Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
When did it become a thing for countries to receieve refugees to help them out?	Follow up question: Would Irish immigrants escaping the famine be considered refugees?	[ "BULLET::::- The UNHCR and the hosting countries usually encourage the refugees to return voluntarily. The 1969 Refugee Convention expects states of origin to advertise repatriation, by using the news and media as well as Organisation of African Unity, in order to invite refugees back home. Equally the host countri...
how do phishing attackers get your password?	They have lists with your email and password, these lists come from websites that you registered and got hacked.	[ "This type of attack may be used to steal the passwords of unsuspecting users, either by monitoring their connections or by phishing, which involves setting up a fraudulent web site and luring people there.\n", "In a similar phishing style attack without password cracking, Wifiphisher starts with a deauthenticati...
Is energy needed to create force?	> where Energy is required in order to make Force You're trying to put a square peg into a round hole here. You shouldn't equate mass in those two equations because the energy in the first represents the rest energy of the mass which has nothing to do with it's motion. That E, energy, literally has nothing to do wit...	[ "Energy – in physics, this is an indirectly observed quantity often understood as the ability of a physical system to do work on other physical systems. Since work is defined as a force acting through a distance (a length of space), energy is always equivalent to the ability to exert force (a pull or a push) agains...
So I’ve seen posts asking about disease caused by cannibalism among humans and a few other animals, but is it common for other species to engage in cannibalism?	[Yes, especially of your own children](_URL_0_). If they're not going to survive anyway, it's better to turn them back in to protein and energy for you and use that to reproduce when conditions are better and to help survive until that time. I know that just amongst animals kept as pets this behaviour is common amongs...	[ "Filial cannibalism occurs when an adult individual of a species consumes all or part of the young of its own species or immediate offspring. Filial cannibalism occurs in many animal species ranging from mammals to insects, and is especially prevalent in various species of fish. Although not much is known regarding...
gold has always been respected considered the basis of currency for thousands of years. but in today's world we don't use it for its intended purpose. why do we still value it?	Same response i give to most ELI5s: The premise on which your questions is based is false... so your question is unanswerable. Gold has no "intended purpose" but we still use it much as we always have.... we just have better security for it in first world countries.	[ "Gold has been a valuable and highly sought-after precious metal for coinage, jewelry, and other arts since long before the beginning of recorded history. Gold standards have been a common basis for monetary policies throughout human history, later being supplanted by fiat currency starting in the 1930s. The last g...
WW2 German Infantry Tactics	Well, at a squad level the German infantry doctrine is centered around the general purpose machine gun, most commonly the MG-34 or the MG-42. There would be one MG per squad. A squad would consist of about 10 men. Squad leader, asst. squad leader, 3 men for the MG team with the rest of the squad composed of riflemen. T...	[ "The German army trained using open-warfare tactics which had proved effective on the Eastern Front, particularly at the Battle of Riga in 1917. The Germans had developed Stormtroop units, elite infantry which used infiltration tactics, operating in small groups that advanced quickly by exploiting gaps and weak def...
How did European monarchs pick their royal mistresses? Did kings visit brothels?	When you look at the known mistresses of European royalty, most of them are members of the court or daughters of prominent families in the era. For example, when you look at some famous mistresses, few, if any, were "common" or prostitutes - Rosamund Clifford (mistress of Henry II of England) was the daughter of a we...	[ "In the 18th century, wealthy men would meet prostitutes at gambling houses on De Gelderskade and Zeedijk. The women would then take the men back to the parlors where they came from. However, these were often unappealing to a gentleman of means. A solution to this problem was for the gambling houses to provide boar...
If we can observe galaxies in ever direction we look, how do we know the shape of the universe is flat and not a sphere?	[short answer... we don't know for sure yet](_URL_0_) However, certain geometries (as you can read in above said article) require certain conditions which can be tested for. Because we can see expansion and because we can see the effects of dark matter we can rule out certain geometries. So while we may not yet know...	[ "To illustrate further, consider the question: \"Does our Universe rotate?\" To answer, we might attempt to explain the shape of the Milky Way galaxy using the laws of physics, although other observations might be more definitive, that is, provide larger discrepancies or less measurement uncertainty, like the aniso...
What was the US Navy like post-Civil War and pre-WW1?	Until the 1880's it really wasnt doing anything. The ships were mostly paid off, and all those fancy ironclads (which even by the end of the war were 2nd rate) were mostly rusting in harbor. European navies continued to innovate and expand with full steel ships, larger guns, advanced machinery and designs. It wasnt u...	[ "In 1882, the U.S. Navy consisted of many outdated ship designs. Over the next decade, Congress approved building multiple modern steel-hulled armored cruisers and battleships, and by around the start of the 20th century had moved from twelfth place in 1870 to fifth place in terms of numbers of ships. After winning...
Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures depicted women as soft with curves. Which period of time did we begin to see the ideal female body as having a lower body fat?	Ancient Egyptian women are portrayed as very slim, with a few notable exceptions. So it's not a universal truth that it was attractive in all ancient societies to have "meat on hips and thighs". The female body ideal in the West also went through several changes in the 19th and 20th century. Basically, there are no ...	[ "The earliest Greek sculpture, from the early Bronze Age Cycladic civilization consists mainly of stylized male figures who are presumably nude. This is certainly the case for the kouros, a large standing figure of a male nude that was the mainstay of Archaic Greek sculpture. The first realistic sculptures of nude ...
how is a tube amplifier better than one that uses semiconductors	Objectively they are not. Solid state amps have less distortion are more true to sound and all the technical junk that "matters" Tube amps are popular with audiophiles and music enthusiasts because they add warmth to the music. You know how all old recordings sound kind of hollow and weird. Its kind of like that but le...	[ "Tube amplifiers typically have much lower feedback ratios, and in any case almost always have output transformers that limit how low the output impedance can be. Their lower damping factors are one of the reasons many audiophiles prefer tube amplifiers. Taken even further, some tube amplifiers are designed to have...
how does a gun mechanism works to pull the bullets up into the chamber?	I will take a 1911 pistol. Most others work the same way aside from revolvers and machine guns. In a 1911 the magazine is spring loaded. When a round is fired, the top part of the pistol rapidly moves to the rear from the forward force of the projectile being fired. The pistol has a little piece that grabs the shell ...	[ "Connected to the midpoint of the rotating lever is a long metal arm. The motion of the lever causes this arm to be forced rearward, pushing the entire breech mechanism with it. The rear end of this mechanism presses on the cam, forcing the bolt upward and unlocking it. Continued motion slides the bolt rearward aga...
how do polar bears and other polar mammals manage to survive in such extreme enviroment?	Human doesnt have layers and layers and layers of fat to keep them warm. Human doesnt have a thick coat of fur that protects against the elements. Human hasn't evolved to be a powerful hunter on both land and sea, hunting the little food that is available. Also, > a human would die instantly in just a few hours? Y...	[ "Polar bears are animals that are specifically affected through the process of rising sea levels. Living near the Arctic region, polar bears find their food on ice caps and sheets of ice. As these sheets continue to become fewer in quantity, it is predicted that the polar bears will have a difficult time sustaining...
Is there a scientific way to determine what year it is?	You can use compare the coordinate of the star that rises on the vernal equinox with that of a known year, and then use the fact that this changes by one degree every 70 years.	[ "The following table uses astronomical year numbering for dates, negative numbers corresponding roughly to the corresponding year BC (i.e. -10000 = 10,001 BC, etc.). The table starts counting around the Late Glacial Maximum period, in which ice retreated and humans started to spread into the northern hemisphere.\n"...
how is adblock profitable	The creator was able to quit his job and live off donations from users. From what the article I read said, companies may be able to pay for ads which will still pop up even with ad blocker. Although you can still opt out of seeing them by changing the settings, if you desire.	[ "AdBlock is a content filtering and ad blocking browser extension for the Google Chrome, Apple Safari (desktop and mobile), Firefox, Opera, and Microsoft Edge web browsers. AdBlock allows users to prevent page elements, such as advertisements, from being displayed. It is free to download and use, and it includes op...
what is big data clustering?	First, big data is just a buzz word, and just means any large amount of information. Suppose you have information about a few objects, some apples, fire trucks, and tangerines. We could take two pieces of information about these objects, the color (red or orange) and the shape (round or square) and use them to determi...	[ "\"Clusters\" are allocation units for data on various file systems (FAT, NTFS, etc.), where \"data\" mainly consists of files. \"Clusters\" are not directly affected by the physical or virtual geometry of the disk, i.e., a cluster can begin at a sector near the end of a given codice_1 track, and end in a sector on...
batman at the end of dark knight	The entire movie, Bruce wants to quit being Batman, that is his goal. However one person stands in the way of him quiting. and its not the Joker. It's Harvey Dent. At the beginning of the movie, Bruce tells Alfred that he thinks that Dent can do a better job because he is able to put all those mobsters away, and he c...	[ "\"The Dark Knight\" is a 2008 superhero film directed, produced, and co-written by Christopher Nolan. Based on the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the sequel to 2005's \"Batman Begins\" and the second installment in Nolan's \"The Dark Knight Trilogy\". In the film, Bruce Wayne/Batman (Christian Bale) forms...
Have there been any known interactions between adult Gorillas/Chimpanzees and Orangutans, either in the wild or in captivity?	There are five species of ape: Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Bonobos, Humans, and the lesser apes - Gibbons/Siamangs. > I also know Orangutans coexist peacefully with other ape species in both the wild Impossible. [Orangutans](_URL_3_) are located in S.E. Asia only, specifically the islands of Borneo and Sum...	[ "The sequence of chimpanzees hunting colobus monkeys was only possible through the efforts of Hedwige and Christophe Boesch, who had spent five years studying the apes in the Ivory Coast forests of West Africa.\n", "Monkeypox was first reported by Preben von Magnus in 1958 in laboratory Cynomolgus monkeys, when t...
how does sargassum harm marine life?	I can only tell you that turtles can suffocate under it. Someone else will have to jump in with the effects on other species.	[ "Contaminants that are discharged into the marine environment accumulate in the bodies of marine mammals when they are stored unintentionally in their blubber along with energy. Contaminants that are found in the tissues of marine mammals include heavy metals, such as mercury and lead, but also organochlorides and ...
what’s the difference, scientifically, between hemp flower and real weed? they look & smoke the same.	The one guy in this thread gave a detailed explanation but I will offer a simple one. They are the exact same plant. “Hemp” is a political term classifying marijuana under 0.3% thc. They look, smell, and taste the same because they are the same. Think of hemp as a strain of marijuana that just doesn’t produce thc.	[ "According to Article 1 of the same Act, the term \"hemp\" in this Act means \"hemp grass (Cannabis Sativa el) and its products, resins are included therein, mature stems and seeds and their products are excluded It is stipulated. It is because hemp seed is used for shichimi because it is not regulated.\n", "The ...
how can large companies like costco, nordstrom, sephora, etc. afford to have such generous return policies?	The more generous the return policy, the more likely people are to impulse buy. While some take advantage of return policies often, most don't. Therefore you have net gain for the company.	[ "The company's lending practices have been criticised for targeting the \"poorest, most desperate families\" and operating in the \"most deprived areas\" of the UK. Other customers end up paying more than twice what they would have paid without BrightHouse's finance charges. Their base prices have also been noted t...
Did members of royal families often marry commoners or is this more of a recent occurrence?	That depends on what you mean by "royalty" and which time period/geographic area you're discussing. Among the Ancient Romans it was quite common for members of the Imperial family to marry Plebians or non-Romans. However, during the early-Modern and Victorian eras in the West, there was virtually no marriage between ...	[ "As in nearly all European monarchies extant in the 21st century, most approved marriages in the British Royal Family are with untitled commoners and have been for several generations. In 1923 the future George VI (then second in line to the throne as Duke of York), was the first future English monarch to marry a n...
what about shakespeare has made it almost universally taught in high schools?	It's basically the first good example of "modern" English literature. While some translation is usually done to replace obsolete or obscure wording, they're largely legible in their original form. There are older texts of course, but much of it is drab religious or political material. Once you're out before the 1500...	[ "In 2007, the New York Times surveyed 265 Shakespeare teachers on the topic. To the question \"Do you think there is good reason to question whether William Shakespeare of Stratford is the principal author of the plays and poems in the canon?\", 6% answered \"yes\" and an additional 11% responded \"possible\", and ...
psychogenic retrograde amnesia.	Psychogenic: created by the mind, rather than a physical condition Retrograde: Affecting past memories, rather than the ability to create new ones Amnesia: A loss of memory Almost always tied to a deeper psychological issue, often a single incident that would be too painful to handle. Abuse, seeing something horrifi...	[ "Past literature has suggested psychogenic amnesia can be 'situation-specific' or 'global-transient', the former referring to memory loss for a particular incident, and the latter relating to large retrograde amnesic gaps of up to many years in personal identity. The most commonly cited examples of global-transient...
How accurate were rulers prior to mass production?	In my main area of study, the Near East, rulers were of course vital to architectural planning. Many great city-states and Empires built large walls, large temples, and indeed enormous cities. Of course that required planning, and plans in detail would require a standardised straight edge. You ask a good question, how ...	[ "Monarchs, Rulers, Dynasties and Kingdoms of the World: An Encyclopaedic Guide to More Than 13,000 Rulers and 1,000 Dynasties from 3000 BC to the 20th Century is a non-fiction work by R.F. Tapsell, published in 1983. It is a comprehensive record of kings, queens, sultans, and emperors all in a single volume. It inc...
why can i hear noises other people can't?	Because you have more sensitive hearing No, your not spider man	[ "Human ears generate their own noises, called spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE). Various studies have showed that 38–60% of adults with normal hearing have them, although the majority are unaware of these sounds. The people who do hear these sounds typically hear a faint hissing (cicada insect like sound), b...
What does a whitening toothpaste contain that is responsible for whitening teeth?	Hi dentist here. Usually some sort of abrasive particle. Different material depending on the toothpaste. But its not going to do a great deal for your teeth. It will only remove surface stains from coffee, wine etc. and could actually harm your teeth long term. To actually whiten teeth you would need actual bleaching a...	[ "The process of tooth whitening lightens the colour of a tooth. Tooth whitening can be achieved by either changing the intrinsic colour or by removing and controlling the formation of extrinsic stains. The chemical degradation of the chromogens within or on the tooth is termed as bleaching. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)...
the three major political parties in the uk (liberal democrats, labour and conservative).	The Conservative party is a right wing party. They think that they government shouldn't interfere with people's lives too much, that free-market capitalism (leaving companies alone to do their thing) is the best thing for the economy and that Britain should be strong and independent from Europe (it should still be a pa...	[ "The Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats (formerly as the Liberal Party) have, in modern times, been considered the UK's three major political parties, representing the British traditions of conservatism, socialism and liberalism, respectively. However, in both the 2015 and 2017 general e...
what happens to a country's economy when they forsake their own currency and start using the currency of some other country.(officially)	Zimbabwe is trying this at the moment, having abandoned the Z Dollar for the US Dollar for all official transactions. The Z Dollar collapsed under hyperinflation, and avoiding inflation was a primary reason to adopt the US Dollar - so the intention is that the prices of goods stay under control. How well this works dep...	[ "Assume that a country's currency is depreciating. To prevent this, the country's central bank may decide to intervene in the foreign exchange market. To prop up the value of the nation's currency, the central bank may resort to creating artificial demand for its currency. It can do this by using some of its foreig...
.jpg artifacts	When a JPG is saved it attempts to save storage space by removing or compressing parts of the image. Normally you would not notice, but if the image has been saved in JPG or other lossey formats previously or is in a particularly low resolution format then the parts they remove begin to become more visible. Then a JPG ...	[ "JPEG 2000 (JP2) is an image compression standard and coding system. It was created by the Joint Photographic Experts Group committee in 2000 with the intention of superseding their original discrete cosine transform-based JPEG standard (created in 1992) with a newly designed, wavelet-based method. The standardized...
why people are saying the hover board made by lexus is not a real hover board	It uses magnets in the board and in the floor. It doesn't work anywhere else except with the custom floor. You also can only go along where the magnets are, you can't ride it around willy nilly which is kind of the point of a hoverboard.	[ "A hoverboard (or hover board) is a fictional levitating board used for personal transportation, first described by author M. K. Joseph in 1967 and popularized by the \"Back to the Future\" film franchise. Hoverboards are generally depicted as resembling a skateboard without wheels. During the 1990s there were rumo...
Are the classical music pieces that are identifiable by the average person the equivalent of “pop music” of their day or have the centuries found the truly best pieces to propagate?	Could you clarify what you mean by pop music? The dichotomy in your question doesn't really make a lot of sense, as far as I can tell. Do you care about things that are popular (in the classical world today) now that were also smash hits in their day? Or do you care more about things that we don't care about now that w...	[ "They are considered a cornerstone of 20th century recorded popular music, and as a whole, represent some of the finest interpretations of the greater part of the musical canon known as the Great American Songbook.\n", "Like the earlier periods, little is known about musical traditions from this era. Just a few m...
why the actors and the creators of "the wire", widely regarded as the best television series of all time, never won an emmy.	Yes, The Wire is brilliant. But you have to understand something: Awards shows--be they Emmys, Oscars, Golden Globes, VMAs, whatever--are just a theater full of celebrities handing out awards to their celebrity friends. So take a show like 30 Rock--which is also a great show--which has won loads of Emmys. It's a...	[ "\"The Wire\" is lauded for its literary themes, its uncommonly accurate exploration of society and politics, and its realistic portrayal of urban life. Although during its original run the series received only average ratings and never won any major television awards, it is now regarded by many critics as one of t...
When you're running and you get a stitch, what is actually happening? And what causes it?	This phenomenon is known as '[exercise-related transient abdominal pain](_URL_1_)' (ETAP), and unfortunately while a number of theories exist we don't know definitively what its cause is. The [leading hypotheses](_URL_3_) include 1) diaphragmatic ischemia, 2) peritoneal irritation, and 3) stress on ligaments supportin...	[ "A side stitch (also called a side ache, a side cramp, a side crampie, a side sticker, a muscle stitch, or simply the stitch) is an intense stabbing pain under the lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while exercising. It is also referred to as exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP). Some people think th...
what determines how much space there is on a hard drive?	Take a pencil and draw a circle on a piece of paper. Make dots filling the inside of the circle, but do not allow any of them to touch. Now use a sharper pencil. Now a mechanical pencil. Now a pin. The point is, consider each fragment of data as a dot. The way they get more data on new harddrives compared to older on...	[ "BULLET::::- Media: 3.5 in floppy disk drive (2.88 MB (2880 KiB)), hard disk from 105 MB (105 million bytes) to 4 GB (4 billion bytes). (Larger sizes may work but the OS cannot use partitions larger than 4 GB)\n", "In the personal computing era, one source of consumer confusion is the difference in the way many o...
if our diaphragm is a muscle, why dont we have the same muscle pains there that we get from working out?	You will get the cramps there, during certain conditions. If you get hiccups really badly, you will feel sore the next day. The muscle is thin skeletal muscle, but it's work is involuntary, because it's primary function, is to make you breathe. So, it's constantly moving, unlike when you work out. You don't have di...	[ "The muscle soreness is caused by eccentric exercise, that is, exercise consisting of eccentric (lengthening) contractions of the muscle. Isometric (static) exercise causes much less soreness, and concentric (shortening) exercise causes none.\n", "Soreness is one of the temporary changes caused in muscles by unac...
why didn't all tribesmen have beards?	Many American Indian tribes did not have facial hair as a matter of custom--they cut or plucked their hair. Part of this is probably because many of them are not genetically inclined to grow a lot of facial hair, so that the concept of having a beard in various styles do not come as naturally to them as they do to cert...	[ "Many religious male figures are recorded to have had facial hair; for example, numerous prophets mentioned in the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) were known to grow beards. Other religions, such as Sikhism, mandate growing beards. Amish men grow beards after marriage, but continue to shave th...
how do scientists give lab rats and other test subjects cancer to do their cancer studies?	Most animal models of cancer use mice without an immune system, and they just inject some cancer cells from a flask into the mouse. Different cancer cells sometimes spread to different parts of the body (e.g. Lung cancer cells spreading to the lungs) and some just form a tumour at the site of injection. Other animal...	[ "Xenotransplantation of human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice is a research technique frequently used in oncology research. It is used to predict the sensitivity of the transplanted tumor to various cancer treatments; several companies offer this service, including the Jackson Laboratory.\n", "Mouse model...
why do sports teams have "home" and "away" jerseys that are different colors?	Because some teams do have similar colors. Like the 49er and Redskin jerseys look almost exactly the same at a quick glance. So they use darker colors for home and lighter colors for away. Sports are very fast paced so in team sports you don't have a lot of time to identify who is on your team and who isn't. But in sin...	[ "For games at home, the hosting team will have the advantage of playing with their first choice uniform/kit, rather than their alternate colors. A team's identity is often partly or mostly based on its home colors (for example, the All Blacks of New Zealand). In the NFL and most NCAA football conferences, the home ...
How do cows (and other herbivores) produce protein?	there are two basic types of amino acids, essential and non-essential. non-essential amino acids can be synthesized essentially from scratch by using various cellular byproducts from various pathways. essential amino acids are amino acids that an organism is not capable of synthesizing by themselves. cows have bacteria...	[ "Soy protein is essentially identical to the protein of other legume seeds and pulses. Moreover, soybeans can produce at least twice as much protein per acre than any other major vegetable or grain crop besides hemp, five to 10 times more protein per acre than land set aside for grazing animals to make milk, and up...
What is the earliest recorded hostage situation?	Do you mean the stereotypical hostage-holdout situation, with multiple random people inside and the building surrounded? Or do you mean any hostage-taking at all? Because if it's the latter the answer is probably going to be whatever the oldest war is that we have good records for. Prior to the modern age hostage-taki...	[ "On April 4, 1991, in Sacramento, California forty-one people were taken hostage at a Good Guys! electronics store located near the Florin Mall, by four gunmen after botching a prior robbery. During the hostage crisis, three hostages, as well as three of the four hostage-takers, were killed. The fourth hostage-take...
Why can't I integrate sin(x)/x ?	Compare sin(x)/x and 1/x. Both of them have indefinite integrals which are "impossible to calculate" until you allow yourself the use of a new function — either Si(x), or ln(x). So the question is really, why is ln(x) more special than Si(x). And the answer is that ln(x) is often practically useful in all sorts of pl...	[ "If the cross product of two vectors is the zero vector (i.e. ), then either one or both of the inputs is the zero vector, ( or ) or else they are parallel or antiparallel () so that the sine of the angle between them is zero ( or and ).\n", "If \"x\", \"y\", and \"z\" are the three sides of a right triangle, sor...
Have future mountain ranges been modelled?	Geologists can make prediction based on the current motion of the plates but that movement isn't consistent and historically the plates can change their speeds and directions. 100 million years is a long time. Maybe semi accurate models can exist for the next 10 million years but beyond that it's going to be very incon...	[ "The growth of the Rocky Mountains has been one of the most perplexing of geologic puzzles. Normally, mountain building is focused between 200 and 400 miles inland from a subduction zone boundary, yet the Rockies are hundreds of miles farther inland. Although geologists continue to gather evidence to explain the ri...
all the terms for trans-people.	ALSO: Trans-man - A female bodied person who is transitioning to become a man Trans-woman - As above but opposite Cis-gendered - A person whose internal identity matches their physical body (Also, Cis-male/cis-female)	[ "The term \"trans man\" is used as a short form for either identity (transsexual man and transgender man). This commonly referred to as female-to-male (FTM or F2M). \"Transgender man\" is an umbrella term that may include anybody who was assigned female at birth (AFAB), but identifies as male. For instance, some an...
why does my hair stick up (bedhead/hat head/etc) and refuses return to "normal" until after a shower?	Hair is a complex strand of directional protein. Just like how an iron's heat unwrinkles your shirt, there is a lot of re-ordering that goes on when you get your hair wet, straighten or curl it.	[ "People have between 100,000 and 150,000 hairs on their head. The number of strands normally lost in a day varies but on average is 100. In order to maintain a normal volume, hair must be replaced at the same rate at which it is lost. The first signs of hair thinning that people will often notice are more hairs tha...
Did Scottish nobles from the Highlands actually speak Gaelic?	Before I get into the nitty gritty of answering this question, I'm going to define some parameters for the sake of specificity. First, although I suspect you might be talking about actual peers when you say 'nobles', I'm going to expand the definition to include both clan chiefs who had not been raised to the peerage a...	[ "The Scottish Gaelic language has been in decline since the fourteenth century, when its speakers were a majority of Scotland's population, due to the higher prestige of Scots, then later of English. The East Sutherland dialect was spoken in coastal villages by fisherfolk descended from Gaelic speakers who had been...
If we cloned a dinosaur today would it die quickly due to the lower oxygen content in the air today?	Oxygen content today isn't actually much different than that at the time of the dinosaurs. Over the millions of years they were alive, it was sometimes higher and sometimes lower. It's the giant insects of the Carboniferous which were really dependent on high oxygen levels.	[ "BULLET::::- Wieland suggested that the dinosaurs were driven extinct when the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere decreased until it was too low to instigate them to breathe and they suffocated.\n", "Excluding a few controversial claims, scientists agree that all non-avian dinosaurs became extinct at ...
When light is reflected, does it "bounce" or does it excite the electrons in the material it reaches, which then sends out a new photon in the "correct" angle?	The second option you give (absorption and re-emission) is basically correct. The reason the new photon is emitted at the "correct" angle is that you have simultaneous scattering from a large number of atoms (because the photon is described by a wavefunction that's spread throughout space) and all paths except the clas...	[ "In this process (which is also known as phase conjugation), light bounces exactly back in the direction from which it came due to a nonlinear optical process. Not only the direction of the light is reversed, but the actual wavefronts are reversed as well. A conjugate reflector can be used to remove aberrations fro...
Is the process of aging a consequence of our body's defense against potential cancer?	As we age we usually become only more susceptible to cancers. One process of this that I know of has to do with DNA replication. Each of our chromosomes contain protective end caps called telomeres. The more times our cells replicate, as we get older, the shorter the telomeres become. Once gone, the chromosomes of the ...	[ "Long-standing inflammation is a risk factor for the development of cancer. The lamina propria macrophages when under much stress release pro-inflammatory signals that may lead to increased probability of developing cancer. An example of this is the over activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, which has been linked t...
[Geology] To what extent is continental drift random versus deterministic?	Some component of the force driving plate motion comes from fluid motion in the convecting mantle (most of the force driving plate motion comes from the excess density of oceanic crust in subduction zones), and fluid motion is well known for being chaotic - although the convecting mantle obviously isn't turbulent, so...	[ "Wegener's continental drift hypotheses is a logical consequence of: the theory of thrusting (alpine geology), the isostasy, the continents forms resulting from the supercontinent Gondwana break up, the past and present-day life forms on both sides of the Gondwana continent margins, and the Permo-Carboniferous mora...
Detroit during WWII	As you know Detroit was, before the war, a major auto producing city. Well when WWII rolls around the government is in need of large scale production of war materials (planes, tanks, amunition, etc...) Well all the many auto factories in Detroit are converted from auto production to the production of tanks, planes, and...	[ "Known as the world's automotive center, \"Detroit\" is a metonym for that industry. Detroit's auto industry, some of which was converted to wartime defense production, was an important element of the American \"Arsenal of Democracy\" supporting the Allied powers during World War II. It is an important source of po...
why does pushing our eye gently against a closed eye lid make us "see" things?	In order to process sensory information (light, sound, touch, taste, etc.), it must be input through a receptor. The sensory modality (type) a receptor is most sensitive to (made to interpret) is called the adequate stimulus. Photoreceptors (what ultimately turn light into an electrical/neuronal signal which can be t...	[ "When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously focusing on a book or computer monitor, the ciliary muscle tightens. This can cause the eyes to get irritated and uncomfortable. Giving the eyes a chance to focus on a distant object at least once an hour usually alleviates the problem.\n", "The...
how does an induction cooker sense a metal is ferrous?	Magnets. A magnetic current is created by passing electricity through coiled copper wire, that in turn heats up ferrous material placed near enough to the cook-top. Bonus: The magnet would heat up, and potentially lose its magnetism. Induction cook-tops can use about 10% less energy than a gas stove to provid...	[ "Induction cookers generate heat in induction-compatible cookware via direct magnetic stimulation of the pan material. While carbon steel and cast iron (the most common wok materials) are induction-compatible metals, induction cooking also requires close contact between the cooking vessel and the induction burner. ...
why do american trucks (an extended nose containing an engine) and european lorries (flat face engine under the driver) look different?	Most countries in the world have regulations defining the size of vehicles that are allowed to use their roads. This is necessary so that they can plan junctions, bridges, and so on. In the EU and other European countries, the law defines the maximum length of a truck to include both trailer and cab. In North America ...	[ "BULLET::::- \"Cab over engine\" (COE) or \"flat nose\"; where the driver is seated above the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated, but also widely used in the rest of the world as well. They were common in North American heavy dut...
How did the ottomans replenish their troops so quickly? Was their army that large in the 1500-1600s?	The numbers you might read about, like with any historical numbers, should be taken with some circumspection. But it is true that the Ottomans were able to field large armies for their time. In terms of manpower, the empire had two principal military bodies: the kapikulu or household troops and then the timariot army u...	[ "The Ottomans possessed a distinct superiority in logistical organization over their European rivals, who were typically forced to resort to \"ad hoc\" solutions or even outright plunder in order to keep their armies in good supply. State centralization allowed the Ottomans to maintain a sophisticated system of way...
How did researchers do literature searches before the invention of computers?	There were several ways to unravel one's target bibliography to begin research. A library's card catalogue was an excellent means to find sources on the subject (these were cards arranged in little drawers, organized alphabetically, with references by author, book title, and subject). Finding a recent book on the targe...	[ "The idea of using computers to search for relevant pieces of information was popularized in the article \"As We May Think\" by Vannevar Bush in 1945. It would appear that Bush was inspired by patents for a 'statistical machine' - filed by Emanuel Goldberg in the 1920s and '30s - that searched for documents stored ...
As far as I understand it, gravitational waves stretch and squash space-time. Could the expansion of the universe be a result of the upswing of a massive wave, one which may eventually compress once again? If not, why not?	Surely not because gravitational waves mantain volume. When a GW is stretching space in one direction, it compresses it in another, and so the volume of a given region of space stays the same at all times. In cosmological expansion, a given region's volume grows, since all three dimensions grow equally. I mean there'...	[ "Due to the weakness of the coupling of gravity to matter, gravitational waves experience very little absorption or scattering, even as they travel over astronomical distances. In particular, gravitational waves are expected to be unaffected by the opacity of the very early universe. In these early phases, space ha...
how did ancient rome have all these grand cities and buildings, and then afterwards everything went south in terms of architecture?	Ancient Rome had massive amounts of human labor from Military, Citizens, and Slaves. When Rome fell it did so amid several waves of plagues and the kingdoms that took over afterwards did not have access to the same volume of people. When labor pools available to a single ruler/builder got back up in numbers you start s...	[ "In the ancient world, a city was viewed as a place that fostered civilization by being \"properly designed, ordered, and adorned.\" Augustus undertook a vast building programme in Rome, supported public displays of art that expressed the new imperial ideology, and reorganized the city into neighbourhoods \"(vici)\...
Why Was HMS Hood Considered "Invincible"?	From [an earlier answer of mine](_URL_0_) Flagships can be peculiar things in the twentieth century. Admirals sometimes chose flagships based on habit, others because the ship in questions had better communication equipment. Raymond Spruance preferred heavy cruisers likely for both reasons. Kurita Takeo's flagship bef...	[ "Although the Royal Navy always designated \"Hood\" as a battlecruiser, some modern writers such as Antony Preston have characterised her as a fast battleship, as she theoretically had the protection of the \"Queen Elizabeth\"s while being significantly faster. On the other hand, the British were well aware of the ...
23.976 vs 24 vs 25 fps in video recording. i mean 0.024 or even 1 fps can't generate that much difference, whats the point?	Yarr, ['twas asked by those what sailed in before ye!](_URL_1_) Enjoy yon older explanations, and remember [rule 7](_URL_0_) says search to avoid repostin'.	[ "In the case of filmed material, as 120 is an even multiple of 24, it is possible to present a 24 fps sequence without judder on a well-designed 120 Hz display (i.e., so-called 5-5 pulldown). If the 120 Hz rate is produced by frame-doubling a 60 fps 3:2 pulldown signal, the uneven motion could still be visible (i.e...
Why does the Higgs mechanism give the same mass everywhere?	Take the mexican hat potential as an example. When the symmetry is unbroken you sit at x=y=0, z=constant. Sitting at this point, it doesn't matter which way you look, everything is the same. Now you break that symmetry, and fall to a lower z value, a more stable state. You look around and things look different regardle...	[ "The Higgs mechanism is believed to give rise to the masses of all the elementary particles in the Standard Model. This includes the masses of the W and Z bosons, and the masses of the fermions, i.e. the quarks and leptons.\n", "The Higgs mechanism postulates the existence of the Higgs field which confers mass on...
browsing history, what rights do we as the user and creator have over our browsing history tracked by our isps?	None. They can track anything they like. It's considered public information. Why? Well because the data you send through the internet is sent through very public channels. When you type something into your google search bar, you are effectively passing along a note saying "I want to know more about this" to a publ...	[ "The creator of the World Wide Web, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, has criticised the idea of tracking his browsing history saying that \"It's mine - you can't have it. If you want to use it for something, then you have to negotiate with me. I have to agree, I have to understand what I'm getting in return.\" He also said tha...
Can someone help me understand why Naive Darwinism is false?	What he means is that we don't evolve specifically to reproduce more. What happened was we gained various traits that, in the past at least, would have caused us to better pass on our genes. Men don't go to the sperm bank in droves because we didn't evolve with a drive to produce offspring. We evolved to want to hav...	[ "This is simply another instance of Darwinists attempting to oppose critical analysis of evolution by pretending that it is equivalent to teaching intelligent design. This is a political tactic based upon misinformation, misrepresentation, emotions, and false fears.\n", "Criticism of Neural \"Darwinism\" was made...
why do muslims call their god 'allah' even though they believe in the same god as do christians and jews?	Allah is simply the Arabic word for God. Christians Arabs also used the word Allah to refer to the same God.	[ "The Aramaic word for \"God\" in the language of Assyrian Christians is \"ʼĔlāhā\", or \"Alaha\". Arabic-speakers of all Abrahamic faiths, including Christians and Jews, use the word \"Allah\" to mean \"God\". The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for \"God\" than \"Allah\". (Even the Arabic-descended Mal...
how does the skull and jawbone adjust their tooth sockets' locations while having braces?	> The classic theory of tooth movement is called the [Pressure Tension Theory](_URL_0_) > Every tooth is encompassed by a tooth socket. When a force is applied to a tooth via braces, one wall of the tooth socket is compressed or squeezed (pressure) and the other wall of the tooth socket is relieved or stretched (...	[ "This is performed to realign the mandible (lower jaw) or maxilla (upper jaw) with the rest of the skull and/or teeth. This is usually performed to correct skeletal malocclusions, that is discrepancies in tooth position that cannot be corrected by simple orthodontic movement, and realignment of the temporomandibula...
Will a cold can of soda(5°C) standing outside(30°C) reach exactly 30°C or less?	If you assume the air remains a steady temperature at 30C (with energy being put into the system to maintain the air at 30 C) then the can of soda will come to equilibrium at exactly 30C. If air at 30C and the soda at 5C are put into a small temperature shielding box, then the air and the soda will come to equilibriu...	[ "BULLET::::- According to Alcohol and You Northern Ireland resource website, \"Most alcopops contain 1.1–1.5 units per bottle. For example, a normal 275 ml bottle of WKD contains 1.1 units, whereas Bacardi Breezer and Smirnoff Ice both contain 1.5 units of alcohol.\"\n", "There are a variety of beverages produced...
difference between hallucinations, psychosis and schizophrenia	Psychosis: basically a break between what our minds perceive and what is actually reality Hallucination: Sensory psychosis. Hearing, seeing, feeling things that aren’t really there in the absence of any stimulus. Delusion: We’ll call this a cognitive psychosis. Believing things that have no basis in reality. Governme...	[ "According to research on hallucinations, both with participants from the general population and people diagnosed with schizophrenia, psychosis and related mental illnesses, there is a relationship between culture and hallucinations. In relation to hallucinations, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis...
How do we discern chemical structures and formulas?	It really depends on what we know about the compound. For example, did we make and have a good idea of what it could be, or is some wild unknown thing. For the wild unknown thing, a good starting point would be [ICP-MS](_URL_4_). It can essentially shred your molecule into its individual atoms and give you the mass o...	[ "The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are possibly arranged in the real three-dimensional space. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also shown, either explicitly or implicitly. Unlike chemical formulas, which have a limi...
what does aperture, iso, and all the other camera settings mean?	Exposure is essentially how bright or dark a photo looks. So, overexposure == too bright and underexposure == too dark. Say you're taking a photo and it's currently underexposed. What do you do? You could physically add more light to your scene by, say, turning on a lamp, but that's not always practical (you may not h...	[ "Aperture priority is a semi-automatic shooting mode used in cameras. It permits the photographer to select an aperture setting and let the camera decide the shutter speed and sometimes also ISO sensitivity for the correct exposure. This is also referred to as Aperture Priority Auto Exposure, A mode, AV mode (apert...
Why do suspended particles settle out as a heap when their medium is rotating?	This is the "[teacup effect](_URL_0_)", and, curiously, it was first explained rigorously by Einstein.	[ "Particle aggregation is normally an irreversible process. Once particle aggregates have formed, they will not easily disrupt. In the course of aggregation, the aggregates will grow in size, and as a consequence they may settle to the bottom of the container, which is referred to as sedimentation. Alternatively, a ...
Why did Japan invade East Timor in WW2 if Portugal was neutral? They didn't invade Macau after all	While you're correct in saying that the Japanese didn't invade Macau, that's not to say that they didn't have a rather overbearing presence there. In 1943, they crossed into Macau in an attempt to capture a British cargo ship. The Macau police force fired on them, and had 20 killed. A couple of months later, Japan h...	[ "Although Portugal was neutral during World War II, in December 1941, Portuguese Timor was occupied by a small British, Australian and Dutch force, to preempt a Japanese invasion. However, the Japanese did invade in the Battle of Timor in February 1942. Under Japanese occupation, the borders of the Dutch and Portug...
why is /r/politics so biased against conservatives?	Theory has it (with evidence), that mods of that sub are bought and paid for by a Super PAC called Correct the Record, which now goes by the name ShareBlue. The old mods were forced out or bribed out, and the new sheriffs are very left-leaning.	[ "According to , a quarterly journal with a conservative point of view, evidence for academic bias includes the disproportionate percentage of academics who are political progressives and/or irreligious. Conservative activists such as Horowitz have argued that this imbalance is due to academics creating an inhospita...
cloud computing and virtualization	Virtualization in computing is typically running multiple instances of operating systems on one computer. No longer does the OS/Hardware have a 1:1 relationship, now the hardware is shared across multiple operating systems. Each instance is theoretically unaware it's sharing hardware with other operating systems, and e...	[ "BULLET::::- Cloud computing converts such physical resources as processors and storage into Internet resources. By developing applications in a virtual environment, a company’s computing infrastructure is treated as a utility service, and the company pays only for the time and capacity it needs. Cloud eliminates i...
What was going on in America that caused the Founding Fathers to create the Second Amendment and sign it into law?	This is a complex question that I’ll need to supply a lot of context for in order to answer it. Sources are in my direct reply. Firearm Ownership in Pre-Revolutionary America Firearms were quite common in the American colonies during the 17th century. Based on data of a survey conducted in New England in 1775,...	[ "BULLET::::- December 15, 1791: The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified by the requisite number of states (then 11) to become part of the Constitution.\n", "Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and the development of the i...
why do mugs leave marks on the table, when the drink inside is not in direct contact with it?	The mug has a different temp than the table, either water will condense on the mug, like a pop can, or the heat from the mug will cause the water in the table to expand/evaporate. Very hot things can cause the varnish to lift as well.	[ "Much of the mug design aims at thermal insulation: the thick walls of a mug, as compared to the thinner walls of teacups, insulate the beverage to prevent it from cooling or warming quickly. The mug bottom is often not flat, but either concave or has an extra rim, to reduce the thermal contact with the surface on ...
why hasn't the hemp textile market increased?	Hemp has only been legal for farmers to grow in the US for a little over a year. That's not a lot of time to start a new industry. Hemp has huge markets in other parts of the world already, so it can be a tough choice for farmers to make the change and take the gamble that they will make a profit.	[ "The company DuPont and many industrial historians dispute a link between nylon and hemp. They argue that the reason for developing nylon was to produce a fiber that could compete with silk and rayon in, for example, thin stockings for women. Silk was much more expensive than hemp and imported largely from Japan. T...
Why is c (speed of light) the constant and not time or space?	On a formal level relativity defines inertial frames as those in which the speed of light is a constant. You are actually free instead to use frames in which there is no time dilation or length contraction but light doesn't move at c anymore - they're just not inertial by definition. The important point about inerti...	[ "It is generally assumed that fundamental constants such as \"c\" have the same value throughout spacetime, meaning that they do not depend on location and do not vary with time. However, it has been suggested in various theories that the speed of light may have changed over time. No conclusive evidence for such ch...
Ive noticed in several westerns games and movies, ranchers wearing large leather armbands, that I havn't seen on anyone else wear in that setting. Did they have some use on the ranch?	I think what you might be referring to are leather wrist cuffs, which were/are used to protect you from just about anything that could rub your wrist raw (reins, scratchy brush, ropes, etc.) and to protect/clamp down the sleeve of your shirt (since a cowboy on a long cattle drive often only had the shirt on his back, i...	[ "Gauchos dressed quite distinctly from North American cowboys, and used \"bolas\" or \"boleadoras\" - in Portuguese \"boleadeiras\" - (three leather bound rocks tied together with approximately three feet long leather straps) in addition to the familiar \"North American\" lariat or riata. The typical gaucho outfit ...
before computers were used, how did automatic elevators work?	There are all sorts of logic circuits that can handle complicated processing that wouldn't be referred to as "computers". Computers are devices that can store data and then perform actions based on that data.	[ "Automatic elevators began to appear as early as the 1920s, their development being hastened by striking elevator operators which brought large cities dependent on skyscrapers (and therefore their elevators) such as New York and Chicago to their knees. Self service elevators were not allowed in New York City until ...
what is the purpose of the ridges or 'spines' we have on the roof of our mouths? do they help us deal with our food?	To begin, we’ll start by calling it its proper name: the Palate. Bet some of you didn’t know that. Actually, to take it a step further, we have the hard palate (essentially the front) and the soft palate (the back). The hard palate is made of bone, the soft palate of tissue. Go ahead and run your tongue along the hard ...	[ "The roof of the mouth is termed the palate and it separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The palate is hard at the front of the mouth since the overlying mucosa is covering a plate of bone; it is softer and more pliable at the back being made of muscle and connective tissue, and it can move to swallow fo...
When was the last time that global population was less than the previous year?	I'd argue for 1919 or 1920: the flu pandemic is estimated to have killed 50-100 million people (Wikipedia), mostly in late 1918, whereas UN estimates give an average rise in world population of about 10 million a year at this point (1750 million in 1910, 1860 million in 1911)[source, table 1](_URL_0_). So we can be cer...	[ "The highest global population growth rates, with increases of over 1.8% per year, occurred between 1955 and 1975—peaking to 2.1% between 1965 and 1970. The growth rate declined to 1.2% between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century. However, the global population is sti...
why some things are easier to remember than others?	I'm no scientist but I believe it has to do with what you prioritize or are thinking about.	[ "While age plays a role in memory capabilities, it has been found that general strategies used to encode (to remember) memories is more important. Those that are better at memorizing information are more likely to have more involuntary memories. \n", "Human beings are blessed with having an intelligent and comple...
Universe and infinity.	[This question, asked less than an hour ago, is not significantly distinguishable from yours](_URL_0_). And my rant therein on the whole "messes with my brain" nonsense is equally applicable here.	[ "The infinity of God includes both his \"eternity\" and his \"immensity\". says that \"Yahweh is the everlasting God,\" while Solomon acknowledges in that \"the heavens, even the highest heaven, cannot contain you\". Infinity permeates all other attributes of God: his goodness, love, power, etc. are all considered ...
can someone explain confidence interval in simple words? also, what is the difference between confidence level and confidence interval?	The general framework here is usually that you know a little bit about the distribution of something, but not the specifics. For example, a coin comes up either heads or tails, but you don't know how likely each one is (it might not be a fair coin). Or you know a distribution is normal, but don't know what the mean o...	[ "A confidence interval is a range of values that can contain the true real parameter value in given a certain level of confidence. The first step is to estimate the best-unbiased estimate of the population parameter. The upper value of the interval is obtained by the sum of this estimate with the multiplication bet...
Why do microwave ovens make such a distinctive humming sound?	The hum is 60Hz (or 50Hz if you live in Europe), it’s either oscillations in the components of the rather massive power supply required to feed nearly 1.5kW to the magnetron. Or mechanical oscillations induced in the magnetron due to ripple in its power supply. Electronic components can produce mechanical vibrations....	[ "A small amount of noise is generated by an internal cooling fan. Audible electromagnetic noise (a hum or buzz) may be produced by cookware exposed to high magnetic fields, especially at high power if the cookware has loose parts; cookware with welded-in cladding layers and solid riveting is less likely to produce ...
What's the evolutionary advantage in having big breasts?	An influential anthropological theory, as promoted by Desmond Morris, is that large rounded breasts served to mimic the female buttocks as we moved from 'typical' primate intercourse, from behind, to face-to-face intercourse as upright bipedal creatures (speak for yourself Desmond, we all have our own preferences...). ...	[ "The theory of sexual selection has been used to explain a number of human anatomical features. These include rounded breasts, facial hair, pubic hair and penis size. The breasts of primates are flat, yet are able to produce sufficient milk for feeding their young. The breasts of non-lactating human females are fil...
How long does a nuclear warhead last in storage?	There is actually a whole field devoted to this topic known as [Stockpile Stewardship](_URL_0_). Because we no longer conduct nuclear tests nor manufacture new warheads, we have to find ways of determining reliability as well as causes of failure. Most nuclear weapons these days have a reservoir of Tritium gas, which ...	[ "The maximum yield of the W54 warhead used in the Special Atomic Demolition Munition (pictured) was 1 kt (1000 tonnes of TNT equivalent). This is actually larger and heavier than the US W48 nuclear shell at 155 mm (6.1 inches) in diameter and 846 mm (33.3 inches) long and weighing 53.5 kg (118 lb), which represents...
why do certain foods seem impossible to stop eating once you start?	It's just how they're made to be. There are literally scientists working within the manufacturers and factories making the chips, sweats and all the junk food we have today, that makes the flavor so irresistible, its borderlines addictive. With such a powerful flavor, people will keep on buying their product. That's ju...	[ "There are two primary sources of signals that stop eating: short-term signals come from immediate effects of eating a meal, beginning before food digestion, and long-term signals, that arise in adipose tissue, control the intake of calories by monitoring the sensitivity of brain mechanisms to hunger and satiety si...
What are the basis, if any, for the theory that puts Trojan Horse mythos has an origin story created by the Romans to put themselves as the survivors of a treachorous scheme to win a war?	Sorry, I don't quite understand. Are you suggesting that the Trojan Horse was a story invented by the Romans? The horse appears already in Homer, it's mentioned briefly in the Odyssey.	[ "Greek mythology culminates in the Trojan War, fought between Greece and Troy, and its aftermath. In Homer's works, such as the \"Iliad\", the chief stories have already taken shape and substance, and individual themes were elaborated later, especially in Greek drama. The Trojan War also elicited great interest in ...
why do third world/poor countries usualy have high interest rate, while first world countries ahve a lower interest rate?	A poor country is more likely to be unable to pay its debts for a variety of reasons, while a rich country like the US is pretty much always good for the money. Lending money to a poor country is thus more risky, and as a result those countries have to pay more in interest to make up for the risk.	[ "As of January 2014, and since the introduction of the euro, interest rates of most member countries (particularly those with a weak currency) have decreased. Some of these countries had the most serious sovereign financing problems.\n", "In practice, the market interest rate tends to be different for debts of di...
Why can a probability distribution (like the Cauchy distribution) not have an average, and what does that mean in the real world?	As your number of drawn values increases, the average would converge if there was a defined expected value. That's kind of what an expected value is, the expected mean is an ensemble-averaged quantity. So if you have numbers drawn from a true Cauchy distribution, then the more you draw, the average will not converge to...	[ "Because a probability distribution \"P\" on the real line is determined by the probability of a scalar random variable \"X\" being in a half-open interval (−∞, \"x\"], the probability distribution is completely characterized by its cumulative distribution function:\n", "Precise probability distributions and inte...
when an airplane flys over you why is the sound far behind it?	Sound moves slower than light. So the light of where tge plane is gets to you faster than the sound.	[ "Aircraft noise is noise pollution produced by an aircraft or its components, whether on the ground while parked such as auxiliary power units, while taxiing, on run-up from propeller and jet exhaust, during take off, underneath and lateral to departure and arrival paths, over-flying while en route, or during landi...
how do the magic milk bottles work?	Milk goes into the cap. The bottle only has a small amount of "milk" pressed between a two-part bottle.	[ "Milk crates and bottle crates are a form of reusable packaging used to ship to retail stores and to return empty bottles to the bottler or packager. These are usually moulded plastic designs expected to make several round trip shipments. Wood structures are also used.\n", "The technique used to pour milk from a ...
what is the difference between node.js and java?	They are two completely different programming languages If we're being fully accurate, Java is a programming language, while Node.js is a server framework which itself ~~is written in~~ runs the programming language Javascript. (Note that Java and Javascript have almost nothing in common with each other apart from sim...	[ "Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript run-time environment that executes JavaScript code outside of a browser. Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools and for server-side scripting—running scripts server-side to produce dynamic web page content before the page is sent to t...
What "ended" the Satanic Panic of the 80s, regarding heavy metal, Dungeons and Dragons, etc?	The delightful answer is that we don't really know. Yet. I'd like to talk about why. Reichert and Richardson's (R & R 2012) article "Decline of a Moral Panic: A Social Psychological and Socio-Legal Examination of the Current Status of Satanism" is actually about the survival of fears of Satanism, played out in cu...	[ "The Satanic panic is a moral panic about alleged widespread Satanic ritual abuse which originated around the 1980s in the United States, peaking in the early 1990s, before waning as a result of scepticism of academics and law enforcement agencies who ultimately debunked the claims. The phenomenon spread from the U...
why is apple so much more "popular" in certain industries and windows in others? why are apple devices considered more secure by people?	Can't say for certain for the first question. But as to why it's considered more secure? It's pretty much because Windows is more popular globally, so people are more likely to create viruses and malware that target that. There's nothing really innately more secure about iOS than Windows	[ "Apple has a strong culture of corporate secrecy, and has an anti-leak Global Security team that recruits from the National Security Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Secret Service.\n", "The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a mark...
how do pharmaceutical drugs make it to the streets for sale?	People fill thier rx, they sell them either to a dealer or directly themselves, go back next month and repeat. They either get their rx through legitimate means, dont take them and sell them, go to a crooked dr who is known to write rxs for cash called "pill mills", or steal rx pads and forge the rx. Though alot of...	[ "The drugs are transported through the Triangle by horse and donkey caravans to refineries where the drugs are further processed and refined to become more pure. They are then most frequently brought to the United States and other countries by couriers traveling on commercial airlines or they are smuggled into the ...
why do my hands start to shake constantly and feel funny when i'm hungry?	You should get your blood sugar levels checked. You could be pre-diabetic or hyperglycemic, if you're having that kind of reaction get it checked soon.	[ "Characteristics may include a rhythmic shaking in the hands, arms, head, legs, or trunk; shaky voice; and problems holding things such as a fork or pen. Some tremors may be triggered by or become exacerbated during times of stress or strong emotion, when the individual is physically exhausted, or during certain po...
If the world becomes too warm is it possible to use silver iodide to make clouds that cool the earth?	It's been suggested that such a thing could be done, but then there's inevitably the followup questions: What happens to various ecosystems when that silver iodide lands? How much is enough, how much is too much? In the long term does that end up just easing the symptoms and not fixing the cause?	[ "Bernard Vonnegut (August 29, 1914 – April 25, 1997) was an American atmospheric scientist credited with discovering that silver iodide could be used effectively in cloud seeding to produce snow and rain. He was the older brother of American novelist Kurt Vonnegut.\n", "Aerosols diffuse incoming radiation general...
Who are these warlords in the late Qing period?	Wait, which ones? During which period? Because their origin came during the Taiping rebellion when the central army was destroyed by the rebels. The solution to that was the creation of regional militias under the control of ethnically Han gentries to fight the rebels instead. Under this system, where ethnically Han s...	[ "Li Shuaitai (; d. 1666) was a military commander of the early Qing Dynasty. He served as the Viceroy of Liangguang between 1653 and 1656, then as the Viceroy of Minzhe from 1656 to its partition in 1658, after which he continued as Viceroy of Fujian until 1664. \n", "These pro-Qing Hui warlords rose to power by ...

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