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train · 226k rows

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How fast are molecules actually moving?	Gas molecules at a given temperature move at a certain distribution of speeds: the so-called [Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution](_URL_1_). It depends on the temperature of the gas and the molecular mass, so the molecules lighter gasses like Helium will move faster than heavier molecules at the same temperature. Oxygen's ...	[ "From kinetic theory it is known that a molecule of A has an average velocity (different from root mean square velocity) of formula_26, where formula_27 is Boltzmann constant, and formula_28 is the mass of the molecule.\n", "where formula_10 is the mass of one molecule, formula_11 is the root-mean-square speed of...
can us states enter into agreements without the federal government being involved?	States can make agreements with each other, and they do it all the time. They are usually called "compacts" and deal with many different topics, like sharing of law enforcement information, water rights, lotteries, and other things. Two or more states can certainly make agreements with each other to do things that the...	[ "The US can also enter into international agreements by way of executive agreements. They are not made under the Treaty Clause and do not require ratification of two thirds of the Senate. Congressional-executive agreements are passed by a majority of both houses of Congress as a regular law. If the agreement is com...
Why were the Romans so fearful of forests?	Forests and such were really 'no man's land' areas for Romans. Brigands and bandits could shelter themselves in relative impunity - where the forest began "demarcated the limits of Roman authority", and past that point it was every man for himself. Further, "along with partisan tactics, bandits also used the cloak of ...	[ "Deforestation ensured that the forests could not provide cover and camouflage for Rome's enemies. The size of the standing army was about 300,000 and increased to 600,000 toward the late empire period. Roman legions deforested areas where they camped or marched to reduce the cover where their adversaries could hid...
how do tails on animals help their balance?	Stand on one foot and keep your arms at your sides. How hard is it to balance? Now stick your arms out. How easy is it to balance now? If you had a tail to stick out too, can you see why this might help you balance? It allows finer control over your center of balance.	[ "Animal tails are used in a variety of ways. They provide a source of locomotion for fish and some other forms of marine life. Many land animals use their tails to brush away flies and other biting insects. Some species, including cats and kangaroos, use their tails for balance; and some, such as New World monkeys ...
Is it ammonium or ammonia that's part of the nitrogen cycle? Or both?	Ammonia becomes ammonium as soon as it is dissolved in water--it steals a hydrogen from the water molecules since it's a weak base. Since almost all life takes place in an aqueous solution, the bacteria might produce NH3 but it's going to snaffle up that H from the water pretty quickly, either within the bacterial cyt...	[ "Ammonia (NH) is a common byproduct of the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds. Ammonia is smaller, more volatile and more mobile than urea. If allowed to accumulate, ammonia would raise the pH in cells to toxic levels. Therefore, many organisms convert ammonia to urea, even though this synthesis has a net energy c...
Why does evolution take so long?	It can take a long time because: * it takes a generation for changes to happen, and often many generations for a trait to become prevalent in the population * the changes are tiny and you need a large number of them to accumulate before we think of something as being a different species * sometimes the changes don't p...	[ "It could be that no special explanation is required: the slow process of evolution simply required 4 billion years to accumulate the necessary adaptations. Indeed, there does seem to be a slow increase in the maximum level of complexity seen over this time, with more and more complex forms of life evolving as time...
justin trudeau's expelling of all 32 liberal senators today	In Canadian politics, the parliament is composed of two groups, the House of Commons and the Senate, both of which must agree before a new law can be passed. Members of the house are the people we elected to represent us, but the members of the Senate are chosen by the Queen's representative (known as the Governor Gen...	[ "On January 29, 2014, Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau announced that all Liberal Senators, including Furey, were removed from the Liberal caucus, and would continue sitting as unaffiliated Senators.\n", "On January 29, 2014, Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau announced all Liberal Senators, including Sibbest...
Were Conquistadores really mitaken for Gods?	These two previous posts cover your question _URL_0_ _URL_1_	[ "According to the \"Florentine Codex,\" which was written under the direction of the Franciscan missionary Bernardino de Sahagún, the Aztecs had a legend that Quetzalcoatl would one day return, and Emperor Moctezuma II mistook Hernán Cortés for Quetzalcoatl. Other parties have also propagated the idea that the Nati...
Why can't we determine protein conformation from its amino acid sequence?	1) Computational complexity. Solving structures de novo requires tabulating a huge number of interactions and their net energies. 2) It's not like there have not been huge strides. Take for example, this competition called CASP. _URL_1_ 3) Interestingly, the opposite-- making any functional protein from a blueprint--...	[ "Amino acid similarity matrices are more complicated, because there are 20 amino acids coded for by the genetic code, and so a larger number of possible substitutions. Therefore, the similarity matrix for amino acids contains 400 entries (although it is usually symmetric). The first approach scored all amino acid c...
What were the tactics and success rates for boarding actions in the Age of Sail?	Boarding was very common partially because the crew of the victorious ship would be allowed to keep profits gained from taking an enemy ship. So there was an obvious advantage to not battering an enemy merchantman more than you had to. Boarding could be a very bloody pursuit, but theres far less damage done to the ship...	[ "In this way, the sailors could achieve a decisive victory against their opponents in such close conditions. Many crews successfully conducted a boarding battles with such weapons as Genoese naval boarding sword, in the period from the 17th till the second half of the 19th century.\n", "Until the mid-19th century...
does saving a digital file (like a pdf) to an object (like a hard drive) change the mass of the object it’s saved to?	No. It is simply the moving of magnetic switches from the "Off" position to the "on" position, and vice versa. There is no mass change.	[ "The write-once nature of CD-R or DVD-R media means that when a file is deleted on the disc, the file's data still remains on the disc. It does not appear in the directory any more, but it still occupies the original space where it was stored. Eventually, after using this scheme for some time, the disc will be full...
why are people boycotting florida for the "stand your ground" law when it wasn't even used in the trayvon martin case?	There's this notion that, by eliminating a person's duty to retreat from a life-threatening situation (effectively what the law does), the law encourages violent confrontation.	[ "BULLET::::- Some observers, such as Washington County Elections Chief Carol Griffen, have argued that Florida was in violation of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 by requiring those convicted of felonies in other states (and subsequently restored their rights by said states) to request clemency and a re...
How does one particle "know" the charge of another through photon exchange?	Forces don't really work by particles shooting force carriers at each other. So it's definitely not as if two charged particles interact because they're shooting lasers at each other! Virtual particles that we say mediate forces are like ripples in the underlying electromagnetic field. It's the field which tells char...	[ "In quantum mechanics the same particle can travel between two points by a variety of paths. Therefore, this phase difference can be observed by placing a solenoid between the slits of a double-slit experiment (or equivalent). An ideal solenoid (i.e. infinitely long and with a perfectly uniform current distribution...
Why were there so many Germanic peoples in Europe (Classical Antiquity)	To my knowledge they didn't originate in all of Scandinavia but the region of Denmark and Northern Germany. From there they moved on to the North, South and East. And they moved for the very reason you mentioned: to get to more fertile lands. Also in the time before Germanic people settled in main Europe it was quite ...	[ "In Western Europe, Germanic peoples became more powerful in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. Of all of the Germanic peoples, the Franks would rise to a position of hegemony over Western Europe, the Frankish Empire reaching its peak under Charlemagne...
how does skill-based matchmaking work in multiplayer video games?	The algorithm can vary from game to game. One that I'm familiar with is he [Glicko](_URL_0_) system which assigns players values which go up or down depending on the rating of the other players and the outcome of the game. If you are the underdog and win, you gain more points than if you rated higher than your opponent...	[ "Like video games, artistic game modifications are often interactive and may allow for single-player or multiplayer experience. Multiplayer works make use of networked environments to develop new kinds of interaction and collaborative art production.\n", "Matchmaking is also enhanced, with the game automatically ...
How did people get vitamins 5000 years ago?	First, let's be sure we all know what vitamins are. They are just molecules your body needs but cannot produce, and thus need to be consumed from the world around you. They aren't medicine or anything complicated that like. Ascorbic acid, aka Vitamin C, exists in many foods. We tend to think of it as only being in ci...	[ "The discovery of vitamin A may have stemmed from research dating back to 1816, when physiologist François Magendie observed that dogs deprived of nutrition developed corneal ulcers and had a high mortality rate. In 1912, Frederick Gowland Hopkins demonstrated that unknown accessory factors found in milk, other tha...
Could someone explain to me the argument that World War II started earlier than 1939?	You reference 1939, I am assuming, because that is when Germany invaded Poland (September 1st) and subsequently France and the Britain declared war on Germany (September 3rd). Why are these four countries, in Europe, the start of the world war? What makes these countries and aggressions more significant than what was h...	[ "Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan's declaration of war; although American destroyers escorting convoys and German ...
are programming languages all in english?	Well, there's a language called [Brainfuck] (_URL_0_), which bears no relation to any human or animal language ... and a variation of that called Ook! in which all commands are Ook! and variations thereof.	[ "The syntax of most programming languages uses English keywords, and therefore it could be argued some knowledge of English is required in order to use them. However, it is important to recognize all programming languages are in the class of formal languages. They are very different from any natural language, inclu...
How fierce was the fight over water and electricity becoming utilities	Whoa, something I can actually comment on. My knowledge here is limited to Washington State where I researched it heavily, specifically with public utilities. I've also seen how some of the legal battles over how utilities may behave has played out and can comment on that. tl;dr: The fight was pretty severe, at le...	[ "Federal policies regarding the national water resources, within which hydropower exists, were already well-established long before modern electricity was known to exist; as such, previous uses and decisions, as well as government policies and agencies affected how hydropower was later developed. Chief among federa...
why so many characters in children's films have dead parents.	Simplifies the family dynamic. One parent, one relationship to address in the film. Or it's used as a defining moment in the character's life: lion King, Bambi, Snow White.	[ "The heroes and heroines of most Disney movies come from unstable family backgrounds; most are either orphaned or have no mothers. Few, if any, have only single-parent mothers. In other instances, mothers are presented as \"bad surrogates\" eventually \"punished for their misdeeds.\" There is much debate about the ...
why isn't every moisturizer/lotion "for sensitive skin"?	Sensitive skin moisturise tends to be made with different ingredients, some of which can be more expensive than those used in regular moisturisers. Additionally, one many products sensitive skin is code word for dry skin. Something that can work well on dry skin can make regular skin excessively oily.	[ "Moisturizing lotions are mainly intended to improve the skin, but can also harm it. Moisturizers contain ingredients that are either occlusive (blocking) or humectant. Occlusive agents are used to help block the loss of water from the skin. Humectant agents are used to attract water to the skin. Significant water ...
If we colonized a new planet, what is the minimum number of men and women we'd need to avoid eventual problems with inbreeding?	Asked recently on /r/askscience here: [How many people would you need to self-sufficiently populate a planet without inbreeding being a problem?](_URL_2_) Pitciarn islands makes a nice case study in humans. Pitcairn Islands were [settled by 6 men and 11 women](_URL_1_); and the majority of inhabitants are their des...	[ "A much smaller initial population of as little as two women should be viable as long as human embryos are available from Earth. Use of a sperm bank from Earth also allows a smaller starting base with negligible inbreeding.\n", "One inevitable consequence of colony fission is that male sex ratios are favored, whi...
What percentage of the Red Army during WW2 were Russian? What ethnic groups or nationalities served in the Red Army at that time?	I was able to track down a very interesting report written by the RAND corporation called "Managing the Ethnic Factor in the Russian and Soviet Armed Forces: An Historical Overview" by Susan L. Curran and Dmitry Ponomareff (July, 1982). According to the report, the Red Army was only 64% ethnically "Russian" in 1943, ...	[ "In the spring of 1919 Soviet conscription produced a Red Army of 2,300,000. However, few of these were sent west that year, as the majority of Red Army forces were engaging the White Russians. In September 1919, the Polish army had 540,000 men under arms, 230,000 of these on the Soviet front.\n", "Other notable ...
how can two games look so different on the same console?	Here's an analogy: A pencil is a tool you can create pictures with. It is limited, for example you are not able to produce colours with it. (This would be what the console is just not capable to do). But within the things you are able to do, there is a huge spectrum. You can create simple stick-figures. But the more yo...	[ "There are many differences between the versions released for each system. Although that could be explained by different hardware, as of 1993 it was possible to make a sprite-based video game on a 16 bit console using the PC version as a base. In this case, differences were due to US Gold's choice to use two compan...
Determination of Plank's constant?	There's a really awesome experiment that you can do at home to approximate Planck's constant. Buy a handful of LEDs of known wavelength in a variety of colors. Set up a circuit to measure the turn-on voltage of the LEDs - the point where they're just barely producing visible light, if you're looking straight into i...	[ "The form of the equilibrium constant shows that the concentration of a solute gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the solution. This statement is known as Henry's law and the equilibrium constant formula_16 is quite often referred to as the Henry's law constant.\n",...
why, in the uk, student loans are seen as a bad thing?	I think the reason is that we seem to have regressed. In other words we've gone from free tuition 20 or so years ago to £9000 a year. Couple this with the possibility that more than 50% of students may never pay back their loans, thereby leading to a loss to the taxpayer (when the measure was meant to save money), ...	[ "\"It is an outrage that the federal government offers loans to students at low-quality institutions even when we know those schools don’t boost their earnings and that those borrowers won’t be able to repay their loans. It is an outrage that we make parent PLUS loans to the poorest families when we know they almos...
If E=MC^2, does heating an object increase its mass? What about combining two magnets?	> Two new subatomic particles were found that have the same composition but different masses because one has an up spin instead of a down spin. How can the particles state affect it's mass? This got me thinking about E=MC2. Those particles are in an excited state, so they have more rest energy than their stable count...	[ "When formula_8 and formula_4 are both positive (like in iron under tension), the energy is minimum for formula_19 = 0, i.e. when tension is aligned with the saturation magnetization. Consequently, the magnetization is increased by tension.\n", "The magnetic moment of a bulk material is the sum of all of its atom...
what is the difference between capital gains and dividends?	Capital gains are when an investor sells a stock for a profit. Dividends are typically when the corporation has made so much money that they would like to reward the investors. So the company gives them cash every three months or so.	[ "A capital gain should not be confused with a dividend. Generally, a capital gain occurs where a capital asset is sold for an amount greater than the amount of its cost at the time the investment was purchased. A dividend is a parsing out a share of the profits, and is taxed at the dividend tax rate. If there is an...
in honor of the olympics, how do you judge gymnastics?	Each gymnasts routine is given a difficulty score before they participate. The more difficult the routine or stunt, the higher the difficulty score. They are then judged on their execution of that routine or stunt and the two scores are combined. Points are awarded based on execution. When they land, the idea is that ...	[ "BULLET::::- Olympic Games: Artistic gymnastics is one of the most popular events at the Summer Olympics, held every four years. Gymnastics teams qualify for the Olympics based on their performance at the World Championships the year before the Games. Nations that do not qualify to send a full team may qualify to s...
roth ira accounts	Is this a question, or a rant? Roth IRAs don't pay 0-1%, they are invested in mutual funds and indexes just like a 401k / traditional IRA and typically have a modest return - higher than interest rates for a typical savings account or a CD. The difference is you are taxed on the cash before it goes into the Roth IRA,...	[ "A Roth IRA can be an individual retirement account containing investments in securities, usually common stocks and bonds, often through mutual funds (although other investments, including derivatives, notes, certificates of deposit, and real estate are possible). A Roth IRA can also be an individual retirement ann...
- salt is supposed to be dehydrating, but electrolytes are salt too, and good for hydration? how does this work?	The salt in your body needs to be at a certain concentration for the nerves and some other things to function properly. Now if you eat a lot of salty food, the kidneys will remove the salt through urine, which is why salt is dehydrating. But sweat is also salty, so if you're sweating a lot, you're losing salt. This is...	[ "Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is an effect based on the electrolyte–non-electrolyte interaction, in which the non-electrolyte could be less soluble at high salt concentrations. It is used as a...
While on a march, how many hours of sleep did soldiers get per day? How many hours were they marching per day?	Which soldiers? When? In Desert Storm or Waterloo?	[ "According to Vegetius, during the four-month initial training of a Roman legionary, loaded marches were taught before recruits ever handled a weapon; since any formation would be split up by stragglers at the back or soldiers trundling along at differing speeds. Standards varied over time, but normally recruits we...
How can water be heavier than the respective elements that make it up?	Water actually weighs very slightly less than its constituent parts. Bound states are lower energy than unbounded states and this is manifested as a slight defect in mass. This is why you must put energy into the system to break it apart.	[ "Heavy water differs from regular water in that the two atoms of hydrogen have been substituted with two atoms of deuterium, which is an isotope of hydrogen. The mass of heavy water is about 10% more than that of regular water due to the extra neutron in deuterium. Heavy water was discovered by Gilbert N. Lewis in ...
why do metals used for medical purposes ( like screws or plates used to hold bones together) not set off metal detectors? what's stopping a terrorist from making a gun out of that metal and bringing it on a plane?	Sometimes it does. People with metal implants sometimes carry documentation of same to show to the security people, and they may be subject to additional screening as well.	[ "Critics said that so-called \"plastic\" handguns contain many metal components (such as the slide, barrel and ammunition) and can be detected by conventional screening technologies. Their response was to say the type of polymer used in the firearms is opaque to X-ray scanners, which would've hidden the metal compo...
When swinging a baseball bat, tennis racquet, golf club, etc. why is "follow through" so crucial?	At the risk of sounding like a layman, I would tend to think that if you don't follow through and decide to stop at the point of impact, your body is going to start working to reduce your motion before you actually end up hitting the ball. Thus, energy that could have gone into the ball is being squandered on an unne...	[ "Ben believes the second part of the swing, the downswing, is initiated by the hips starting to turn. A baseball player throws a ball by transferring his weight and rotates his hips. Then his shoulders and arm follow after. Hogan thinks that the downswing is very similar to this action. The downswing is at a slight...
Why did cricket become popular in some former British colonies (India, Pakistan, West Indies, Australia etc) but not others (Nigeria, Ghana, Egypt, USA, etc)?	there have been several threads that discuss the popularity of cricket in various regions. check these out for previous responses [Why and how did football (soccer) skip India?](_URL_6_) [How did cricket get so popular in India](_URL_4_) [Why is soccer the sport of the world instead of, say, cricket, or baseball?](_...	[ "Originally introduced to the West Indies by British colonists, cricket's popularity spread to the black population and it is traditionally considered one of the most popular team sport in the West Indies and a major part of West Indian culture, although others sports such as association football and basketball hav...
what is the link between genes, chromosomes, dna, meisos and meitosis please?	Going from smallest to biggest: 1. Genes are sections of DNA with specific instructions. 2. DNA is the sum of the genetic material in each chromosome (all the instructions for that Chromosome). 3. Chromosomes are the individual collections of DNA that tell your body how to behave, what to look like, etc. 4. Cells a...	[ "Immediately after DNA replication a human cell will have 46 \"double chromosomes\". In each double chromosome there are two copies of that chromosome's DNA molecule. During mitosis the double chromosomes are split to produce 92 \"single chromosomes\", half of which go into each daughter cell. During meiosis, there...
How were internal injuries handled before modern medicine?	If you don't get an answer here, you can try /r/askhistorians or /r/historyofscience	[ "The history of wound care spans from prehistory to modern medicine. Wounds naturally heal by themselves, but hunter-gatherers would have noticed several factors and certain herbal remedies would speed up or assist the process, especially if it was grievous. In ancient history, this was followed by the realisation ...
why can't i decalare my own properties as independent and make my own country?	Go ahead and stop paying your property taxes and everything else. When the government attempts to seize your property defend it with your army. Then declare your property an independent state. Then write laws on your property and enforce them. Then have other states recognize your sovereignty. In essence, in order t...	[ "Ownership by definition does not necessarily imply a responsibility to others for actions regarding the property. A \"legal shield\" is said to exist if the entity's legal liabilities do not get redistributed among the entity's owners or members. An application of this, to limit ownership risks, is to form a new e...
Why can't I picture things in my mind? And, is it something that can be seen while imaging the brain?	I think that the ability to image runs on a spectrum like most other skills, with some people quite good at it, others not so much, and a few percent on either fringe. I work with clients who have difficulty with describing things, with reading comprehension, or with their writing, whose difficulty is in part due to a...	[ "Mental representations (or mental imagery) enable representing things that have never been experienced as well as things that do not exist. Think of yourself traveling to a place you have never visited before, or having a third arm. These things have either never happened or are impossible and do not exist, yet ou...
Why is helium used as an RCS gas?	What you are missing is that the exhaust gas velocity depends on the gas molecular mass M. You can calculate it using [this equation](_URL_0_) of the exhaust gas velocity in chocked flow. Basically the lighter the gas the faster it can go and the more efficient with you mass you are. However for a given tank (ie a give...	[ "Liquid helium is used in cryogenics (its largest single use, absorbing about a quarter of production), particularly in the cooling of superconducting magnets, with the main commercial application being in MRI scanners. Helium's other industrial uses—as a pressurizing and purge gas, as a protective atmosphere for a...
Was/Is the role of the "little boats" during operation Dynamo (the evacuation from Dunkirk) overstated?	It really depends on how you define the 'Little Ships'. If you take the loosest possible definition, i.e. every non-naval/military ship involved, then they were hugely useful. If you focus down to just the small boats, ignoring the larger passenger vessels, then their role becomes rather less defined. On the 30th of Ma...	[ "This list consists of all major naval and merchant ships involved in Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of allied troops from the Dunkirk area from 26 May to 4 June 1940. The operation was administered by the British Admiralty with the Royal Navy providing the bulk of large vessels. They were accompanied by several ...
why can’t two phone numbers calling each other be connected instead of being prompted with a busy line? is this something that could be fixed easily?	When you dial a number on your phone, it goes "off the hook". That is, it's no longer able to receive calls, because dialing a number is the same as being in the middle of a call. This can't be fixed easily, because it's rooted in the basics of how the telephone system works. However, if you have call waiting (where...	[ "Any two-party numbers also needed to be served by two-party or shared service equipment. The two subscribers on a two-party line would have separate three-letter then four digit numbers in a special number group, and had selective ringing to the party required only (code ringing with a letter suffix for the code r...
If the earth had no oxygen what types of respiration would occur?	Once upon a time, there was no significant levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. It was mostly carbon dioxide. For a long time, the primary method of respiration for life was [anaerobic](_URL_0_). Eventually, this algae soup managed to replace most of the carbon dioxide in the air with poisonous waste oxygen gas. The...	[ "With all photosynthetic organisms gone, atmospheric oxygen can no longer be replenished, and is eventually removed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere, perhaps from volcanic eruptions. Eventually the loss of oxygen will cause all remaining aerobic life to die out via asphyxiation, leaving behind only simple an...
Why did only vertebrates evolve an adaptive immune system?	Actually there are [several new lines of evidence](_URL_0_) that specific (aka adaptive) immunity exists in invertebrates. It is just very different from what has evolved in vertebrate lineages. For obvious reasons vertebrate immune systems have been widely studied, and when biologists looked for similar adaptive sys...	[ "It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even...
How did the Ottomans come up with a map as accurate as this?	I'm no map expert but it seems to use the same country outlines as [this map](_URL_0_) from 1787. (It may even be the same map — the similarities are pretty exact in every respect; in which case it is just a translation of a British map.) Browsing other maps from [this source](_URL_1_) makes it appear to me, anyway, th...	[ "Known as the \"Mappamondo Hacı Ahmet\", the map outlines legends and place-names in Turkish, and it may be the first map in Turkish ever published for sale to an Ottoman audience. Whether the map is original, or was simply a translation into Turkish, it helps show how the people of the Ottoman Empire perceived the...
can we create life from inorganic material? if so, how?	In principle? Almost certainly. But we don't know how yet.	[ "It was once generally believed that life and its materials had some essential property or substance (often referred to as the \"vital principle\") distinct from any found in non-living matter, and it was thought that only living beings could produce the molecules of life. Then, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published ...
what i should do to learn code for developing games?	Not to be a dick but this really isn't the right subreddit for your question. ELI5 is more for explaining concepts or events, like the Watergate Scandal or gravity. You should ask in /r/programming maybe?	[ "In the Tech Lab, children are introduced to coding by learning how to program a robot to complete a series of tasks, navigate mazes, and play games. Each activity is designed to promote creative problem-solving in novice programmers. More experienced coders can program robots to respond to sensor inputs and use lo...
how do songs get popular?	There is generally multiple 'levels' of popularity, there is local popularity and then higher levels until it reaches 'mainstream'. Unless it's a popular and current artist many songs start out as small time bands getting their song on the radio or the more popular internet. Current artists will have huge advertising ...	[ "In addition, since the advent of popular music publication in the nineteenth century, a large number of songs have been produced for and often adopted by children. Many of these imitate the form of nursery rhymes, and a number have come to be accepted as such. They can be seen to have arisen from a number of sourc...
how come it is so much easier to sing with accurate pitch in a whispery way than at a normal volume?	First, I think you're referring to SOME pitches, not all, and especially high pitches (and the "whispery way" would be what we call "falsetto"). When you sing in your comfort zone, you can perfectly sing a pitch without too much effort. Problems arise when you're hitting pitches outside of that zone, especially in the...	[ "BULLET::::- Optimal Pitch: Rather than straining to achieve a lower speaking pitch, the client should seek to maintain a comfortable pitch range. This range is generally approximately between 100 and 105 Hz.\n", ". Singers must also read and sing the correct lyrics, which adds another layer beyond pitch and dyna...
Would the lifestyle of a Roman emperor be comfortable and pleasant to a modern person?	While there are some areas such as dental health and travel where the modern world provides absolutely irreplacable benefits, this is really a question for social psychology rather than history. Generally speaking, the psychological impact of poverty tends to be marked more by feelings of stress, powerlessness and what...	[ "Generally speaking, it was expected of the Emperor to be generous but not frivolous, not just as a good ruler but also with his personal fortune (as in the proverbial \"bread and circuses\" – \"panem et circenses\") providing occasional public games, gladiators, horse races and artistic shows. Large distributions ...
Does every heart beat pump about the same amount of blood, regardless of heart rate?	Stroke volume can increase independently of or simultaneously to increases in heart rate.	[ "Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions (beats) of the heart per minute (bpm). The heart rate can vary according to the body's physical needs, including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide. It is usually equal or close to the pulse measured at any peripheral...
Are people really more likely to buy something that costs $19.95 vs $20.00?	It really depends. Pricing something at $19 works better than pricing it at $20, but pricing something at $20 and saying it's 20% off regular price does even better. There is a fascinating area of study called behavioral economics which bridges the gap between human psychology and economic theory. Classical economics i...	[ "BULLET::::- Buying in bulk (large quantities) is usually cheaper than buying small quantities in multiple transactions, but poor people are less likely to have cash on hand to finance a large purchase of food needed for the more distant future. Poor people are less able to afford delivery or automobile transport o...
Why didn't more union soldiers have repeating rifles?	Logistics were generally at the core of the issue. The Civil War saw the Union and Confederacy raise armies larger than the US had ever seen, and as they did so, supply became a bigger concern than the individual effectiveness of an infantryman, and repeating rifles available at the time were significantly more expensi...	[ "The new repeater rifles would see fairly limited use in the Civil War. The first such weapon used by the US Army was the Model 1855 Colt Revolving Rifle (and a companion carbine), but it had a serious defect in that the gun would sometimes discharge several chambers at once, the extra rounds flying straight into t...
What exactly is a magnetic pole shift/reversal, and how does it happen/	The magnetic field is a self-exciting geodynamo. Basically, it's caused by convection in the fluid iron outer core causing the iron to flow through magnetic flux lines. The electromagnetic interaction generates a further electromagnetic field effect. Hence it's 'self exciting' - it causes itself. However, the outer c...	[ "The motion of the conductive molten metal beneath the Earth's crust, or the Earth's dynamo, is responsible for the existence of the magnetic field. The interaction of the magnetic field and solar radiation has an impact on how much radiation reaches the surface of Earth and the integrity of the atmosphere. It has ...
Did Normans use stirrups using their conquest of England, and was it important?	This image from the Bayeux Tapestry (depicting the Norman conquest of what we now know as England) clearly depicts a Norman horse soldier using stirrups. _URL_0_	[ "A lull probably occurred early in the afternoon, and a break for rest and food would probably have been needed. William may have also needed time to implement a new strategy, which may have been inspired by the English pursuit and subsequent rout by the Normans. If the Normans could send their cavalry against the ...
Did the mass murder of mentally ill people in Nazi Germany influence rates of mental illness later in the 20th century?	I recently saw a documentary on this and with regard to schizophrenic patients specifically, here was the outcome according to that documentary and is backed up by this Pubmed article: > Postwar studies of the prevalence of schizophrenia in Germany reported low rates, as expected. However, postwar rates of the incid...	[ "In Nazi Germany, the institutionalized mentally ill were among the earliest targets of sterilization campaigns and covert \"euthanasia\" programs. It has been estimated that over 200,000 individuals with mental disorders of all kinds were put to death, although their mass murder has received relatively little hist...
How wealthy were the people who crafted weapons & armor in Medieval Europe & the Near East?	Blacksmiths, as a group, were [artisans](_URL_2_), who, as skilled laborers, were part of the middling class of the [Third Estate](_URL_1_). In a small community, blacksmiths would be expected to make all sorts of products: bits, plows, armor, pitchforks, knives, arrow and spear heads, etc. While he would have a degree...	[ "Well-known armour types in European history include the lorica hamata, lorica squamata, and the lorica segmentata of the Roman legions, the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later medieval and renaissance knights, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in se...
how tiny candles can bring fragrance to entire room?	The sense of smell is powerful. We can detect something in the air when it's only one billionth of the gas present in the room (the rest being mostly plain air).	[ "Some flameless candles are scented, serving as air fresheners as well as lighting devices. Others, designed specifically for outdoor use, incorporate features including integrated insect repellent. As the sun sets, an ambient light sensor, housed in the body of the candle, triggers a small fan near a fragrance com...
In "I, Claudius", Livia supposedly found slave girls for Augustus to sleep with. Is this true?	No, it's not true. Augustus did keep mistresses, but Livia would not have provided him with them, even if she seemingly didn't disapprove of them. An accepting image that may just have been for the public eye and not something we can tell for sure.	[ "Favonius' slave Sarmentus, who was bought after his master's death when his estate was sold, is claimed to have become a catamite of the emperor Augustus. Modern-day historian Josiah Osgood says this might have been as a slander \"planted by supporters of Marc Anthony\", but both ancient and contemporary students ...
If we could time travel back to the different eras of the dinosaurs, would we need a special suit for the climate back then?	Climate would be different and the exact composition oft the atmosphere would not be the same. For the cretaceous e.g. the oxygen level of the atmosphere would be about ~~three~~ 1.5 times the level of today. All in all I'd guess you would not die walking around there only by the different temperature and atmosphere. S...	[ "In the 1970s, NASA worked on the AX-3 Hardsuit. In the 1980s, NASA Ames center developed the AX-5 hard suit to avoid having to pre-breathe for lower-pressure suits than the host spacecraft. A NASA space suit with some hard elements (named the I-Suit), was developed later.\n", "A sequel, \"Designasaurus II\", was...
Recent Supreme Court decisions have generated a robust amount of media coverage. With this in mind, I have a question for reddit historians.	This post has been removed for being [soapboxing and a loaded question](_URL_0_). This really belongs in /r/Ask_Politics.	[ "The Supreme Court heard arguments from the Executive Branch, the \"Times\", the \"Post\", and the Justice Department on June 25 and 26, 1971. Along with the issue of how the \"Times\" obtained the documents (which was being investigated by a federal grand jury elsewhere) the real issue for the Court was whether th...
Recurve vs Longbow - how was the longbow able to pierce armor where the short bow wasn't. How did this change warfare?	The longbow wasn't exactly able to "pierce armor," especially at longer ranges. While it possible for a longbow volley to cause casualties at every possible range, the sources are pretty clear that longbow arrows did not kill by outright punching through plate armor, but by striking less-protected gaps in the armor, hi...	[ "The English longbow was a powerful medieval type of longbow (a tall bow for archery) about long used by the English and Welsh for hunting and as a weapon in medieval warfare. English use of longbows was effective against the French during the Hundred Years' War, particularly at the start of the war in the battles ...
When I tune my radio, it sounds alright. But the moment I move my hand away, the signal gets worse. Whats going on here?	This question just came up a few days ago. Your body acts as one plate of a capacitor with the surroundings/ground forming the other plate. The tuning circuit within the radio sees the capacitance added by your body. Thus when you tune the circuit, you are doing so such that it compensates for this added capacitance. W...	[ "If the operator desired to make a radio call, they would pull the mike out of the hang-up box. This would cause the radio to look for a channel with no busy tone (3051.9 Hz) present. When a vacant channel was found, the push-to-talk relay would chatter and the transmit indicator would flicker. The radio would hand...
What was the cost of prostitutes throughout the time?	Much like slaves, the cost of prostitutes depended on a broad range of factors. Fortunately for us, social investigators such as Henry Mayhew attempted to categorize the prostitutes working in Victorian London and recorded some details about their earnings. The full chapter on prostitution is [available here](_URL_1_) ...	[ "Each prostitute would have between five and twenty customers per day. In the 1950s, they were charged $15 for fifteen minutes ($ in today's terms). The employees were required to give 75% of their earnings to Milton, who paid for all of their living and medical expenses. At its peak in the 1960s, the ranch earned ...
why are so many houses built in the usa single floor bungalows?	Most US houses were built after the development of, first, the electric train or tram, and then, the car, and also of water and power systems. So being a dense village where everything can be walked was no longer important, or sharing walls to save on heating was also no longer important. With plenty of land and also t...	[ "Bungalows can be found in the older neighborhoods of most American cities. In fact, they were so popular for a time that many cities have what is called a \"Bungalow Belt\" of homes built in the 1920s. These neighborhoods were often clustered along streetcar lines as they extended into the suburbs. Bungalows were ...
how online advertising pays for the maintenance of a website like facebook or reddit.	it pays like any advertising pays. company A wants product B to be seen by a certain demographic. A pays agency C to place those ads in that demographic's eyesite. search engine optomization (SEO) algorythmically determines which sites suit best. you click that site, you see the ad, website gets paid.	[ "The company earns its revenue from online advertising on the site. Readers may also become members by contributing donations of between $2.00 - $500, and receive bonus downloadable gifts as a thank-you.\n", "Web-based companies such as Helium, HubPages, Infobarrel, and Squidoo also practice a form of revenue sha...
what is the necessity having to double-press a key fob to get all the car-doors to unlock (as opposed to just pressing once)?	As a safety feature, the first press unlocks only the driver's door, so that you are not unlocking the doors on the other side to potentially admit a stranger into your car.	[ "Today, this system is commonly found on a variety of vehicles, and although the exact method of operation differs between makes and models, their operation is generally similar: a vehicle can be unlocked without the driver needing to physically push a button on the key fob to lock or unlock the car and is also abl...
How were medics treated when captured in WW2?	There was a chapter in Stephen Ambrose's [Citizen Soldiers](_URL_0_) where a captured medic ended up working with the German medical unit, and they taught each other different medical techniques. Its important to remember that Allied medical units had access to penecillin, which the Germans didnt have	[ "During the war, medics were generally supplied with prophylactic kits in bulk, designed to allow a man to perform treatment on himself if he feared he had sex with an infected woman. The individual packet contained a tube containing 5 grams of ointment (30% calomel + 15% sulfathiazole), a direction sheet explainin...
Who was the first man to attach a scope to his rifle? When did snipers with optics start appearing on the battlefield?	[Berdan's Sharpshooters](_URL_0_) were the first dedicated "snipers" as we think of them today; experienced in fieldcraft, precisely-accurized rifles, high standards of marksmanship, and the use of optics mounted to the rifle along the bore axis. Amazingly, they were pretty much disbanded and forgotten about after th...	[ "During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed for fitting onto the rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by Chance Brothers of Birmingham. This allowed a marksman to more accurately observe and target objects at a greater dist...
How many movements or societies with communist-like ideals were there before the development of Communism proper?	So, for one, early Christians practiced this. Check out the Acts 2:44-5: > 44 All who believed were together and had all things in common; 45 they would sell their possessions and goods and distribute the proceeds to all, as any had need. and Acts 4:32-7 > 32 Now the whole group of those who believed were of one...	[ "The labor movement and socialist movement of the late 19th century are seen as the prototypical social movements, leading to the formation of communist and social democratic parties and organisations. These tendencies were seen in poorer countries as pressure for reform continued, for example in Russia with the Ru...
how do we get full colour corrected photos or videos from black and white footage?	More or less the same way we get full color pictures from a coloring book. There are some context cues, and you can make some educated guesses from the shades, but for the most part it's just guesswork.	[ "To perform digital colorization, a digitized copy of the best black and white film print available is used. With the aid of computer software, technicians associate a range of gray levels to each object and indicate to the computer any movement of the objects within a shot. The software is also capable of sensing ...
What is it about friction that creates photons?	Photons are created when electrons drop from a higher state of energy to a lower state. When you create friction, you make heat and energy. This causes electrons to get excited and go to a higher energy level. They'll then drop back down and release a photon. This all happens in an instant. Photons radiated in all dir...	[ "Photons mediate electromagnetic interactions between particles in quantum electrodynamics. An isolated electron at a constant velocity cannot emit or absorb a real photon; doing so would violate conservation of energy and momentum. Instead, virtual photons can transfer momentum between two charged particles. This ...
What most likely happened to the body of Jesus (Resurrection excluded)	There is very little evidence for what happened to people after they had been crucified. However, we do have archaeological evidence of a crucified person's remains being placed in a burial cave, presumably by people who cared for him. If you were not being left to rot as a warning to others (which happened during the ...	[ "Finding someone's remains in Jesus' tomb conforms to the Muslim belief that a substitute for him was crucified, while he was raised bodily to heaven. The Islamic view of his disappearance, as mentioned in the Qur'an, states: \"That they said (in boast), \"We killed Al-Masih 'Isa the son of Maryam, the Messenger of...
how are wooden baseball bats so durable?	Hitting the ball with the grain of the wood the correct way. Like how a stack of papers won't bend along the edge, but will bend easily across the sheet.	[ "When baseball was in its beginning years, baseball players made their own bats. This allowed players to experiment with different shapes and sizes of the bats. It did not take long for players to realize that the best bats were those with rounded barrels. Wood bats are rare at most levels other than the pros. The ...
how does the cassette tape aux cord work?	A cassette player is designed to accept cassette tapes, which have a long strip of material containing the information for the songs or other audio on the tape encoded magnetically. Basically, like magnetic versions of record grooves. Inside the player is a "read head" which is a small sensor that reads the magnetic ...	[ "A cassette adapter is shaped like a cassette tape. However, instead of having reels of tape inside, it has a transmitting head where the tape is normally read by the reading head. This transmitting head is connected to the input cord, which connects the head to the audio source. A cassette adapter must also includ...
Was the United States involved in the Malayan emergency? If not, why?	The Malayan 'Emergency' flared up in the context of British decolonisation. During World War II, the British had secured the co-operation of ethnic Chinese communists who established a resistance in Malaya. Following the war, this group was not prepared to seize power as the British reasserted authority, though at f...	[ "The Malayan Emergency was a guerrilla war between the Federation of Malaya—a protectorate of Britain until August 1957, and part of the Commonwealth of Nations thereafter—and the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), the armed wing of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). The MNLA sought to topple the Malayan gove...
US elections seem to be billed as "the most important election ever". Which do you think was the ACTUAL most important election?	I think it would be difficult to argue with the election of 1860, the split in the Democrat party denied Douglas a unified ballot ensuring Lincoln won, leading to the Civil War. Runners up would go to the election of 1852 (leading to the breakup of the Whig party) and the election of 1828(rise of Jackson, defeat of Ame...	[ "On November 2, 2004, millions of Americans put the world's most famous democracy to the test at polling places across the country. \"Election Day\" follows a dozen of these citizens—from the plains of South Dakota to the palm trees of southern Florida-over the course of twenty-four hours. Uplifting yet troubling, ...
what makes a human a human?	The truth is, species is a fuzzy inexact concept. It does not have a straightforward description. You'll hear someone say, likely in this very post, "It depends on if the animals can reproduce together," for instance, which is wrong. It's a decent rule of thumb, but it does not define a species. It doesn't work for cas...	[ "Non-human (also spelled nonhuman) is any entity displaying some, but not enough, human characteristics to be considered a human. The term has been used in a variety of contexts and may be used to refer to objects that have been developed with human intelligence, such as robots or vehicles.\n", "figures that are ...
If you were to travel through the debris of a supernova in a space ship, would it look anything like it does when seen from earth?	Probably not. If you go through a cloud (in the atmosphere), you'll notice moisture, but you don't really see the cloud as one sees it when standing on the ground. The colored gas (what we see) in such nice pictures is actually not very dense. Even the outer layers of a star aren't even that dense. When going through ...	[ "The images were sent down to the MCC for further analysis by flight controllers, who were concerned about the possibility that the object may have come off \"Atlantis\", and as such wished to identify the object. The most likely scenario was that the object was benign, such as ice or a piece of shimstock (observed...
how would wells fargo benefit by having a bunch of ghost accounts with no money in them?	Staff got bonuses. Wells Fargo itself gained by claiming increased market share. (i.e. if there are 500 million accounts in the US, Wells Fargo can claim to have lets say 100million of them. Pump that up to 200million.....claim to own 2/5 of the market, your share price ROCKETS, and the board of directors + CEO get n...	[ "Employees opened accounts without customer consent. In an article from the American Bankruptcy Institute Journal, Wells Fargo employees reportedly “opened as many as 1.5 million checking and savings accounts, and more than 500,000 credit cards, without customers’ authorization.” The employees received bonuses for ...
how do baby animals developing in eggs eat/drink with nothing to eat/drink?	In eggs the baby uses the yolk for nutrients. In placental animals the mother provides nutrition through the umbilical cord.	[ "Newborn babies do not eat adult foods. They survive solely on breast milk or formula. Small amounts of pureed food are sometimes fed to young infants as young as two or three months old, but most infants do not eat adult food until they are between six and eight months old. Young babies eat pureed baby foods becau...
The Library Of Alexandria	Mind telling us what the book said? It's possible that someone in this subreddit is an expert on the Library AND has read that book, but for those who know about the Library and don't know the book, this is an impossible question to answer.	[ "The Bibliotheca Alexandrina (English: Library of Alexandria; \"\", ) is a major library and cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. It is both a commemoration of the Library of Alexandria that was lost in antiquity, and an attempt to rekindle something of t...
How do we know the physical features of long-extinct invertebrates?	There are some fossil sites which preserve soft tissues, typically via very fine grained sediments like mud or silt which rapidly buried the organism(s) in a low oxygen environment. As you can imagine though, preservation of soft tissue is a lot rarer than of shells and other hard parts. So the fossil record of the m...	[ "Despite this, the concept of \"invertebrates\" as a taxon of animals has persisted for over a century among the laity, and within the zoological community and in its literature it remains in use as a term of convenience for animals that are not members of the Vertebrata. The following text reflects earlier scienti...
what framework allows some countries to demand that other countries denuclearize?	The nuclear non-proliferation treaty that basically everyone but India, Pakistan, and Israel signed. The original 5 nuclear powers (US, UK, Russia, China, and France) agree to help other countries develop civil nuclear programs (i.e. nuclear power plants) in exchange for them vowing not to develop a nuclear weapon. B...	[ "Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) refers to a set of policies and actions that countries undertake as part of a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The term recognizes that different countries may take different nationally appropriate action on the basis of equity and in accordance with co...
why does emotional pain, feel like physical pain?	The same section of our brain processes both kinds, so it's probably just getting wires crossed and thinking they're the same. Alternately, it's because emotional pain actually creates a physical reaction from all the stress, and it's the equivalent of your eyes hurting after you cry. _URL_0_	[ "Sometimes a distinction is made between \"physical pain\" and \"emotional\" or \"psychological pain\". Emotional pain is the pain experienced in the absence of physical trauma, e.g. the pain experienced by humans after the loss of a loved one, or the break-up of a relationship. It has been argued that only primate...
Medieval Armor Books	This is a good question! We have some recommendations in the booklist. I'll just copy them here and expand on them a bit plus add a few. * Blair, Claude [European armour, circa 1066 to circa 1700](_URL_3_) London: Batsford, 1958. The best overview of European armour from 1066-1700, with a particular emphasis on the ...	[ "In addition to producing historically accurate armor for SCA members, Price wrote the instruction book \"Techniques of Medieval Armour Reproduction\". This book remains the most popular introduction to the field and has provided a springboard from which a generation of armourers working in the medieval style have ...
the difference between the major us tv networks?	Wait, are you asking about the major TV networks or the major news networks? Fox the TV station has very little to do with Fox the news network.	[ "The Big Three television networks are the three major traditional commercial broadcast television networks in the United States: the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), CBS (formerly known as the Columbia Broadcasting System) and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Until the 1980s, the Big Three networks dom...
How did Second World War bomber pilots relieve themselves while on missions?	The Lancaster bombers had a small chemical toilet, so if they had time during the mission they could go use that. Part of the problem, however, was that they would be in thick clothing (multiple layers) to keep from being cold so it would have taken some time to "prepare - especially under enemy fire.	[ "The aircrews of RAF Bomber Command during World War II operated a fleet of bomber aircraft carried strategic bombing operations from September 1939 to May 1945, on behalf of the Allied powers. The crews were men from the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries, and occupied Europe, especially Poland, France, ...
why must natural gas appliances like water heaters and furnaces be vented outside, but it's safe to use a gas oven inside?	Very different use cases. An oven is used in a (typically) better ventilated space (the kitchen) when the user is present for very short periods of time (cooking). This makes it very unlikely that dangerous gas concentrations could build up. Furnaces and water heaters, in contrast, are used in poorly ventilated spac...	[ "Ventilation should be considered for its relationship to \"venting\" for appliances and combustion equipment such as water heaters, furnaces, boilers, and wood stoves. Most importantly, the design of building ventilation must be careful to avoid the backdraft of combustion products from \"naturally vented\" applia...
taxing the rich alternatives	> Couldn’t the rich just tax themselves or do things that act like being taxed? Many rich people give to charity, or start their own charities; this is similar to "being taxed" in that they are giving away their money. However, in a democracy taxes are meant to be spent according to the will and needs of the people...	[ "Michael Hudson is a proponent for taxing rent, especially land rent.\"... politically, taxing economic rent has become the bête noire of neoliberal globalism. It is what property owners and rentiers fear most of all, as land, subsoil resources and natural monopolies far exceed industrial capital in magnitude. What...
What is the lowest and highest pressure with life?	The highest pressure where we know there is life is the bottom of the Marianas Trench. It's approximately 11,000m deep and has a pressure of about 1000bar (15750psi) Tardigrades in their dehydrated form have been revived after exposure to vacuum. A bee hive was found on Mt Everest at 18,000 feet. Himalayan Jumpin...	[ "The Armstrong limit or Armstrong's line is a measure of altitude above which atmospheric pressure is sufficiently low that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body. Exposure to pressure below this limit results in a rapid loss of consciousness, followed by a series of changes to cardiovascular and n...
why do different cable companies have different channel numbers when all it does is confuse those who switch providers.	You say that like it is a bad thing, like companies should try to make it easier to switch to their competition. Also, not all companies have the same mix of channels to offer. So what should they do, have weird gaps in numbering? 1,16,36,78? How do you think they should coordinate which channels match which numbers a...	[ "In some countries, cable television channels are subject to the rules and regulations set forth by each country's communications bureau and must be licensed accordingly. For example, some countries (for example, Canada) have regulations that stipulate some channels' purposes when authorizing them, particularly for...
what is the big deal with all of the corn based food products?	The energy you get from corn comes from the starch in the corn. When you eat corn or corn products, your body turns this starch into glucose. In high-fructose corn syrup, the glucose is already turned into fructose in the manufacturing process. Both glucose and fructose are simple sugars that your body can use for en...	[ "The use of corn and other grains as a renewable biofuel may have environmental and cost benefits, compared to other energy sources, and may create additional forms of revenue for farmers and other economic industries. However, the use of corn as a fuel stock may increase the price of corn and have adverse effects ...
[Geology] What could abandoned landfills become after a few hundred million years?	Greetings /u/space_tripping, Your question, while relevant, has already been the object of previous discussion. You will doubtlessly find the answers you seek in the following thread: _URL_0_	[ "For decades it was standard practice to dump waste on the ground, in rivers or to leave it out in the open. As a result, thousands of uncontrolled or abandoned contaminated sites were created. Some common contaminated sites include abandoned warehouses, manufacturing facilities, processing plants and landfills. In...
how do networks like hbo & netflix prevent entire seasons from being leaked but record companies and movies studios can get leaked early?	Because, unlike record and movie companies, HBO and Netflix have complete control over their distribution channels. Record companies have to ship CDs to retailers. Movie studios have to send the movies to theaters. Both have to be done sufficiently in advance of the release date so that they are ready for customers. ...	[ "The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On August 4, 2017, it was reported that, two days before its original broadcast, the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO's international network partners. The leaked copy has the \"for in...
If a mother in ancient Rome couldn't produce enough milk for her baby, what would she do?	To begin with, you are very right that upper class families would employ wet nurses, called a nutrix. From epigraphic evidence, we have an understanding that families employed not a single nutrix, but several. This helped ensure that not only the children of the head of household had proper nutrition, but so too t...	[ "A mother is considered to have low milk supply if she produces less breast milk than her infant requires. The term is used only after a mother's milk \"comes in\", which usually occurs around 30–40 hours after delivery of a full-term infant. Low milk supply is distinct from the scenario in which the mother's milk ...
What gives boogers their gelatinous consistency?	Mostly, it is the same proteins that make all the mucus in your nose and some of the mucus other places so stringy and stretchy. When they are very wet, the mucus stretches out into long strands or sheets, but as the amount of water goes down these proteins clump up more and more (and this tends to increase around any...	[ "Gelatin is the aerator most often used in the production of marshmallows. It is made up of collagen, a structural protein derived from animal skin, connective tissue, and bones. Not only can it stabilize foams, like albumen, but when combined with water it forms a thermally-reversible gel. This means that gelatin ...
Why do we find concentrations of minerals in the ground instead of a more homogeneous mixture?	The layered structure of the earth isn't due to the supernova that formed our elements, nor is it due to the clumping process of accretion. The layered structure comes from the process of differentiation, that involves both gravity and alot of chemistry. As the earth first began cooling, the heaviest parts of the mol...	[ "The highest level in the classification of minerals is based on chemical composition. However, the defining elements for many mineral groups, such as boron in borates and phosphorus in phosphates, were at first only present in concentrations of parts per million or less. This left little or no chance for them to c...
how does the body adapt to ketosis? what stages are there	That's pretty much it. For the first few weeks you'll feel like crap because your body has to ramp up it's ketone count, and then learn how to actually use ketones! Once that happens, you become keto-adapted and then start to feel much better. Energy becomes abundant.	[ "Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet), and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for various conditions, such as intractable epilepsy, and the various types of diabetes. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of b...

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