Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
Are sperm affected by and/or express the genetic material they carry within themselves? Can having certain genes help them in their race to fertilize an egg over sperm that do not posses that code?	> let's say a sperm has genes that predispose it to being larger than other sperm (maybe this is the gene that will contribute to the child's height or some physical attribute) It doesn't really work this way - the structure/morphology of an individual cell is not really related to the developmental pattern that dete...	[ "The sperm's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin. Still, a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring....
why does a company want to sell my personal info? to whom? for how much? what's the data even look like?	So the big common misunderstanding is that Facebook, Google, and most large companies don't actually sell your personal information. Yes they collect it, but they don't sell it. Smaller and more unscrupulous companies will sell your data though, usually to email spammers. The big guys instead collect it, research ...	[ "The issue stemming from companies and other agencies which collect personal data and information is that they have now engaged in the practices of data brokering. Data brokers, such as Acxiom, collect users' information, and are known for often selling that information to third parties. While companies may disclos...
Uber is currently upsetting the global taxi trade - How did the horse and carriage trade take on the age of the automobile?	This question was answered pretty well a few months ago: _URL_0_	[ "However, in a report published in January 2017, Carl Benedikt Frey found that while the introduction of Uber had not led to jobs being lost, but had caused a reduction in the incomes of incumbent taxi drivers of almost 10%. Frey found that the \"sharing economy\", and Uber in particular, has had substantial negati...
what's the difference between guitar amps and speakers?	A guitar amp & speaker is designed to change the raw sound of the electric guitar. This is partly to do with history, and partly to do with physics. The physics of the electric guitar means that is you put it through a high fidelity amplifier - like a PA, domestic hifi or even bluetooth speaker - it sounds rubbish. ...	[ "A guitar speaker is a loudspeaker – specifically the driver (transducer) part – designed for use in a combination guitar amplifier (in which a loudspeaker and an amplifier are installed in a wooden cabinet) of an electric guitar, or for use in a guitar speaker cabinet. Typically these drivers produce only the freq...
Phoenician Literary Sources?	Sort of! A few notable examples: (1) The Hellenistic writers Menander of Ephesus and Dius produced histories of Tyre using local records; short extracts, mostly from Menander, survive in Josephus' Antiquities and Against Apion. The comparative, external, and onomastic evidence all confirm that Menander, at least, ...	[ "These writings are important in providing both a bilingual text that allows researchers to use knowledge of Phoenician to interpret Etruscan, and evidence of Phoenician or Punic influence in the Western Mediterranean. They may relate to Polybius's report (\"Hist.\" 3,22) of an ancient and almost unintelligible tre...
how the little flippy thing at the bottom of rear-view mirrors works.	The mirror is not ground flat -- the front glass surface is at an angle to the back (mirrored) surface. When you "flip" the mirror, the back mirrored surface actually points toward the dark ceiling, so you don't see that image. What you see instead is the image reflecting off the front of the glass, and this is much d...	[ "A flip mirror unit is used on astronomical Telescope and other optical instruments in order to send the light from an object in new directions using a small mirror which can be moved into the lightbeam. It is a mirror-diagonal that holds both a camera and an eyepiece and allows you to switch your view between them...
what's "the aura" people see when they have seizures?	The aura is a bright or blurry light that people can see before they have seizures. Think of the brain like a cloud. In a normal brain, the cloud shoots lightning bolts every now and then to activate different parts of the body. When a person has a seizure the cloud turns into a storm cloud and shoots a bunch of ligh...	[ "Not everyone experiences an aura with a seizure, but the most common auras include motor, somatosensory, visual, and auditory symptoms. The activation in the brain during an aura can spread through multiple regions continuously or discontinuously, on the same side or to both sides.\n", "An aura is a perceptual d...
Music historians out there: How influential has Iron Maiden been on music as a whole?	Well, to give you a sense of their importance within music, take John Covach's textbook What's That Sound: An Introduction To Rock And Its History (I'm looking at the 2006 edition at the moment). This textbook devotes about 550 pages to a history that focuses on the rhythm-heavy capitalist music of America and the UK...	[ "The History of Iron Maiden – Part 1: The Early Days is a DVD video by Iron Maiden, released in 2004. It features the first part of \"The History of Iron Maiden\" series, a 90-minute documentary which describes their beginnings in London's East End in 1975 through to the \"Piece of Mind\" album and tour in 1983. Th...
why is james joyce on every "best writers of all time" list?	> Is there something I'm missing? Finnegans Wake	[ "James Joyce once remarked: \"He [Hemingway] has reduced the veil between literature and life, which is what every writer strives to do. Have you read 'A Clean Well-Lighted Place'?...It is masterly. Indeed, it is one of the best short stories ever written...\" \n", "The text's influence on other writers has grown...
why is genetic diversity important?	Resistance to disease is a major reason for this. In a population of people with similar genetics you run a high risk of rare, recessive diseases cropping up in the population. This is the problem with inbreeding. With recessive disease, you have to have two parents donate the same kind of defective gene in order for i...	[ "The importance of genetic diversity has many reasons. For example, one can consider the probability of within any given population that at least one individual or a potential reproductive pair have the genetic composition encoding a phenotype capable of survival an environment event. If l the individuals are nearl...
what does tesla opening its patents mean for the future?	It's basically in Tesla's best interest to help promote the spread of electric vehicles in the country, and opening other manufacturers to access the Superchargers or use Tesla patents will help that. First, there's environmental reasons; our cars put out a lot of carbon, and Musk claims to have interest in helping fi...	[ "Tesla's technology strategy focuses on pure-electric propulsion technology, and transferring other approaches from the technology industry to transportation, such as online software updates. Tesla allows its technology patents to be used by anyone in good faith. Licensing agreements include provisions whereby the ...
If I get a cut, my body heals itself. If my finger gets cut off, my body can't grow it back. At what point if I injure myself, my body won't replace what I've damage?	I'm definitely no expert, but I think it has to do with the cell type being replaced and how the area was left. If you have already specialized skin cells that will replicate they can repair. If I cut off a finger I need bone cells, bone marrow, blood vessels, nerves, skin, ect. So it's much more difficult and not real...	[ "Treatment is generally with a splint that holds the finger straight continuously for 8 weeks. This should be begun within a week of the injury. If the finger is bent during these weeks, healing may take longer. If a large piece of bone has been torn off surgery may be recommended. Without proper treatment a perman...
Do mental illnesses involve exaggerated versions of otherwise normal brain functions? Or are the fundamentally different from normal, "stable" brain functionality?	No one knows. Mental illnesses are a very subjective topic and goes hand in hand with one's culture. Deviations from a a society's norms/behavior can be considered a mental illness even if there are no neurological basis for it. Then again it depends on how you define depression. A common myth is that depression is c...	[ "Although mental illnesses are believed by many to be neurological disorders affecting the central nervous system, traditionally they are classified separately, and treated by psychiatrists. In a 2002 review article in the \"American Journal of Psychiatry\", Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of Harvard Medical Schoo...
how the brain works for epileptic patients who have had their corpus callosum severed.	We'll, because the two halves of the brain deal with different things. However, if the corpus callosum is severed, the two halves cannot communicate. So one half can "see" something but it can't tell the other half (used for talking) what it's seeing. An analogy, me and some dude named Joey (We're like the different ha...	[ "The first successful corpus callosotomies on humans were performed in the 1930s. The purpose of the procedure was to alleviate the effects of epilepsy when other forms of treatment (medications) had failed to stop the violent convulsions associated with the disorder. Epileptic seizures occur because of abnormal el...
If we can "see" infrared wavelength, why can't we see other wavelength (microwave, radio, etc.)?	You would need big eyes to "see" radiowaves. Some kilometers in diameter to see very blurry shortwave pictures.	[ "The lower wavelength limit of human vision is conventionally taken as 400 nm, so ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans, although some people can perceive light at slightly shorter wavelengths than this (see below). Insects, birds, and some mammals can see near-UV (i.e. slightly lower wavelengths than humans can...
Why is light so special?	Preamble --- Actually, it's not really that light per se is what is special. What's important is that there exists an upper speed limit. Whether you are doing pre-relativistic physics (Newton and Galileo) or relativistic physics (Einstein), you start with the following: > The laws of physics are identical in all...	[ "Light plays a central role in human activities. People throughout the world and across history have always attached great importance to light. We have seen this in cultural symbolism, universal myths and legends, and in the many ways that studying the science of light and applying it in practical applications has ...
When did Jesus start being portrayed as white?	> > It's only in recent years that he's been consistently portrayed as a white man by Western (particularly American) Christians. I'm sorry, but this claim of /u/best_of_badgers is just not true. They've cherry-picked individual examples without any sense of their historical context and skipped an entire millenniu...	[ "James Cone believed that the New Testament revealed Jesus as one who identified with those suffering under oppression, the socially marginalized and the cultural outcasts. And since the socially constructed categories of race in America (i.e., whiteness and blackness) had come to culturally signify dominance (whit...
how screen protectors protect your screen from shattering?	When you fall you put your hands out to catch yourself. Now your hands are scraped up. If you wear gloves and fall, your gloves get scraped up and your hands are fine.	[ "Blue blocking screen protectors can help provide relief from symptoms caused by televisions, phones, tablets and computer screens. Ocushield makes screen protectors that are accredited class one medical devices (which block 90% of light between 380-420 nm and up to 40% between 420-500 nm).\n", "Screen protectors...
Why do lower gears produce more torque?	It doesn't. Think about pushing a door shut. Is it easier to close it by the hinge or by the end? Where do you need to put more force to get it shut? Near the hinge. A moment equals length times force. The higher the length, the higher the moment acting on the point. If I have an actuator spinning a gear at the same sp...	[ "Along with the multiplication of torque, there is a decrease in rotational speed of the output shaft compared to the input shaft. This decrease in speed is inversely proportional to the increase in torque. For example, a torque multiplier with a rating of 3:1 will turn its output shaft with three times the torque,...
Why are long legs perceived as an attractive feature?	I can't speak to a biological tendency to find attraction in long legs, other than a possible appearance of being thin and/or healthy. However - in a distant past, in drawing classes, we were taught that humans of typical anatomy have a nearly universal formula for proportions. For example, most people are 6-8 head...	[ "Although leg fetishes are typically associated with men, they are not a gender-specific phenomenon. A 2008 study by researchers in Wroclaw University in Poland featured a sample of 200 male and female volunteers. Participants were presented with images of people with the same size height but varying leg lengths. T...
Why do we sometimes have blurry vision when we wake up?	Eyes have some amounts of oil and mucus on them, and when adequately moisturized by the tear ducts we see fine through it. When tears dry up (which can happen overnight), the oil and mucus can appear somewhat blurry.	[ "When the individual is awake, blinking of the eyelid causes rheum to be washed away with tears via the nasolacrimal duct. The absence of this action during sleep, however, results in a small amount of dry rheum accumulating in corners of the eye, most notably in children.\n", "Vision loss is usually apparent upo...
in terms of genetics, what is a 'library'	Basically it's a collection of genes that have been identified, that we know their purpose and we know the DNA sequence that codes them.	[ "The term \"library\" can refer to a population of organisms, each of which carries a DNA molecule inserted into a cloning vector, or alternatively to the collection of all of the cloned vector molecules.\n", "A library is a curated collection of sources of information and similar resources, selected by experts a...
Why did Clinton's Health Security Act fail?	For those wondering, this was a topic from 1993 until late 1994, putting it right at the edge of the 20 year rule.	[ "BULLET::::- October 27 – In a letter to Speaker Foley and Senate Majority Leader Mitchell, President Clinton promotes the Health Security Act of 1993 as legislation that if enacted will strengthen the economy and add \"common sense to American health care.\"\n", "In 2006, Senator Clinton co-sponsored the Zadroga...
In WW2 how did both sides keep their Tanks/vehicles cool in North Africa?	Open the hatch, drive forward, hope the air circulates a bit. In some vehicles, the air could be drawn into the engine through the crew compartment, which meant that there was a constant flow of, granted, hot air. It also meant misery in Winter. I'm not being flippant, by the way, with the answer. It's possible to su...	[ "The tank was first employed in the North African Campaign where its shortcomings quickly became apparent. The vehicle was unreliable and cramped, and caught fire easily when hit. Following the withdrawal of Italian forces from North Africa the M14/41 was rarely encountered, though many captured vehicles were press...
what defines a food as a "breakfast" food?	It's entirely cultural. For example, as a Brit, what a country like Germany typically has for breakfast (cold meats and cheeses) seems odd to me.	[ "This is a list of notable breakfast foods, consisting of foods that are commonly consumed at breakfast. Breakfast is the first meal taken after rising from a night's sleep, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day's work. Among English speakers, \"breakfast\" can be used to refer to this me...
We often hear of gangs in ancient Rome, but how similar were they to our modern understanding of "gangs"?	The Latin terms translated as "gangs" in most scholarship of popular violence are extremely hard to translate and rarely work directly into English. Operae ("labors"), exercitus ("army"), multitudo ("crowd"), and plenty other terms I'm forgetting and omitting do not, generally, refer to gangsters as we understand...	[ "The gangs of Titus Annius Milo, Publius Clodius and others which were used by rival politicians during the Republic had been eliminated mostly due to the efforts of Pompeius Magnus. Although political gangs were a thing of the past since effective power no longer resided in the competing factions of the Roman Sena...
Would prostitutes in 1800s Britain service those of the same gender?	This is a topic that's difficult to reconstruct completely, given the then-taboo nature of homosexuality and indeed of sex work in general. But yes, there were prostitutes who accepted clients of the same gender, either through sexual preference or coercion/economic survival. There were also sex workers who we might no...	[ "In the 19th century, the military authorities in charge took the view prostitution was inevitable where soldiers and sailors were stationed. A rescindable permit was required by non-British people to enter and reside in Gibraltar. The permits were only issued to prostitutes if they agreed to a weekly medical exami...
Confused about Roman elections. Not enough votes?	So, I thought I knew the answer to this question, but the more of my sources I check the more I don't find anyone of them actually explaining the mechanics of this system. So now I'm no longer sure if my knowledge is based on something I read but can't remember where, or if it was just an assumption I made. Someone el...	[ "For the purpose of carrying resolutions a simple majority of votes was deemed sufficient. As a general rule equal value was made to attach to each vote; but in the popular assemblies at Rome a system of voting by groups was in force until the middle of the 3rd century BCE by which the richer classes secured a deci...
what are the major sources of silicon valley capital, and in the event of a tech-bubble bursting, how will it affect the economy?	Almost all pre-IPO funding comes from wealthy individuals and institutions (e.g. pension funds, university endowments). Main street Mom and Pop are not [accredited investors](_URL_0_) and are unable to invest in those pre-IPO companies both directly and via funds. They have little direct exposure to pre-IPO Silicon V...	[ "Most of the global venture capital investments are made within the Silicon Valley alone, Francesc Bach, CEO & Founder, found a gap in the market where he saw the need for a large number of European tech companies to raise money in Silicon Valley to grow their businesses. \n", "Silicon Valley's technological rise...
how do animals instinctually know how to swim but a 45 year old man that understands the logic can't?	Same way birds instinctively know how to make nests but humans have to learn how to build houses. Instinct is hard-wired onto a lesser part of your brain completely intact. Skills must be learned and results vary. Not everyone knows how to build a house or has what it takes. But skills are more beneficial than instinct...	[ "Swimming is the self-propulsion of a person through water, usually for recreation, sport, exercise, or survival. Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both. Humans can hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as a sur...
how are we supposed to know what the presidential candidates say during the debaters true?	Different organizations are fact checking as the debates are happening. The New York Times is fact checking. Donald Trump did not want fact checking. That fact alone should give pause to anyone considering voting.	[ "Each candidate was given an opportunity to make a two-minute opening statement. Then, six questions were asked to each of the four candidates and the candidates were given one minute to answer. However, the moderator accidentally started with the first question instead of allowing the candidates to do the opening ...
what are some film techniques used in movies and tv shows that give them that "professional" look that looks so much better than something filmed by just anyone?	Hello, videographer here! The "professional" look is called [production value](_URL_2_) and there are a lot of factors involved. The big one is [lighting.](_URL_3_) There are many types and colors and qualities of light and the best cinematographers spend a lifetime learning how to manipulate it and create beautiful s...	[ "Film styles are recognizable film techniques used by filmmakers to give specific changes or value to their work. It can include all aspects in making a film: sound, mise-en-scene, dialogue, cinematography, editing or attitude.\n", "Many film directors of the 1960s and later adopted use of the handheld camera, te...
why is using energy to spew hot air on our hands to dry them more green than using bio degradable paper towels?	Think of the energy required to heat a few cubic feet of air some 10-20 degrees and move it through a fan. Now think of the energy required to chop down some trees in the middle of a forest, log them, transport them to a mill, chop them up, transport them to a grinder, grind them to paste, transport them to a paper fac...	[ "Due to the reduction in litter and waste in comparison with paper towels, which cannot be recycled, hand dryers are claimed to be better for the environment. Another study shows that whereas the majority of the environmental impact of a hand dryer occurs during its use, the environmental impact of paper towels is ...
How do afterburners on jet planes work? And how much additional thrust do they provide?	An after burner works by injecting fuel directly into the jet pipe (i.e after the engine) so your basically turning it into a rocket engine. This increases thrust significantly (how much depends on the AC) but has incredibly horrible fuel efficiency, which is why it's generally only used in short bursts, for example wh...	[ "In a bypass design some of the air from the compressor bypasses the hot core of the engine — the combustion chambers and turbine — and by being channelled around the outside of this section and then out of the back of the engine, where it surrounds the high velocity jet exhaust, it is used to provide thrust direct...
what is a false vacuum, what causes them to collapse, and what are the odds of one destroying the universe?	A false vacuum is like a ledge partway down a cliff. You're on the ledge, you think you're at the bottom. You aren't. Too much movement will see you off the ledge and fslling further, to the real bottom. The universe is mostly empty space but some people think it's not as 'empty' as it could be, and the 'big ban...	[ "If our universe lies within a false vacuum, a bubble of lower-energy vacuum could come to exist by chance or otherwise in our universe, and catalyze the conversion of our universe to a lower energy state in a volume expanding at nearly the speed of light, destroying all that we know without forewarning. Such an oc...
Is it true that darkness is just the absence of light? Or cold is the absence of heat?	> Is it true that darkness is just the absence of light? Or cold is the absence of heat? In both cases, yes. EDIT: it's important not to confuse heat with temperature. Heat is a quantifiable form of energy; temperature is one manifestation of that energy in the form of vibrations of atoms and molecules. > How ...	[ "In discussing scotobiology, it is important to remember that darkness (the absence of light) is seldom absolute. An important aspect of any scotobiological phenomenon is the level and quality (wavelength) of light that is below the threshold of detection for that phenomenon and in any specific organism. This impor...
What problems, in theory, would a computer never be able to solve?	Such problems are called [undecidable problems](_URL_1_), and perhaps the most famous example is the one [fishify linked](_URL_2_), [the halting problem](_URL_3_). Wikipedia has a [List of Undecidable Problems](_URL_5_) article that has some examples (as well as a brief explanation). There are also some examples on...	[ "Computers aid in the design of new puzzles. A computer allows an exhaustive search for solution – with its help a puzzle may be designed in such a way that it has the fewest possible solutions, or a solution requiring the most steps possible. The consequence is that solving the puzzle can be very difficult.\n", ...
How do we ACTUALLY measure a Volt?	Voltages are really measured as differences, and any given voltage is easily known with respect to some common reference or standard voltage since two nearly equivalent voltage sources can be compared with great precision. In the early days, standard electrochemical cells , such as the [Weston Cell](_URL_5_) served as ...	[ "One volt is defined as the difference in electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. It is also equal to the potential difference between two parallel, infinite planes spaced 1 meter apart that create an electr...
how does keeping cut off body parts refrigerated make them last longer for reattachment?	It prevents the tissue from dying as quickly. When the part gets cut off, it stops receiving oxygen and nutrients from your blood stream. Our cells typically need an almost constant supply in order to remain functioning, so they start shutting down very quickly after getting cut off. However, cooling down the body part...	[ "Some circumstances where the material is being put back into the system it was removed and not being transferred to a new system the material can be recycled and the EPA defines that as \"Recycle refrigerant means to extract refrigerant from an appliance and clean refrigerant for reuse without meeting all of the r...
In what ways did propaganda evolve in the United States from the first world war to the second?	I don't know much about American efforts in this direction during WWII, but during WWI there was a lot going on. I suggest you read up on the [Committee on Public Information](_URL_2_), which was active from 1917 onwards under the directorship of George Creel. It was a seriously fascinating enterprise (though on nowh...	[ "The first large-scale use of propaganda by the U.S. government came during World War I. The government enlisted the help of citizens and children to help promote war bonds and stamps to help stimulate the economy. To keep the prices of war supplies down (guns, gunpowder, cannons, steel, etc.), the U.S. government ...
what is the difference between a blue and purple link on reddit? (i'm colorblind)	This is a web browser thing, not a reddit thing. Most web browsers will color links that aren't in your browser history as blue, and links that are in your browser history as purple. If you're colorblind, you can probably modify the colors your browser uses for links to make this more obvious.	[ "BULLET::::- In English-speaking countries, the colour blue is sometimes associated with the risqué, for example \"blue comedy\", \"blue movie\" (a euphemism for a pornographic film) or \"turning the air blue\" (an idiom referring to profuse swearing).\n", "Page describes the meaning of the pink, lavender, and bl...
Why was Iran called the Peacock Empire?	The name stems from a famous golden throne called the Peacock Throne. Originally the throne was commissioned by Mughal ruler Shah Jahan (the guy who also had the Taj Mahal built) for the Red Fort in Delhi. He wanted a way to publically display all the gold and the precious gems and pearls in his treasury without being...	[ "The Persian Empire (, translit. \"\", lit. 'Imperial Iran') refers to a series of imperial dynasties that were centred in Persia/Iran from the 6th century BC Achaemenid Empire era to the 20th century AD in the Qajar dynasty era.\n", "The Safavid Empire was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. Th...
when do police decide to stop investigating a case?	Police rarely just sit down and say "we give up". Instead, most investigations function on a "when new things come in" schedule. Once you've exhausted your current information and leads, you have to wait until something else (or someone else) provides new information. Until then, you work on a different case. If no new...	[ "Investigators must inform the public prosecutor before they begin their investigations. If the investigation is terminated due to insufficient evidence or if the event does not constitute an offence, investigators must inform the prosecutor and suspect.\n", "Upon investigation of the alleged crime, a regional pu...
being shocked by wires.	Electricity is all about charge. Charge moves from high voltage to low voltage. The bigger the difference in voltage, the more the charge wants to go from high to low voltage. Charge will always follow the path of least resistance. If charges are moving, you get a current. Current is what you feel as a 'zap'. What is ...	[ "In power transmission systems, one side of the circuit, known as the neutral, is grounded to dissipate static electricity and to reduce hazardous voltages caused by insulation failure and other electrical faults. It is possible to get a shock by only touching the \"hot\" wire, due to the person's body being capaci...
Are some places in space colder than others, or is it all the same temperature?	Temperature in space is hard to define. In Earth's proximity, at the altitude of most artificial satellites, there is a very low density plasma that is often called residual atmosphere. In practice it's a vacuum, but for theoretical correctness we must note it's there. It's extremely hot when exposed to direct sunli...	[ "In a vacuum or in outer space, there is no convective heat transfer, thus in these environments, radiation is the only factor governing heat flow between the heat sink and the environment. For a satellite in space, a 100 °C (373 Kelvin) surface facing the Sun will absorb a lot of radiant heat, because the Sun's su...
why does my cat find rubber bands, plastic bags etc, so tasty.	And nail files	[ "A common misunderstanding when purchasing a home for pet gerbils is they can live in housing designed for hamsters and mice. This is not correct, as they need to be able to dig tunnel systems, rather than have them created for them. The commonly plastic structure of hamster and mouse cages is inappropriate for ger...
Why are there only lots of Fjords in the very North and the very South, but not around the Equator?	Fjords are created by glaciers carving out the bottoms of river valleys so that they are deeper in–land than at their mouth and thus they fill with water. There are glaciers in the tropics, but they tend to be very small and very far from the sea, so don't have much chance to form fjords. Edit: auto-complete botches	[ "The principal mountainous regions where fjords have formed are in the higher middle latitudes and the high latitudes reaching to 80°N (Svalbard, Greenland), where, during the glacial period, many valley glaciers descended to the then-lower sea level. The fjords develop best in mountain ranges against which the pre...
what is the difference between dolby digital and dolby atmos?	Dolby Digital (DD) has multiple sound channels digitally encoding into the audio stream. Basic DD is 5.1, which must be left, right, center, left-surround, right-surround, and subwoofer. DD EX adds a 6th channel in the center back. All of these channels are supposed to be at ear level when sitting. Atmos allows fo...	[ "Dolby Atmos is the name of a surround sound technology by Dolby Laboratories that was introduced in June 2012 with the release of the animated film \"Brave\". Following the release of Atmos for the cinema market, a variety of consumer technologies have been released under the Atmos brand. The full set of technical...
why do vehicles in 4wd have a larger turning radius than when they’re in 2wd/rwd?	Your truck likely lacks a center differential Differentials allow wheels to rotate at different speeds. A rear differential is important for allowing you to go around corners as the outside wheel needs to spin faster than the inside wheel. If you had a locked rear differential you'd have to cause the outside wheel t...	[ "For four-wheeled vehicles (and by extension, vehicles with six, eight, or more wheels) this term is used to describe vehicles that are able to power at most two wheels, referred to as either front or rear-wheel drive. The term 4x2 is also used, to denote four total wheels with two being driven. Most road vehicles ...
why aren't we concerned with bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms developing resistance to alcohol, chlorine, and other substances used to sterilize medical equipment (and hands)?	It is a good question. The answer is how it works on the organism. Anti-biotics work by interfering with some important function of a bacteria cell. Think of throwing a wrench into a machine and watching it gum up the works. Cells that have different machine arrangements can be more resistant to wrenches. They'll have ...	[ "In the domestic environment, drug-resistant strains of organism may arise from seemingly safe activities such as the use of bleach, tooth-brushing and mouthwashing, the use of antibiotics, disinfectants and detergents, shampoos, and soaps, particularly antibacterial soaps, hand-washing, surface sprays, application...
If I stopped rotating around the galactic core, but the solar system didn't, how quickly would the sun disappear?	The Sun is going around the Galactic Center at about ~220 km/s, so you'd recede at about that rate. It would take you about [34 weeks to reach the orbit of Neptune](_URL_0_). To reach a point where the Sun becomes too faint to see with the naked eye (somewhere around 14 parsecs, or 46 lightyears), it would take ~60,000...	[ "In roughly 5 billion years, the Sun will cool and expand outward to many times its current diameter (becoming a red giant), before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf. In the far distant future, the gravity of passing stars will gradually r...
If solar neutrinos oscillate between flavours, how do they oscillate between masses?	Neutrino oscillations happen because the different flavors don't exactly correspond to the different masses. Think of a set of orthogonal (ie. right angle) axes labeled "e," "mu" and "tau." Now think of another set of axes labeled "light," "medium" and "heavy." Start with both set of axes lined up exactly, then rota...	[ "Eigenstates with different masses propagate with different frequencies. The heavier ones oscillate faster compared to the lighter ones. Since the mass eigenstates are combinations of flavor eigenstates, this difference in frequencies causes interference between the corresponding flavor components of each mass eige...
why are hamburgers generally thought of as unhealty? they contain everything on the food pyramid, grains (bun), veggies (lettuce), fruit (tomatoes), dairy (cheese), and meat (beef patty).	It's not balanced. A properly "balanced" hamburger would probably have half the bun, a quarter of the meat, five times as much veggies, and like barely any cheese at all. There's also no fruit, so you're missing those.	[ "This is a list of hamburgers. A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a cooked patty of ground meat usually placed inside a sliced bread roll. Hamburgers are often served with lettuce, bacon, tomato, onion, pickles, cheese, and condiments such as mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup, and relish. There are many types of ha...
why is hand sanitizer not effective against c-diff bacteria?	Some types of bacteria, like C. difficile, are able to go into a state of suspended animation by [forming spores](_URL_0_). These are different from fungus spores, but we call them that anyway. While in spore form, the bacteria aren't doing anything. They can't eat or reproduce. The upside is that they are pretty m...	[ "Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against norovirus or Norwalk type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.\n", "Hand sanitizer is a liquid generally used to decrease inf...
Mood effects from binaural sound?	[It's been discussed before, ](_URL_0_) though I don't believe there is a good scientific consensus. We know that some frequencies impact EEG recordings, but we don't yet understand whether or not it has any implication on mood (other than anecdotes of course).	[ "The sensory evidential mood (abbreviated ) is an epistemic grammatical mood, or group of moods, found in some languages, that indicates that the utterance is based on what the speaker has seen with their own eyes, or heard with their own ears. In some languages having such moods, there are multiple sensory evident...
how do we know so much about north korea's military arsenal?	Espionage, sources inside the country who leak to us, spies, satellites, talking with other countries closer to NK, etc. We do have an entire organization devoted to knowing things we are not supposed to know, the CIA are not just for show ;)	[ "The latest bi-annual report of North Korea's military capabilities by the ROK's Ministry of National Defense, released in 2018, KPN inventory is estimated at 430 combat ships, 250 landing crafts, 20 mine layers, 40 support ships, 70 submarines.\n", "The bi-annual report of North Korea's military capabilities by ...
Difficulty of simulating fluids	I'm not an expert or anything, but for interactive fluids, most programs approximate numerical solutions to the [Navier-Stokes equations.](_URL_0_) An analytic solution to specific cases could represent perfect simulation, but it's very difficult to know where they may or may not be found, let alone what they are.	[ "Computational fluid dynamics can be expensive, and interactions between multiple fluid bodies or with external objects/forces can require complex logic to evaluate. Fluid simulation is generally achieved in video games by simulating only the height of bodies of water to create the effect of waves, ripples, or othe...
how do micro-transaction games make decent profit?	If you have a huge player base it only takes a tiny fraction of the users to pay a tiny amount it adds up quickly. These freemium games often have lower production cost and quality then big payed games.	[ "The player collects money and items by several means, such as trading, looting the remains of destroyed ships or stations, escorting freighters, or agreeing to medical experiments. Key systems and encounters are pre-planned, while the less important systems and events are algorithmically generated, which makes the...
[physics] can gravity exist without mass?	It can, in two senses. First, the source of gravity is not just mass, but the stress-energy tensor, so any form of energy and momentum, not just mass, has a gravitational effect. The most extreme example: you could create a black hole made entirely out of light (called kugelblitz). Second, even when the stress-energy ...	[ "Based on observational evidence, it is now known that gravity interacts with all forms of energy, and not just with mass. The electrostatic binding energy of the nucleus, the energy of weak interactions in the nucleus, and the kinetic energy of electrons in atoms, all contribute to the gravitational mass of an ato...
what are the dots of pink, yellow, and other colors on boxes/ cans for?	They're there to show that the printing process is working correctly. If a batch comes out that looks weird. You can look at those and immediately tell which color(s) are having issues printing.	[ "BULLET::::- Color tablets : Boxes with tablets inside. The sides are usually made of wood or plastic. The middle is painted wood or plastic. The only difference between them is the colors in the middle. There are three color boxes. The first has the three primary colors (red, blue, and yellow). The second has 12 d...
Is atomic stability of radioactive elements affected when they form a molecule with another element?	In general, the nucleus cares very little about its "chemical environment". The exceptions would be decay modes which directly involve the electron cloud (electron capture, internal conversion, and bound state beta decay).	[ "The stability of nuclei decreases greatly with the increase in atomic number after curium, element 96, so that all isotopes with an atomic number above 101 decay radioactively with a half-life under a day, with an exception of dubnium-268. No elements with atomic numbers above 82 (after lead) have stable isotopes....
what causes red, blonde, non black colored hair? is it unique to europeans or does it occur in asians or native siberians?	Blonde, red, eye color are not unique to europeans, but they are recessive genes, that means that if a child inherits one blond gene from the mom and one black gene from the dad, then the black gene will come to play. For blond hair to be present in the child he basically has to inherit blond genes from both of his par...	[ "Natural lighter hair colors occur most often in Europe and less frequently in other areas. In Northern European populations, the occurrence of blond hair is common. The hair color gene MC1R has at least seven variants in Europe, giving the continent a wide range of hair and eye shades. Based on a genetic research ...
why is the most accurate and precise way to read a babies’ temperature is through the rectum?	Taking your temperature rectally is most accurate for all of us, not just babies. It gives you a much better impression of actual core temperature vs other methods that are a less accurate. Taking your temperature via your mouth/forehead/arm-pit, it is all not really internal to your body, is further away from your cor...	[ "Temperature examination in the rectum is the traditional gold standard measurement used to estimate core temperature (oral temperature is affected by hot or cold drinks and mouth-breathing). Rectal temperature is expected to be approximately one Fahrenheit degree higher than an oral temperature taken on the same p...
What would english farm-women in the 1890s have used to support their breasts?	Corsets were still a regular garment for all (Euro-American) women at this point in time. While we today think of them as vanity garments, they came in a range of styles just like modern bras. Some were meant for body modification and had restricted movement, but most were there as chest and back support, as well as su...	[ "When times were hard, women had to find ways of supporting their family. This was particularly true during and after the great potato famine of the 1840s. During that time period, most women could do needlework, so it was only a short step to lace-making. Irish Crochet and Tatting travelled particularly well as eq...
why are psilocybin mushrooms illegal and listed under schedule i when they have lowest harm rate vs. alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, and tobacco and also have profound proven medical benefits?	The same could be said for Marijuana or even ecstasy and LSD. In truth American drug laws haven't receive a serious restructuring on a national level in a very long time. That is why a lot of drugs with medical benefits or low risk of abuse are still classed as Schedule I.	[ "Many countries, however, have some level of regulation or prohibition of psilocybin mushrooms (for example, the US Psychotropic Substances Act, the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act). The prohibition of psilocybin mushrooms has come under criticism, from the general ...
why are people from america called americans but people from canada aren't called canadans?	I bet it has to do with French.	[ "Modern Canadians typically refer to people from the United States as \"Americans\", though they seldom refer to the United States as \"America\"; they use the terms \"the United States\", \"the U.S.\", or (informally) \"the States\" instead. Canadians rarely apply the term \"American\" to themselves – some Canadia...
I'm an average illiterate European man in the Middle Ages, what do I do in my free time? Do I even have any?	There's a lot of evidence of games such as dice through the times, or depending on where you live there might be musicians playing at taverns. Generally speaking, you'd spend your free time mostly socializing for entertainment, including time spent in taverns or playing sports for men, crafts for women, and lots of t...	[ "Throughout the Middle Ages it was customary for people of all classes and background to travel, often widely. The households of the upper classes and royal courts moved between manors and estates; the demands of diplomacy, war and crusades took men to distant countries; priests travelled between churches, monaster...
Where was all the energy of a hydroelectric dam going before you built the dam?	> Was it just being dissipated in all the turbulence of the water meandering down the river Yep. In the absence of turbulence, a long river would be traveling insanely fast at its exit. A lot of the energy pulled out via a hydroelectric dam would have later been lost as heat anyway. > the input and output flow pres...	[ "The first dam has an estimated height of 83.5 meters. It has an installed capacity that can hold up to 240 megawatts of power. Annual production of energy can be up to 1,065 gigawatt hours of energy. This first dam was completed in 2005, filling a reservoir.\n", "The dam's primary goal, irrigation, was postponed...
What are the origins of rap music?	DJ Kool Herc is sort of the consensus "originator of Hip-Hop". He was a Jamaican immigrant that came to New York City in the 70's and became a well-known DJ and emcee. Jamaican DJ's of the 60's and 70's implemented "toasting" - often improvised talking or chanting over ska and rock steady rhythms - into their sound s...	[ "Rapping can be traced back to its African roots. Centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by many modern artists, modern day \"griots\", spoken word artists, mainstream news...
Why does the shadowed part of the moon appear to be invisible even during the day? Wouldn't we see some faint part of it?	If you look closely at the moon at night, you may be able to see the circle be completed by a faint glow. That is earthshine -- sunlight that has bounced off the earth, illuminating the shadowed (night) side of the moon. During the day, however, our atmosphere scatters so much blue light at us that it all but drowns ...	[ "The Moon is directly illuminated by the Sun, and the cyclically varying viewing conditions cause the lunar phases. Sometimes the dark portion of the Moon is faintly visible due to earthshine, which is indirect sunlight reflected from the surface of Earth and onto the Moon.\n", "Due to the angle at which sunlight...
If antibiotics beat your infection, does your body still become more immune to it? Why or why not/to what degree?	It depends. The immunity you get following an infection results from the presence of antibodies that your body produces to identify and fight the bacteria (In the case of a bacterial infection). If you need antibiotics to fight an infection, there's likely three main reasons: * 1: You would probably have fought it o...	[ "Increasing bacterial resistance is linked with the volume of antibiotic prescribed, as well as missing doses when taking antibiotics. Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics has been attributed to a number of causes, such as patients insisting on antibiotics and physicians prescribing them as they do not have tim...
Why don't practical superconducting applications use liquid nitrogen-temperature superconductors?	First of all: these applications are pretty much all for creating large magnetic fields. A current is run around a coil of superconductor, which induces a magnetic field inside the coil. The larger the current, the larger the magnetic field. Well, it turns out that supserconductivity doesn't play nicely with magnetic ...	[ "High-temperature superconductors (HTS) promise to revolutionize power distribution by providing lossless transmission of electrical power. The development of superconductors with transition temperatures higher than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen has made the concept of superconducting power lines commerciall...
Why are plastic bottle shaped the way they are?	There are three things that are considered: price, appeal, and function. Price is pretty obvious, the cheaper to make the better; a can of pop is the cheapest (usually). Reducing other raw materials, e.g. the size of the bottle cap, is also a way to reduce price. Appeal is also pretty obvious, making it look nice mi...	[ "A plastic bottle is a bottle constructed from high density plastic. Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such as water, soft drinks, motor oil, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, milk, and ink. The size ranges from very small sample bottles to large carboys. Consumer blow molded containers often have i...
what is the difference between digital and analog?	A digital signal is a string of 1's and 0's that encodes your data. Meanwhile an analog signal is a continuous spectrum. For example, say you're trying to get the number 7 from one machine to the next. You could do that by sending a sequence of 0111 (7 in binary), or you could send 7 Volts over the connection (analog)...	[ "Digital audio uses pulse-code modulation and digital signals for sound reproduction. This includes analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), storage, and transmission. In effect, the system commonly referred to as digital is in fact a discrete-time, discrete-level analog of a previous...
why are cones and pyramids exactly 1/3 of a cylinder or prism's volume?	Let's look a simple case first, the cube. A cube is incidentally the base of a pyramid and also a square prism of the same base face as the pyramid. I also happens to have identical side faces, which will help us later on. Imagine a pyramid with the base face of our cube. You can move the tip of the pyramid around wit...	[ "The fact that the volume of any pyramid, regardless of the shape of the base, whether circular as in the case of a cone, or square as in the case of the Egyptian pyramids, or any other shape, is (1/3) × base × height, can be established by Cavalieri's principle if one knows only that it is true in one case. One ma...
Why is it that Western and Eastern Civilization seem to be clearly demarcated from one another?	It's a really difficult book to get through if you don't have a formal background in history or anthropology, but Edward Said's Orientalism is the most widely accepted work explaining what I think you're trying to get at. To horribly oversimplify Said's argument to fit it into a reddit post, "Western Civilization" h...	[ "During the Middle Ages, the many civilizations present in both East and West were similar in some ways, and irreconcilably different in others. Differences in the social class system were one major issues that affected many areas of life when the two societies interacted. The divide between feudalism and the Easte...
what laws are the bankers alleged to have broken when they caused the crash of 2008?	That's the issue. There are no laws to be arrested under ~~because no laws were broken~~. Or rather, it's impossible to obtain enough evidence to conclusively prove that bankers broke laws to the extent where they could be arrested. Let me explain. Banks make loans. Banks run out of money to make loans. Housing demand...	[ "Before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, there was no regulation of securities at the federal level. Even firms whose securities were publicly traded published no regular reports or even worse rather misleading reports based on arbitrarily selected data. To avoid another Wall Street Crash, the Securities Act of 1933 ...
what plausible explanation could there be that snowden is living in moscow, and the russian government hasn't sought to use him for information?	What makes you think they aren't?	[ "Russia first received information about Snowden when he was in Hong Kong. At that time, they were told that a person who wanted to fight against human rights violations wanted to seek asylum in Russia. In 2017, during \"The Putin Interviews\" with the Director Oliver Stone, the Russian president Vladimir Putin des...
why is it that plants in a garden need excessive care like support,waterings, and heavy weeding when plants thrive in the wild without this?	Because we usually select the wrong plants when we plant a garden. The things we pick tend to have been selected for their beauty, not their hardiness. There are some demo gardens that show how to plant with local native plants that require little active care.	[ "Such gardens often benefit from the plants being evolved and habituated to the local climate, pests and herbivores, and soil conditions, and so may require fewer to no soil amendments, irrigation, pesticides, and herbicides for a lower maintenance, more sustainable landscape.\n", "Watering houseplants on a regul...
If visible light, UV, IR or radio are just different frequencies of EMG waves and visible light is also seen as photons, does it mean that UV, IR or radio waves are also photons?	Yes, all electromagnetic waves, whether X-rays, visible light, radio waves, or anything else, are made of photons.	[ "Radio frequency radiation is usually measured in kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz). Light is electromagnetic radiation that is even higher in frequency, and has frequencies in the range of tens (infrared) to thousands (ultraviolet) of terahertz. Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies in the ...
Why aren't Roman Emperors like Commodus or Caracalla not as welll known as Nero or Caligula?	Commodus is pretty well known actually, at least as far as acounts go, we have stories from Cassius Dio about him killing rivals and killing things in the Coliseum in his book 73. He so badly idolized the gladiators so he killed animals himself and fought fake fights in whish "commodus received a million sesterces from...	[ "Surviving Roman records considered Quintillus a moderate and capable Emperor. He was seen as a champion of the Senate and thus compared to previous Emperors Galba and Pertinax. All three were highly regarded by Senatorial sources despite their failure to survive a full year of reign.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\": Nero ...
Is there any particular reason why a lot of United States towns, villages and Cities are Named after Ancient European and Middle-eastern Cities?	hi! there have been a few questions about city names in the US here; check these out for previous responses. The first two touch on Middle Eastern city names; I've included the others since they may be of incidental interest. * [why did the people of memphis, tennesee decide to name their city after the city of memph...	[ "Note that not all towns whose names are the same as a foreign city are named for that city. For example, there is only one US place named for the Boston in England. That is Boston, Massachusetts; all the rest were named for it or after someone named Boston. Also note that places named after people are not on this ...
Do CPUs benefit from large L3 caches?	In modern multi core CPU design the L3 cache is typically shared by all cores whereas each core has its own L1 and L2 cache. The L3 memory is faster than the main memory but slower than the L2 memory. It's an optimization that is useful when switching an image (process) to a different core. While switching to another...	[ "RISC designs started adding cache in the mid-to-late 1980s, often only 4 KB in total. This number grew over time, and typical CPUs now have at least 512 KB, while more powerful CPUs come with 1 or 2 or even 4, 6, 8 or 12 MB, organized in multiple levels of a memory hierarchy. Generally speaking, more cache means m...
Why is gravity always mentioned as a limitation of the Standard Model when it has nothing to do with particles, as explained by General Relativity?	Because if a model would ideally describe all fundamental interactions, but cannot describe one of them, that is a problem. However, I wouldn't say this is a problem with the standard model, the SM is very good at what it attempts to do. It isn't without its own problems, including the lack mathematical rigour, the num...	[ "BULLET::::- \"Gravity\". The standard model does not explain gravity. The approach of simply adding a graviton to the Standard Model does not recreate what is observed experimentally without other modifications, as yet undiscovered, to the Standard Model. Moreover, instead, the Standard Model is widely considered ...
Regarding the History of California.	The Mexican American war ended with Mexico ceding a huge swath of what is today the Western United States to the USA with the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. United States settlers continued moving West, homesteading and occupying just about everything they found slowly. Then, gold was found near Sutter's fort in 1849 sta...	[ "Foster documented the history of California under the rule of Mexico in articles published by the Southern California Historical Society. In 1888 he wrote \"A Sketch of Some of the Earliest Pioneers of Los Angeles\" and \"Reminiscences: My First Procession in Los Angeles March 16, 1847\". \n", "Some of the best ...
what are computable numbers?	The set of Real numbers is _uncountable_. That is, you can't assign a natural number to every Real number. However you _can_ assign a natural number to every Turing machine: the set of Computable Numbers is _countable_. Therefore the set of Computable Numbers is a subset of Real numbers. To take a specific case, fo...	[ "The computable numbers may be viewed as the real numbers that may be exactly represented in a computer: a computable number is exactly represented by its first digits and a program for computing further digits. However, the computable numbers are rarely used in practice. One reason is that there is no algorithm fo...
why is it so hard to read out loud without yawning?	It's theorized that yawning is caused as a reaction to being low on oxygen. (For context, when you hold your breath, it's not the lack of oxygen you're feeling; rather, your lungs burn when they're too full of carbon dioxide.) Therefore, logically, when you're reading, you spend a longer time between breaths, but becau...	[ "A similar hypothesis suggests yawning is used for regulation of body temperature. Similarly, Guttmann and Dopart (2011) found, that, when a subject wearing earplugs yawned, a breeze is heard, caused by the flux of the air moving between the subject's ear and the environment. Guttmann and Dopart determined that a y...
why does hearing your own scream not hurt, but hearing other people's screams hurts?	You don't hear your own voice through your ear drums/through the sound waves directly hitting those membranes, you hear it as a combination of echoes off of walls and the sound traveling through your jaw/skull to the membranes. It's the sharp spike in pressure caused by a high-volume and high-pitched sound hitting you...	[ "Particularly severe cases of misophonia may result in violent impulses toward the source of the sound. One such case described in the journal \"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology\" detailed 'involuntary violence' exhibited by a sufferer in response to a trigger in the form of another person eating loudly.\...
how do small insects fly so well even in low winds?	What do you mean by "even in low winds" That they should only be able to fly in high wind or that just a little bit of wind should make it too hard for them to fly?	[ "Insect flight is considerably different, due to their small size, rigid wings, and other anatomical differences. Turbulence and vortices play a much larger role in insect flight, making it even more complex and difficult to study than the flight of vertebrates. There are two basic aerodynamic models of insect flig...
How did the inventors of the atom bomb feel when Japan was nuked?	While Einstein didn't directly work on the bomb (because the US government didn't trust him with secret war plans), he did speak out against it: "We scientists, whose tragic destiny it has been to help make the methods of annihilation ever more gruesome and more effective, must consider it our solemn and transcendent d...	[ "After the atomic bombings of Japan, many scientists at Los Alamos rebelled against the notion of creating a weapon thousands of times more powerful than the first atomic bombs. For the scientists the question was in part technical — the weapon design was still quite uncertain and unworkable — and in part moral: su...
Is water soluble in water?	It's not an especially useful statement to make, but we can indeed define such a quantity: Water has a molarity of 55.41 M (M=mol/L) with itself--however, everybody on Earth just calls this the molar density of water. And before I get yelled at for having such a liberal definition of solute (which I admit, is a bit fo...	[ "In water, by altering the autoionization equilibrium, bases yield solutions in which the hydrogen ion activity is lower than it is in pure water, i.e., the water has a pH higher than 7.0 at standard conditions. A soluble base is called an alkali if it contains and releases OH ions quantitatively. However, it is im...
if crimea is 60% (ethnically) russian, how did it end up as part of ukraine? might there be similar conflicts over other nearby regions with high russian populations?	The USSR transferred Crimea internally from Russia to Ukraine in 1954. When Ukraine declared independence during the breakup of the USSR, Crimea went along with it.	[ "The 2014 Crimean crisis is an ongoing international crisis principally involving Russia and Ukraine. Most developments apply to the Crimean Peninsula, formerly a multi-ethnic region of Ukraine composed of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the administratively separate municipality of Sevastopol; both are popul...
american football head trauma/concussions vs boxing	The real difference is the intensity of the impact. In boxing you are hit by a single padded hand. The boxers muscles are mostly to accelerate your hand and glove up to speed and to follow through, but little is applied during the actual punch due to rebound. Kinetic Energy = (1/2)(Mass)(Velocity^2). A strong pun...	[ "Concussions are frequent in high school football. Football has the highest rate of concussion among high school sports, with about 11 concussions occurring per 10,000 athletic exposures. About 50 high school or younger football players across the country were killed or sustained serious head injuries on the field ...
Did communes within the Incan Empire trade or interact with one another?	First of all it should be noted that an ayllu is technically one community in the Andes, set up in one region/climate zone. Ayllus did get together in daisy-chains of communal marriage and trade across climate zones (east-west), allowing for broad trade of good from the Amazon's fringes (and perhaps deeper) all the...	[ "Caranqui was the northernmost area fully incorporated into the Inca Empire, although the Inca fortified Rumichaca Bridge further north on the present-day border of Ecuador and Colombia. Living on both sides of the border were the Pasto people who were only partially conquered by the Incas.\n", "This zone was a p...
why is animation treated so differently in japan than the west?	Someone will probably be able to answer this better than I can. I heard that animation isn't seen as a children's medium in Japan and as such they produce all kinds of tv using it. It started with lore stories which if done with conventional actors would have needed lots of effects to produce the demons, dragons etc....	[ "Japan is known for its use of limited animation as well with scenes of mouth moving with occasional eye blinks, rendered long shots of detailed backgrounds and rare use of 2D fluidity on motion-blur filled action alongside reused drawings. It also has the benefit of lower cost productions and stylized content as o...
how do you know how long it takes you to go to sleep	I usually know within a few minutes of when I went to sleep by the punch from my wife for snoring and then looking at the clock to see what time it was.	[ "In terms of actual numbers, an infant from one to three months of age may sleep sixteen to eighteen hours a day in periods that last from three to four hours. By three months the period of sleep lengthens to about four or five hours, with a decrease in the total sleep time to about fourteen or fifteen hours. At th...
why is government leaks bad?	Whether it's bad or good depends on what information is being leaked, how that information is being leaked, who is leaking it, who it is being leaked too, and the person you're asking. What the information is * The information could contain information regarding intended or planned actions regarding the United St...	[ "The leakage that the Government sector provides is through the collection of revenue through Taxes (T) that is provided by households and firms to the government. This is a leakage because it is a leakage out of the current income thus reducing the expenditure on current goods and services. The injection provided ...
why did so many people hate windows vista?	I'm not familiar with the technical details, but from the [Wikipedia article](_URL_0_), it seems like it was a combination of the following: * DRM integration reduces resolution of stuff that isn't "genuine"; everything has to checked and certified by Microsoft * lots of security problems and flaws in protection featu...	[ "While these new features and security improvements have garnered positive reviews, Vista has also been the target of much criticism and negative press. Criticism of Windows Vista has targeted its high system requirements, its more restrictive licensing terms, the inclusion of a number of then-new DRM technologies ...
What is the real benefit of shivering when it's cold?	We would still maintain homeostasis, but we would be forced to do it through different mechanisms. Shivering is a simple way of generating heat by muscle use. Human infants and hibernating animals use [non-shivering thermogenesis](_URL_0_) to generate heat.	[ "Shivering (also called shaking) is a bodily function in response to cold in warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis. Skeletal muscles begin to shake in small movements, creating warmth by expending energy. Shivering can also be a respons...
what are the differences between delta force and seal team 6 and why do they exist separately?	Delta Force is a special mission unit of the US Army. SEAL Team Six is a component of the Joint Special Operations Command which is from the US Navy. They exist separately because they belong to different branches of the armed forces of the US. Why exactly the people who carry guns on the ground are different from the ...	[ "The 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (SFOD-D), commonly referred to as Delta Force, Combat Applications Group (CAG), \"The Unit\", Army Compartmented Element (ACE), or within JSOC as Task Force Green, is an elite special operations force of the United States Army, under operational control of the Jo...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.