do the same kinda of trials with flu shots. They're not tested for ef... | [
"The purpose of this study is to determine the dose-related safety of flu vaccine in healthy adults. To determine the dose-related effectiveness of flu vaccine in healthy adults approximately 1 month following receipt of 2 doses of vaccine. To provide information for the selection of the best dose levels for furthe... |
why can't i make a pair of wings large enough and light enough to carry my weight, and use them to fly around? | You can. It would just be cumbersome and difficult to steer and stay afloat for extended periods of time. | [
"Larger wings give an aircraft better payload and maneuverability in proportion to its thrust, but also tend to add weight to the airframe in various ways. More weight can have negative effects on acceleration, climbing, payload, and range. To make the larger wings lighter the skin, spars, ribs and cap of the wings... |
why does the skin itch after sitting in front of the jacuzzi jet or being in contact with a vibrating surface for a period of time? | Both of these things increase circulation, which causes a small adjustment in your skin's sensitivity in those areas, which (usually) manifests as an itchy sensation. | [
"Itch is induced by mechanical, chemical, thermal, or electrical stimuli of sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system, or by psychological prompts. The receptors that are responsible for the sensation of itch caused by environmental stimuli are found within the upper layers of the skin. Once stimulated, us... |
How do we measure things like diameter, mass and chemical makeup of distant objects such as asteroids? | You can estimate the composition of objects that emit or absorb/reflect radiation (light, IR, xrays) by looking at the spectral signature of the radiation. There are some examples at the wiki page on [astronomical spectroscopy](_URL_1_).
If the asteroid orbits another asteroid, then we can use what we know about orbit... | [
"While a small fraction of these asteroids has accurate direct diameter measurements, from radar observations, from images of the asteroid surface, or from stellar occultations, the size of the vast majority of near Earth asteroids can only be estimated on the basis of their brightness and a representative asteroid... |
How did the Hero of the Soviet Union medal get worn? | Did it come with a little round plate with a threaded hole in the middle? | [
"The insignia of Hero of the Russian Federation is worn on the left side of the chest above all other medals and decorations. It is always worn in full size; there is no ribbon bar or rosette that can be worn in lieu of the medal. When worn together with Soviet-era hero titles (Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Soc... |
how do motorbike riders drive safely in the rain? rain drops on helmet, boots wet etc | Not sure in what respect you mean, really, but...
Good tires with decent tread. Some tires are better in water than others, same as your car.
Riding properly for the conditions. Allowing more room for braking, more time for errors. Being a bit more methodical.
Boots? yeah, improper footwear can be a hazard on slipp... | [
"When it rains, or the track has excessive moisture, trainers and drivers are required to put plastic mud flaps on the back of the wheels. All race bikes must comply with the relevant procedures and standards in order to be approved. In no way can a race bike have any component that will directly interfere with ano... |
caucuses | Let's say your school is having elections for school president, and 1 kid from each grade can run. You are in the 4th grade and you want to run for school president, so you get nominated along with 4 other kids who are also in the 4th grade. But since only 1 of you can run, the 4th grade as a whole needs to decide who ... | [
"A congressional caucus is a group of members of the United States Congress that meets to pursue common legislative objectives. Formally, caucuses are formed as congressional member organizations (CMOs) through the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate and governed under the rules of t... |
Can someone tell me what (if anything) alkaline ionizers do to water? | Snake oil.
From what I understand, these machines run a current through water to ionize it?
Water itself is only a little conductive, it has to be filled with ions like sodium to help the conductance. Now say we do run a current through it, all this does is create oxygen and hydrogen gas.
_URL_0_
Here is talks abou... | [
"A water ionizer (also known as an alkaline ionizer) is a home appliance which claims to raise the pH of drinking water by using electrolysis to separate the incoming water stream into acidic and alkaline components. The alkaline stream of the treated water is called alkaline water. Proponents claim that consumptio... |
How is/was mercury used to purify other metals? | Basically, you crush up the ore really finely so that the silver or gold particles are exposed and then run mercury through the dust. Mercury readily forms liquid alloys called amalgams with other metals, so you use it to dissolve the silver or gold in the mercury, which you can then separate from the rock by e.g. den... | [
"Due to its unique properties, mercury has been used in various products and processes for hundreds of years. Currently, it is mostly utilised in industrial processes that produce chlorine (mercury chlor-alkali plants) or vinyl chloride monomer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production, and polyurethane elastomers. I... |
what makes the spacex rockets form the huge plume in the sky when they launch and why don’t other rockets make something similar? | It's just down to the timing of the launch. Launches during the day you won't see it because the sky is already bright, and launches very late at night you won't, because the whole sky, horizon to horizon, is dark. It has to be that time of day where once the rocket gets up to a decent height, it's back in sunlight aga... | [
"The exhaust plume may also take on a corkscrew appearance as it is whipped around by upper level wind currents. It is typically seen within two to three minutes after a launch has occurred. Depending on weather conditions, it could remain in the sky for up to half an hour before dispersing.\n",
"These condensati... |
Can two planets occupy the same orbit? | If one planet is much bigger than the other, they can share an orbit with the smaller planet ahead or behind by 60^o at a [Lagrange point](_URL_1_).
It's possible for equal mass planets to orbit the same star 180 degrees out of phase, but that configuration is unstable to small perturbations. So far, [no planets are ... | [
"Given the two-planet configuration of the system under the assumption that the orbits are coplanar and have masses equal to their minimum masses, an additional Saturn-mass planet would be stable in a region between 0.9 and 1.4 AU between the orbits of the two known planets. Under the \"packed planetary systems\" h... |
Why does America have 3 huge sports that only they play? | So I would challenge the premise here, as certainly for baseball, it is the most popular sport Japan, and has been played there almost as long as in the United States, being played professionally for only a decade less than in the United States, and the current professional league dates to 1936. I've written more about... | [
"Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. American football is the most popular sport to watch in the United States, followed by baseball, basketball, and soccer. Hockey, tennis, golf, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular ... |
Why dont stimulants increase appetite when they increase metabolism? | Stimulants (generally) activate the sympathetic nervous system. This means that they end up acting similarly to epinepherine or norepinepherine (adrenaline). Adrenaline, being an acute stress hormone, diminishes apetite so you can focus on addressing the stressor (fight or fight response colloquially). | [
"MGA is frequently used as an appetite stimulant to promote weight gain. The direct mechanism of appetite enhancement is unclear, but it is known that MGA induces a variety of downstream changes to cause the effect, including stimulation of the release of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus, neurosteroid-like modula... |
if depicting prophets is forbidden, since jesus (known as isa) is a prophet in islam along with muhammed, why are muslims fine with depictions of him? | Here is the thing: this 'no depicting prophets' appeared recently with the nutjob known as al qaeida and the wahhabism( extrem hardcore islamist lvl 20) and recently with isis - daesh.
What is forbidden in Islam is the idolatry, by having a picture of a prophet, people will tend over time to pray him instead of God.
... | [
"Movies which depict people considered prophets in Islam are generally censored or banned as the depiction of prophets is considered \"haraam\" (not allowed) under Islam. One notable case was the banning of \"The Prince of Egypt\" when its producers would not accept censorship of the character Moses (Musa in Islam)... |
How/what are the processes behind semi-conductors? | The most common semiconductor devices are made of Si (plus very minute amounts of dopant atoms, and things like Ge to strain the lattice in particular areas for performance reasons). For high performance devices, GaAs are used a lot. For some high temperature applications, Ge is sometimes used. For things like LEDs, ... | [
"The difference of work function between the two conductors sets up an electric field in the organic layer. When the organic layer absorbs light, electrons will be excited to the LUMO and leave holes in the HOMO, thereby forming excitons. The potential created by the different work functions helps to split the exci... |
What oldest exisiting position in the uk parliament? | Strictly speaking, the Crown - as in the Monarchy - is. Within British constitutional law, the Crown has a role to play in the legislative process and is considered part of the parliamentary institution, commonly referred to today as the Queen-in-Parliament. In order for a law to be realised as statute after passing bo... | [
"Ronald Henry Atkins (born 13 June 1916) is a Welsh Labour politician who served as the Member of Parliament for Preston North on two separate occasions; from 1966 until 1970 and from February 1974 until 1979. He is both the longest-lived and oldest currently surviving former MP in the UK.\n",
"The Oldest Member ... |
[Arabia] Who was Ibn Fadlan? | I can answer this!
Ibn Fadlan was the secretary to a higher ranking Abbasid emissary. He was part of a mission to the king of the Volga Bulgars, who had requested Abbasid aid against the Khazars. This probably had something to do with the conflicts between the Rus and Khazar peoples that were going on at this time.
... | [
"Al Fadl (, ALA-LC: \"Āl Faḍl\") were an Arab tribe that dominated the Syrian Desert and steppe during the Middle Ages, and whose modern-day descendants largely live in southern Syria and eastern Lebanon. The Al Fadl's progenitor, Fadl ibn Rabi'ah, was a descendant of the Banu Tayy through his ancestor, Mufarrij al... |
Probiotics are "good" bacteria sold in pharmacies, to be taken alongside antibiotics to protect your intestinal microbiome. How are they manufactured? How can a powder contain live bacteria? How do they survive without food in a paper envelope for years? | The powder bacteria you get is much like baker's yeast or "astronaut ice cream" that you can buy in the store. The bacteria are freeze-dried or, the more technical term, lyophilized. The main idea is to remove all the water to prevent spoilage which happens from biological activity which in turns requires water. First ... | [
"Probiotics are products aimed at delivering living, potentially beneficial, bacterial cells to the gut ecosystem of humans and other animals, whereas prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates delivered in food to the large bowel to provide fermentable substrates for selected bacteria. Strains of LAB are the most c... |
What are some of the essential books one should own for the study of pre-Viking Age Scandinavia and 3rd Century (AD) China? | I'm not familiar with many good surveys of pre-Viking Age Scandinavia, but Lotte Hedeager's *Iron Age Societies. From Tribe to State in Northern Europe* (1992) might do the trick. There's also Judith Jesch's (ed) *The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century* (2012) ([table of contents](_URL_0_)), whic... | [
"Bokklubben World Library () is a series of classical books, mostly novels, published by the Norwegian Book Club since 2002. It is based on a list of the hundred best books, as proposed by one hundred writers from fifty-four countries, compiled and organized in 2002 by the Book Club. This list endeavors to reflect ... |
What percentage of Australians are related to 'convicts'? | It is estimated that about 22 per cent of living Australians had a convict ancestor. Based on _URL_0_'s collection of Australian convicts records.
_URL_1_ | [
"A Chilean government study conducted by the \"Chilean National Institute of Statistics\" in 2003-04 and published in 2005 found that 33,626 first and second generation Chileans were living in Australia. This figure was gathered by combining the population reported in the 2001 Australian Census and the National Reg... |
are there any countries that allow you to become president if you are not a natural born citizen? | The US is probably more of an exception here. Most countries allow any adult citizen to be elected to any office. | [
"Since most foreign born Cabinet members are not natural-born citizens—meaning that they were not born in the United States or born abroad to American parents—they are ineligible to exercise the powers of the President of the United States in the event that \"neither a President nor Vice President\" is able to \"di... |
why people choose to be vegetarian. | Happy you asked. Reddit doesn't seem very vegetarian friendly, so I'm happy to see an open mind. Keeping in mind that meat consumptioned has risen 500% in the last 60 years, a lot of the major concerns rather relate to the sheer amount of meat consumption. Although not eating meat can have one of the biggest impacts an... | [
"Some vegetarians are motivated by a lifestyle of simple living or adopt vegetarianism through necessity. For example, in the United Kingdom, necessity changed dietary habits during the period around World War II and the early 1950s, as animal products were strictly rationed and allotment or home-grown fruit and ve... |
Why didn't the German forces better utilize their naval assets (u-boats) to destroy troop ships while crossing the channel on d-day? | By the time D-Day came around, the German navy was on the heavy defensive, and by the beginning of 1944, most German submarines rarely strayed far from the coast, and were largely confined to their ports - the last major action by the Kriegsmarine was in late 1943. One of the benefits of landing at Normandy was that th... | [
"Eventually the Command was given the investment it needed. Radar and long-range aircraft enabled the Command to hunt and destroy U-boats with growing efficiency. German submarines had been sinking a large number of Allied ships in the Atlantic Gap, which was a stretch of water in the central Atlantic beyond the ra... |
why is it if you fry food take it out and put it back in it doesn't work and just burns it... | What doesn’t work?
Double frying food is a thing, but there is a proper way to do it, same as anything.
The first fry is done at a low temperature, for a longer time. Chicken wings for example, go in first at around 225F for 20 minutes. Then cool to room temperature.
The second fry is hotter and faster. 400F unti... | [
"If performed properly, deep-frying does not make food excessively greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water within the food, steaming it from the inside out; oil cannot go against the direction of this powerful flow because (due to its high temperature) the water vapor pu... |
what happens when two viruses or diseases inhabit the same body? what if the same body part? | Generally viruses have very specific molecular targets inside the human body.
If the viruses are pathogenic that means you will likely get both diseases.
Viruses are much smaller than cells, that means many of them can infect the same cell.
Some viruses were shown to interact with bacteria. Also, some viruses were sh... | [
"Viruses have different mechanisms by which they produce disease in an organism, which depends largely on the viral species. Mechanisms at the cellular level primarily include cell lysis, the breaking open and subsequent death of the cell. In multicellular organisms, if enough cells die, the whole organism will sta... |
why is the midwest called that? | As the settlers were moving west, the Rocky Mountains were a natural boundary. Most people that moved to the far west traveled by ship. So west became the Texas / Oklahoma / New Mexico area (in the center of the country) and the area in between became known as the mid-west. | [
"The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the American Midwest, Middle West, or simply the Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau (also known as \"Region 2\"). It occupies the northern central part of the United States. It was officially named the North Central Region by ... |
what are exactly those 'russian bots' everyone talks about? | No question is stupid.
A bot is a program that does a specific function. For instance YouTube has bots that identify the types of videos you watch and bird that try to match ads to the type of videos you watch. Facebook has bots that try to figure out if you know someone due proximity, common friends, common interests... | [
"Bots!! is a massively multiplayer online game (MMO) created by Acclaim Games as the company's launch title and most popular game, with the theme of robots fighting against computer viruses. Players choose from one of three basic BOTS and level up their character through gameplay and buying items with virtual credi... |
Can we assume that all the water that exist on earth has been here since the creation of earth? | No. Lots of water has likely been deposited onto Earth by asteroids and comets. However, given the amount of water present in magma (0.5% by composition), consider the mass of the Earth as it was forming (close to the 5.97 x 10^24 kg mass today). This amount of magma would then contain 2.98 x 10^22 kg of water. Because... | [
"There are no geologic forms on the planet to suggest the presence of water over the past billion years. However, there is no reason to suppose that Venus was an exception to the processes that formed Earth and gave it its water during its early history, possibly from the original rocks that formed the planet or la... |
how do employee stock ownership plans work? | Your employer give you options. After a period the options "vest" and you can "exercise" them (convert them into shares and sell them).
If there is a cost on the option per share, this is deducted from the proceeds on the sale of the shares (under a "cashless exercise") and the profit ((number of shares * sale price)... | [
"Employee stock ownership, or employee share ownership, is an ownership interest in a company held by the company's workforce. The ownership interest may be facilitated by the company as part of employees' remuneration or incentive compensation for work performed, or the company itself may be employee owned. \n",
... |
why people think crystals have powers, healing ability, or other capabilities and why? is there any scientific evidence? | Humans have a tendency to believe all sorts of hocus pocus after observing a false positive or two.
We're hard wired to assume that a pattern exists even if the data is merely noise. This was vitally important to our ancestors since assuming the rustling in the grass was the wind when it's a saber-toothed cat was und... | [
"There is no peer-reviewed scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect; it is considered a pseudoscience. Alleged successes of crystal healing can be attributed to the placebo effect. Furthermore, there is no scientific basis for the concepts of \"chakras\", being \"blocked\", energy grids requiring gro... |
had pi been a different number, what would have changed? | Just numerical values. Pi is a constant so all the rules and principals associated with it would be the same, just with different numerical values. | [
"Pi certainly seems to behave this way. In the first six billion decimal places of pi, each of the digits from 0 through 9 shows up about six hundred million times. Yet such results, conceivably accidental, do not prove normality even in base 10, much less normality in other number bases.\n",
"While the PiHex pro... |
what happens in your brain when you start daydreaming with your eyes still open. what part of the brain switches those controls saying to stop processing outside information and start imagining? | Baddeley's working memory model tells us there is a part of our mind called the central executive (located in the frontal lobes) that controls where our attention is focused, and filters out the rest. It decides what is relevant for you to feel or notice. Mostly through practice.
When you first hear a loud constant n... | [
"Other recent research has also shown that daydreaming, much like nighttime dreaming, is a time when the brain consolidates learning. Daydreaming may also help people to sort through problems and achieve success. Research with fMRI shows that brain areas associated with complex problem-solving become activated duri... |
scientology | Science Fiction writer wants to become rich and invents a religion using his SciFi skills.
| [
"Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard. The word also refers to the Church of Scientology which claims a monopoly over Scientology services.\n",
"According to David G. Bromley, Scientology is \"part therapy, part religion, part UFO group. It's a mi... |
everything about battle tactics? | It's gonna be difficult to explain battle tactics in a single comment. Check out The Art of War, by Sun Tzu. | [
"Battle command (BC) is the art and science of visualizing, describing, directing, and leading forces in operations against a hostile, thinking, and adaptive enemy. Battle command applies leadership to translate decision into actions, by synchronizing forces and warfighting functions in time, space, and purpose, to... |
Just how dangerous was life in the European Dark Ages? | Two minor corrections, my friend:
1. The "Dark ages" stretch all the way from the fifth to the fifteenth century so you're going to be a bit more specific unless you want a very general answer.
2. The term "Dark ages" isn't really used anymore because it suggests that nothing happened for a millennium. It's a term th... | [
"Since the Late Middle Ages significantly overlap with the Renaissance, the term 'Dark Ages' has become restricted to distinct times and places in medieval Europe. Thus the 5th and 6th centuries in Britain, at the height of the Saxon invasions, have been called \"the darkest of the Dark Ages\", in view of the socie... |
why is water being the universal solvent considered helpful to the survival of cells? | Water is one of the components of being essential for life because that it is dissolving vitamins and minerals.
Water also cleans the system water to flush out toxins, regulate body temperature and aid our metabolism.
I pretty much summarized the first few paragraphs where it is related to your question of that artic... | [
"From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the... |
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