Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
how does audio get balanced?	Most audio is recorded in two audio streams: Left and Right. This makes sense because we only have two ears. Since there are two different streams, you get one per speaker. To make the audio directional, you just have it louder in one side compared to the other. This is exactly how our ears work to determine where a s...	[ "Balanced audio is a method of interconnecting audio equipment using balanced lines. This type of connection is very important in sound recording and production because it allows the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise caused by electromagnetic interference.\n", "In sound recording ...
why can't humans invent machines that activate our muscles without us having to do exercise?	We can and we have. There are machines that exercise the muscles of comatose patients to stop them atrophying and you can get gadgets that use electricity to supposedly exercise muscles - e.g. Slendertone.	[ "Development of robots that are capable of performing the same actions as controlled animals is often technologically difficult and cost-prohibitive. Flight is very difficult to replicate while having an acceptable payload and flight duration. Harnessing insects and using their natural flying ability gives signific...
Do two electrons have to interact?	Yes, two electrons separated by any distance will interact electromagnetically, though it'll take a time of that distance divided by the speed of light for the two to notice each other's existence.	[ "When two nearby atoms have unpaired electrons, whether the electron spins are parallel or antiparallel affects whether the electrons can share the same orbit as a result of the quantum mechanical effect called the exchange interaction. This in turn affects the electron location and the Coulomb (electrostatic) inte...
When did lower case letters appear in the Roman alphabet?	Lowercase (or minuscule, as one often refers to them in calligraphy, lowercase is a term from printing) was developed (or rather, codified) under the rule of Charlemagne. The Caroline Minuscule hand was developed under the leadership of the English scholar Alcuin of York, after coming to Charlemagne's palace in Aachen ...	[ "Lower case, minuscule, letters were developed in the Middle Ages, well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and since that time lower-case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used: , , , , and so on.\n", "The lower case (minuscule) letters developed in the Middle Ages from New Roman Cursiv...
does strenuous physical activity cause your body to process caffeine faster?	A quick google search found a an in depth quora post on the subject. The TL;DR being "There seems to be little to no effect but it's still inconclusive" "Though there are plenty of studies of the effects of caffeine on metabolism and exercise, there are surprisingly few on the effect of exercise on the metabolism of...	[ "Caffeine is capable of increasing work capacity while individuals perform strenuous tasks. In one study, caffeine provoked a greater maximum heart rate while a strenuous task was being performed compared to a placebo. This tendency is likely due to caffeine's ability to increase sympathetic nerve outflow. Furtherm...
if objects give off a scent, and that scent is part of the object, why don't smelly objects just evaporate?	The molecules that make up the scent are generally a tiny portion of the overall mass of the object. The object can lose its volatile scent molecules and still be left with a lot of stuff that doesn't go anywhere.	[ "Phantosmia (olfactory hallucinations), smelling an odor that is not actually there, and parosmia (olfactory illusions), inhaling a real odor but perceiving it as different scent than remembered, are distortions to the sense of smell (olfactory system) that, in most cases, are not caused by anything serious and usu...
why is marriage equality an issue of state law rather than federal law?	The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. That's the 10th Amendment. Since the Constitution to the US does not explicitly define marriage, it is left to the states to decide.	[ "The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which is part of the United States Bill of Rights, expressly forbids laws being made \"respecting an establishment of religion\" and that prohibit the free exercise of religion. Thus, according to this argument, the state has no authority to define marriage as...
Speed of information?	> how can the Earth continue to rotate around "where the sun was"? This is precisely why the idea of a [field](_URL_0_) is so central in relativistic physics. In this picture, everything is kept local: Earth never "talks" directly to the sun, but only to the gravitational field in its immediate vicinity, and the sun...	[ "In the study of quantum systems such as quantum optics, quantum information theory, atomic physics, and condensed matter physics, it is important to know that there is a finite speed with which information can propagate. The theory of relativity shows that no information, or anything else for that matter, can trav...
How can energy be quantized if both speed and wave length are both continuous quantities? How discrete is energy?	The range of energy of electromagnetic radiation is not discrete. EM radiation does come in discrete packets, though (photons). Maybe you were confusing these two things?	[ "The energy of any wave is its frequency multiplied by Planck's constant. The wave displays particle-like packets of energy called quanta. The formula for the quantum number of each quantum state uses Planck's reduced constant, which only allows particular or discrete or quantized energy levels.\n", "Quantized en...
Ages 1 to 4 are very important for brain development but yet most people can't recall anything from that time period. Why don't we remember our earliest memories?	It’s not that we forget our earliest years, it’s that we don’t form memories in the first place. The term for this is infantile “amnesia”, but this is not actually a form of amnesia — that would require forgetting. As infants grow into toddlers, their brains grow fantastically quickly. So much so, that any pathways tha...	[ "Researchers have found that there seems to be a \"reminiscence bump\" where older adults recall more memories from their adolescence and early adulthood years. It seems to researchers that the memories of first-time or novel events during this time stand out in memory later in life. In other words, memories of a f...
If a hospital/clinic is short on blood donors, why not draw blood from coma patients whose still-functioning systems can replenish the blood taken?	I have the answer for you and it's really simple: Medical Ethics. That's the end of the entire discussion. It seems maybe silly, but really that is truly the answer.	[ "There is also a risk that, in an emergency or if more blood is required than has been set aside in advance, the patient could still be exposed to donor blood instead of autologous blood. Autologous donation is also not suitable for patients who are medically unable to or advised not to give blood, such as cardiac ...
Can anyone help me identify some civil war era artifacts my grandmother gave me?	I went ahead and had a go at the first of the handwritten notes. Some of it is pretty hard to read, especially the part in pink and the names. Here is what I could read. I've added question marks to indicate that I'm not sure about what it says "(?)", and where I can't read what it says "?". I've also left in the origi...	[ "The museum suffered a major theft in 1984 — although it was not a portrait. On December 31, 1984, a thief pried open a display case and stole four handwritten documents accompanying several portraits of Civil War generals. One of the documents was written and signed by President Abraham Lincoln. The remaining thre...
Why do many doctors prescribe prednisone for patients with infections?	A well-functioning immune system often has undesirable by products when mounting an immune response. Additionally, the immune system is quite complex with numerous signaling pathways and different types of white blood cells responding. For example, the cascade of cytokines, which help propagate an immune response, also...	[ "These drugs were widely used as a first line treatment for many infections, including very commons ones like acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis, and uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Reports of serious adverse events began emerging, and The FDA first added a Boxed Warning to fluoroquinolones in July 2008 for ...
What sources did Machiavelli use for his information on the military	From A Guide to the Study and Use of Military History By John E. Jessup, p66, on Art of War: 'Machiavelli looked to the classics for inspiration and most of his ideas on training, tactics, organization, and command are little more than attempts to adapt practices described by Livy, Polybius and Vegetius to conditions...	[ "Herodotus traveled very extensively, collecting information and documenting his findings in his books on Europe, Asia, and Libya. He also combined his knowledge with what he learned from the people he met. Herodotus wrote his \"Histories\" in the mid-5th century BC. Although his work was dedicated to the story of ...
I need a research question concerning the concentration camps and the medical experiments performed by the nazis in them, can you guys help?	Are you thinking about the Mengele experiments? Or things like the reported use of taking Jews and turning their skins into lampshades and such? A few questions and avenues of research to go down. 1. How widespread were experiments such as Mengele's? Things like that tend to get sensationalized, so maybe it's not as...	[ "The doctors who carried out experiments on the prisoners in concentration camps specialised in racial hygiene and used the supposed science to back their medical experiments. Some of the experiments were used for general medical research, for example by injecting prisoners with known diseases to test vaccines or p...
Why can gravitational lensing result in both Einstein Crosses and Einstein Rings despite gravity being a symmetrical force?	It depends on the projected mass distribution of the lensing object. If everything is aligned perfectly, and you have a spherically symmetric mass distribution in the lensing object, you get an Einstein Ring. If instead of a spherically symmetric lens, you have an ellipsoid symmetry, you get the Einstein cross. The ...	[ "Gravitational lensing is predicted by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Instead of light from a source traveling in a straight line (in three dimensions), it is bent by the presence of a massive body, which distorts spacetime. An Einstein Ring is a special case of gravitational lensing, caused by the...
what does it mean that a company goes private or public.	For profit firms are always owned by someone. Most are privately held, meaning they are owned by individuals or small groups of people who manage them as they see fit. Firms can also go public, selling shares of ownership to anyone who wants to buy them. This can, for valuable firms, raise a ton of money for the firm...	[ "A public company is incorporated by one or more persons associated for a lawful purpose. It may raise capital from the general public, and its shareholders enjoy free transferability of shares and interests in the company. There is a compulsory regime of disclosure for public companies.\n", "A privately held com...
What are the evolutionary benefits to being bipedal and having our knees face the way they do? Reversed knees seem more practical.	Knees face the same way on almost every species of animal. If you look at an ostrich's skeleton, you will see that it has an incredibly short femur which is hidden under it's feathers. What appears to be it's shin is the equivalent of our foot, and that it walks on its toes. Horses are the same way, along with any anim...	[ "Evolution has provided the human body with two distinct features: the specialization of the upper limb for visually guided manipulation and the lower limb's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient bipedal gait. While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans, other primates can o...
why are kiwi fruits and peaches hairy?	To keep small bugs away -- it's hard for them to walk on the skin and get close to the fruit to bite into it -- and also the hairs add surface area to control moisture in the fruit. [Kiwi-specific info here](_URL_0_).	[ "Kiwi berries are edible berry- or grape-sized fruits similar to fuzzy kiwifruit in taste and appearance, but with thin, smooth green skin. They are primarily produced by three species: \"Actinidia arguta\" (hardy kiwi), \"A. kolomikta\" (Arctic kiwifruit) and \"A. polygama\" (silver vine). They are fast-growing, c...
how can imprimis pharmaceuticals get a drug on the market so fast and for a such low price?	This is not a new drug. Both of the ingredients have already been approved individually. Usually you would need to get FDA approval even for doing this, which is much less expensive than a full new drug application, but still pretty expensive and time-consuming. But in this case Imprimis is using a loophole by calli...	[ "Sproxil’s services are currently used by several pharmaceutical companies in the fight against counterfeit drugs. The fake drug market, according to the World Customs Organization, is estimated to be a $200 Billion a year industry. The problem of counterfeit drugs is particularly acute in emerging markets; the Wor...
what does "my asthma is acting up" really mean?	As an asthma sufferer, I tend to use the phrase to mean I'm a bit more wheezy than normal and more likely to suffer an attack. Most suffers have certain triggers, personally I know that if it's really cold outside, going from a warm building to the cold will normally bring on at attack so I have to up my medication. Sa...	[ "Asthma is an obstructive lung disease where the bronchial tubes (airways) are extra sensitive (hyperresponsive). The airways become inflamed and produce excess mucus and the muscles around the airways tighten making the airways narrower. Asthma is usually triggered by breathing in things in the air such as dust or...
I'm a regular, married, male, 30 year old office worker in 1901. What do I actually do in the evenings?	This is both a specific question, but also a fairly broad one, of course, so I would preface by saying that I'm only talking about a very narrow slice of what might be available to you as a married man, comfortably middle-class, in Somewhere-ville, USA. The assumption I'm principally making is that you are a fraternal ...	[ "As reported in the 1831 and 1881 Occupational Orders, the main source of employment for men was agriculture. In 1881, female workers were employed in domestic service, in offices or without specified occupations for the most part. The other principal categories of employment were professionals, animals, dress, min...
how do common objects like remotes detect when their batteries have low power?	Batteries drop in voltage as they drain, and when they're "dead" that simply means they don't provide enough voltage to run the device. They still have some charge to them. Anyway... a voltage meter within the circuit can measure this, and reports battery life based on it.	[ "Many power supplies that are equipped with remote sense can cause catastrophic damage to the loads if they are turned on while the sense leads are unconnected. To avoid this, some supplies are equipped with auto sense, which will automatically switch between local and remote sensing depending on whether the sense ...
genetically speaking who is closer to my father, myself or his brother?	This is a very interesting question, and one that often comes up when considering organ transplantation. You can think of your genetic makeup as coming from your mother and father equally (50% each). This is because, of the two sets of chromosomes in each of your cells, one set must have come from each of your parents...	[ "If a person procreates with a full sibling of one of their parents (as with the uncle-niece marriages mentioned above), the offspring have four different persons as grandparents, and eight great-grandparents, but again some of these contribute no additional genes (see inbreeding).\n", "According to Robert Triver...
What is the history of, and design conventions (if any), of album art?	If by album art you mean like for music CD's (or LP's and EP's back in the day), the history and design conventions are pretty broad. Some producers hire graphics artists or designers for their album covers, some artists make their own or have artistic friends make them. I'm not quite sure of the history in terms of wh...	[ "The original purpose of the album is the subject of controversy. Originally it was thought to have served as a kind of training manual for practicing architects. This is rejected by most current researchers, because Villard's drawings seem fundamentally ill-suited to such a purpose, though it has been argued that ...
scary clown sightings	At this time, there really isn't a set answer. I personally think that there was one crazy person who did it and got on the news so a bunch of other crazy people hopped on the bandwagon. Also a day or two ago a high schooler was stabbed like 6 times by one of the clowns so be careful. Here's a great video about the c...	[ "The related urban legend of evil clown sightings in real life is known as \"phantom clowns\". First reported in 1981 in Brookline, Massachusetts, children said that men dressed up as clowns had attempted to lure them into a van. The panic spread throughout the US in the Midwest and Northeast. It resurfaced in 1985...
How do we know what texture the skin of an extinct animal was? Like dinosaurs, how do we know that they didn't have like fur or something?	To address dinosaurs specifically at least, I'll copy my answer from a similar previous question here: > Though they are much rarer than skeletal fossils, there are examples of fossilized skin imprints that indicate what extinct dinosaurs might have looked like. For example, see this [extremely well preserved *Bore...	[ "Mesozoic theropods were also very diverse in terms of skin texture and covering. Feathers or feather-like structures are attested in most lineages of theropods. (See feathered dinosaur). However, outside the coelurosaurs, feathers may have been confined to the young, smaller species, or limited parts of the animal...
how does an office chair function?	When you sit on the chair and press the lever it opens a valve which allows air to compress and lower the chair. When you pull the lever without sitting on it, the compressed air pushes the chair back up.	[ "BULLET::::- Office chair, typically swivels, tilts, and rolls about on casters, or small wheels. It may be very plushly upholstered and in leather and thus characterized as an \"executive chair\", or come with a low back and be called a steno chair. Office chairs often have a number of ergonomic adjustments: seat ...
what causes feelings of emptiness?	There's no one cause. That kind of feeling can range from being part of the totally normal range of human experience — if your dog dies, you're gonna be sad, and that's not abnormal — to a cognitive problem, to a neurochemistry problem. In general, cognitive problems are addressed with behavioral changes. If you get...	[ "In cultures where a sense of emptiness is seen as a negative psychological condition, it is often associated with depression. As such, many of the same treatments are proposed: psychotherapy, group therapy, or other types of counselling. As well, people who feel empty may be advised to keep busy and maintain a reg...
When people think of colonisation, they typically mean the Age of Colonisation. How different was Greek Colonisation, such as Massilia?	When we think of colonization, we generally think of states making organised efforts to appropriate overseas territory by force, creating a periphery whose labour and natural resources are exploited for the benefit of the colonizing centre. Greek colonization was very different. Indeed, prominent scholars have argued t...	[ "This was part of the Greek colonization movement of the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Later more colonists came from the Greek Ionian cities of Miletus and Clazomenae. Archaeological evidence also supports Aeolian or possibly Athenian origin of colonists.\n", "Early records of colonisation go as far back as Phoenici...
It is said that history repeats itself. How do the issues of today reflect on the state of American society in comparison to how certain issues impacted great societies of the past?	I'm not 100% clear on the type of answer you are looking for, so I'm going to try to think about this a bit theoretically: The old adage that "history repeats itself" tends to make one consider history as cyclical. Through this model of reading history, one might find that certain trends tend to re-emerge with each p...	[ "Many various reasons, depending on the circumstances, caused nationalization of history. Probably the most important is national revival, the important element of which was nationalized history, that resulted in the emerging of modern nations and nation-states, mostly during the 19th century. With the emerging of ...
the flat universe theory, and why it has zero total energy	No one knows how a Universe can come from nothing but there are theories. Lawrence Krauss has new book "A Universe from Nothing" and several YouTube lectures (about an hour long each), one called "A Universe from Nothing" and another called "Life, the Universe, and Nothing". The zero total energy theory is (basically) ...	[ "A widely supported hypothesis in modern physics is the zero-energy universe which states that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero. It has been argued that this is the only kind of universe that could come from nothing. Such a universe would have to be flat in shape, a state which does not co...
why do gaming laptops with discrete graphics, i7 processors, etc not seem to function as well as desktops with the same specs?	Laptops sacrifice power for portability. Open up a desktop and there'll be plenty of room left over. Open a laptop of similar vintage, and everything is crammed in, tight! The GPUs used in laptops simply don't have the room for the vast amount of VRAM etc needed for complex computations. They also have to be drastic...	[ "An external GPU is a graphics processor located outside of the housing of the computer. External graphics processors are sometimes used with laptop computers. Laptops might have a substantial amount of RAM and a sufficiently powerful central processing unit (CPU), but often lack a powerful graphics processor, and ...
Is it possible for octane to freeze out of gasoline?	No. This form of distillation is possible with certain solutions, just not gasoline. In gasoline, a molecule of n-octane is interacting both with other n-octane molecules as well a bunch of linear and branched alkanes, all of which are chemically very similar to n-octane (but have different freezing points). The freezi...	[ "Octanes are a family of hydrocarbons that are typical components of gasoline. They are colorless liquids that boil around 125 °C (260 °F). One member of the octane family, isooctane, is used as a reference standard to benchmark the tendency of gasoline or LPG fuels to resist self-ignition.\n", "Liquid gasoline i...
I have myopia. When I look in a mirror, objects behind me are blurry. Logically, shouldn't I be able to see these things clearly?	No. Suppose that you're looking at something sitting 2 feet in front of a mirror. The image in the mirror would appear 2 feet into the mirror. The way the light rays bounce off the mirror and enter your eyes is exactly the same as though you were looking at the object sitting 2 feet on the other side of a window. I...	[ "Another related autoscopy disorder is known as negative autoscopy (or negative heautoscopy) a psychological phenomenon in which the sufferer does not see his or her reflection when looking in a mirror. Although the sufferer's image may be seen by others, he or she claims not to see it.\n", "Instrument myopia, is...
What are random "flash memories", and what is going on in the brain when they occur?	Huh. I've never heard of this, and I do research into memory. Maybe I'm not understanding. Could you describe the situation more?	[ "Flashbulb memory occurs when a very vivid memory of a traumatic, emotional, or significant event is recalled. Researchers typically use public events such as the John F. Kennedy assassination and 9/11 as cues when studying flashbulb memories. Participants are asked to recall very specific information such as where...
the differences between satanic religions, forms of believes and sects	Generally there's two main forms of Satanism in the West. The first is LaVeyan Satanism which doesn't literally believe in Satan (or God), but believe that Satan is a symbol that represents the good life: rebelling against authority, giving people what they deserve, worship of the self, etc. A guy in the US named Anton...	[ "Rather than being one single form of religious Satanism, there are instead multiple different religious Satanisms, each with different ideas about what being a Satanist entails. The historian of religion Ruben van Luijk used a \"working definition\" in which Satanism was regarded as \"the intentional, religiously ...
how your internal clock works	Your body produces 2 chemicals that help regulate your sleep wake cycle: cortisol and melatonin. Cortisol is the "awake" hormone and melatonin is the "sleep" hormone. At night, your melatonin level rises and triggers sleep while cortisol levels decrease. In the morning, the opposite happens. Your body gets accustomed ...	[ "The normal body clock oscillates with an endogenous period of exactly 24 hours, it entrains, when it receives sufficient daily corrective signals from the environment, primarily daylight and darkness. Circadian clocks are the central mechanisms that drive circadian rhythms. They consist of three major components:\...
Do overweight people have an increased capacity for heat evaporation due to larger skin surface?	wouldn't they have proportionally less surface area vs. mass (as the surface area grows as a squared exponent while the volume grows as a cubed exponent)?	[ "Excess skin is an effect of surplus skin and fat after expansion during pregnancy or adipositas and following loss of weight. Further reasons can be aging effects, genetic disorders or an intentional expansion for skin reconstruction.\n", "Dehydration is a recognized factor affecting BIA measurements as it cause...
are rechargeable batteries better fiscally/environmentally vs. disposable ones?	Fiscally no question they are better. Environmentally I am unsure. But the energy required to charge a AA battery costs pennies so assuming you use them regularly they will make their money back quickly.	[ "Rechargeable batteries have lower total cost of use and environmental impact than non-rechargeable (disposable) batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same form factors as disposables. Rechargeable batteries have higher initial cost but can be recharged very cheaply and used many times.\n"...
why would less population in the future be a bad thing? i thought the world is already overpopulated.	Almost every governmental financial policy is based on the assumption that the economy / GDP will keep growing larger, and thus tax revenues will continually increase. Businesses will get more efficient, more goods will be produced and - most importantly for our discussion - more people will exist to create and consum...	[ "The theory of overpopulation reflects issues of carrying capacity without taking into account per capita consumption, by which developing nations are evaluated to consume more than their land can support. The United Nations estimate that world population will reach 9.8 billion in the year 2050 and 11.2 in 2100. Th...
How did Romans dredge silt from harbors?	This is an interesting question, and this thread is a wasteland of deleted replies. I've been doing a bit of looking around and I am not finding very much discussion of the hows. Vitruvius, in his de architectura, mentions in passing the operations to dredge harbors at several cities in Asia Minor (on the modern w...	[ "The Romans introduced many innovations in harbor design. They built walls underwater and constructed solid breakwaters. These structures were made using roman concrete.In some cases wave reflection was used to prevent silting. They used surface-height breakwaters to trip the waves before they reached the main brea...
The Earth's gravity is strong enough to keep orbiting spaceships/stations from flying off into space, so why do people on board seem not to experience it? Shouldn't they be drawn down towards the Earth-side of the spacecraft?	They are drawn towards the earth the same as the spacecraft in orbit. They're in orbit too.	[ "Spacecraft are held in orbit by the gravity of the planet which they are orbiting. In Newtonian physics, the sensation of weightlessness experienced by astronauts is not the result of there being zero gravitational acceleration (as seen from the Earth), but of there being no g-force that an astronaut can feel beca...
Was it common practice for ancient historians to cite their sources?	Well, Herodotus is another case of weird ancient history. In his book the Histories he talks about his methodology, which was to travel around and collect history from people as they told it. As you can imagine his book is full of tales of monsters and gods and stuff like that. Interestingly he does mention at times ...	[ "Historians have two major avenues which they take to better understand the ancient world: archaeology and the study of source texts. Primary sources are those sources closest to the origin of the information or idea under study. Primary sources have been distinguished from secondary sources, which often cite, comm...
why do airlines now ask you to unplug smartphones from chargers during takeoff and landing?	I know the initial reason they banned using electronic devices during takeoff and landing is because those are the times that something is most likely to go wrong with the plane, so they don't want you distracted in case you have to react quickly to accident. So maybe it's the same reason? Maybe it's to prevent a tripp...	[ "Because of, among other things, electromagnetic waves emitted by this type of device, the use of any type of electronic device during the take-off and landing phases was totally prohibited on board commercial flights. On 13 November 2013, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) announced that the use of mobile ...
Why is styrofoam squeaky?	There was a good answer to a very similar question [here](_URL_0_) a few months ago: > Styrofoam is mostly air, and is otherwise walls of the polymer polystyrene. The reason that it is so squeaky is that when something rubs against it, on the microscopic level, there is a "stick-slip" interaction between the surface...	[ "A stertor is a respiratory sound characterized by heavy snoring or gasping. It is caused by partial obstruction of airway above the level of the larynx and by vibrations of tissue of the naso-pharynx, pharynx or soft palate (this distinguishes it from stridor, which is caused by turbulent air flow below or in the ...
how does someone get tss with a tampon?	The link between high absorbency tampons and TSS isn't completely understood. It may be because high absorbency tampons are left in longer, allowing bacteria to grow, while less absorbent ones must be replaced faster. Or, it may be because a drier tampon is more likely to cause little tears in the vaginal wall, letting...	[ "Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a potentially fatal bacterial illness. Scientists have recognized an association between TSS and tampon use, although the exact connection remains unclear. TSS caused by menstrual cup use appears to be very rare to virtually nonexistent. The probable reason for this is that menstrual ...
whaling and why countries still use it today.	Because whales are tasty.	[ "Whale oil is used little today and modern whaling is primarily done for food: for pets, fur farms, sled dogs and humans, and for making carvings of tusks, teeth and vertebrae. Both meat and blubber (muktuk) are eaten from narwhals, belugas and bowheads. From commercially hunted minkes, meat is eaten by humans or a...
what are the chances of my keyless entry unlocking somebody else's car?	this is what i found online: "Given a 40-bit code, four transmitters and up to 256 levels of look-ahead in the pseudo-random number generator to avoid desynchronization, there is a one-in-a-billion chance of your transmitter opening another car's doors."	[ "The EV-1 did not include a key to unlock and lock the vehicle, though one could be provided if the driver required one. To unlock or lock the car, drivers entered a personal identification number (PIN) on a keypad in the driver's side door, similar to that of Ford's Securicode system. Once inside, to start the car...
why do companies like redbull and monster spend so much money on sponsorship and advertising when everyone knows them?	Part of marketing and advertising is to generate impulse desires in consumers. You see a commercial for McDonald's, they talk about a Big Mac, you want a Big Mac, you go out and buy a Big Mac. Even if they can't compel you to go out and buy a can immediately, Red Bull and Monster are just trying to keep themselves at...	[ "Many other brands used the free service as a platform for advertising their products, showing off exclusive content and creating contests to keep consumers interested in the brand. Cadbury UK had used their profile to show off new confectionaries that were in the making and created a contest around giving out samp...
how do animals like lions, tigers, etc. carry their young by their mouth without hurting them?	It's easy, they don't bite it full force, just the way you don't instantly snap a pencil by chewing on it	[ "In a 2017 study carried out by the team of Dr. Bruce Patterson found that one of the lions had an infection at the root of his canine tooth, which made it hard for the lion to hunt. Lions normally use their jaws to grab prey like zebras and wildebeests and suffocate them.\n", "BULLET::::- Cichlid. In addition to...
how did anime go from being relatively innocent and cartoonish to highly sexualized characters?	A big part of it, I think, is that Japan doesn't have the same views on sex as the West does. (Most of the times that Japan's views on sex do match up with the West, it was because of imperialism.) To some degree, it's a result of anime becoming more developed and popular with more audiences. There was sex back then...	[ "In writing for the magazine \"Cyzo\", manga critic Jyamao wrote that because of its overall light and pop literary style, none of the indecency or immorality cross-dressing may engender comes through, which he surmises is why the anime was able to air during prime time. Jyamao notes the more extreme nature of the ...
why, if human bites almost always become infected, do we lick our wounds?	In addition to adding saliva that helps blood to clot, when you lick a wound that might have germs in it, you expose your tonsils and other specific organs to the germs. Those organs are used by the immune system to quickly identify, and respond to germs. Like capturing a few enemy soldiers, and torturing them into g...	[ "There are potential health hazards in wound licking due to infection risk, especially in immunocompromised patients. Human saliva contains a wide variety of bacteria that are harmless in the mouth, but that may cause significant infection if introduced into a wound. A notable case was a diabetic man who licked his...
how did spacecrafts come back to earth from the moon? did the lack of earth-like atmosphere on the moon interfere somehow?	Landing on the moon without an atmosphere was harder than getting off the moon without an atmosphere. Having an atmosphere means that as you go faster, you get more resistance to acceleration as the air has less time to move out of the way and let you pass. Think about moving your legs in water versus moving your legs...	[ "In October 1968, sources in the U.S. claimed the mission was not as successful as the Soviets advertised. The mission had been intended to fly closer to the Moon, and its actual distance did not allow for useful lunar photography. They also said that the angle at which the spacecraft reentered the atmosphere was t...
what part of the brain controls typing? is it similar to knowing a foreign language?	This doesn't quite answer your question but it's a pretty cool relevant story about language and typing. I'm fluent in English and Chinese, but I can only recall memorized things easily in the language I memorized them in. For example, one of my old passwords I use is a 14 digit long string of numbers. I know it perfe...	[ "Brain typing is a system developed by Jonathan P. Niednagel that applies elements from neuroscience, physiology, and psychology to estimate athletic ability. It is based on the psychological typology of Carl Jung and the later work of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. Currently, no controlled experime...
- camera shutter speeds and their effects	The shutter speed is how long the image sensor is exposed to light. Light hitting the sensor makes the image. The shutter covers the sensor and opens and closes very fast to expose the sensor to light for a short time which is why photos are snapshots of time. The faster the shutter opens and closes the less time the...	[ "Adjustment of the speed (often expressed either as fractions of seconds or as an angle, with mechanical shutters) of the shutter to control the amount of time during which the imaging medium is exposed to light for each exposure. Shutter speed may be used to control the amount of light striking the image plane; 'f...
Did ancient people knew their quoted numbers of troops were baloney?	Quite the contrary. They made a lot of effort to get the numbers right when they sized up enemy armies. They were also usually very specific about the number of their own troops. The problem is that we modern people tend to think of numbers as either true or false: empirical facts in the raw. They are actually a great ...	[ "Several ancient writers give figures for one or both of the armies, but, unfortunately, they are contradictory and, in some cases, unbelievable. Modern scholars' estimates have varied from 6,000 to 9,000 for the Boeotian force. For the Spartan side, most modern scholars favor Plutarch's figure of 10,000 in infantr...
why does my stomach feel cold to the touch after a run or jog?	When you run or jpg your body is focusing on areas of your body that need more blood than your torso, as it isn't focusing on digestion so more blood is pumped elsewhere. Your heart, and lungs, and leg muscles need more blood when running, so your body is doing it's job by moving the blood from less important areas. ...	[ "Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, feeling full soon after beginning to eat (early satiety), abdominal bloating, and heartburn. The most common known mechanism is autonomic neuropathy of the nerve which innervates the stomach: the vagus nerve. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is a major cause of this...
why do digital computer games cost the same or sometimes more than physical copies?	The expense of the disc and art is relatively minor. Keeping brick and mortar stores happy by not massively undercutting them is also a thing.	[ "But their current digital distribution model eliminates the \"radical chasm between who really got the money and who's been doing a lot of the work.\" A game that would sell for US$9.99 on Steam, XBLA or PSN would still net the studio US$7 for every unit sold. So with digital distribution, all of the costs associa...
how can some people allegedly survive years without any food?	Literally without any food (but with water) you die from scurvy or similar malnutrition ailments within a month or 2. There have been morbidly obese individuals that survived more than a year on water, vitamin supliments (to fend of scurvy), and small amounts of baker's yeast while under medical supervision. This is...	[ "In general, humans can survive for two to eight weeks without food, depending on stored body fat. Survival without water is usually limited to three or four days. About 36 million humans die every year from causes directly or indirectly related to starvation. Childhood malnutrition is also common and contributes t...
measuring computing speed - what's the difference between flops, ips, hertz, cps, and the other cps?	FLOPS is FLoating-point Operations Per Second. Floating point operations are more difficult than integer operations. IPS is "instructions per second". (A floating-point operation may require multiple instructions.) Hertz is just the clock speed. Typically a computer can execute 1 operation per clock cycle, but some ...	[ "In general, the speed of supercomputers is measured and benchmarked in \"FLOPS\" (\"FLoating point Operations Per Second\"), and not in terms of \"MIPS\" (Million Instructions Per Second), as is the case with general-purpose computers. These measurements are commonly used with an SI prefix such as tera-, combined ...
why does cold kill plants?	It literally destroys cells. Cell membranes contain water, if the water in the cell membrane freezes then the cell membrane ruptures, destroying the cells.	[ "Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get: a \"light frost\" of will damage fewer types of plants than a \"hard frost\" below .\n", "In addition to cold tolerance, plant hardiness has been observed ...
why have birth rates been declining since the "baby boom" of the 1950s ?	The baby boom is directly attributable to soldiers coming back from World War II and starting families. This was helped by laws in the US that encouraged soldiers to buy homes. So, the birth rate was artificially high during the baby boom. In general, however, birth rate has been declining in developed nations for at ...	[ "The middle of the 20th century was marked by a significant and persistent increase in fertility rates in many countries of the world, especially in the West, resulting in the famous baby boomer generation. Although the baby boom traditionally considered to be the post-war phenomenon started immediately after World...
why do radical muslims feel the need to avenge "offensive" depictions of their prophet? couldn't allah and muhammad dispatch the guilty themselves?	They see themselves as vessels for god's punishment.	[ "Azmi also believes that Muslims themselves are largely responsible for the problems and challenges that exists in their communities due to a lack of education, activism and effective leadership: \"Muslims have become reactionary rather than responding forces,\" he says. \"Reaction leads to friction and destruction...
how did germophobes deal with germs pre-1800s?	You can't be phobic of something you're not even aware of... in the same way that no one at that time had anxiety around flying in an airplane. There were "neat freaks," but they wouldn't have thought in terms of germs or disease, just dirt and cleanliness.	[ "It was not until the 1800s that humans began to recognize the existence and role of germs and microbes in relation to disease. Although many thinkers had ideas about germs, it was not until Louis Pasteur spread his theory about germs, and the need for washing hands and maintaining sanitation (particularly in medic...
why xbox live, psn fall prey to a handful of hackers while facebook, amazon seem airtight?	You can't prevent a DDoS attack, you can only increase the required size of the attack to something that is not feasible. Given a large enough botnet, you would be able to take all of these services down. It's simply far easier to expand web services because a client can connect to any server at any time. If you load ...	[ "In October 2011, users of Xbox Live reported having unauthorized access to their Xbox Live accounts, with Microsoft points subsequently being used and/or bought to purchase various in-game items for \"FIFA 12\". Microsoft is responding to such incidents by restricting access to the account for 25 days whilst the f...
How far down can you sink an egg in water before it cracks?	As a scuba diver we take eggs down to 30 meters all the time. At that pressure you can remove the shell and the raw egg will stay perfectly intact and be neutrally buoyant. It a neat little trick, but I'd implode long before an egg would if I had to dive deep enough to get an egg to crack. You can also drink out of a...	[ "When a chick becomes too large to absorb oxygen through the pores of its eggshell, it uses its egg tooth to peck a hole in the air sac located at the flat end of the egg. This sac provides a few hours' worth of air, during which the chick breaks through the eggshell to the outside. The egg tooth falls off several ...
Tuesday Trivia \| Autumn Holidays, Observances, and Festivals	Most opera houses and companies today run on a "season" schedule which runs from Fall through Spring, with summer off. This Monday was the opening of the [Met season with fancy dresses etc.](_URL_0_) The season is a very long standing tradition in opera, one of the older traditions to survive. The first opera "season...	[ "More regional traditions include the huge Easter Fires or celebrating Sint Maarten on the evening of November 11 when children go door to door with paper lanterns and candles, and sing songs in return for a treat. This holiday is celebrated in some parts of Groningen, North Holland and the southern part of Limburg...
why is the canadian dollar falling so low?	Because our economy was too dependent on oil being $100+ a barrel, and because as the American economy recovers from the 2008 financial crisis their dollar will strengthen, so ours by comparison has to weaken.	[ "The Canadian dollar fell in value against its American counterpart during the technological boom of the 1990s that was centred in the United States, and was traded for as little as US$0.6179 US on January 21, 2002, which was an all-time low. Since then, its value against all major currencies rose until 2013, due i...
what's going in inside of your stomach when you haven't gone to the toilet for ages?	The waste is building up in your intestines, but if you have eaten low-fiber food, it may be surprisingly little waste — the fluids and nutrients having been absorbed into your body through the intestinal walls.	[ "In 1617, a merchant in the municipality Grossglockau slit up his abdomen so that the intestines fell out; he then pulled out his stomach and threw it on the bed. The chronicler notes he lived long enough to regret his action.\n", "Diverticulosis (the presence of bowel diverticula) is an essentially ubiquitous ph...
Can someone explain what happened to Jupiter yesterday? (Video of impact/crash in description)	Looks like a light artefact to me.	[ "Just 15 minutes after leaving port, the \"Jupiter\" was struck by an Italian freight ship, the \"Adige\", that was entering port. The collision tore a by hole in \"Jupiter\"s port side. Within 40 minutes (at 6.55pm), the ship had sunk vertically and stern first in of water.\n", "\"Jupiter\" sank the on 17 Januar...
Why weren't Portugal or Netherlands muscled out by the larger powers?	I can't answer for Portugal, but in the case of the Netherlands: they tried. Oh they tried. Here's a quick list of wars: * 1568–1648 Eighty Year's War (vs Spain) - Dutch win * 1652–1654 First Anglo-Dutch War - Stalemate (advantage English) * 1665–1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War - Dutch win * 1672–1674 Third Anglo-Dutch ...	[ "The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, with King Phillip II's enemies becoming Portugal's enemies as well. War with the Dutch led to attacks on most of Portugal's far-flung trading network in and around Asia, including Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), and Goa, as well as attacks up...
Why were most carnivor dinosaurs bipedal?	All carnivorous dinosaurs that we know of were [theropods](_URL_0_), and all theropods had two legs. Changing diet (going from herbivore to carnivore or vice-versa) is a huge evolutionary change. We do know of some theropods who turned vegetarian (it's believed that the basal members of theropoda were all carnivor...	[ "Carnivorans have teeth and claws adapted for catching and eating other animals. Many hunt in packs and are social animals, giving them an advantage over larger prey. Some carnivorans, such as cats and pinnipeds, depend entirely on meat for their nutrition. Others, such as raccoons and bears, are more omnivorous, d...
why do tv stations still air new episodes at a set time, if it'll be on demand and streamable anyway?	The channels or stations that air new episodes have exclusive broadcast rights (that they pay the studio that makes the show) lots of money for. The channel/stations do this for advertising revenue - so for the two or three months between the show airing and when it shows up in iTunes or Netflix, the channel that broa...	[ "Since at least the 2000s, new broadcast television series are often ordered (funded) for just the first 10 to 13 episodes, to gauge audience interest. If a series is popular, the network places a \"back nine order\" and the season is completed to the regular 20 to 26 episodes. An established series which is alread...
Is water's high specific heat capacity a property of the molecule itself, or an emergent property of many molecules?	For gases, the specific heat capacity at a given temperature is determined by the number of degrees of freedom available to each individual molecule. So it’s a property of the molecular structure. This property of individual molecules determines the response of a macroscopic amount of them to changes in temperature ...	[ "Organic molecules often show a dramatic increase in solubility with temperature, partly because of the polarity changes described above, and also because the solubility of sparingly soluble materials tends to increase with temperature as they have a high enthalpy of solution. Thus materials generally considered \"...
What causes the body to slow bladder and bowel functions during sleep, and could this be artificially reproduced?	Normally you produce more anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) at night, this decreases the need to pee. [Desmopressin](_URL_0_) acts like ADH. Peristalsis slows at night which is why you don't usually need to awaken to poo. Imodium or a cheese heavy diet can recreate that effect...	[ "Urinary retention is characterised by poor urinary stream with intermittent flow, straining, a sense of incomplete voiding, and hesitancy (a delay between trying to urinate and the flow actually beginning). As the bladder remains full, it may lead to incontinence, nocturia (need to urinate at night), and high freq...
how do large scale (business, school, airport) wifi set-ups work?	Commercial networks are setup differently than home networks. In your home you have a wireless router which serves as both a router(directs traffic to the right places) and a wireless access point(generates the wifi for you to connect to). In a commercial environment there is one router which is connected to lots of ...	[ "By measuring what a wireless network subscriber would experience in any specific area, wireless carriers can make directed changes to their networks that provide better coverage and service to their customers.\n", "A Private Shared Wireless Network is made up of multiple communications towers and base stations, ...
why does paper appear wet after leaving leather on it overnight?	maybe your headphones get oily from contact with your skin. That oil the transfers to the paper overnight.	[ "The process of wet-folding allows a folder to preserve a curved shape more easily. It also reduces the number of wrinkles substantially. Wet-folding allows for increased rigidity and structure due to a process called \"sizing\". Sizing is a water-soluble adhesive, usually methylcellulose or methyl acetate, that ma...
how does acquainted taste work? why do some people have it and others don't?	Do you mean acquired taste? No one has an acquired taste to start - you gain a taste for something only by experiencing it. That's what acquired taste means. The best example I can think of is beer. Everyone's first beer tastes gross. It's only after you've had numerous beers that you begin to acquire a taste for it a...	[ "The sense of taste is considered to be the most intimate one because we can't taste anything from a distance. It is also believed to be the most distinctly emotional sense. Our taste is also dependent on our saliva and differs on each different person. People who prefer saltier foods are used to a higher concentra...
why does a movie like suicide squad have the trailer out now, but a release date in over a year from now?	> What happens between now until release? Did you see how many of the scenes had special effects? A lot of them, right? Adding special effects to raw film takes awhile. The raw, effects free, filming has been done. What they're doing now is adding effects, composing and adding music, etc. Basically, they're turnin...	[ "The teaser trailer was released on selected screens accompanying \"Meet Joe Black\" on November 13, 1998, and media reported that people were paying full admission at theaters to see the trailer. To keep fans from leaving before the movie was over, some theaters played the teaser an additional time after the film ...
I don't fully understand what hybridization is nor how to identify it?	Hybridization is when the wavefunctions of the orbitals add or subtract each other in order to form new orbitals. It is not when electrons overlap - that's just a simple chemical bond formed when a molecular orbital is made. Hybridization theory can be applied to other elements, but is commonly applied to carbon to ex...	[ "In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in blending inheritance), but can show hybrid vigour, sometimes growing la...
Exactly how does the Dyson Air Multiplier work?	Their [website](_URL_0_) is helpful. Basically the air they suck up from the base is accelerated and force out the little holes making jets (the red area in the image). Its like using your thumb on the hose to make the water go further (therefore faster). The difference in pressure pulls the air behind the fan through ...	[ "The Dyson Air Multiplier was announced on 18 October 2009 as an electric fan, intended to provide smoother airflow and, having no exposed rotating blades, operating in a safer manner than conventional bladed fans. Like other bladeless fans, the apparatus itself has no visible external blades, as the fan blades are...
If the speed of light never varies, what is happening to it in prisms and Bose-Einstein condensate? Does it not slow down in those cases?	The short answer is that while c, the speed of light in a vaccum, never varies depending on how you move, the actual speed of a ray of light can vary depending on the type of material it is moving through. The long answer is that the speed of light never changes, but as a photon travels through a substance, it is abso...	[ "BULLET::::- If the electrons emit a light wave which is 270° out of phase with the light wave shaking them, it will cause the wave to travel faster. This is called \"anomalous refraction\", and is observed close to absorption lines (typically in infrared spectra), with X-rays in ordinary materials, and with radio ...
why are movies available for purchase much faster to the public now vs recent years?	Piracy. The longer people have to wait for a movie the more chance illegal downloads will happen...	[ "Between 2010 until 2011, due to the substantial increase in value added tax applied to foreign films, cinemas no longer have access to many foreign films, including Oscar-winning films. Foreign films include major box offices from the west, and other major film producers of the world. This has caused a massive rip...
why is britain considered the closest ally of the usa when the usa had to fight a war of independence to break free from britain? why is france not their closest ally since they fought alongside usa in the independence war and without them usa had very low chances of winning?	That was a long time ago. Fighting together against Germany in WW2 cemented their alliance. Sharing a language and some culture helps maintain the relationship. Britain is also a relatively strong military power compared to most countries, with nuclear weapons and a permanent seat in the UN security council. It's usef...	[ "In 1778, France, hoping to capitalise on the British defeat at Saratoga, recognized the United States of America as an independent nation. Negotiating with Benjamin Franklin in Paris, they formed a military alliance. France in 1779 persuaded its Spanish allies to declare war on Britain. France despatched troops to...
why is the british pound worth more than the us dollar? how are exchange rates determined?	I'm pretty sure based on my experience dealing with Bitcoin that exchange rates are simply determined by how many people have each unit of currency that are willing to sell, versus how many people are in need of each currency and looking to buy. Let's say you have $100 United States dollars and you are looking to sell...	[ "The pound and the euro fluctuate in value against one another, although there may be correlation between movements in their respective exchange rates with other currencies such as the US dollar. Inflation concerns in the UK led the Bank of England to raise interest rates in late 2006 and 2007. This caused the poun...
How are boreholes drilled in Antarctica?	You're right, it is very difficult. The drilling rig is flown in on transport aircraft and/or hauled across the ice to the drilling site. Otherwise, it's really not all that different than any other drilling. The big difference is in the drilling fluid. In conventional drilling, you do that with varius "Muds" mixed w...	[ "In 1950, the French Expédition Polaires Françaises (EPF) drilled two dry holes in Greenland using a rotary rig, at Camp VI, on the west coast, and Station Centrale, inland, reaching 126 m and 151 m. Some shallow holes were also drilled that summer on Baffin Island, using a coring drill, and in the Antarctic, the N...
Any good books on the New Spain viceroyalty?	Cool! Haven't seen anyone asking about literature on New Spain before. If you're looking for a good and rather broad overview I'd suggest "Gerhard, Peter: A guide to the historical geography of New Spain. Cambridge 1972". The introduction goes into the administration and political organisation, so how the Viceroayalty...	[ "BULLET::::- Sahagun, Bernardino de. \"Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain\". Translated and edited by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. 13 vols. Santa Fe: School of American Research, and University of Utah, 1950-1982.\n", "BULLET::::- Sahagun, Bernardino de. \"Florentine Code...
what purpose does fort knox serve, since the united states no longer backs the dollar with gold?	The US still has gold and some of it is still kept there. It's also just used as a really safe place to keep stuff. Original copies of the constitution, declaration of independence and the UK's Magna Carta have all had stays in Fort Knox. There's been crown jewels of foreign nations under threat and medicine secu...	[ "As of 1937, it served as a storage facility for silver bullion and was thus nicknamed \"The Fort Knox of Silver.\" Even without United States Mint status, it produced U.S. coinage. From 1974 through 1986, the West Point Mint produced Lincoln cents bearing no mint mark, making them indistinguishable from those prod...
Did China invent the steam engine?	No. Various conspiracy/sinologue-apologist/revisionists may suggest so, but it has never been mentioned by any credible, reliable, or otherwise historically viable source that I'm aware of.	[ "The first steam locomotive in China is thought to be a 2'6\" gauge 0-4-0T engine used on the Shanghai-Wusong railway. Towards the end of the 19th century concessions obtained from the Qing dynasty enabled foreign powers (Germany, Russia, France and Great Britain) to build railways in China, and they introduced a v...
I'm writing an essay on Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and his rule in Iran, but im not sure who to read when researching him. Can anyone help?	"Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty" by Ali Gheissari and Vali Nasr (specifically Chapter 2), and "The Shah" by Abbas Milani are both accessible books by reputable scholars. They also have good bibliographies, so you can find more sources that way. If your school has access to any academic journals th...	[ "The book is Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's personal account of his reign and accomplishments, as well as his perspective on issues related to the Iranian Revolution and Western foreign policy toward Iran. He places some of the blame for the wrongdoings of the SAVAK as well as the failures of various democratic and social...
It’s Wednesday my Dudes! How long in advance did we know today would be Wednesday? When is the last time the days of the week were tweaked?	Mentioning previous answers is intended as a starting point, not to discourage follow-on questions, info, or debate. There's an FAQ section at _URL_1_ In the app, the "#" anchor doesn't work, so on that "Calendars and timekeeping" page, it's section Weeks, weekdays, and weekends There are three discussions that look...	[ "In \"Waiting for the Weekend\", Rybczynski recounts the evolution of the seven-day week, which came into being with the Babylonian calendar, and the later, more modern, development of the two-day weekend. In so doing, he tells the history of leisure and time off; starting first with \"taboo\" days, market days, pu...
why isn't being a mafia associate a crime?	You can't be tried and jailed for merely associating with a criminal; otherwise many of us would already be in jail. For example, I have a friend who does heroin. Should I be put in jail because he's my friend? The fact of the matter is that a person has to be directly linked to an actual crime in order to be tried a...	[ "A mafia is a type of organized crime syndicate whose primary activities are protection racketeering, arbitrating disputes between criminals, and brokering and enforcing illegal agreements and transactions. Mafias often engage in secondary activities such as gambling, loan sharking, drug-trafficking, prostitution, ...
what is the difference mechanically between copying a file and moving it?	Copy is to make a copy of the selected file or folder and place the duplicate in another drive or folder, while move is to move the original files from one place to another location. The move command deletes the original files, while copy retains them.	[ "In digital file management, file copying is the creation of a new file which has the same content as an existing file. Computer operating systems include file copying methods to users, with operating systems with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) often providing copy-and-paste or drag-and-drop methods of file copyi...
do other animals go through puberty?	Yes they do, but most of them go through it much earlier and much quicker than we do, and it's generally defined purely in terms of sexual maturity (i.e. puberty is the line between being able to, and not being able to breed).	[ "Puberty is a complex developmental process defined as the transition from childhood to adolescence and adult reproductive function. The first sign of female puberty is an acceleration of growth followed by the development of a palpable breast bud (thelarche). The median age of thelarche is 9.8 years. Although the ...
What's the history of prostitutes in Wessos?	Are you referring to Westeros or Essos, perhaps? If it is the latter, I would recommend "Where the Whores Go" by Ty R.R. Lancaster. He gives a lot of context for what kept "the oldest profession" alive in the east when it seemed to die out in the west. Spoiler alert: centralized religion. Still waiting on his next bo...	[ "Prostitutes and courtesans were licensed as \"yūjo\" (), \"women of pleasure\", and ranked according to an elaborate hierarchy, with \"tayū\" and later \"oiran\" at the apex. The districts were walled and guarded for taxation and access control. The prostitutes were rarely allowed out of the walls, except to visit...
how does your brain not bang the sides of your skull when moving your head about?	To an extent it does, that’s how you can get concussions. But the liquid in your head cushions it and protects it from trauma like that.	[ "Brain injury can occur at the site of impact, but can also be at the opposite side of the skull due to a \"contrecoup\" effect (the impact to the head can cause the brain to move within the skull, causing the brain to impact the interior of the skull opposite the head-impact). If the impact causes the head to move...
What were the conventions that governed the piano accompaniment of silent movies?	All sorts of audio accompaniment took place at silent film showings, depending on the film, period, and locale. Silent film spans nearly 30 years and the world over, so there's really no single answer. Musical accompaniment could be live or pre-recorded (Thanks to, for example, a gramophone). It could be a pianist or a...	[ "Films of the silent era were typically projected with musical accompaniment. Originally, the accompanying music varied not only by film but by venue, and often featured the performance of a live pianist or even, in larger theaters, a full orchestra. The first 30 years of the 20th century also saw the development o...
In the 3rd century BCE why did the Macedonian Kingdom have so many rulers compared to the Seleucid or Egyptian Kingdoms?	I am not sure from where you are getting the sense that the Antigonid dynsaty (the Hellenistic rulers of Macedonia) was more numerous than the Seleucids or Ptolemies in the 3rd century. A brief look at some online sources give the following numbers: * [There were 5 different Seleucid kings in the 3rd century](_URL_1_)...	[ "Under the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the kingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of just 25 years, largely thanks to the personality and policies of its king. In addition to utilising effective diplomacy and marriage alliances t...
volts and amps and overall electricity	Amps is the easiest to understand. Current, measured in Amps is how many electrons are going by at in a second. Double the amps means double the number of electrons passed in one second. Amps is not energy because each electron could pass on more ore less energy. Volts are a little trickier. Although it isn't a pe...	[ "One volt is defined as the difference in electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. It is also equal to the potential difference between two parallel, infinite planes spaced 1 meter apart that create an electr...

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