Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
What are the detailed biological and physical effects of holding your breath (if it were possible) until you die?	Technically you cant hold your breath forever. At some point you will pass out and your breathing will resume as natural process. But if you cant exhale/inhale because of some outside thing, your lungs will use up all available oxygen, and fill up on CO2, which will burn your lungs from inside till they shut down, then...	[ "There is a degree of controversy amongst researchers regarding the extent to which restraint positions restrict breathing. Some researchers report that when they conducted laboratory studies of the effects of restraint on breathing and oxygen levels, the effect was limited. Other researchers point out that deaths ...
Are there any examples of body armour, specially medieval European armour, designed for and worn by women?	hi! fyi, there was a similar question a couple of weeks ago [How do they make armors for big-breasted women in the Middle Age?](_URL_0_)	[ "Unlike the male knights, it was virtually unimaginable to see women taking part in medieval battles or commanding battalions of soldiers, but there are exceptions. Joan of Arc is the most famous. Some wore armour, others commanded troops, and some were members of an official order of chivalry. One woman to wear fu...
the hawaiian volcano eruption is threatening a geothermal plant. why can't we "spray" the incoming magma with water to cool it and build a "wall" protecting certain areas?	That would work if there wasn't so much lava. The amount of water needed to cool it is astronomical, and you would need to dig a trench, and they can't dig one deep enough fast enough, I think.	[ "In 2018 NASA published a theoretical plan to prevent a volcanic eruption by pumping large quantities of cold water down a borehole into the hydrothermal system of a supervolcano. The water would cool the huge body of magma in the chambers below the volcano so that the liquid magma becomes semi-solid. Thus enough h...
in ancient and medieval times, did people really just kill disabled people?	In some cultures, yes. The disabled can in some cases be an enormous drain on time and resources, to the point of making life much more difficult for others. In a society where resources are extremely limited, the tough choice might be made. In most modern cultures, this is no longer a choice that has to be made.	[ "Disability is poorly documented in the Middle Ages, though disabled people constituted a large part of Medieval society as part of the peasantry, clergy, and nobility. Very little was written or recorded about a general disabled community at the time, but their existence has been preserved through religious texts ...
Confusing names of English dynasties	From what I'd gathered, 1154 is when historians start calling the English kings Angevins or the House of Anjou. Before that they generally refer to the House of Normandy (though some count Stephen separately as the House of Blois). The switch from "Anjou" to "Plantagenet" is usually made between John and Henry III,...	[ "The names are given in modern English form followed by the names and titles (as far as is known) in contemporary Old English (Anglo-Saxon) and Latin, the prevalent \"official\" languages of the time in England.\n", "The toponymy of England, like the English language itself, derives from various linguistic origin...
Does being in a compound affect the radioactivity of elements like uranium?	> Does being in a compound affect the half life of uranium? No, in general the half life of an isotope is independent of its environment, though in isotopes that decay through electron capture there is a small effect and if an isotope can only decay by electron capture, then keeping it completely ionized will stop it...	[ "Every element has one or more isotopes that have unstable nuclei that are subject to radioactive decay, causing the nucleus to emit particles or electromagnetic radiation. Radioactivity can occur when the radius of a nucleus is large compared with the radius of the strong force, which only acts over distances on t...
Where does the energy come from when a star "explodes" the end of its life?	You're describing [core-collapse supernovae](_URL_1_), and you're right, they're not nuclear-powered. They're gravity-powered. [Here's my earlier (long) explanation of why the iron core collapses in on itself](_URL_3_). The upshot is that you have a ball of iron with something like the mass of our sun, and it goes i...	[ "When stars die, supernova explosions, similarly, drive blast waves that can reach even larger sizes, with expansion velocities up to several hundred km s. Stars in OB associations are not gravitationally bound, but they drift apart at small speeds (of around 20 km s), and they exhaust their fuel rapidly (after a f...
How is data encoded on light?	What you're talking about is called multiplexing, and there are a few different ways to go about it. One way is time-division multiplexing. You know those chess guys you see in the park playing three games at once? That's time-division multiplexing. They play one board for a minute, then move to the next, then the ne...	[ "Data are encoded by assigning a bit pattern to each character, digit, or multimedia object. Many standards exist for encoding (e.g., character encodings like ASCII, image encodings like JPEG, video encodings like MPEG-4).\n", "Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical ...
please eli5: what the bible has to say about people who belong to lgbt groups.	A note on Lilith - she's not in the Bible itself but Talmudic texts and a lot of stuff about her was developed much later (like the Middle Ages). Sort of like how many people's mental picture of Hell comes from Paradise Lost and The Divine Comedy rather than the Bible.	[ "This is an international organization for gay, lesbian, transgender, bisexual, and intersex people who identify as members or ex-members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Although a core belief is that \"homosexuality and homosexual relationships can be consistent with and supported ...
the science/marketing behind the "essential oils" craze	Can you clarify which "craze" you're talking about? I'm honestly not aware of any essential oil movement that would qualify as a "crazy", but I have seen essential oils marketed as everything from aromatherapy (which is bunk, but mostly harmless) to This Will Cure Cancer (which is complete bunk and (no pun intended) ...	[ "Oils were used for aesthetic pleasure and in the beauty industry. It was a luxury item and a means of payment. It was believed the essential oils increased the shelf life of wine and improved the taste of food.\n", "Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades with the popularity of aromatherapy, a b...
how does a democracy work if the majority of individuals don't understand most of the basic concepts involved within their government?	Well technically speaking, the US, alongside practically all other modern countries around the globe, isn't a 'democracy' - it's a 'representative democracy'. Effectively, this means the electorate don't need to be knowledgable in politics and the economy to make the political scene 'work', as they elect people who (...	[ "One argument for democracy is that by creating a system where the public can remove administrations, without changing the legal basis for government, democracy aims at reducing political uncertainty and instability and assuring citizens that however much they may disagree with present policies, they will be given ...
Can gravity be altered on specific objects?	As the gravitational effect of an object is tied to its mass, you can only alter the forces by changing the mass. While not at fancy as some of the concepts you propose... consider trying to lift a gallon of milk: If you drink some of the milk, the remaining milk in the gallon container is easier to lift as the Earth i...	[ "Further, the \"gravity\" felt by an object pressed against the hull of the spacecraft is simply the reaction force of the object on the hull reacting to the acceleration force of the hull on the object, in accordance with Newton's Third Law and somewhat similar to the effect on an object pressed against the hull o...
trading share options	Buying an option is putting a little bit of money up front, to fix the price you can buy(or sell) something at a future date. Imaginary Inc (ticker IMI) is trading at $43 An option has 4 parts. the underlining asset, Strike, expiration date and Type Lets get rid of the simple ones first. * Und...	[ "Exchange-traded options (also called \"listed options\") are a class of exchange-traded derivatives. Exchange-traded options have standardized contracts, and are settled through a clearing house with fulfillment guaranteed by the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC). Since the contracts are standardized, accurate pr...
Does the Earth gets bigger trough the Seafloor Spraeading ?	No, new seafloor (oceanic lithosphere) is created at [mid-ocean ridges](_URL_1_) but this, on average, is balanced by seafloor being destroyed at [subduction zones](_URL_0_), meaning that the surface area of the Earth is constant (but this destruction and creation of oceanic lithosphere are the primary mechanisms drivi...	[ "The huge amounts of sediments eroded from the forming mountain chain filled the basin and made it shallower. During the Oligocene and Miocene epochs (more exactly, between 10 and 30 million years ago), shallow marine to continental molasse was deposited in the basin. Around 10 to 5 million years ago, tectonic upli...
what is in cheese that often causes people to have crazy dreams or nightmares?	What you are eating is either not cheese, or really old cheese with funny mold growing on it.	[ "The first signs of this effect were discovered by a British pharmacist who noticed that his wife, who at the time was on MAOI medication, had severe headaches when eating cheese. For this reason, it is still called the \"cheese effect\" or \"cheese crisis,\" though other foods can cause the same problem.\n", "Ma...
What happened to the Taiping believers?	More can be said, and I'd be happy to have a go at saying it if you have any further clarifications to ask for, but I [gave a brisk overview](_URL_0_) a few weeks back that you might like to have a look over. To reiterate, very happy to answer follow-ups or clear up any vagaries.	[ "In the summer of 1852 while the Taiping were encamped in Daozhou, three proclamations were issued by Xiao and Yang Xiuqing (by then the East King of the Taipings) in an attempt to gain the sympathy of the locals and to drum up new recruits. These proclamations demonstrated the triune religious-nationalist-politica...
Do people have a biological (inherent) need to socialize and maintain social connections or is such a need a social construct that's passed on in the process of socialization in childhood?	The needs, inclinations, the urges and the feelings that we have and experience are all evolved to help us survive or raise attractiveness. Sexual feelings are a pretty standard example, as we are decendants of those who had a stronger sex drive than others, enjoyed sex and sought the most attractive partners. Evolutio...	[ "The desire to form and maintain social bonds is among the most powerful human motives. If an individual's sense of social connectedness is threatened, their ability to self-regulate suffers. Social relationships are important for human functioning and well-being therefore, research on how social relationships affe...
how drinking alcohol causes cancer	Just an additional comment - the mechanism by which the claim this article is making has not been established. In otherwords, we don't have a hard answer to the question "How does alcohol cause cancer?"	[ "The risk of cancer associated with alcohol consumption is higher in tissues in closest contact on ingestion of alcohol, such as the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus. This is explained by the fact that ethanol is a proven mutagen and in addition, metabolite of ethanol (acetaldehyde) produced in the liver is highl...
why are nfl players tearing acls and other ligaments more now than they did 20 years ago?	The ACL is a major ligament when it comes to stabilizing the knee during deceleration. With the players being bigger, heavier and faster then the strain on this ligament is increased. Also the focus on head injuries tends to cause defenders to hit lower which ultimately means more leg injuries.	[ "In 2013, Thomas became the second player to come back from three torn ACLs in the same knee, joining Carolina Panthers linebacker Thomas Davis, who tore his ACL in each year from 2009-11. Thomas' production was largely speculated to severely decrease after the three ACL tears, yet Thomas quickly recovered from his...
Hunter-gatherer types smearing delicious venom on their bows and arrows for hunting. Why is it that these super dangerous toxins don't contaminate the meat and kill everyone eating it?	Venom is simply a protein that can be digested with no ill effects. It only causes system damage when it is introduced into the muscle or bloodstream. I know a guy that professionally educates the public about snakes. During his show, he will let a rattlesnake strike his snake-proof boot and then he will put some of...	[ "They can potentially bite if grabbed, but other than for defense, they do not attack large animals. Their venom is not regarded as a serious medical problem for humans; it often contains a wide variety of polyamine toxins with potential as therapeutic medicinal agents. Notable among these is the argiotoxin ArgTX-6...
why aren't supplement manufacturers legally required to have their products evaluated by the fda?	Because the FDA's ability to regulate supplements was severely neutered back in the 90s by the ["Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994"](_URL_0_) --edit-- However, I will add that companies cannot make specific claims as to the benefits of their supplements, because that makes them a drug and therefore ...	[ "The FDA has been criticized by advocates for the supplement industry for prohibiting dietary supplement manufacturers from making research supported claims of effectiveness on the labels of their products. Manufacturers of supplements, which are considered foods for regulatory purposes, are allowed to make only li...
Does light travel in a curved line or a straight line?	It travels in a straight line, it's just that the straight lines are curved.	[ "The lines of curvature or curvature lines are curves which are always tangent to a principal direction (they are integral curves for the principal direction fields). There will be two lines of curvature through each non-umbilic point and the lines will cross at right angles.\n", "In general relativity, light fol...
why do we get so appalled when animals like harambe the gorilla and cecil the lion are killed, but still enjoy eating cows, chickens, lambs, and pigs every day?	i'm gonna venture a hypothesis that it has to do with psychological distance and "humanization," for lack of a better word. Psychological distance is easy enough to understand: we don't have to watch the animals we eat grow up, and we don't have to personally slaughter them. Harambe on the other hand was a zoo animal...	[ "Eating apes is not only acceptable in parts of the world; it's a status symbol. Vet Sheri Speede wants to challenge people's attitudes and uses music to spread the message that if people don't stop eating chimpanzees and gorillas, they will be extinct in 15 years. A lot has to change. As one ape meat seller says, ...
Would it have been possible for Hitler to invade the USSR without starting hostilities with Poland and thus the Western Allies?	If you look at the map of Europe in 1939, you'll see that Germany and the USSR didn't share any border. So, if Hitler invaded the USSR, he'd need to do it through some other country. Theoretically, he could've staged troops in the exclave of East Prussia and invaded through Lithuania, but that would've extended suppl...	[ "Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union had negotiated about the upcoming invasion of Poland prior to signing the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. The Soviet Union had been promised half of Poland if they helped the Germans to conquer the country. In the event, the German invasion began on 1 September 1939 but the Soviet Union ...
if someone were sleeping and you were to strike them in the head, would it be possible to "knock them out?"	Sure, if you deliver a blow that renders the sleeping person unconscious (you monster) they are going to be unconscious. The unconsciousness from being knocked out isn't like the unconsciousness from being asleep, and doesn't necessarily let you be roused by an external stimuli (like the blow itself).	[ "BULLET::::11. Back Roll - Make a hard cut toward the wake. One millisecond before you hit the wake, flatten out. Ride up the wake while resisting it (see wake jump). At the top of the wake, and not before, throw your shoulders sideways in the direction of your roll. At the same time, look back over your shoulder a...
What are good books discussing the history of HIV/AIDS?	S. Epstein, Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996) gives a great account of the political struggle, internally and externally around AIDS and the different approach people took to disseminating information when it was in its embryonic stages. ...	[ "This book is a collection of essays edited by Sabar together with Inon Schenker and Francisco Sy. Published in 1996, the book brought together articles from various disciplines (e.g., women and AIDS, religion and AIDS, art and AIDS) and from various places, all of which dealt with AIDS prevention. This was the fir...
why has nobody come to collect on the us debt?	People collect on it every day. It's in the form of US bonds, not in some weird back alley mobster loan. Some of the bonds matured today and some will mature tomorrow and the next day and the next day forever. It's not just one big loan some guy can call in and ask for all his money back.	[ "According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's May 2017 Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit, Americans owe $12.73 trillion in consumer debt to creditors—credit card companies, student loans, mortgages, and car dealers, among others. These debts are usually paid off to creditors, but by 2017, unpaid ...
why do we smile? most species show their teeth as a sign of aggression but we show ours in happiness. why?	A smile was first believed to be used to show fear (also known as a fear grin) from around 30 million years ago by our ancestors. This use of the smile is not too different from its use by apes who also can use their smile to show fear. The smile evolved over millions of years and differently through several animals, c...	[ "Primatologist Signe Preuschoft traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a \"fear grin\" stemming from monkeys and apes who often used barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless, or to signal submission to more dominant group members. The smile may have evolved differen...
in the case of a deadly accident, how does the family of the deceased find out about it?	Good detective work. My wife's sister died in a motorcycle accident in Toronto, Canada. She'd changed her name, and had been largely estranged from her family for decades. There was no family in her home town anymore. My wife changed her name and we live a long way from their home town in the US. Somehow that Canadian...	[ "Efforts to identify the remains were unsuccessful, as no potential matches were discovered. No missing children from the area and surrounding counties appeared to have matched the victim. Because of this, authorities presumed that the victim's family may have been involved in her death. Authorities urged the publi...
With the current flow of refugees from poor, war torn countries such as Syria being a contentious issue in western politics, I wonder; how were the rich, Russian aristocracy treated as refugees after the 1917 revolution?	Numbers... The disparity in population would certainly have placed the number of aristocrats at a much lower level than the number of people fleeing Syria today. Not to mention that many of these elites would have already been able to easily travel to Western Europe as well--provided that this would be the primary dest...	[ "Being one of the hardest hit countries in terms of refugees due to the Syrian Civil War, the Turkish government's policy on Syrian refugees has created controversy, especially in the Hatay Province on the Turkish-Syrian border. The following table shows opinion polling on the support of the government in terms of ...
What happened to the Luftwaffe?	The answer to this is really three factors. First is that the Luftwaffe suffered more losses than it could sustain. This was most evidenced by the Battle of Britain. In that conflict, a Luftwaffe with a strength of about 5000 combat aircraft lost as many as 1800 combat planes over a four month period. That is unsustain...	[ "After the defeat of Germany, the \"Luftwaffe\" was disbanded in 1946. During World War II, German pilots claimed roughly 70,000 aerial victories, while over 75,000 \"Luftwaffe\" aircraft were destroyed or significantly damaged. Of these, nearly 40,000 were lost entirely. The \"Luftwaffe\" had only two commanders-i...
if corn comes out undigested, is there any reason to eat it? do you get any nutrients?	Shells are full of poop when they come out. Don't re-eat them thinking it's free food because it's not digested	[ "Previously, consuming untreated corn was thought to cause pellagra (niacin deficiency)—either from the corn itself or some infectious element in untreated corn. However, further advancements showed that it is a correlational, not causal, relationship. In the 1700s and 1800s, areas that depended highly on corn as a...
How did communist thought spread to China?	Communist thought in China can be traced back to the New Culture Movement in the mid-1910s. It was a movement in which Chinese intellectuals questioned the traditional Chinese ideas of Confucianism and advocated for a more modern and westernized China, with an emphasis on science and democracy. However, the intellectua...	[ "The Chinese Communist Revolution began in 1946 and was part of the ongoing Chinese Civil War. Marx had envisioned European revolutions to be intertwined with Asian revolutions in the mid-19th century with his 1853 \"New York Tribune\" article, \"Revolution in China and Europe,\" in which he references the Chinese ...
What is it about fluorescent colors that make them so "loud"?	Fluorescent colors are essentially materials that reflect light that is invisible to the naked eye as light that is visible, giving the impression of there being more light. So things like highlighters and caution cones take frequencies of light which are out of the visible spectrum and reflect them as frequencies that...	[ "There are many different dimensions by which color varies. For example, hue (shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple), saturation (\"deep\" vs. \"pale\"), and brightness or intensity make up the HSI color space. The adjective \"fluorescent\" in English refers to moderately high brightness with stron...
how does someone source a history book? what's to stop me writing a book about history and making it all up?	Historian here: There are two types of sources: Primary and Secondary. The main pieces of evidence and (secondary) the people writing about the main pieces of evidence. Sometimes they do just make it up! A historian's job is not just to know random dates and people but to interpret the evidence, and this includes l...	[ "\"Book History\" is an academic journal devoted to the history of the book, i.e. the history of the creation, dissemination and reception of script and printed materials. It publishes research on the social, economic and cultural history of authorship, editing, printing, the book arts, publishing and the book trad...
the recent supreme court ruling regarding patent rights and it's implications.	So this specific case revolves around Lexmark. Their argument was that because they had a patent on their ink cartridges that they could bar other people from profiting off those ink cartridges in the 'after market' (the after market meaning after you buy it from the store). There are many places that will refill the c...	[ "The effects on patent law were negligible: \"The Supreme Court’s grant of certiorari for this case came as a surprise to many intellectual property attorneys who did not believe that the Bayh-Dole Act changed the centuries old proposition that inventors ultimately have rights in their patents. As a result, the Sup...
the "raw" mode in cameras	Image formats like .jpg are compressed and this causes loss of data. You don't want a camera to capture data and then immediately throw it out. The RAW format gives you just what the image sensor sees, unaltered and unadulterated.	[ "Cutscenes often feature \"on the fly\" rendering, using the gameplay graphics to create scripted events. Cutscenes can also be pre-rendered computer graphics streamed from a video file. Pre-made videos used in video games (either during cutscenes or during the gameplay itself) are referred to as \"full motion vide...
Why do eyeglasses "work" even when held at arm's length?	I'd venture a guess that you don't have a very strong prescription. I have a fairly strong one, and I can't move my glasses any more than 10 cm from my face without my vision becoming quite blurry. Glasses correct myopia by diverging the light slightly before it enters the eye. This causes the image to focus slightly ...	[ "Eyebars were created during the early 1900's where the cost of steel was high. The creation of the eyebar provided a simple solution to lessening the amount of steel needed in a bridge. Using a pin and eye method less stress would theoretically be placed on the joining members. \n", "In structural engineering an...
How do planetary scientists account for how the Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede & Callisto) turned out so differently from each other?	Tidal heating. Ganymede and Callisto are far enough from Jupiter that they are heated relatively little. [Europa is heated more](_URL_1_) and seems to have a deeper liquid water ocean under a thinner ice crust as a result. The innermost of the Galilean moons [Io](_URL_0_) is heated so much that it is covered with volca...	[ "The \"Jupiter Icy moons Explorer\" will perform detailed investigations on Ganymede as a planetary body and evaluate its potential to support life. Investigations of Europa and Callisto will complete a comparative picture of these Galilean moons. The three moons are thought to harbour internal liquid water oceans,...
how does even the smallest amount of cream/milk in coffee eliminate the bitterness?	Because the fat in the cream/milk chelates caffeine and other aromatic compounds. i.e. caffeine and other particles stick to the fat particles, so the former are not fully available to your taste buds hence the decreased bitterness.	[ "Sour cream, common in many countries including the U.S., Canada and Australia, is cream (12 to 16% or more milk fat) that has been subjected to a bacterial culture that produces lactic acid (0.5%+), which sours and thickens it.\n", "BULLET::::2. Typically the coffee is prepared in single servings in single-cup f...
how is it we can get dizzy/nauseous from viewing images	Your eyes are perceiving that your body should be in one position (lying down in case of the linked gif), yet the signal from the balance centers in your ears are sending a different signal to your brain. This dissonance causes your brain to try and make you feel how you should based on the signal from your eyes.	[ "Lesions in the visual pathway affect vision most often by creating deficits or negative phenomena, such as blindness, visual field deficits or scotomas, decreased visual acuity and color blindness. On occasion, they may also create false visual images, called positive visual phenomena. These images can be a result...
how does mental momentum work in sports. how is it that a team can go on a “run” and what is the explanation behind the mental processes?	When things are going right you get into a flow. When things start going wrong, you start hyper focusing on the pitfalls which causes you to make more careless mistakes that further drive your success down. This last super bowl was a really good example of how quickly this can change. The Kansas City QB had all this ...	[ "A Fast Forward is a task that, once completed, allows the team that completes it to bypass all remaining tasks in the leg and proceed directly to the Pit Stop. The Fast Forward clue is given with another task clue (usually a Roadblock or Detour) and is a separate task from the others. Only one team may complete a ...
despite decades of international aid and intervention, why is sub-saharan africa still portrayed as being such a mess? and is it the mess we're told it is?	You show up with a truck full of food, clean water, medicines to help 1000 people. 10 guys show up with machine guns and take the whole truck away.	[ "Africa is often the posterchild for post-colonial societal collapse where retreating empires and corporate wars for resources have left behind nations unable to maintain their current trajectory of development or even their current state of affairs. Many conflicts currently playing out in Africa, similar to the Mi...
how does a beam of light bend even though it is made up of non-connected photons?	Your main problem is that you're thinking about things strictly in terms of photons. A good rule of thumb is that light travels as a wave, but interacts with matter as a particle (that is to say it is emitted and absorbed in discrete quanta of energy called photons). having said that, since your question is about ...	[ "When a light beam is circularly polarized, each of its photons carries a Spin Angular Momentum (SAM) of formula_3, where formula_4 is the reduced Planck constant and the formula_5 sign is positive for left and negative for right circular polarizations (this is adopting the convention from the point of view of the ...
can you lose your sense of smell?	You can lose the sense of small; it's called anosmia. From what I know, it's often caused by inflammation or other trouble in the nose area. This is usually temporary. It can also be caused by damage to the brain, which is usually more permanent. If you really can't smell anything and there's no obvious reason, i...	[ "A temporary loss of smell can be caused by a blocked nose or infection. In contrast, a permanent loss of smell may be caused by death of olfactory receptor neurons in the nose or by brain injury in which there is damage to the olfactory nerve or damage to brain areas that process smell. The lack of the sense of sm...
how does relaxed immigration policies affect an economy?	It definitely benefits a country to have secure borders. Unregulated borders means a nation is unable to tax imports or control the entry of dangerous goods - guns, prohibited drugs, forgeries and piracies that violate intellectual property rules. A secure border is key to controlling these things. As for immigratio...	[ "NPR reported in March 2006 that when the wages of lower-skilled workers go down, the rest of America benefits by paying lower prices for things like restaurant meals, agricultural produce and construction. The economic impact of unauthorized immigration is far smaller than other trends in the economy, such as the ...
why does my leg itch when i remove my high socks?	I have always found that my legs itch in that situation when my skin is too dry... using a moisturizer helps me.	[ "Given that socks directly contact the feet, their composition can affect foot odor. Synthetic materials like polyester and nylon afford less ventilation to the foot than do cotton or wool, leading to increased perspiration and odor, although they can also reduce incidence of blisters by wicking away perspiration. ...
what causes yellow armpit stains	Your body reacts to the aluminum in your deodorant/anti-antiperspirant. The combo of the two leaves yellow stains. No idea on the other two. ETA: you could try some deodorant that doesn't have aluminum (the kind of hippy natural kind, I guess?) which might eliminate it. You could try a stronger antiperspirant like ce...	[ "Aside from the visible rash, granuloma annulare is usually asymptomatic. Sometimes the rash may burn or itch. People with granuloma annulare usually notice a ring of small, firm bumps (papules) over the backs of the forearms, hands or feet, often centered on joints or knuckles. The bumps are caused by the clusteri...
can someone explain to me what exactly went down during 9/11 like i'm 5?	On 9/11, people from a terrorist group hijacked four planes in order to crash them into important buildings. Two went into the twin WTC towers. One went into the Pentagon. The last crashed in PA because the passengers found out what happened and heroically fought back and brought the plane down before they could hit th...	[ "Scene 6: Hare describes how the events of 9/11 happen. He gives the exact times the planes crashed into the twin towers and the Pentagon. It is also explained that the 4th plane was meant to hit the White House but the passengers were able to prevent that from happening. This is what started the War on Terror betw...
When was the last time in world history that a woman was the MOST powerful individual in the world with actual (not symbolic, restrained) power?	Sorry, I've decided to remove this because it has turned into a textbook case of why we don't allow ["example seeking" questions](_URL_0_). It's not that your question was bad; it's that these kinds of questions tend to produce threads that are collections of disjointed, partial, inadequate responses. If you have a que...	[ "BULLET::::- The presence and rise of a significant number of women as heads of state and heads of government in a number of countries across the world, many being the first women to hold such positions, such as Soong Ching-ling continuing as the first Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China until 1972, Isabel...
put soda pop in freezer, ice chain reaction starts when i open it.	What happens is the pressure that the CO2 builds up when the bottle is sealed prevents it from freezing (more accurately, it would need to get a lot colder before it freezes inside the container) but it is well below freezing temperature. If you time it just right when you open a supercooled soda, you can pour it out ...	[ "An ice pop is a water or milk-based quiescently frozen snack on a stick. Unlike ice cream or sorbet, which are whipped while freezing to prevent ice crystal formation, an ice pop is frozen while at rest and becomes a solid block of ice. The stick is used as a handle to hold it. Without a stick, the frozen product ...
can life we haven't yet found, perhaps extraterrestrial, be made up of something other than dna and cells?	Life as we know it requires several things, including the ability to use energy, replicate, grow, etc. DNA (and RNA) are the only information encoding molecules known to us, but some proteins can perform self replication directly without needing DNA/RNA and hypothetical cell ancestors could have existed long before...	[ "Recent findings by NASA, based on studies of meteorites found on Earth, suggests DNA and RNA components (adenine, guanine and related organic molecules), building blocks for life as we know it, may be formed extraterrestrially in outer space.\n", "In August 2011, findings by NASA, based on studies of meteorites ...
Why did primates evolve to not internally manufacture an essential vitamin, vitamin C, whereas other herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous species did not lose this trait?	The ancestors of old world primates lived in an environment that was abundantly rich in vitamin C in the form of citrus fruits. In this environment, being able to produce vitamin C didn't matter and genetic drift lead to it being removed from our genome. It only causes problem for human because the have spread out of t...	[ "Primates exploit a variety of food sources. It has been said that many characteristics of modern primates, including humans, derive from an early ancestor's practice of taking most of its food from the tropical canopy. Most primates include fruit in their diets to obtain easily digested nutrients including carbohy...
Why aren't red blood cells destroyed by the immune system?	Blood group antigens are surface markers on the red blood cell membrane. The cells that make up the body's tissues and organs are covered with surface markers, or antigens. Red blood cells are no different. Blood group antigens are either sugars or proteins, and they are attached to various components in the red blood ...	[ "Red blood cells also play a part in the body's immune response: when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria, their hemoglobin releases free radicals, which break down the pathogen's cell wall and membrane, killing it.\n", "Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and c...
that dull ache in your heart when you have, well, a broken heart	When you are emotionally distraught, sympathetic pathways in your nervous system are activated as a part of stress response. This has many complicated physiological effects. Cortisol—a "stress hormone"—is pumped into your system, your heart starts beating faster, your blood vessels constrict and blood pressure rises, y...	[ "Broken heart (also known as a heartbreak or heartache) is a metaphor for the intense emotional—and sometimes physical—stress or pain one feels at experiencing great and deep longing. The concept is cross-cultural, often cited with reference to a desired or lost lover.\n", "A broken heart is a major stressor and ...
What conditions affect the deterioration of books, scrolls, and other writing materials? What kind of environments tend to have "last survivors" after most of a culture's texts have been lost to time?	It depends a bit on the materials used. For example, papyrus, made from reed usually detoriates to the point of being unusuable in about 20 years in any kind of damp climate (such as the European one), while parchment, made from animal skin handled damp a bit better (although it was prone to buckling with changing hum...	[ "The prevalent Brittle Books issue facing libraries across the world is being addressed with a digital solution for long term book preservation. Since the mid-1800s, books were printed on wood-pulp paper, which turns acidic as it decays. Deterioration may advance to a point where a book is completely unusable. In t...
Example and question regarding historical use of suicide tactics	Are you interested in the modern period as well? I've written a bit about how the Nazis integrated suicide tactics and weapon development [here](_URL_0_).	[ "In Japanese culture, there is a long history of considering certain types of suicides honorable, especially during military service. For example, seppuku was the use of a short sword for practiced mainly by samurai (warriors) to avoid dishonor, such as after defeat in battle or as an act of protest against the gov...
Why can hair change so drastically in the sun?	Sunlight can act as a bleach. There are other everyday examples of solar bleaching. [Ever moved a piece of furniture and noticed that the carpet underneath appears darker?](_URL_0_) How does this happen? Hair fibres are [filled with small bubbles of pigment](_URL_1_) which give it colour. There are two types of pigmen...	[ "A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the evolution of light hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonal less solar radiation. Lighter skin is due to a low concentration in pigmentation, thus allowing more...
Do anti-elements such as anti-hydrogen have unique bright-line spectra from their non-anti counterparts?	The spectral lines of hydrogen and of antihydrogen are the same.	[ "The CPT theorem of particle physics predicts antihydrogen atoms have many of the characteristics regular hydrogen has; i.e. the same mass, magnetic moment, and atomic state transition frequencies (see \"atomic spectroscopy\"). For example, excited antihydrogen atoms are expected to glow the same color as regular h...
Does quantum teleportation happen instantaneously, or is it's speed limited by the speed of light?	In so many words, quantum teleportation is nothing more than the ability to create a particle in the exact same quantum state as a different particle without ever having to know the quantum state of the original particle (which is necessary because should you measure the quantum state of the original particle, the stat...	[ "Quantum teleportation is a process by which quantum information (e.g. the exact state of an atom or photon) can be transmitted (exactly, in principle) from one location to another, with the help of classical communication and previously shared quantum entanglement between the sending and receiving location. Becaus...
how are kfc's 11 secret herbs and spices still a secret?	It's not worth it. At this point, KFC could probably publish the exact recipe on the walls of their restaurants and it wouldn't make a difference. No one is going to create a chain restaurant to make the exact same thing that another chain restaurant does with no changes at all. If someone wanted to make money selli...	[ "KKR Group faced a controversy in September 2015, when the food safety commissioner banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of the Nirapara chilli, turmeric, and coriander powder under the provisions of the Food Safety and Standards Act of India, as the authorities found added starch in the spice powders.\n"...
how does a normal bar of soap act to clean your hands? as far as i knew it isn't anti-bacterial?	Oil molecules are non-polar (don't dissolve in water) and obviously water molecules are then polar (dissolve in water). Soap molecules have a polar head and a non-polar tail. Now polar substances like other polar substances and non-polar substances like other non-polar substances. However, as is the case with water and...	[ "A comprehensive analysis in 2007 from the University of Michigan School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are just as effective as consumer-grade antibacterial soaps with triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.\n", "A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon Sc...
why is there such a stigma about suicide/suicidal thoughts/suicidal actions?	It provoke emotions of hurt, confusion, denial, guilt, grieve etc. Because of that stigma many people don't seek advice and help.	[ "Emotionally, the negative stigma of suicide is a powerful force creating isolation and exclusion for those in suicidal crisis. The use of stereotypes, discrimination and prejudices can strip the dignity of those experiencing suicidal behavior. It also has the potential to inhibit compassion from others and to dimi...
how was electronic music made before logic, cubase etc.?	Depends what you mean by 'electronic music'. At their heart, Cubase, Logic etc. are just sequencers, and sequencers have existed for a long time - MIDI has only existed since the early 80's, but sequencers using the older CV (Control Voltage) systems (basic analog method of triggering a synthesiser) have been around si...	[ "In Cologne, \"elektronische Musik\", pioneered in 1949–51 by the composer Herbert Eimert and the physicist Werner Meyer-Eppler, was based solely on electronically generated (synthetic) sounds, particularly sine waves (; ; ). The beginning of the development of electronic music has been traced back to \"the inventi...
How does alcohol interfere with the endocrine system in the body?	It would require several paragraphs to even come close to answering this question as alcohol has such wide and varied effects on the human endocrine system which is itself incredibly complex. Can you be more specific? Perhaps you are mostly concerned about sex hormones for example? In which case alcohol consumptio...	[ "Alcohol also impairs and alters the functioning in the cerebellum, which affects both motor function and coordination. It has a notable inhibitory effect on the neurons of the cerebral cortex, affecting and altering thought processes, decreasing inhibition, and increasing the pain threshold. It also decreases sexu...
how come humans have so many mental conditions and illnesses, yet no other species really has them?	That's not true at all! A major concern for zoos is the animals [becoming depressed](_URL_0_) because their enclosure is too boring (this is why reputable zoos have lots of toys and stuff for the animals to play with). There are some guides on what to look for to see if your pet dog has anxiety, with obsessive tail-cha...	[ "The number of people with severe cognitive impairment caused by childhood viral infections like meningitis, protists like \"Toxoplasma\" and \"Plasmodium\", and animal parasites like intestinal worms and schistosomes is estimated to be in the hundreds of millions. Even more people live with moderate mental damages...
Do Carbon-based life forms need the kind of atmosphere that earth has to thrive?	No, they do not. They only need primordial water in liquid form. (This is why we'll all hyped about one of Neptune's Ensilidus and about Jupiter's Europa). We only HOPE of finding microbial elements there, not Predators :)). Temperature or light are no longer such an important factor (because we've discovered in our P...	[ "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere. Over the course of Earth's geologic history concentrations have played a role in biological evolution. The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely ...
Why do most humans think things that are small, or miniature, or young, are "Cute / Adorable / etc."?	Speaking as a mom and not a scientist, I think its evolutionary programming ... I think we're wired to react to small and vulnerable creatures, especially human, the way we do for many of the specific physiological reasons (widely spaced eyes, etc.) mentioned as a method of preserving and ensuring the continuation of...	[ "Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered is a collection of essays by German born British economist E. F. Schumacher. The phrase \"Small Is Beautiful\" came from a phrase by his teacher Leopold Kohr. It is often used to champion small, appropriate technologies that are believed to empower peo...
What are the current barriers to pushing out a Sars-cov-2 vaccine in less than 18 months?	This vaccine is likely to be given to around two hundred million healthy people in the US alone. What kind of risk are you prepared to take with it? Will you accept a one in ten thousand chance of a side effect? That’s 20,000 healthy people you’ve harmed. How many people have to be in a clinical trial to see if...	[ "A Cochrane review concluded that \"herpes zoster vaccine is effective in preventing herpes zoster disease and this protection can last three years\". The duration of protection beyond four years after vaccination with the zoster vaccine is unknown. The need for re-vaccination has not been defined.\n", "Varicella...
why does wind cause a flame to flicker or go out?	Fire is light output produced by a chemical reaction. Specifically, the chemical reaction, normally caused by heat in the first place, creates heat that keeps the reaction going, and that heat causes light to be emitted from the chemicals involved. Wind can cool the chemicals involved in the reaction by blowing the sup...	[ "Unfortunately, any method can fail in the face of erratic or high-intensity winds and changing weather. Changing winds may cause fires to change direction and miss control lines. High-intensity winds may cause jumping or spotting as burning embers are carried through the air over a fireline. Burning trees may fall...
How does one go about finding family papers (correspondence, accounts, ledgers, etc.) of individuals from the 18th century in America?	Hi, posting your question here is fine, but do consider x-posting to /r/Genealogy: it's not an academic sub, but family research is their passion	[ "Some families amassed collections of letters and other papers written by or about family members. One family, in sorting through such papers, discovered all diplomas for family members from 2nd-grade Sunday school up through doctoral degrees. Other documents include the family Bible, military enlistment/discharge ...
Would it be unethical to create a voluntary, selective human breeding program?	Science cannot answer ethical questions. This is not an appropriate forum for that question. _URL_2_ -or- _URL_0_ -or- _URL_1_	[ "A breeding program is the planned breeding of a group of animals or plants, usually involving at least several individuals and extending over several generations. There are a couple of breeding methods, such as artificial (which is man made) and natural (it occurs on its own).\n", "Selective breeding (also calle...
Is the expansion of the universe related to the forward movement of time?	The expansion of the universe is completely unrelated to the human perception of time. Perception of time is a very popular topic in many undergraduate and graduate university classes. The expansion of the universe is attributed to some unknown "dark energy," whereas the human experience of time is just that: human. T...	[ "Current evidence suggests that the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating, which means that the second derivative of the scale factor formula_23 is positive, or equivalently that the first derivative formula_24 is increasing over time. This also implies that any given galaxy recedes from us with increasing...
how does instinct work, how do animals just "know" how to procreate/hunt/know which plants are edible?	No one really knows for sure. It’s assumed to be an inherent mental programming that has yet to be decoded. A good example: as humans we instinctively pull away from something that causes us pain. If you touch something hot or get cut, you jerk your hand away. But you were never taught that, it just happens. Sorry ...	[ "The mechanisms of evolution are taught transparently by showing the advantages of various types of plant behaviour in action. The adaptations are often complex, as it becomes clear that the environment to which plants must adapt comprises not just soil, water and weather, but also other plants, fungi, insects and ...
how is it that water soluble vitamins can be simply pissed out in case you take to much of it?	Take a cup of water, pour some salt in it. Stir, and watch it dissolves. Pour some more salt, stir, watch it dissolve. Repeat until no matter how much you stir, it won’t go away. You have now reached saturation. If you take too many vitamins, same thing happens, they just can’t be “absorbed” after a certain point.	[ "Because water-soluble B vitamins are eliminated in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins usually only produces transient side-effects (only exception is pyridoxine). General side effects may include restlessness, nausea and insomnia. These side-effects are almost always caused by dietary supplements ...
Since in nuclear fission a very small amount of matter is converted to energy, is it Theoretically possible to create matter from energy and have we done this?	Yes, creating matter from energy is perfectly doable. One example would be particle accelerators such as the LHC. In the LHC, proton beams are accelerated and thereby given a very high amount of kinetic energy. These highly energetic protons collide and produce various new particles. The combination of newly produced ...	[ "Conventional nuclear reactions such as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion convert relatively small amounts of matter only indirectly into useful energy, such as electricity or rocket thrust. For electricity production released nuclear energy in the form of heat is typically used to boil water to turn a turbine-gen...
why are large ships unceremoniously dumped into the water when finished?	Why use a dry dock if you don't have to? If you're building a ship in a dry dock, then that's it out of use for a few years. It's far better to keep the dry dock for existing ships that need maintenance, and build your new ships on land where you're not occupying expensive facilities.	[ "The preparation phase removes a significant amount of weight, so the ship sits higher in the water than normal. The ship must be carefully weighed down by filling some sections with water as makeshift ballast tanks to prevent excessive rolling in port or during towing. The ship is towed to the sinking location, us...
we’re all currently using or seeing live footage of skype etc. a lot more than normal. why is the quality still so poor and laggy?	I would say there are several contributing reasons why the quality has stayed so low after all these years. Staying with old systems: I would bet Skype is still using the same old video streaming code from the old days. There's only so far it can go before needing a full replacement. While the code could probably prov...	[ "These aspects point out that the problem we are facing is not a technological problem - it is about people and their interactions. Although technology really helps us in this way, the key to solve these problems can be found in the way how we use these tools. Although video conferencing tools such as Skype or Face...
What kind of uniforms did British and French troops have at around 1785?	Hi there! It seems you are looking for someone to do specifically tailored research for a commercial product for you. While asking for historical research is fine here, there are users with expertise in these fields who may be inclined to help if they know what your budget is for historical consultation. Depending on y...	[ "France followed Prussia's lead, introducing a tunic for their line infantry in 1845. In 1851, the US Army introduced a long type of tunic which they called a \"frock coat\". The British eventually followed suit in 1855, their initial French-style double breasted tunic being replaced by a single breasted version in...
why does reddit allow free discussion regarding the shooting of a singer but shuts down discussion on a night club shooting of gays by a muslim?	Because the mods of some subs close comment sections because people frequently violate their rules. You can open your own sub and let free discussion reign.	[ "After the mass shooting of gay men at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, a gay club, some commentators did not refer to the LGBT victims, with the Republican National Committee denouncing \"violence against any group of people simply for their lifestyle or orientation\" and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell not ...
how does your brain know how much/percentage of each brain chemical to produce to keep most people baselien or"sane"? (as opposed to people who suffer from chemical imbalances?	All substances in biology are kept in check by feedback systems. It's quite brilliant in its simplicity. A typical feedback system might be the substance in question binds to a promoter protein, and when the substance is bound that promoter protein won't bind to DNA to tell DNA to make more proteins to make the substan...	[ "In addition to studying areas of the brain, some studies are aimed at understanding the functions of different brain chemicals in relation to behavior. This can be done by either correlating existing chemical levels with different behavior patterns or by changing the amount of the chemical in the brain and noting ...
Any books about the history of England or the US through their respective literature?	hi! this may be worth x-posting to /r/AskLiteraryStudies	[ "This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland, as well as literature in English from former British colonies. It also includes, to some extent, the US, though the main article here is American...
The earth is an Oblate Ellipsoid (wider at equator); does the atmosphere take the same shape?	The Earth is an oblate spheroid because of the balance between gravitational and inertial (pseudo-)forces. These forces act identically on both the solid earth and the fluid oceans and atmosphere. So, yes, the atmosphere takes the same shape.	[ "Since the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the Equator, geodesy represents the figure of the Earth as an oblate spheroid. The oblate spheroid, or oblate ellipsoid, is an ellipsoid of revolution obtained by rotating an ellipse about its shorter axis. It is the regular geometric shape that most nearly a...
What major holidays have changed throughout American history?	Thanksgiving changed dates for a few years during the depression when President Roosevelt tried to boost retail sales by extending the Christmas shopping season. Since Lincoln, Presidents had traditionally declared the last Thursday of November as a "Day of Thanksgiving". Though the actual legal date of the public hol...	[ "Historian Stephen Nissenbaum contends that the modern celebration in the United States was developed in New York State from defunct and imagined Dutch and English traditions in order to refocus the holiday from one where groups of young men went from house to house demanding alcohol and food into one centered on t...
how can a domesticated dog believe it is the alpha of the pack if it relies on us to feed them, take them for walks and generally nurture them?	Dogs are not pack animals, neither are wolves. Wolves live in nuclear family units where mom and dad are "alpha" for the same reason mom and dad are in charge in human families - because they know how best to survive and they're the ones getting food. Dogs are even more social and look up to their humans partly because...	[ "The concepts of \"pack\" and \"dominance\" in relation to dog training originated in the 1940s and were popularized by the Monks of New Skete in the 1970s. The model is based on a theory that \"dogs are wolves\" and since wolves live in hierarchical packs where an alpha male rules over everyone else, then humans m...
How common were multiple-child births (twins, triplets, etc.) in early human history?	Hi there! Are you asking about multiple births among early humans (that is, up to 6-7MYA) or multiple births in the earliest recorded human history (that is, about 5,000 years ago)? If it's the first, we would recommend you ask over at r/AskAnthropology. Thanks!	[ "This is a \"list of multiple births\", consisting of notable higher order (4+) multiple births and pregnancies. Twins and triplets are sufficiently common to have their own separate articles. With the use of reproductive technology such as fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization (IVF) such births have become in...
How come 'western' societies didn't have mystical shamanism despite the fact that there are psychedelic mushrooms growing all over the place?	I'm guessing that it's a case of "history is written by the victors" and the fact that christianity was quite successful before the widespread use of the written word. Shamanism has been documented among [the Sami](_URL_0_) and in [Finnish mythology](_URL_1_)	[ "Psychedelic therapy, in the broadest possible sense of the term, may have originated from prehistoric knowledge of hallucinogenic plants. They grow naturally in certain cacti, seeds, bark and roots of various plants. Since ancient times, shamans and medicine men have used psychedelics as a way to gain access to th...
If two planes fly by one another in opposite directions, each going Mach 0.5, would there be a sonic boom? Or one that only the pilots could hear?	The key thing is your airspeed - how fast you are going relative to the speed of sound within medium you are travelling through. A supersonic aircraft causes sound-waves to pile up along the edge of a cone, and if that cone hits you, you hear the sonic boom. This is caused by the interaction between the aircraft and ...	[ "When an aircraft exceeds Mach 1 (i.e. the sound barrier), a large pressure difference is created just in front of the aircraft. This abrupt pressure difference, called a shock wave, spreads backward and outward from the aircraft in a cone shape (a so-called Mach cone). It is this shock wave that causes the sonic b...
Why does water twist like this? (Image provided)	Last object the water touched (the bottle) put a torque into the water as it left (looks like two streams merged, each stream was going slightly different directions). Normally this would result in two streams in different directions (or the single stream splitting), but the force was low enough that the surface tensio...	[ "When water in a circular bowl or cup is moving in circular motion the water displays free-vortex flow – the water at the center of the bowl or cup spins at relatively high speed, and the water at the perimeter spins more slowly. The water is a little deeper at the perimeter and a little more shallow at the center,...
Polarized lenses and a computer monitor, why is this happening?	I have replicated what you're seeing using two circular polarizing filters from my DSLR, here's what's happening: The lenses used in movie 3D glasses are circular polarizers made up of a quarter-wave plate followed by a linear polarizing filter. (Same as circular polarizing filters for cameras but reversed -- the qua...	[ "Circular polarization has an advantage over linear polarization, in that the viewer does not need to have their head upright and aligned with the screen for the polarization to work properly. With linear polarization, turning the glasses sideways causes the filters to go out of alignment with the screen filters ca...
What is the benefit of a panic attack?	There is a major psychological component to panic attacks - they aren't just physical/physiological. This is why cognitive therapy works well for sufferers of panic syndrome. Through some sort of conditioning, your brain has learned that in times of stress, it's better to overstimulate the fight/flight response rathe...	[ "Panic attacks can occur due to a number of disorders including panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, drug use disorder, depression, and medical problems. They can either be triggered or occur unexpectedly. Smoking, caffeine, and psychological stress increase the risk of having a ...
What was and when was the 2nd Dynasty of Ur?	The Second Dynasty of Ur was a semi-fictionalized dynasty that probably ruled the city of Ur sometime in the mid-25th century B.C.E. The names for the dynasties of early Mesopotamian history are taken from a famous document known as the "Sumerian King List." It is a document that purports to record the history of the...	[ "The First Dynasty of Ur was a 26th century-25th century BCE dynasty of rulers of the city of Ur in ancient Sumer. It is part of the Early Dynastic period III of the History of Mesopotamia. It was preceded by the earlier First dynasty of Kish and First Dynasty of Uruk.\n", "The Third Dynasty of Ur arose some time...
why do viruses and sicknesses always produce negative effects? wouldn't a virus survive and be transmitted more successfully if they didn't produce symptoms, or even produce positive symptoms?	Sure! In fact, viruses tend to co-evolve with their hosts to be less pathogenic. Herpes is an excellent example of this. As for positive 'symptoms', that is unlikely, as the simple fact that virus replication is inherently detrimental to the host due to cell death.	[ "Common human diseases caused by viruses include the common cold, the flu, chickenpox and cold sores. Serious diseases such as Ebola and AIDS are also caused by viruses. Many viruses cause little or no disease and are said to be \"benign\". The more harmful viruses are described as virulent.\n", "One of the reaso...
heart bypass surgery	Heart bypass surgery is when they reroute blood around a blocked blood vessel in your heart. They basically take a vein from some where else in your body (usually the leg) and attach it above the blockage and then attach the other end below the blockage as a detour around the block. The number (triple, quadruple), is t...	[ "Off-pump coronary artery bypass or \"beating heart\" surgery is a form of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery performed without cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung machine) as a treatment for coronary heart disease. It was primarily developed in the early 1990s by Dr. Amano Atsushi. During most bypass surge...
What was the role of the Mormon church in establishing Las Vegas? Why did they finance the casinos?	Especially in the 1950s, the financial transactions of casinos were kind of strange because of how much illicit, off the books mob money was being made. Development of casinos was really hard for mob figures when you have such shady income, lenders do not want to get involved and you really aren't paying for multi-mil...	[ "The construction of the Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies, better known locally as the Mormon University, owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) near the valley separating the Mount of Olives from Mount Scopus, initially sparked controversy beca...
when, if ever, i should use the parking brake on a car that has an automatic transmission.	If I had to guess, using the parking brake would put less strain on parts of the transmission when parking on an incline. Set the parking brake before releasing the foot brake. Stop, shift to park, apply parking brake, release foot brake. That all being said, if I had to guess, most drivers don't bother.	[ "While most automatic transmission vehicles have parking brakes, it is often not engaged by drivers when parking. However, it is recommended to use it, as the parking pawl in the gearbox could fail due to stress or another vehicle striking the car, causing the car to roll. Also, regular use of the parking brake red...
why can't we just eat pills for all the necessary nutrients daily and bare minimum carbs? will we survive if we do just that?	You can take multivitamins to get your vitamins & minerals because the recommended daily intake is often only a few milligrams. One or two pills can supply everything you need. It doesn't work that way with the things you need to get energy from. To hit a 2000 calorie diet with just eating fat (the most energy d...	[ "B taken in a low-solubility, non-chewable supplement pill form may bypass the mouth and stomach and not mix with gastric acids, but acids are not necessary for the absorption of free B not bound to protein; acid is necessary only to recover naturally-occurring vitamin B from foods.\n", "With rising health consci...
Was Cao Cao really kind of a tragic hero of the Three Kingdoms era?	A great start would be to read "Man From The Margin" by Dr. Rafe de Crespigny. He's the leading Western sanguo zhi scholar and translator, and this work focuses solely on Cao Mengde. You might be able to find a pdf copy to read online, and I'd highly recommend it to give you a better understanding of Cao Mengde, as *...	[ "In 2017, Zhang directed \"Cao Cao\", based on the life of Cao Cao, a warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty. Actor Jiang Wen confirmed that he would portray the male lead.\n", "Although primarily known as a military leader, Cao ...
why are police departments allowed to withhold body cam footage after officer involved shootings?	A big reason is that releasing a video before a trial can taint the jury pool. It's very easy for the media to constantly play a video and present only one side (usually the victim). This makes a fair trial very difficult.	[ "Because these body cameras are turned on for every encounter with the public, privacy issues have been brought up with specific emphasis on special victim cases such as rape or domestic violence. Police worry that with a camera right in front of the victim, they will not feel comfortable in revealing all the infor...
how does belly dancing fit in with socially conservative islamic middle eastern cultures?	It is middle eastern, and it's roots precede islam. There are many forms / places where it is not sexualized like it is when run through a western filter. That said, the cultures in _most_ middle eastern countries and cities are probably not as you imagine. The night life in Amman is rich and exciting and filled w...	[ "Raqs Sharqi () is the classical Egyptian style of belly dance that developed during the first half of the 20th century. This dance is pre-Islamic and is an oral tradition which has changed over the centuries. Some people believe that it originated as a fertility or Goddess worshipping dance, and in North Africa it...

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