Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
How much longer is today than the first day ever measured?	_URL_0_ Very rough calculation based on > The length of a mean solar day (LOD) is 86,400 seconds. Exact measurements of time by atomic clocks and satellite laser ranging have revealed that the length of LOD is not constant. Indeed, the lunar tidal torque acting on the tidal bulge of the ocean, together with the eff...	[ "Day length has increased by about 2 hours in the last 600 million years. Assuming (as a crude approximation) that the deceleration rate has been constant, this would imply that 70 million years ago, day length was on the order of 1% shorter with about 4 more days per year.\n", "The basic unit of time measurement...
if my pupils dilate in the dark to let in more light in order to see more; why isn’t it really bright when they dilate while drunk?	When drunk the pupils are slower to react to changes in light level. When light is flashed in the eyes to see if someone is drunk they are looking for a slow pupil response, not dilation.	[ "BULLET::::- Pupil dilation - Pupil dilation may be harder to detect by most people. Sexual desire may be a cause of such dilation. It may also be an indication of attraction. Physiologically, eyes dilate when it is darker to let in more light.\n", "Normally, as part of the pupillary light reflex, the pupil dilat...
if your stomach is in the upper left quadrant of your abdomen, why is it that your lower abdomen becomes distended after you eat a full meal?	Full stomach and upper intestine pushing down on a load of more squishy intestines, probably. The weight has to be supported somehow.	[ "In humans, the stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. A large double fold of visceral peritoneum called the great...
Schrodinger's Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics	Basically, Schrodinger hypothesized that electrons and particles can act like waves as well as particles. So he made a few assumptions based on what we know about light and how light behaves, and applied them to electrons. He ended up with a wave equation that describes matter. Basically, this wave equation has so...	[ "The most widely known interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation put forward by Niels Bohr and his school. It maintains that observations lead to a wavefunction collapse, thereby suggesting the counter-intuitive result that two well separated, non-interacting systems require action-at-a-d...
why when you look directly at the sun, does it appear darker in the center?	The chances of the sun damaging your eyes that quickly is pretty low. Damage to the retina by bright light is called solar retinopathy, and it repairs itself as long as its not too severe and it takes a while to occur in most people. I've only had it occur once- 5 gentlemen who took LSD all came in on the same day. ...	[ "Faces oriented towards the sun at midday will usually have dark shadows in the eye sockets due to the steep downward angle of the sun and the preference of the subjects not to be blinded by the sun. When near-axis fill flash is added in that situation it hits the shaded eyes and sunlit face equally so the eyes wil...
Why are some gases, such as CO2, highly lipid soluble, while some others, such as N2 or Argon are less?	Lipid attraction is through the [London force](_URL_0_), which is proportional to the static dielectric polarizabilities of two molecules divided by their distance^6 . By the dielectric polarizability, we mean how 'hard' it is (energy required) to shift the charge density of the molecule. Out of those gases the polari...	[ "The solubility properties of ILs are diverse. Saturated aliphatic compounds are generally only sparingly soluble in ionic liquids, whereas olefins show somewhat greater solubility, and aldehydes can be completely miscible. Solubility differences can be exploited in biphasic catalysis, such as hydrogenation and hyd...
why is poker considered a sport?	It's a game that gets broadcast on a sports network.	[ "\"Poker is a game based on mathematics (probability and expectation in particular) and should be treated this way. Bets, folds, raises, bluffs, and all poker decisions should be evaluated solely on their expected value, not because a certain action \"feels right\" or \"gives you information\". As a mathematician t...
what happens now that washington and colorado have marijuana legalized?	I haven't researched myself, but I can link you here: _URL_0_	[ "Colorado is now 1 of 8 states that have legalized both medical and recreational marijuana, allowing them to tax the product. As of July 2014, six months after recreational shops began sales of marijuana in Colorado, the state has enjoyed a tax revenue of 45 million with 98 million expected by the end of the calend...
the earth's gravity is strong enough to keep the moon, an immense celestial body, from flying off into space. it is also weak enough to allow us to jump and throw things in the air. how does this work?	Well, you don't fly off into space. You can barely jump like maybe the height of your body and then you "fall back to the Earth" pretty damn fast. So in a way the Earth's gravity is strong enough to keep you on Earth, and weak enough to merely keep the Moon in orbit. The force of gravity itself increases with mass, ...	[ "The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m/s, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.166 . Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m/s (1.6% of the acceleration due to gravity). Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational a...
Is it possible to use a planets magnetic field as a particle accelerator?	Static magnetic fields can not change the speed of a particle, you need an electric field for that. Although a magnetic field that is changing with time will induce an electric field. The magnetic field of the Earth approximately resembles a static dipole field. It acts like a magnetic bottle, trapping charged particl...	[ "Otherwise, it is suggested that if the planet had a magnetic field, it would deflect the particles from the atmosphere (even the slow rotation of a tidally locked M-dwarf planet—it spins once for every time it orbits its star—would be enough to generate a magnetic field as long as part of the planet's interior rem...
info about distant stars/galaxies	1. There are several means of measuring the approximate distance between us and a distance star, for example since we know the radius of the earth's orbit around the sun, we can look at the viewing angle of a star on two days, six months apart, and use the difference in these angles to construct a triangle to deduce it...	[ "BULLET::::- Azophi's \"Book of Fixed Stars\", published in 964, describes more than a thousand stars in detail and provides the first descriptions of the Andromeda Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud.\n", "Distant Stars is a 1981 collection of science fiction and fantasy short stories by American writer Samuel...
if you gave me the name of any movie, i could tell you if ive seen it or not. but i couldnt list all the movies ive ever seen. why is that?	The quick: The brain is less like a filing system, and more like a bunch of interconnected webs built on top of and next to each other. If it was a filing system, you would just go to the "movies" folder and retrieve all the movies you have seen. Since it isn't a file system, the first movie you ever saw maybe c...	[ "Roger Ebert gave the film 4/4, and wrote, \"You might want to see [it] for no other reason than because it exists. There will never be another like it.\" Nathan Lee of \"The New York Times\", however, wrote that the film \"is a genuine labor of love—and a real bore.\"\n", "The film received very positive reviews...
How are wild animals (Ex Lions, Tigers, Bears, etc.) able to eat raw meat without getting sick from it?	[Searched](_URL_1_) Relevant [discussion](_URL_0_) top comment courtesy [Cebus_capucinus](_URL_2_) > First humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) speciated some 200,000 years ago. Evidence for fire and cooked food precedes this date, somewhere in our Homo lineage. Physical evidence for fire dates back many hundreds of thousa...	[ "In many countries, feeding live vertebrates to zoo animals is illegal, except in exceptional circumstances. For example, some snakes refuse to eat dead prey. However, in the Badaltearing Safari Park in China, visitors can throw live goats into the lion enclosure and watch them being eaten, or can purchase live chi...
how does someone who's taken a traumatizing blow to the head causing them to not remember their name or who they are and where they came from, but yet have no problem understanding the language spoken to them?	The brain is not amorphous. Different parts of the brain control different functions. Traumas to, say, the vision center, or balance, may not affect things like memory, or language, etc. Your language skills are also not directly tied to memories.	[ "Anomic aphasia, aphasia (expressive + receptive aphasia) and Alzheimer's disease can all affect recalling or retrieving words. Anomia renders a person completely unable to name familiar objects, places and people, a involves specific naming difficulties; sufferers of anomia have difficulties recalling words. Anomi...
What is so special about 1/360th of a circle that makes it a unit a measurement?	It's divisible by lots of numbers, so you can divide up the circle in lots of different ways with it. Number like 12, 24, 36, 60, 120, 360 are called [Highly Composite Numbers](_URL_0_), they have more divisors than any smaller number and were typically favored in times when computation was difficult. If general divisi...	[ "In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle with unit radius. Frequently, especially in trigonometry, the unit circle is the circle of radius one centered at the origin (0, 0) in the Cartesian coordinate system in the Euclidean plane. The unit circle is often denoted ; the generalization to higher dimensions is the ...
Do we know how the people who built Stonehenge actually got the rock they used out of the ground?	The bluestone (which was used for the smaller stones and was the material that was moved long distance) was naturally formed into an exposed pillared structure. There wasn't a whole lot of "constructing" to be done. Extracting these pillars was probably a fairly straightforward process. You insert a wooden wedge into t...	[ "There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size. However, c...
Male Chivalry - What is the reason and context behind it?	"Chivalry" in the sense that you and your male relative were discussing is indeed an archaic system of courtesies that reflected what was an overarching custom in every civilization. Namely, that men and women of a certain social class had different displays of deference to one another, which were themselves reflective...	[ "Although these teachings emboldened secular authorities to give women fewer rights than men, they also helped form the concept of chivalry. Chivalry was influenced by a new Church attitude towards Mary, the mother of Jesus. This \"ambivalence about women's very nature\" was shared by most major religions in the We...
why are there always metal foils wrapped around a satellite? what's the difference between the gold and silver colored foils? and why are they always so wrinkly?	It's called "MLI" - multi-layer-insulation. This exist on the satellite to protect electronics from the crazy temperature fluctuations in space. This serves to regulate heat transfer, more than it really does "insulate". It also serves as a bit of protection from dust particles and things that would build up on the ...	[ "A foil is a very thin sheet of metal, usually made by hammering or rolling. Foils are most easily made with malleable metals, such as aluminium, copper, tin, and gold. Foils usually bend under their own weight and can be torn easily. The more malleable a metal, the thinner foil can be made with it. For example, al...
why are cities enacting water bottle bans, when people will just buy soda in plastic bottles instead?	I suspect it's that most people wouldn't drink nearly as much soda as they drink water. For instance, if you drink water throughout the day, you might go through 3 or 4 plastic bottles -- most people wouldn't drink that much soda. At the end of the day, the goal of the new legislation is to modify behavior. They woul...	[ "Legislation banning the sale of single-serving plastic water bottles passed in Concord, Massachusetts on April 26, 2012, making Concord the first village in the nation to ban single-serving plastic bottles. The passage was largely due to the efforts of 84-year-old Jean Hill. The ban took effect on January 1, 2013....
volkswagen's fraudulent emission case	In most states in the US, in order to register your vehicle in the state where you live, you have to take it to the DMV for testing. They put a big hose on your exhaust pipe and check the gasses coming out of your car. Volkswagon built a cheating device into their cars. When in normal use on the roads, their cars wo...	[ "Volkswagen announced that 11 million cars were involved in the falsified emission reports, and that over seven billion dollars would be earmarked to deal with the costs of rectifying the software at the heart of the pollution statements. The newly appointed CEO of Volkswagen Mathias Müller stated that the software...
Is the expansion of the universe an expansion OF space, rather than an expansion IN space? And if so, does that mean that our bodies are expanding as well, but we can't tell because they're expanding relative to everything else?	This is a very commonly asked question. Do a search and check out the old responses, but to be safe, avoid anything not written by me, and definitely avoid any heavily-upvoted response which says something like "no, we're not expanding because intermolecular forces hold our bodies together" or something silly like that...	[ "The expansion of the universe is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion whereby \"the scale of space itself changes\". The universe does not expand \"into\" anything and does not require space to exist \"outside\" it. Technically, neither spac...
What was anarchist Ukraine like?	I'm no expert, but I do believe that it was somewhat conceptually similar to the US during the war of independence, minus any Continental Congress. The peasants who lived on the land were in the middle of a war, but had always been and continued to be self-managing (as in, requiring no governmental organization to run ...	[ "Ukrainian anarchist guerrilla bands were active during the Russian Civil War. Some claimed to be loyal to the Ukrainian state, but others acknowledged no allegiance; all fought both the Red and White Armies with equal ferocity in the opening stages of the Civil War. Of all the anarchist groups, the most famous and...
what steak cuts are the leanest?	Filet mignon is just a cut off a beef tenderloin. Which is going to be your leanest "choice" cut. Sirloin can be very lean and you can always do some trimming before you cook it. If you want really lean cuts just go to a local butcher and ask them to hook it up. Although, alot of the flavor of a steak comes from a good...	[ "A steak () is a meat generally sliced across the muscle fibers, potentially including a bone. Exceptions, in which the meat is sliced parallel to the fibers, include the skirt steak cut from the plate, the flank steak cut from the abdominal muscles, and the silverfinger steak cut from the loin and includes three r...
what is inside alcohol that causes it to be addictive?	Alcohol is in alcohol. Alcohol is the addictive substance. It alters your mind and your body grows to need it and want it strongly. An alcoholic tends to be more susceptible to this addiction and it is very easy to get back into the habit. Not every alcoholic will fall back into addiction with a single drink, but m...	[ "Alcoholism is a disease with a known pathology and an established biomolecular signal transduction pathway which culminates in ΔFosB overexpression within the D1-type medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens; when this overexpression occurs, ΔFosB induces the addictive state.\n", "Signs of alcohol abuse are...
dc statehood	DC is the most Democratic-favoring place in the country. Giving DC two Senators would change a lot of things in the Senate. Making DC (pop. 700K) a state in front of Puerto Rico (pop 3.5M) would also tell the folks that live in other US possessions that they're never going to get representation.	[ "A referendum on statehood for the District of Columbia was held on November 8, 2016. It was the second referendum on statehood to be held in the district. The District of Columbia was created following the passage of the Residence Act on July 9, 1790, which approved the creation of a national capital, the City of ...
What were the actual belefs (if any) of the God Worshipers of the Taiping Rebellion? Could you call them actually Christian?	Basically this exact question has come up before, and [I gave a pretty lengthy answer here](_URL_0_), but if you have any further queries I'd be more than happy to answer them.	[ "BULLET::::- The God Worshipping Society of the Taiping Rebellion, which fused Anglo-American Protestant Christian and Chinese elements into a movement that focused the resentment of Han Chinese against the ruling Manchu Qing Dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, their leader, proclaimed himself to be the second son of God and br...
why does meat get tough and dry when overcooked, but vegetables get soft and mushy the more they're cooked?	Because they’re made of different things. To keep it real simple- Plant cells = cellulose, which is destroyed by heat. Meat cells = protein, which are “denatured” by heat, meaning the proteins will change shape. This “tightens” the cell structure, forcing out water, causing the meat to be tough and dry.	[ "The objective in any case is to retain as much moisture as possible, while providing the texture and color. As meat cooks, the structure and especially the collagen breaks down, allowing juice to come out of the meat. So meat is juiciest at about medium rare while the juice is coming out. During roasting, meats an...
what's the difference between solid hydrogen and metallic hydrogen?	The specific property of metals is that they have delocalized electrons, which lets them be a good conductor of electricity. Metallic Hydrogen is hydrogen in a state that lets its electrons move freely inside it and thus making it a good conductor of electricity. Generally it is done by keeping it under very big pressu...	[ "At high pressure and temperatures, metallic hydrogen can exist as a liquid rather than a solid, and researchers think it might be present in large quantities in the hot and gravitationally compressed interiors of Jupiter, Saturn, and in some exoplanets.\n", "In scheme (5), hydrogen is placed by itself on account...
Why do mixtures end up homogeneous instead of being completely random?	The homogeneity you see actually is the most "random" configuration, where individual chromophores are mixed with each other. If the two colours are separated far enough to be distinguished macroscopically, then that's actually a more ordered state.	[ "A random mixture can be obtained if two different free-flowing powders of approximately the same particle size, density and shape are mixed (see figure A). Only primary particles are present in this type of mixture, i.e., the particles are not cohesive and do not cling to one another. The mixing time will determin...
Do high pressure systems push low pressure systems away or does low pressure systems suck high pressure systems in?	It's actually both. They pull together, but each force can still be measured separately. For instance, in a nuclear reactor the nuclear reaction creates heat that is used to boil water into steam. The water is confined at extremely high pressure and will not boil until it is released. It's sprayed into a gigantic turb...	[ "Positive pressure is a pressure within a system that is greater than the environment that surrounds that system. Consequently, if there is any leak from the positively pressured system it will egress into the surrounding environment.\n", "When the pressure in one part of a system is reduced relative to another, ...
why does coffee taste so differently after smoking?	Here you can find some interesting points. To sum it up, a tobacco really can change the taste receptors _URL_0_	[ "As the brew continually seeps through the grounds, the overall temperature of the liquid approaches boiling point, at which stage the \"perking\" action (the characteristic spurting sound the pot makes) stops, and the coffee is ready for drinking. In a manual percolator it is important to remove or reduce the heat...
how is it possible that you can order something on ebay for $3 without shipping payments?	Usually it's coming from China. The Chinese government subsidizes parcels moving out of the country if its for the purpose if ecommerce, which makes international postal rates for Chinese sellers ridiculously low.	[ "Users can sell clothing, shoes and handbags in two ways: request a prepaid selling kit or print out a shipping label. Twice processes the items and sends an all-or-nothing offer to the user within days, which users accept or reject. If accepted, Twice offers multiple options for immediate payout including PayPal a...
Did America's relationship suffer as a result of the coups that took place in South/Latin America during the Cold War?	Thomas Walker (political scientist) has written a lot on Nicaragua. He's said a bit about 1990s Nicaraguan politics (remember, the Sandinistas were defeated electorally after the Contra war in 1990 by Violeta Chamorro). There was some tension between the US and the Chamorro government, as the Bush and early Clinton adm...	[ "Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution and the local implementation in several countries of Che Guevara's foco theory, the US waged a war in South America against what it called \"Communist subversives\", leading to support of coups against democratically elected presidents such as the backing of the Chilean right wi...
probability 1/10 vs 10/100	The chance of any given bomb exploding is 1/10 (which is equal to 10/100, since 10/100 = 1/10). However, the chances of at least one bomb exploding is going to be different if you have more Bombs, since you have more chances. Think of flipping a coin. Each coin flip has a 50% chance to be heads and a 50% chance to...	[ "Thus if expressed as a fraction with a numerator of 1, probability and odds differ by exactly 1 in the denominator: a probability of 1 \"in\" 100 (1/100 = 1%) is the same as odds of 1 \"to\" 99 (1/99 = 0.0101… = 0.), while odds of 1 \"to\" 100 (1/100 = 0.01) is the same as a probability of 1 \"in\" 101 (1/101 = 0....
if two people are trapped underwater; can they survive by rescue breathing with each other?	If anything, they would die faster. The amount of oxygen isn't the only thing that's important; the amount of CO2 in the air will determine how much of the oxygen in the air will go into your blood, because your blood is able to carry both gases. Your blood is better able to carry oxygen than CO2, which is why it can...	[ "The usual consequence, if the airway is not protected, is drowning. A breath-hold diver who has blacked out and has been promptly returned to the surface, will usually regain consciousness within seconds. While the diver is still unconscious underwater, they are at high risk of drowning. While unconscious the dive...
Aristotle died in 322 BC, one year after the death of Alexander the Great. What were his thoughts on his former pupil's domination of the known world?	Not to discourage further replies, but I have in the past answered to a couple of questions relating to Aristotle´s and Alexander´s relationship: [Do we know what Aristotle thought of Alexander the Great?](_URL_0_) [What effect did Aristotle's tutoring of Alexander the Great have on him?](_URL_1_) Short answer:...	[ "Near the end of his life, Alexander and Aristotle became estranged over Alexander's relationship with Persia and Persians. A widespread tradition in antiquity suspected Aristotle of playing a role in Alexander's death, but the only evidence of this is an unlikely claim made some six years after the death. Followin...
why do windshield wipers make a smacking/ thumping noise when they change direction?	When the wipers change direction, the rubber blades on those wipers also change direction. You're hearing the rubber piece slightly tap the windshield when it switches it's direction.	[ "Most stepping switches rotate the wipers in only one direction, but some are bidirectional; the latter have a second magnet to rotate the wipers the other way. A third variety \"winds\" a spring as the wiper steps progressively, and a ratchet holds the wipers from returning to home position. When the circuit is no...
With today's technology, how long would it take us to reach Andromeda? Is it plausible?	Well it's 2.537 million light years away. Let's say we can move at 0.05% the speed of light - which is 200 kilometers / second.. (we actually can't do that, but let's pretend..) At that rate we could be there in .. 5.074 billion years. The sun will turn into a red giant and swallow up the earth long before that. ...	[ "The \"next step\" interstellar probe in this study suggested a 5 megawatt fission reactor utilizing 16 metric tonnes of H propellant. Targeting a launch in the mid-21st century, it would accelerate to 200 AU/year over 4200 AU and reach the star Epsilon Eridani after 3400 years of travel in the year 5500 AD. Howeve...
When horses were used for transportation in the US, were they treated affectionately like pets or as interchangeable tools? Was it okay to borrow someone else's horse?	> Here I mett Capt. John Richards of Boston who was going home, So being very glad of his Company we Rode something harder than hitherto, and missing my way in going up a very steep Hill, my horse dropt down under me as Dead; this new surprize no little hurt me meeting it Just at the Entrance into Dedham from whence ...	[ "As horse-drawn transportation gave way to faster, mechanized transportation, there remained a need to transport horses themselves for work, sport, and other purposes. Thus, many types of trucks, vans, and trailers were developed or modified to transport horses on modern highways.\n", "In the 19th century, horses...
how can the ps3/xbox360 play such high quality games with such little ram?	The other thing to consider is consoles allow for a standardized platform. Meaning that developers can optimize heavily for only 1 type of hardware architecture. Where as games for PC must support a lot of different types of architectures. edit: Also minecraft is a bad base case because it's Java based which has its i...	[ "The versions of the game for the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One have better graphics and more memory than their counterparts for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii U. When discussing the additional power of the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One, John Vignocchi stated \"I’d say, specifically related to Xbox One, the...
what are the industry benefits for 'blue laws?'	Say I'm the proprietor of a liquor store, and I want to take Sunday off. But I don't want to lose business to my competitor should he decide to work on Sunday. I have a great idea, let's force him to take Sunday off as well! Notably, my competitor can be thinking the same thing, but with the roles reversed. So you...	[ "In the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court has held blue laws as constitutional numerous times, citing secular bases such as securing a day of rest for mail carriers, as well as protecting workers and families, in turn contributing to societal stability and guaranteeing the free exercise of religion. The origin ...
how did the kim dynasty begin?	1.) In 1853 Japan is a closed society. They don't trade with the outside world, and they don't allow foreigners inside the country. The US Navy shows up, and starts blowing stuff up until the Japanese let them in and start trading with them. 2.) The Japanese are humiliated by this, but recognize how far behind they a...	[ "The Kim dynasty, referred to in North Korea as the Mount Paektu Bloodline, is a three-generation lineage of North Korean leadership descended from the country's first leader, Kim Il-sung. In 1948, Kim came to rule the North after the end of Japanese rule in 1945 split the region. He began the Korean War in 1950 in...
Did the Red Army deliberately hold back during the Warsaw Uprising so that a potential post-war threat (the Home Army) would be removed?	It's a contentious issue among historians, as usual with any topic dealing with the red army, western historians take a dim view of the red army where as Russian ones take the more positive view of it. Both sides have some merit. On the Russian side of things. The soviets ha just launched a major offensive that regai...	[ "Even if the air-supply missions had delivered their full consignment of supplies, and these had reached their intended recipients, there is little likelihood that it would have altered the outcome of the Warsaw Uprising. However, the Red Army did not move against Warsaw, even when the resistance was crushed and in...
why are embellishments not penalized in football?	They are supposed to be, it falls under unsportsmanlike it just never gets called. Source: Played and reffed for years	[ "While the rules are more strict in the modern game (in the AFL there are now strict fines for melees for example), some teams still engage in \"unsociable football\". Targeting the bodies of other players, \"professional free kicks\" would often be conceded and sometimes even suspension. Even playing strictly with...
Why are carbohydrates considered bad by some?	According to my nutrition subject taken at Uni during my health science degree. Note only one subject, experts welcome. (Complex) Carbs are not bad. They should constitute ~40%of your caloric intake. Simple carbs (sugars, pasta) are easy energy, good for sports (pre/post), good for the flu (lemonade whilst sick), carb...	[ "Carbohydrases are produced in the pancreas and salivary glands, breaking down polysaccharides. This is because complex sugars are often insoluble (such as starch), and therefore breaking them down will make it easier for the sugars to be absorbed into the blood, through the wall of the small intestine. A carbohydr...
g20 hamburg summit, what it is, and why are people protesting it?	The G20 is an organization of the 20 most powerful world leaders. They get together to talk about the issues that face the globe, touching on things from trade, to military action, to global climate change. Protestors are protesting for various reasons. - Some are angry that the US backed out of the Paris Climat...	[ "During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In...
actually how scarce are the earth's resources? which ones are we close to running out of? which ones do we have plenty of?	There are certain metals called rare-earth metals that aren't necessarily rare as it's just not as abundant as other metals, such as iron, copper, zinc. There are also certain metals that take a lot of resources to process for use, such as aluminum and platinum (which is a by-product from nickel and copper mining). T...	[ "As of 2012, the United States alone was using 30% of the world’s resources and if everyone were to consume at that rate, we would need 3-5 planets to sustain this type of living. Resources are quickly becoming depleted, with about ⅓ already gone. With new consumer markets rising in the developing countries which a...
Determining length of a year	> Say you had access to telescopes and clocks, and had basic knowledge of how the Earth revolves around the sun, but didn't know the size/shape/duration of the orbit. Would it take multiple orbits to get an accurate measurement? Could you tell after, say, 1/4 of a year that you'd completed 1/4 of the orbit? How accur...	[ "Khayyam measured the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days. Two comments on this result. Firstly it shows an incredible confidence to attempt to give the result to this degree of accuracy. We know now that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person's lifetime. Secondly it is o...
how come when you have a significant change in pressure you lose your ability to hear until you equalise you ears?	When you go on a plane, or experience a similar kind of change in pressure, the eustachian tube (a tube that runs from the back of your mouth to the inner ear) can sometimes fail to properly equalise the pressure - it might partially or completely close. This can often cause a painful popping among other things, such a...	[ "Changes in pressure caused by sound reaching the external ear resonate in the tympanic membrane, which articulates with the auditory ossicles, or the bones of the middle ear. These tiny bones multiply these pressure fluctuations as they pass the disturbance into the cochlea, a spiral-shaped bony structure within t...
how come there are certain people we first meet, that we just flat out don't like, even if they say something as little as "hi."?	Your brain makes a lot of snap judgments that are borderline unconcious. On top of the body language /u/Niarendan mentioned, you might not like somebody because they have physical features similar to somebody you don't like. You meet a guy who has a similar jawline to the jackass you have to work with, or wears the sam...	[ "(\"Soba ni Ite...\") speaks of a message I've wanted to express for a few years now. I think it's great that, with the Internet, cell phones, and e-mail, there are now a variety of ways for us to communicate with each other, but they've somewhat become substitutes for direct interactions. The reason people feel th...
why do you have to be 21 to access tobacco websites and enter their sweepstakes.	because in some states you need to be 21 to buy tobacco products. Rather than allowing 18, 19 and 20 years old, and needing to make you prove what state you live in to log in, they just make it simpler by making it over 21 only.	[ "In the United States, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act gives the Food and Drug Administration the power to regulate the tobacco industry. This law prohibits the sale of dipping tobacco to anyone under the age of 18, restricts tobacco product advertising and marketing directed to younger audien...
Sizes of medieval fiefs?	Depends on the kind of fief and the time period. [In the early days of the French Monarchy, duchies were large and powerful](_URL_7_) but over time [their size would be significantly reduced](_URL_6_) Counties tended to be slightly smaller than what we'd call a "Province," but different places use that name different...	[ "The differences between the two forms of medieval ownership - the fief and the allod - diminished over time. Firstly, vassals were no longer required to render services from the 17th century at the latest, and vassals’ rights of inheritance became much stronger in the early modern period, and, secondly, the territ...
what makes people naturally moan/groan when they experience high pain or pleasure?	Screaming and moaning etc release endorphins to help reduce and counteract pain. May also be evolutionary to alert others something is wrong. Your sexual partner just does it to make you feel better about yourself.	[ "Individuals with exploding head syndrome hear or experience loud imagined noises as they are falling asleep or waking up, have a strong, often frightened emotional reaction to the sound, and do not report significant pain; around 10% of people also experience visual disturbances like perceiving visual static, ligh...
What kind of pain medications are available for those who get no effect from opiates?	Anticonvulants, antispasmodics, and antidepressants are prescribed for chronic pain, in addition to or as a replacement for opioids. I work in a pain clinic and I see a lot of prescriptions for gabapentin, pregabalin, baclofen, tizanidine, cyclobenzaprine, duloxetine, diazepam, alprazolam, clonazapam, and amitriptyline...	[ "Opioid use disorder can develop as a result of self-medication, though this is controversial. Scoring systems have been derived to assess the likelihood of opiate addiction in chronic pain patients. Prescription opioids are the source of nearly half of misused opioids and the majority of these are initiated for tr...
Is the amount of early snowfall in the north eastern United States closely related (If at all) to climate change/global warming?	Lake-effect snows are due to very specific sets of circumstances. You must have: * A cold air mass moving over unfrozen lake water * Wind shear parallel to the wind direction (wind speed increasing with height, but remaining in the same direction) * Wind direction parallel to the long direction of the lake (a differen...	[ "The 2013 extreme weather events included several all-time temperature records in Northern and Southern Hemisphere. The February extent of snow cover in Eurasia and North America was above average, while the extent of Arctic ice in the same month was 4.5% below the 1981–2010 average. The Northern Hemisphere weather...
Is there a cutoff to the brightness levels humans can perceive?	> In the same way we can't hear above and below certain sound frequencies... I just want to point out that frequencies of sound are more analogous to colors of light and that acoustic intensity (related to loudness) is the analogue of light intensity. With that in mind, the human hearing system doesn't have a cutoff...	[ "The human eye is fairly good at seeing small differences in brightness over a relatively large area, but not so good at distinguishing the exact strength of a high frequency (rapidly varying) brightness variation. This fact allows one to reduce the amount of information required by ignoring the high frequency comp...
How do butterflies know how to fly straight away?	I'm still a zoo undergrad, but my combination of developmental psychology and biology have given me some idea of this. In behavior, we have both inherited and learned behaviors. Sometimes, people call inherited behavior "instinct". Dogs are a good example of this, dogs bark at noises near their homes to alert their h...	[ "Butterflies are a class of trick based around the \"basic butterfly\". The hands are held close together in front of the spinner and the poi spin in opposite directions flat to the spinner so that the poi cross at the top and bottom of their circles. This move can be done behind the head, behind the back and exten...
can someone explain to me how the double-entry accounting system works?	In the double-entry system, transactions are recorded in terms of debits and credits. Since a debit in one account offsets a credit in another, the sum of all debits must equal the sum of all credits. This makes it easier to detect errors.	[ "A route accounting system is a business software system or ERP system that captures, records, and costs sales transactions for distributors with mobile warehouses, usually trucks, operating as direct store distributors, van sales, pre-sell, delivery confirmation.\n", "According to the Internal Revenue Service, a...
Are there known tidal effects on other planets?	Yes: While they're not planets, Juipter's moons Io and Europa are tidally heated. Essentially, the tide tries to squeeze the moon into an oval shape, and as the moon rotates the energy gets dissipated as heat. For Europa, this heating is enough for it to (probably) have a liquid ocean inside; for Io, the heating is so...	[ "Tidal effects become particularly pronounced near small bodies of high mass, such as neutron stars or black holes, where they are responsible for the \"spaghettification\" of infalling matter. Tidal forces create the oceanic tide of Earth's oceans, where the attracting bodies are the Moon and, to a lesser extent, ...
Why did they even bother with lifeboats in the 19th century (Navy)?	The lifeboats were used as a means a ferrying passengers to other ships or the shore and not as a means of long term survival. The life boats were also used in non emergency settings of course as launch boats which in navy ships would have been there primary function.	[ "There were some locally organised lifeboats in the 18th century, the first being in 1789 as a result of a tragic accident at the entrance to the River Tyne. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution was founded by Sir William Hillary in 1824 and is financed voluntarily. It maintains many lifeboats and lifeboat stati...
Did Roman politicians have professional political staff?	Cicero did have a slave called Tyro who served as his secretary and confidante, that's the closest example that I can give to a political staff but my inclination is that they did not exist in the modern sense. On the speech writers point it was considered very bad face for a Roman not to write his own speeches. Nero ...	[ "Rome's military was always tightly keyed to its political system. In the Roman kingdom the social standing of a person impacted both his political and military roles. The political system was from an early date based upon competition within the ruling elite. Senators in the Republic competed fiercely for public of...
why do some americans seem to be so keen on identifying as some other nationality/origin than american, such as irish-american?	It's not that we really care, it's just that it's fun to talk about it. In America, if you ask about about ethnicity, everyone's going to have a different answer. Everyone's family had a reason to come here, and every family is slightly different. Not only that, but many grade schoolers are required to do a genealogy...	[ "Most of the people identifying as American are of English descent and/or Scots-Irish descent. Their families have been in the state so long, in many cases since before statehood, that they choose to identify simply as having American ancestry or do not in fact know their own ancestry. Their ancestry primarily goes...
why can’t we use cellphones on a plane, even today after many years, when can’t we yet?	Cell phones are very short range radios. Their max range is 6 miles (10km). On the ground there are lots of towers, and protocols for switching from tower to tower as the phone moves around. Alas, planes move very fast, so that's a different tower every minute. That's faster than the code that runs the towers can s...	[ "In Europe, regulations and technology have allowed the limited introduction of the use of passenger mobile phones on some commercial flights, and elsewhere in the world many airlines are moving towards allowing mobile phone use in flight. Many airlines still do not allow the use of mobile phones on aircraft. Those...
how does a body decide it wants to consume food, fat, or muscle for fuel? what chemical/process is responsible?	It's a complicated process, but at the most basic, it uses the free nutrients in your blood from food, then it burns fats in the body, and finally breaks down muscle tissue and bones if it still requires missing nutrients. This process can be messed up when you are dealing with odd situations, like intermittent fastin...	[ "BULLET::::- Metabolism: transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism). Living things require energy to maintain internal organization (homeostasis) and to produce the other phenomena associated with life.\n", "The huma...
why do 12 step programs, the purpose of which is to help people overcome addiction, allow smoking cigarettes?	The real reason is simple. Cigarettes, although just as destructive as any other drug you can get your hands on, cause invisible damage. When people can see your addiction it becomes a problem. Using myself as an example. I'm a borderline alcoholic. Fuck... I'm probably past borderline. But I'm a "good" drunk. My alco...	[ "While laws passed at the national and state level have reduced the opportunities adolescents have for accessing cigarettes, prevention programs at the school level have proven less effective. A review of school based curriculum for adolescent smoking revealed these curricula as being highly ineffective in reducing...
What specific animals are affected by the cicadas' life cycle?	This isn't a direct answer, but you should know that there isn't a great big cicada awakening every 17 years. It's true they leave for 17 yeas, but only on a colony to colony basis. There are different cicada colonies returning from their 17 year cycle every year.	[ "Most cicadas go through a lifecycle that lasts from two to five years. Some species have much longer lifecycles, such as the North American genus, \"Magicicada\", which has a number of distinct \"broods\" that go through either a 17-year, or in some parts of the region, a 13-year lifecycle. The long lifecycles may...
When did the Old Norse arrive in the Scandinavian Peninsula, and can they be said to have displaced the indigenous Sami people in the southern regions?	It is generally believed that the Norse people did not displace the Sami people in the south because the Sami did not reach the south in large numbers. The Norse moved in from the south and the Sami from the east/southeast in Finland. It wasn't until the 16th and 17th centuries that the southern parts of the Scandinavi...	[ "Zachrisson ran the South Sami project from 1984 to 1998, leading to her \"Möten i gränsland. Samer och germaner i Mellanskandinavien\" (Encounters in Border Country: Saami and Germanic peoples in central Scandinavia), published in 1997. She has revealed that from the Late Stone Age in Scandinavia, there were two c...
"If they would rather die," said Scrooge, "they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population." Did Scrooge see those in question as unnecessary, or was there commentary at the time on what they saw as overpopulation?	Lots could be said about how the early Victorians thought about the problem of the poor. But to limit this to Dickens: Scrooge is very much echoing Thomas Malthus ( 1766-1834), who had pointed out some years earlier that human populations grew geometrically but food only arithmetically, so that in theory humans would ...	[ "One of the tragic outcomes in the novel, according to Klotman, is the loss of continuity in the lives of men who are almost human sacrifices to the industrial Moloch created by an unseen hand grasping for profits.\n", "According to Théophile Gautier, he died unhappily: \"He had become a gaunt old man, broken, de...
why would a sea level rise of 1 metre displace millions?	King Tides and Rainy seasons would bring that level higher, coupled with poor drainage and levies that would retain that water. Not to mention countries and areas that are situated closer to sea level - like the Maldives.	[ "In 2015, a study by Professor James Hansen of Columbia University and 16 other climate scientists said a sea level rise of three metres could be a reality by the end of the century. Another study by scientists at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in 2017 using updated projections of Antarctic mass los...
War chants: were they common in pre-modern battles?	"Ut ut ut" (Out out out) was a common war cry used by Anglo Saxons when facing invaders. "Got mitt uns" (God with us) was used in by King Harold of England according to Norman historians along with "Oli Crosse" (Holy Cross). From another forum, some other sources are given there: _URL_0_	[ "The Romans have left us a variety of sources on chants from various regions. Sallust mentions the Spanish custom of ancestral songs honoring their military deeds. The recital of \"barbaric songs\" is reported for a member of the Celtiberian infantry during the battle of Cannae in 216 BC, as he was attacked by the ...
price/income elasticity of demand and supply pleasee.	First go at ELI5 here, so we'll see how I go: Price elasticity regarding demand. Imagine you are a cornerstore vendor (milk bar etc). You notice that most people in your shop buy milk and bread. One day your bread and milk supplier make their items more expensive for you to buy. So to keep your same profits you in tu...	[ "The price elasticity of supply (PES) measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in price, as the percentage change in quantity supplied induced by a one percent change in price. It is calculated for discrete changes as formula_19 and for smooth changes of differentiable supply functions as formula...
why can one not see 3d with monocular vision (one eye)	We can, just not as well. When judging depth your brain uses several clues. One is simply knowledge of how big things are and comparing that to how big they appear. Big things far away look small. This works just fine with one eye. Another method is by watching what comes in front of what. Close things can obstru...	[ "Although the term \"3D\" is ubiquitously used, the presentation of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying an image in three full dimensions. The most notable difference is that, in the case of \"3D\" displays, the observer's head and eye movement do not change the information received about the 3-d...
What was the Czech Legion doing in Russia in 1918	Something I've written about before, so I'll repost this for you. Founding the Legion Back in 1914, when war broke out, tens of thousands of Czech and Slovak expatriates lived in the Russian Empire. Their homelands were under the control of Austria-Hungary, and generally speaking, the Czechs and Slovaks weren't a...	[ "The Czechoslovak Legion, a volunteer unit composed of diaspora Czechs and Slovaks as well as deserters from the Austro-Hungarian Army, had been formed in 1917 to support the Allies; it later became involved in the Russian Civil War, fighting on the side of the White Russians. Over the next two years, Moravec saw c...
Can somebody enlighten me about rift speeds regarding earthquakes?	I've never heard the term "rift speed", are you interested in the speed of the various seismic waves produced by an earthquake or the actual speed that the fault rupture propagates? The speeds of the different seismic waves will depend on the material through which the waves are propagating. The wikipedia entry on [Sei...	[ "Computing the hypocenters of foreshocks, main shock, and aftershocks of earthquakes allows the three-dimensional plotting of the fault along which movement is occurring. The expanding wavefront from the earthquake's rupture propagates at a speed of several kilometers per second, this seismic wave is what is measur...
difference between all the text file encoding. especially unicode. what is the difference between utf-8 and utf-16?	The problem is that computers work with fixed sized numbers (most typically 8 bits) but there are a lot of different characters out there. And as always there was almost immediately several standards to solve this problem. The most common one were the ASCII standard which only included 127 characters which is fine for ...	[ "Because encodings necessarily have only a limited repertoire of characters, often very small, many are only usable to represent text in a limited subset of human languages. Unicode is an attempt to create a common standard for representing all known languages, and most known character sets are subsets of the very ...
Both the UK and the US saw game-changing conservatives (Reagan and Thatcher) replaced with center-left leaders (Clinton and Blair). Was this due to interactions across the Atlantic, or just a coincidence?	Neither Reagan nor Thatcher were followed by Clinton or Blair	[ "A number of commentators have traced the origins of Thatcherism in post-war British politics. The historian Ewen Green claimed there was resentment of the inflation, taxation and the constraints imposed by the labour movement, which was associated with the so-called Buttskellite consensus in the decades before Tha...
why "the man who took a knee during the national anthem at the white house" seems to be getting so much attention.	President Trump had some choice words for people who took a knee for the anthem. If memory serves, he called them either "sons of bitches" or "bastards" I don't remember which. The point is that the Trump administration is very anti-kneeling for the anthem/flag. They consider it disrespectful, so this guy kneeling at t...	[ "On August 21, 2017, DeValve became the first white NFL player to take a knee during the national anthem. The August 2017 demonstrations in Charlottesville, Virginia, had a lot to do with the decision, but DeValve said it was also more personal. His wife, Erica, is African-American. He said: \"I myself will be rais...
Can you recommend some good "layperson" books on the 1920s?	Frederick Lewis Allen's book Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920s is a short, pretty simple, rather fun overview of the decade you might enjoy. Allen was a reporter who published the book in 1931, trying to wrap the decade up while touching on most of what he thought were interesting and important cultura...	[ "His most famous book was the enormously popular \"Only Yesterday\" (1931), which chronicled American life in the 1920s. \"Since Yesterday\" (1940), a sort of sequel that covered the Depression of the 1930s, was also a bestseller. The 1933 Hollywood film \"Only Yesterday\" was ostensibly based on his book, but actu...
How can people and governments deny major genocides such as the Holocaust or Armenian Genocide if there are pictures, documents and admissions?	hi! more input is welcome, but FYI, there are some previous posts on the Holocaust in the FAQ [Holocaust Denial](_URL_0_)	[ "The first person convicted in a court of law for denying the Armenian genocide is Turkish politician Doğu Perinçek, found guilty of racial discrimination by a Swiss district court in Lausanne in March 2007. At the trial, Perinçek denied the charge thus: \"I have not denied genocide because there was no genocide.\"...
why can we not just plant a ton of trees to help reverse the effects of global warming?	They're already trying. The UN has this thing called the [Billion Tree Campaign](_URL_0_). As you can see, they claim to have already planted 14.2 billion trees. But it gets interesting. As you can also see from that site, they want to plant One Trillion trees. Why is the goal of the "Billion Tree Campaign" to plan...	[ "Climate scientists working for the IPCC believe human-induced global deforestation is responsible for 18-25% of global climate change. The United Nations, World Bank and other leading nongovernmental organizations are encouraging tree planting to mitigate the effects of climate change.\n", "The loss of trees fro...
does breathing in through your mouth, out through your nose increase anxiety levels?	A typical cb therapy method to reduce stress is to deep breathe slowly. Deep in thru nose for count of 4 then out thru mouth for count of 8. Overall it does two things, it reduces overall carbon dioxide levels and it forces you to be aware of your breathing. Being aware can slow it down. It’s really not important the ...	[ "Breathing high levels of cresols for a short time results in irritation of the nose and throat. Aside from these effects, very little is known about the effects of breathing cresols, for example, at lower levels over longer times.\n", "The adaptation from nasal to mouth breathing takes place when changes such as...
it is not possible to surpass the speed of light, but what happens if i point a laser from earth potent enough to reach the moon and just make a small shift from the source, the point in te moon would move much faster, right?	Aye, but the point on the moon does not actually exist -- it is not an object, only a series of different illuminations not connected to each other. 'Twas oft asked here. Ye may enjoy these: 1. [ELI5: Why A laser pointed at the moon doesn't move faster than light and break physics ](_URL_0_) 1. [ELI5: If I point a l...	[ "When considering the movement of an image created by a laser on the moon, some physical limitations would have to be violated in order to trace out the apparent trajectory at superluminal velocities. To approach the speed of light, and therefore to pass it, an object would have to be accelerated through an infinit...
why would someone join an extremist religious group?	Many people have low quality lives, don't feel special or unique, have little affection shown to them and have the urge to turn this around. When joining a sect or some "special" group (like conspiracy theorists) you now feel like your life has a purpose and it's an important one! It's a self-created trap.	[ "The Internet and Social media has numerous advantages for extremist groups using religion as part of a radicalization strategy. The advantages stem from the very nature of Internet and social media channels and the way they are used by extremist groups. These include communication channels that are not bound to na...
how come if i use a neti pot, i need to boil the water to make sure i don't get an infection with a brain eating amoeba, but there aren't all these warnings if i get water up my nose in the shower/lake /pool?	Because your not supposed to snort water. So you are now forcing water up your nose with the neti and giving the amoeba direct access The same can happen in a lake, look up the Disney water park (river country I think it's called) a kid died due to it. And pools are chlorinated	[ "As a method of disinfecting water, bringing it to its boiling point at , is the oldest and most effective way since it does not affect the taste, it is effective despite contaminants or particles present in it, and is a single step process which eliminates most microbes responsible for causing intestine related di...
What causes fermentation to stop in alcoholic beverages?	Firstly, [not all yeasts have the same alcohol tolerance](_URL_0_). Also, brewer's yeast doesn't work alone. It needs to eats sugar, the byproduct of which is alcohol. More sugar= higher alcohol content. Not only that, different yeasts die at different alcohol levels and the other variable is temperature. Yeasts have p...	[ "Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation is consid...
why the recent subreddit banning has caused such a ruckus?	It's the exact same gripe as the nsfw-bans on imgur: the mods are cracking down the banhammer _instead_ of giving the users a way to self-regulate. It sends a clear message to the community at large, which is "we don't trust you anymore." Even though I think harrassment is awful and would never use reddit to do it...	[ "Other justifications for such bans have included the use of foul language in lyrics, explicit sexual content, supposed drug references, and controversial political subject matter. The implementation of a strict ban on advertising led to the banning of the Kinks' 1970 song \"Lola\", while Don Cornell's 1954 song \"...
the pros and cons of consolidating student loans	If your in England and with the SLC there is no pro at all other than having that extra bit of money each month (they take 10-15% of everything over 15k). The interest rate is stupidly low and is eventually written off. Best thing though is that it doesn't count as debt when applying for anything nor do they show up on...	[ "In 2008, Martin announced a financial aid initiative aimed at eliminating need-based loans for all undergraduate students from families with incomes under $75,000. The purpose of the initiative was to make it possible for new students to graduate debt-free.\n", "A third theory claims that as a result of federal ...
are shiny surfaces reflective for all of the electromagnetic spectrum or just visible light?	It depends on the surface - my guess would be some are, but most aren't. Radio, for instance, passes right through most things (which is why it works so well for, ya know, radio).	[ "Reflective surfaces can deliver high solar reflectance (the ability to reflect the visible, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths of the sun, reducing heat transfer to the surface) and high thermal emittance (the ability to radiate absorbed, or non-reflected, solar energy). Reflective surfaces are a form of geoengi...
Can we consciously trick our subconscious?	I cannot answer your question for certain, but I do have a similar case that I find interesting. I remember learning in my psychology class a fews years back that our enjoyment of pornography is actually something like what you are describing. The sexual satisfaction / enjoyment that we derive from images on a scre...	[ "Psychologist Daniel Wegner has argued that an introspection illusion contributes to belief in psychokinesis. He observes that in everyday experience, intention (such as wanting to turn on a light) is followed by action (such as flicking a light switch) in a reliable way, but the underlying neural mechanisms are ou...
when you’re watching certain videos, what causes a mismatch between the voices and their mouths?	Audio and video are recorded separately, so when the editors are putting the sound files over the video they have to try to align it correctly. This is why before they start the actual content they will isolate a very clear audio and video segment to help synchronize it. A common method is someone counting to 3 both o...	[ "A scene had to be identical in animation and graphics between its normal and subsequent visit, differing only in the audio track used. For this reason, lip sync was not required to be included in the animation, often resulting in speaking characters having their mouths obscured or speaking with their backs turned....
why do your cheeks swell up after wisdom teeth surgery?	Think of your circulatory system as a network of roads. There has been a terrorist attack in your mouth, and those pesky guys have stolen your teeth! You need emergency services to come to the area quick and sort things out! The police come and secure the area by cushioning the injured part with more fluid to make sur...	[ "Surgeries on the roof of the mouth early in life typically close the larger hole between the mouth and the nose (caused by the cleft in the palate) but do not repair the defect in the bone, or any holes further forward between the palate and the upper lip. About the age of 8, just before the eye teeth are about to...
can you give me the rundown of bernie sanders and the reason reddit follows him so much? i'm not one for politics at all.	Bernie Sanders is currently the longest-serving independent in Congress (16 years as a representative and the past 8 as a senator), with his past election winning 71% of the vote. Many who like him point to his character: * He speaks very plainly, does not shy away from answering questions directly and avoids th...	[ "Bernie Sanders uses Twitter in response to political events, issues, or fact. 82% of Sanders tweets state a position. Through these position-based tweets he also makes claim of \"values\" of himself, his political party, or Americans. While values are not a truth, they are considered a pseudo-truth. These blend to...
evolution experts, explain how multiple organs evolved at the same time. don't many of them rely on each other to function? what are the odds that they would develop at the same time?	Not an expert but this is how I think it worked from the books I have read. The organs started as much simpler versions of themselves and then got greater in complexity. I also think they may have started as one then evolved into separate things and got more complex. For example the human eye is very complex and has ma...	[ "Given the ancient origin of most vertebrate organs, researchers have looked for model systems, where organs have evolved more recently, and ideally have evolved multiple times independently. An outstanding model for this kind of research is the placenta, which has evolved more than 100 times independently in verte...
why don't i end up at the back of the airplane if i jump straight up in the air in first class?	Inertia. Because you are travelling with the plane, you inherit its speed/momentum. Just like when you sit in a car, all the passengers get carried along with it. So when you jump, you continue to travel at the same speed. If you could somehow do really, really, really long jumps, then you might slow down margina...	[ "It is often easier, because the pilot only has to run forward, but the pilot cannot see his wing until it is above him, where he has to check it in a very short time for correct inflation and untangled lines before the launch.\n", "The first officer said it was \"just like we lost lift.\" As the captain attempte...
What is planck time ? Is there a slower ammount of time we can measure/calculate ?	The Planck time is just a combination of physical constants (see [here](_URL_0_)) it is very easy to calculate a shorter time, t_p/2.	[ "Planck time (~ 5.4 × 10 seconds) is the unit of time in the system of natural units known as Planck units. Current established physical theories are believed to fail at this time scale, and many physicists expect that the Planck time might be the smallest unit of time that could ever be measured, even in principle...
Why are we looking for water on Mars if Viking 2 found ice in '79?	It's not just confirming that water exists, which was accomplished with Mariner and Viking in the 70s. Research is ongoing because we want to understand how much water there is, where it's located, what state it's in, whether or not it flows as a liquid to carve the terrain, etc. All of this is generally based on two...	[ "On July 31, 2008 (sol ), NASA announced that \"Phoenix\" confirmed the presence of water ice on Mars, as predicted in 2002 by the Mars Odyssey orbiter. During the initial heating cycle of a new sample, TEGA's mass spectrometer detected water vapor when the sample temperature reached 0 °C.\n", "Mars Odyssey found...
why do some lawyers help bad people? (question from 8-yr-old)	1.) Because some lawyers believe in equality of representation. Everyone deserves a voice in our society, no matter what they have done. 2.) Some might actually be innocent. The small chance that someone might be innocent is enough for you to fight for them. It is better to let a 100 criminals go free than to condemn ...	[ "Recent research shows that a growing number of attorneys who work with victims of trauma are exhibiting a high rate of compassion fatigue symptoms. In fact, lawyers are four times more likely to suffer from depression than the general public. They also have a higher rate of suicide and substance abuse. Most attorn...
what is “restorative justice” and what does it look like in practice?	It's generally shown against punitive justice. Our current legal system, if you murder someone you generally just get locked away in a jail cell. You could possibly be sued in civil court for money, but chances are you have little money due to not being able to work a well paying job while in jail. Restorative justice...	[ "How is restorative justice defined? \"Restorative justice is a process to involve, to the extent possible, those who have a stake in a specific offence and to collectively identify and address harms, needs and obligations, in order to heal and put things as right as possible.\" Howard Zehr in \"The Little Book of ...
What causes atmospheric pressure systems?	The earth isn't heated evenly by the sun thanks to rotation, changing distance as it orbits, the tilt of the axis, and changing weather patterns. This creates patches of warm air, patches of cool air, and a gradient between them. The pressure is affected by their temperature as well as a host of other factors like humi...	[ "Atmospheric pressure is caused by the gravitational attraction of the planet on the atmospheric gases above the surface, and is a function of the mass of the planet, the radius of the surface, and the amount and composition of the gases and their vertical distribution in the atmosphere. It is modified by the plane...
President LBJ: "I’ll have those n*****s voting Democratic for the next 200 years" - Is this a real quote?	I've looked into this before and to my memory the first appearance of the quote was many many years after Johnson supposedly said it. This isn't a definite discredit though. What does make me doubt it is that African Americans had voted majority Democratic, at least in presidential elections, since 1936. The majority o...	[ "At the Voice of America Tea Party on September 5, 2009, Schmidt, in response to a woman who said that Barack Obama \"cannot be a president by our constitution,\" replied, \"I agree with you, but the courts don't.\" Schmidt's statement to the woman appeared to contradict a statement Schmidt made in July 2009 to \"L...

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