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train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
how do scientists build a nanobot?	Build a robot which is not that small. That robot builds a smaller robot which builds a smaller one and so on	[ "Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field of creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10 meters). Also known as \"nanobots\" or \"nanites\", they would be constructed from molecular machines. So far, researchers have mostly produced only parts of the...
If a red head and a blonde had a baby, which hair colour would dominate?	There are at least two gene pairs that determine hair color. _URL_0_ > One phenotype (brown/blond) has a dominant brown allele and a recessive blond allele. A person with a brown allele will have brown hair; a person with no brown alleles will be blond. This explains why two brown-haired parents can produce a blond...	[ "Red hair can originate from several changes on the MC1R-gene. If one of these changes is present on both chromosomes then the respective individual is likely to have red hair. This type of inheritance is described as an autosomal recessive. Even if both parents do not have red hair themselves, both can be carriers...
i know lightning and electricity try to travel down a path with the least resistance, but does the flow of charge follow the path with the lowest instantaneous resistance, or the lowest total resistance?	Length doesn't matter. Only resistance does. And it's not whatever has the least resistance gets all the current. It is proportional to the ratio of the paths. Say you have 2 paths. The 1st path is 100 ohms and the 2nd is 500 ohms. And say your source is 10Vdc for easy math. You will have .1 amps going through path 1 ...	[ "In electrical circuits, for example, the current always follows all available paths, and in some simple cases the \"path of least resistance\" will take up most of the current, but this will not be generally true in even slightly more complicated circuits. It may seem for example, that if there are three paths of ...
what's happening to an atom at the very center of a black hole?	Around a black hole there is something called an event horizon. This is the border where light can orbit the black hole. Outside the event horizon the light can escape, within it light goes toward the center. When you are within the event horizon every way you look points toward the center of the black hole, if you ...	[ "At the center of a black hole, as described by general relativity, may lie a gravitational singularity, a region where the spacetime curvature becomes infinite. For a non-rotating black hole, this region takes the shape of a single point and for a rotating black hole, it is smeared out to form a ring singularity t...
ancient Mideastern literature (or lack thereof)	While you wait for an answer, you might be interested in [this discussion of Ancient Egyptian literature](_URL_2_) with u/Bentresh, and likewise [Egyptian musings on what makes a good ruler](_URL_0_) and [Sumerian disputation literature](_URL_1_).	[ "Five ancient Greek novels survive complete from antiquity: Chariton's \"Callirhoe\" (mid-1st century), Achilles Tatius' \"Leucippe and Clitophon\" (early-2nd century), Longus' \"Daphnis and Chloe\" (2nd century), Xenophon of Ephesus' \"Ephesian Tale\" (late-2nd century), and Heliodorus of Emesa's \"Aethiopica\" (t...
Who was the richest Merchant, or is believed to be the richest, in human history?	Sorry, we don't allow ["trivia seeking" questions](_URL_0_). These tend to produce threads which are collections of disjointed, partial responses, and not the in-depth discussions about a particular topic we're looking for. If you have a specific question about an historical event, period, or person, please feel free...	[ "Virji Vora ( 1590– 1670s) was an Indian merchant from Surat during the Mughal era. The East India Company Factory Records describe him as the richest merchant in the world at the time. According to the English records, his personal worth is estimated to be worth 8 million rupees, a substantial amount of money in t...
Why do cell membranes not aggregate?	The drive for lipid aggregation is an entropic one. When you put a lipid in water, because there are no polar interactions between water and the lipid molecule, water molecules can only interact with each other, and therefore form a structured lattice around the hydrophobic moiety. This lattice reduces the number of de...	[ "Membranes in cells typically define enclosed spaces or compartments in which cells may maintain a chemical or biochemical environment that differs from the outside. For example, the membrane around peroxisomes shields the rest of the cell from peroxides, chemicals that can be toxic to the cell, and the cell membra...
why is abstract art (such as picasso's) considered an 'art'? i feel like i just don't 'get it'. people pay millions for works of picasso i could replicate in minutes.	You could replicate it in minutes, but Picasso wasn't replicating anything. _URL_0_	[ "\"I think my work has always been minimal and abstract because when I was being taught sculpture, it was expressed in abstract terms. Form in space, mass and volume - that sort of thing. Painting, for me, is an extension of sculptural ideas.\"\n", "«My work of art -as Soto says-, is totally abstract. It was born...
instead of bailing out the banks, why didn't we arrests their executives for fraud and seize their assets?	You and half of the US would like to know why the executives weren't charged and jailed...	[ "Investors' losses and the speculation surrounding the bank's activities led to three major government investigations over the next five years. The bank's co-founder, American Michael Jon Hand, and two other bank employees were indicted for conspiring to \"pervert the course of justice\" by destroying or removing b...
Just how badly did the Japanese loss at midway affect their military strength?	There's no other way to say it: it was devastating. With the loss of the four large carriers at Midway, the IJN was down to... exactly two (the Shokaku and Zuikaku). They were not able to complete any new fleet carriers until two years later. By contrast, the USN put in service five Essex-class carriers in 1943 an...	[ "Four months later, on June 4, 1942, a major naval battle near Midway resulted in the U.S. Navy inflicting a devastating defeat on the Japanese Navy. Four Japanese fleet aircraft carriers, , , and , were sunk, along with the loss of hundreds of Japanese aircraft, losses that the Japanese would never be able to repl...
Why is Constantine generally viewed as a Top 5 Roman Emperor given his role as the prime architect in the destabilization of the Tetrarchy, thus causing multiple civil wars, and the eventual collapse of the Tetrarchy?	It should be pointed out that the Tetrarchy was shaky enough on its own. A case could be made that Constantius as Augustus had the authority to appoint Constantine his successor and the future emperor accepted a demotion to the lesser rank of Caesar. That same year Maxentius was hailed as emperor in Italy and defeated ...	[ "Whatever the faults of Maxentius, his reputation in Rome was influenced by his contributions to public building. By the time of his accession in 306 Rome was becoming increasingly irrelevant to the governance of the empire, most emperors choosing to live elsewhere and focusing on defending the fragile boundaries, ...
How does Marxism turn into repression?	- the precise details and events obviously vary from nation to nation, but you have clearly spotted a pattern. - Marx proposed a large transfer of ownership of property esp. the means of production, and it is easy to see how that was unlikely to be voluntary in most cases. - He advocated an intermediate step to the id...	[ "Instruments of ideological repression are propaganda and censorship. During the days of \"Marxism-Leninism\" in the Soviet Union -around the early 1930s- students of this particular school of thought were given textbooks that encouraged one particular way of thinking (the Marxist way) as being paramount and the mo...
with socket sets being both metric and imperial , why are both kinds using imperial drive? ie: 1/4" 3/8"	In the US, imperial drive is still used because the machine turning the socket is still likely to be imperial. It's just the socket that's metric, not everything else.	[ "The first digit of the model number designates the largest supported multi-socket configuration; thus, E5-26xx v3 models support up to dual-socket configurations, while the E7-48xx v3 and E7-88xx v3 models support up to quad- and eight-socket configurations, respectively. Also, E5-16xx/26xx v3 and E7-48xx/88xx v3 ...
why are farmers struggling financially when there are more people than ever before to feed, people eat more on average than ever before, we know more about the science of agriculture than ever before, and there is more advanced machinery for planting / harvesting than ever before?	Automation is eliminating most of the simple jobs for farmers. A typical farm machine does the work of 40 laborers. So now being a farmer means you need a ton of money to operate a fleet of expensive machines.	[ "With more costs to the farmer, some will no longer find it financially feasible to farm. Agriculture employs the majority of the population in most low-income countries and increased costs can result in worker layoffs or pay cuts. Other farmers will respond by raising their food prices; a cost which is directly pa...
why are you supposed to sprint with open palms but run long distance with closed fists?	The premise is wrong, for starters. If you watch professional sprinters, they don't have their hands flat. If Usain Bolt doesn't do it, probably safe to say it doesn't make you faster. Nor should you wrong long distances with closed fists, btw. Why expend energy needlessly in an endurance exercise?	[ "Generally, both backhands are efficient at what they do. Perhaps the biggest weakness cited by most coaches in regards to the one hander is the fact that it requires more time and steps to be set up properly—it requires an extra half step in order to execute a proper back-swing and have proper control over the poi...
why do some sites consider a 30 number password too weak?	11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 Super safe. Seriously though, it depends on the specific password. For instance, if it's just regular words strung together (StrawberriesAreVeryDelicious), it is comparably easy to crack if the algorithm tries dictionary lists first. The biggest...	[ "There are many other ways a password can be weak, corresponding to the strengths of various attack schemes; the core principle is that a password should have high entropy (usually taken to be equivalent to randomness) and \"not\" be readily derivable by any \"clever\" pattern, nor should passwords be mixed with in...
how is it that dreams can almost predict when your alarm is going to go off?	Memories of dreams can be misleading as to what really happened. If your alarm goes off, your dream may incorporate the sound into your dream. You didn't anticipate it, you reacted to it. But this doesn't last long before you actually start waking up and realizing that your alarm in real life is going off.	[ "A common false awakening is a \"late for work\" scenario. A person may \"wake up\" in a typical room, with most things looking normal, and realize he or she overslept and missed the start time at work or school. Clocks, if found in the dream, will show time indicating that fact. The resulting panic is often strong...
the new internet bill passed in congress.	It hasn't been passed, and [this was asked before](_URL_0_).	[ "The bill H.R. 1580 ()(long title: \"To affirm the policy of the United States regarding Internet governance\") was a bill introduced into the United States House of Representatives in the 113th United States Congress. The bill primarily listed a series of Congressional \"findings\" regarding the internet, its use,...
Theory Thursday \| Academic/Professional History Free-for-All	Do you think that it is really evident how fashions arise and die in academia? And do you think that such questions damage fund allocation, topic selections and analysis outcomes in a very detrimental way? E.g. I noticed how in my field every research and conference that was "hot" became in recent years mostly about "g...	[ "An historical antecedent to consider is the pedagogy of artist Joseph Beuys and the founding of the Free International University for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research in 1973. After co-creating with his students, in 1967, the German Student Party, Beuys was dismissed from his teaching post in 1972 at the ...
Why can you control a touch lamp using a plasma lamp?	Plasma globes have a current flowing through the plasma this current corresponds with an electric field. This electric field extends beyond the glass of the globe and so will induce a current in any conductor brought near the globe. This is why putting your hand near the globe causes changes in the globe. It changes t...	[ "A touch-sensitive lamp is one that is activated by human touch rather than a flip, pushbutton, or other mechanical switch. These lamps are popular as desk and nightstand lamps. They act on the principle of body capacitance. Touch-sensitive lamp switches may be dimmable, allowing the brightness of the lamp to be ad...
what is hemp? what is it good for? why is it, to a certain degree, illegal?	Hemp is a type of marijuana with very little of the stuff that gets you high (THC). It has uses in basically every type of manufacturing we do, from plastics to clothing (for a more extensive list, check out the [wiki](_URL_0_)). As for why it's illegal, there are a lot of theories, many of which you can probably find...	[ "Cannabis is criminalized under the Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance of 1935 but it has been amended several times to allow the medical and scientific use of what is calls 'hemp' for 'galenical' purposes, the latter term translating roughly to the use of herbs to create medicines. It's notable that thes...
why comedy news shows are considered so much less reputable?	First, it's important to note that there are two kinds of "fake news". There's the demonstrably false stuff used as propaganda to mixed effect, and then there's legitimate news that the person calling it "fake news" doesn't like, and is attempting to delegitimize. Now, as for the actual question, people assume that to...	[ "There are critiques of comedic journalism, as some scholars and journalists argue that comedy cannot be seen as a valid form of journalism. They stress the importance of traditional news media and its objective nature in reporting the news. Ed Fouhy, a retired producer and network executive, claims that comedic jo...
What's the best scholarly text(s) on the ideology of the Cathars?	This is my field of study - heresy in Medieval Southwest France in 12/13th century. I've just moved to SW France to do further research work on this subject. Happy to help on the subject! From a research perspective, the best reference English-language book for this is Malcolm Lambert's The Cathars (Blackwell, 1998). ...	[ "The Equinox (subtitle: \"The Review of Scientific Illuminism\") is a series of publications in book form that serves as the official organ of the A∴A∴, a magical order founded by Aleister Crowley (although material is often of import to its sister organization, Ordo Templi Orientis). Begun in 1909, it mainly featu...
why do some artists make japanese edition of their albums?	in my experience it's to incentive Japanese fans to buy the domestic release as opposed to an imported NA/UK/EU/whatever version that's often been available longer.	[ "Aside from the Japanese-language materials recorded by either domestic or East Asian acts, at least forty out of all of the charting albums by foreign acts have sold more than one million copies in Japan. The following list covers the top-selling albums released by non-Japanese acts, including soundtrack albums, b...
why do people still support communism and how or why is it beneficial to the country?	I would certainly not put communism on the same level of extremesim as naziism as many people do in this thread. Many people still dream of a communist utopia for rather understandable reasons (equality for everyone regardless of social position, no need to specialise yourself in one profession...) For more information...	[ "These Communist states often do not claim to have achieved socialism or communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries. For example, the preamble to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's Constitution states that Vietnam only entered...
why aren't subs such as r/greatapes and r/picsofdeadkids banned?	They're tasteless, but they aren't illegal. There's no reason for reddit's admins to start banning things they deem "tasteless" left and right.	[ "Because they were created by a D&D player (and their copyrights transferred to TSR and, subsequently, Wizards of the Coast), slaadi are one of only a handful of D&D monsters considered \"Product Identity\" by Wizards of the Coast and, as such, are not released under its Open Gaming License.\n", "OpenCandy is an ...
What are the chances that the atoms that make up you were going to be, in fact, a human being?	I suppose you mean the atoms that make you up might have been another human being? Either right now or sometime in the past? Without calculating anything, you know it's gotta be less than the ratio your friend came up with. That would assume an even distribution of atoms available to us and a random picking from tha...	[ "An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers (, a ten-millionth of a millimeter, or 1/254,000,000 of an inch...
why are there always one or two ginger kittens in a litter of grey ones?	It has more to do with the parents, grandparents, and great grandparents of the kitten than any particular litter. Assuredly with enough generations of breeding then a line of pure grey cats can be established. But you are just examining the litters you see which do not include any extensive pure breeding. So ging...	[ "Shirley's first litter of six kittens was born in 1969. They all looked like they had been cut from cookie cutter. All were a chocolate color and shared a similar appearance. Robinson initiated a breeding program to emphasize these traits. In the early 1970s, the ACA registered Thomas and Shirley, along with many ...
countries that have both a prime minister and a president (like russia), how do these government's operate and what exactly are the roles of these figures?	Prime minister is generally the actual head of the government, and the one with the real power. The president is the head of state but is mostly ceremonial, much like the Queen in England. Some countries give the president limited power to veto bills going through government. This is actually one of the most common ...	[ "The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an...
how can a camera capture image at 1 trillion frames per second to show slow-mo movement of light like in this video?	They use a digital micromirror device, which takes the light and encodes it into 1s and 0s, which can then be decoded later into a 2D movie. They also use a streak camera (that usually gives you incredibly fast 1D images). _URL_0_	[ "The inverse of this, if an image is captured at speeds above that at which they will be presented, the effect is to greatly slow down (slow motion) the image. If a cinematographer shoots a person diving into a pool at 96 frames per second, and that image is played back at 24 frames per second, the presentation wil...
History of Taiwan	Were there any interactions with China prior to the European colonial powers or Ming? The first interactions that may have been recorded were during the Three Kingdoms period, where expeditionary forces of the Kingdom of Wu may have landed on the island during a series of expeditions which also reached Japan. Later...	[ "The Taiwanese national identity began to emerge in prominence during Japanese rule in Taiwan. Several organizations and political parties were founded within Taiwan in order to advocate for Taiwan Independence, such as the Taiwan Cultural Association. Although many modern advocates of Taiwan Independence claim tha...
why are scars more sensitive to pain than other skin?	Scars don't have to be painful. You get destruction and remodeling of all tissue when you have an injury, including nerve tissue. Sometimes this tissue grows back in a way that can send back more pain signals for painful stimuli or even send back pain for nonpainful stimuli (hyperalgesia vs allodynia)	[ "Individuals suffering from chronic pain tend to show reduced tactile sensitivity in the affected area. This means that they find it more difficult to distinguish whether there is one or two tactile points on the skin surface when the points are very close together.\n", "Exposure to frequencies common in domestic...
"Best of June" Winners	Congratulations both /u/brigantus and /u/crossynz!	[ "The third and final round of the show, called \"The Winners Round\", featured a face-off between the two winners of Round 1 and Round 2. The 4 most successful winners from each season were invited back to participate in \"D.B.'s Grand Delight\", a special program that aired at the end of the school year.\n", "Th...
is sugar a drug? why or why not?	Depends on how you define drug. The simplist definition of a drug is anything that can have a chemical level effect on your body or body's metabolic processess. In that sense, yes it is. But more common and narrower definitions of drug tend to exclude things your body naturally needs to make metabolism work. So the t...	[ "Scientifically, \"sugar\" loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides. Monosaccharides are also called \"simple sugars,\" the most important being glucose. Most monosaccharides have a formula that conforms to with n between 3 and 7 (deoxyribose being an ...
what am i allowed to do in a street fight/self defence/crime prevention situation?	Well I have no idea about UK laws (because we had a revolution a few hundred years ago), but I know in the US most self-defense laws state that you must use reasonable force against your attacker if you can prove that you felt imminent bodily injury or death. Usually if you get attacked, you can defend yourself as long...	[ "The main difference between street fighting and a self defense situation is that a street fight is avoidable, whereas a self-defense situation is not. The other main difference is that the fight is consensual between both parties. A typical situation might involve two men arguing in a bar, then one suggests steppi...
Why does a radio station become clearer as the weather gets worse?	TL;DR: In good weather, distant radio waves bounce off the atmosphere, come crashing into your receiver uninvited and ruin your BBC emission. - --- This is a phenomenon called [tropospheric ducting](_URL_2_), and it can be explained by the changes that occur in the atmosphere's electromagnetic properties in good o...	[ "Very high frequency radio waves can be refracted by inversions, making it possible to hear FM radio or watch VHF low-band television broadcasts from long distances on foggy nights. The signal, which would normally be refracted up and away from the ground-based antenna, is instead refracted down towards the earth b...
What makes it feel like time slows down, extra lucidity, during an intense situation?	I had a similar experience a number of years ago, and was fascinated by the feeling (got hit by a car, no serious injuries). In short, the brain records more information in a smaller amount of time when scared. You should definitely take a look at [this article](_URL_0_)	[ "Possibly related to the oddball effect, research suggests that time seems to slow down for a person during intense events—such as a car accident, a robbery, a chase, skydiving or bungee jumping, a potential predator threat or an intimacy with sexual partner (which would elicit sexual excitement, which in turn rele...
when we started to understand that the giant bones we found in the ground were from dinosaurs ?	It really wasn't until the late 1700s/1800s before scientists began realizing the earth was really old. People had probably been finding fossils since ancient times (legends of giants and dragons etc) but didn't realize what they were until the rise of comparative anatomy and knowledge of geographic processes. They ...	[ "The site where the bones were found was largely untouched by paleontologists until around 1990, when excavations restarted. Remains of other dinosaurs, fish, turtles, and plants have also been found, including teeth belonging to a member of the Tyrannosauroidea. Other parts of \"H. missouriensis\", including denta...
If objects approaching a black hole appear to slow down and freeze in time, are the jets of material shooting out of black hole material that entered the event horizon billions of years ago?	The jets aren't launched from inside the event horizon (from which nothing can escape), but from just outside it. The exact mechanisms are unclear (and a topic of ongoing research) but involve magnetic field lines being twisted by either the accretion flow of material moving into the black hole ([Blandford-Payne model]...	[ "BULLET::::- At the event horizon, formula_30 the speed of light shining outward away from the center of black hole is formula_31 It can not escape from the event horizon. Instead, it gets stuck at the event horizon. Since light moves faster than all others, matter can only move inward at the event horizon. Everyth...
why do we bite our teeths together when we doing something exhausting? (like when you're in the gym and doing a hard workout)	I'm not sure there is an exact known answer but the theory is: to make it easier on your brain. Tensing muscles together takes less effort for your brain than trying to keep multiple muscles doing different things. Kind of like the old trick of patting your head and rubbing your stomach, your mind will eventually caus...	[ "Clenching the teeth is generally displayed by humans and other animals as a display of anger, hostility or frustration. It is thought that in humans, clenching the teeth may be an evolutionary instinct to display teeth as weapons, thereby threatening a rival or a predator. The phrase \"to grit one's teeth\" is the...
Theoretically speaking, do all skies have to be blue?	No, in fact, early in our planet's history the sky would have been red due to the high CO2 concertration. Different chemical compositions will produce different colors.	[ "Sky blue is the name of a colour that resembles the colour of the unclouded sky at noon (azure) reflecting off a metallic surface. The entry for \"sky-blue\" in Murray's \"New English Dictionary\" (1919) reports a first sighting of the term in the article on \"silver\" in Ephraim Chambers's \"Cyclopaedia\" of 1728...
what did julian assange actually do that was illegal?	One very important distinction to remember is that he has not been formally charged with any offense. He is wanted for questioning by a prosecutor in Sweden for a sexual assault case. The initial purpose of the charges were to get an HIV test from him. The two women he had been sleeping with did not know about each...	[ "In 2012 Kai Ambos argued that the \"misuse\" by the Ecuadorian government of its London embassy to protect Julian Assange from prosecution in Sweden in respect of rape charges was a breach of human rights. Pointing out that Assange had been able to arrange matters so that it had taken three English courts a year a...
Truman and NATO	This is a second hand quote that in its original on CNN is the transcript of an on air interview. Reading both I think its just awkwardly stated. He isnt saying that Truman was not a supporter of NATO forming on his watch, it was very much something he ended up supporting, and the US was a driving force behind. Indeed...	[ "Truman was a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which established a formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and democratic European nations not under Soviet control following World War II. The treaty establishing it was widely popular and easily passed the Senate in 1949; Tru...
In the American Civil War, what did the Union soldiers fight for?	This is an interesting question. Often times, the Civil War is presented as a dichotomy of Confederates wanting to fight to maintain slavery and Union soldiers wanting to free slaves, but that's not entirely accurate. New England was touched most heavily by the Second Great Awakening, and citizens of that region were...	[ "When the Union Army began recruiting black troops during the American Civil War, many African Americans from Charles City County enlisted. In 1864, United States Colored Troops stationed at Fort Pocahontas roundly repelled an attack by 2500 Confederate troops commanded by Major General Fitzhugh Lee, nephew of Gene...
rogaine:: why shouldn't women use the mens version?	The stronger version can cause growth of facial hair, which most women don't want. The weaker version is less likely to do that.	[ "Feminists such as Chella Quint have spoken against the use of shaming in advertising for feminine hygiene products. She created a zine, Adventures in Menstruating, to \"help alter the visibility of menstruation, so that it's at least normal to talk about it. Because, right now, it's not\". Other menstrual activist...
How does one get buried at Westminster Abbey?	The decision is made final by the Dean of Westminster. The honored is given to royalty, aristocrats and other people of note. The specifics of nomination I am not sure. Most likely a discussion between the Abbey and the Royals. For some I would think it is assumed but other are most likely offered either in advance or ...	[ "Any monk that dies at Mount Saint Bernard will end up in the monastery's communal coffin. The coffin comes out purely for funerals, and then is returned to the abbey's attic. In accordance with Trappist burial rites, monks are buried without a coffin. The hood of the cowl is folded over the face and the body is th...
why are the recommended daily allowances for alcohol different for men and women?	It is based on the difference in body mass. Women tend to be smaller than men and thus the recommendation is no more than 2-3 units for women and 3-4 units for men.	[ "The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting alcoholic beverages consumption to no more than 1 drink daily for women and no more than 2 drinks daily for men. The 2015–2020 Scientific Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee asserts that most studies show that moderate consumption of alcohol h...
Were Romans dry and cynical?	Personally, I think that's a bit of an ...unusual question, but I'll answer nonetheless. No, not unusually so. Yes, there were people who were so, but equally there were people who were not. Take, for example, the poet Catullus. A contemporary of Cicero and Caesar, he wrote some of the most touching poetry of all time...	[ "Roman \"Satura\" was a formal literary genre rather than being simply clever, humorous critique in no particular format. Juvenal wrote in this tradition, which originated with Lucilius and included the Sermones of Horace and the Satires of Persius. In a tone and manner ranging from irony to apparent rage, Juvenal ...
how tfsas and rrsps work	TFSA's and RRSP's do have similarities, and differences (I assume you're Canadian) Let's talk about RRSP's: RRSP stands for Registered Retirement Savings Plan. Basically, these are more or less savings funds that you set up before you retire, in hopes of creating an income stream for yourself in the future (thus by, ...	[ "The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) describes the difference between a TFSA and an RRSP as follows: \"An RRSP is primarily intended for retirement. The TFSA is like an RRSP for everything else in your life.\" Interest paid on money borrowed to invest in either TFSA or RRSP is not tax deductible.\n", "Catalogic DPX (...
How is the AMS going to detect dark matter?	So far we've only been able to infer the presence of dark matter through its gravitational effects - through the way it impacts stars' motions through galaxies, or the formation of structure in the Universe. But because it doesn't interact very strongly, if at all, through the other major force in everyday life - the e...	[ "The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) is a series of experiments designed to directly detect particle dark matter in the form of WIMPs. Using an array of semiconductor detectors at millikelvin temperatures, CDMS has at times set the most sensitive limits on the interactions of WIMP dark matter with terrestrial m...
When the first colonists came to North and Central America, how come the Native Americans never fought back when they first arrived?	In what's now the continental US (and elsewhere, but let's stick with the US for now), the first wave of colonists were vigorously resisted, which is why the likes of Juan Ponce de León, Pánfilo de Narváez, Hernando de Soto, and Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón are best remembered for their failures to establish colonies in La ...	[ "Beginning in 1521, the Americas campaign depicts the early period of the Age of Navigation, during which the European powers sought new land through colonisation. The Spanish must struggle to explore an unknown land filled with violent natives, while the Native Americans attempt to stall foreign invasion and simul...
what is my dentist saying to the hygienist/his assistant while he's checking my teeth?	Occlusal is the chewing surface of a back tooth. Number 3 and 8 are specific teeth. So he wants a note to pay attention to tooth 3 and 8's chewing surface on your next visit.	[ "BULLET::::- Regular dental check-ups and professional teeth cleaning as required: Dental check-ups serve to monitor the person's oral hygiene methods and levels of attachment around teeth, identify any early signs of periodontitis, and monitor response to treatment.\n", "Mr. Bullion meets the inept window washer...
the rise of nazism and extreme right wing political parties over the past few years.	Finding someone else to blame is a common human trait. Nazis and similar groups blame everything that's wrong on foreigners, wave the national flag, and talk about patriotism. It's a simple message for simple people.	[ "In the book, Kitschelt explores the rise of the new radical right parties in Western Europe. He claims that this phenomenon has taken place due to the shift in the political spectra in these countries. Kitschelt further distinguishes between three forms of new radical right parties: \"Neo-Fascists\", which resembl...
Do different ethnicities have different personalities?	Cultural differences are not evolutionary differences. Also, race itself is not really a valid biological concept; it's a convenience of language that describes visual and cultural differences between people that we, as visual and cultural beings, are attuned to. It isn't possible, for example, to examine at someon...	[ "According to Thomas Ambrosio, most ethnic identity groups have connections inside their host country. These connections can be derived from membership in a diaspora, with ethnic kin in their historical homeland (e.g. Anglo-Saxon Americans and Britain, Italian-Americans and Italy, Armenian-Americans and Armenia, Ar...
Were there any significant battles or other events that demonstrated the obsolescence of armor against firearms?	You seem to be setting up a divide between armored troops and firearms in the question, assuming that adopting the latter means disbanding the former. While any weapon and armor technology always exist in a state of tension, armored soldiers continue to be used alongside firearms up to the present day. The adoption of...	[ "During World War I, a number of British and American officers recognized that many casualties could be avoided if effective armor were available. Isolated efforts at developing armor were made, and soldiers could make individual purchases or efforts, but there was no armor issued to the troops. As it is today, iss...
How much more technologically and militarily advanced were the Romans than the Visigoths when the Visigoths sacked Rome in 410?	Militarily, hardly at all. The Visigothic army was built out of a core of predominantly Gothic soldiers who had fought as part of the Roman army, along with other defectors. They had Roman weapons, Roman armour, Roman tactics etc. As of 410, if you put a Gothic and Roman soldier next to each other, they would look very...	[ "The Visigoths were romanized central Europeans who had moved west from the Danube Valley. They became Foederati of Rome, and wanted to restore the Roman order against the hordes of Vandals, Alans and Suebi. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD; therefore, the Visigoths believed they had the right to take the te...
what does broadcast delay (seven-second delay) looks like on tv?	It gives them time to cut the feed in case of something crazy happening,Like if there's a death or something. They don't want to air something like that so they want to be able To stop it before the public sees it.	[ "In radio and television, broadcast delay is an intentional delay when broadcasting live material. Such a delay may be short (often seven seconds) to prevent mistakes or unacceptable content from being broadcast. Longer delays lasting several hours can also be introduced so that the material is aired at a later sch...
why should i give money to pbs when they have ads for ralph lauren, goldman sachs, viking cruises and more?	Your local affiliate doesn't get funding from those entities, the production companies do. Your local affiliates need to pay bills and pay fees and are non-profits.	[ "PBS America operates much like BBC Worldwide, a profit-making enterprise managed separately from the main non-profit, publicly financed arm, that will ideally generate money for its parent. It is provided by pay-television operators as part of their channel packages and carries advertising. Unlike PBS in the Unite...
Can people age differently on other planets because of gravity/relativity and come back to earth younger than their siblings?	Yes, but not significantly. Gravitational time dilation is indeed a real effect. It's not caused by timekeeping or convention. Time really does run slower if you're in a strong gravitational field. However, the effect is almost always so small that it's impossible to measure without extremely sensitive equipment....	[ "Older people with adult children appear to live longer. Why this is the case is unclear and may dependent in part on those who have children adopting a healthier lifestyle, support from children, or the circumstances that led to not having children.\n", "Gerontologists have recognized the very different conditio...
Were anti-immigrant and anti-catholic sentiments essential to the temperance movement's successes?	Its hard to say if it was essential, but it certainly played a role. During the late 19th century and turn of the century there was a large influx of immigrants in to the cities of America while most people already here lived in rural areas ir s all towns. Saloons and alcoholism and thus abusive fathers/husbands had be...	[ "Catholic involvement in the temperance movement has been very strong since at least the nineteenth century with a number of specifically Roman Catholic societies formed to encourage moderation or total abstinence from alcohol.\n", "The Temperance movement was a significant mass movement at this time and it encou...
what parts of the brain are deactivated when we sleep? what is that part that feels us refreshed when it is 'deactivated'?	Your conscious mind is deactivated and your ego is deactivated except as it operates in a dream state. dreaming is only done part of the time when you sleep, so outside of the dream state you ego isn't operational either. You are refreshed because your brain hasn't had to deal with any external stimuli, and perhaps, t...	[ "Large parts of the brain that are activated and sending signals during waking are inactive during NREM sleep and become reactivated during REM sleep. It is based on the fact that the brain and its neural circuitry is plastic and self-regulating, especially in its own activation and inactivation. This was observed ...
why do americans always refer to "the british" in e.g. the revolutionary war, when in fact it was british people from america fighting british people from britain?	They did so because the people already had not felt part of the Bristish Empire for a long time, and this was their defining moment of setting themselves apart from it. If you are going through a divorce, do you expect your ex-wife to keep your last name?	[ "In English, \"American\" was used especially for people in the British America. Samuel Johnson, the leading English lexicographer, wrote in 1775, before the United States declared independence: \"That the Americans are able to bear taxation is indubitable.\" The Declaration of Independence of July 1776 refers to \...
nuclear power plants generate much less radiation and more energy than coal power plants so why dont we have more nuclear plants?	A large part of it is the "not in my backyard" issue. Someone's going to be a little bitch and make sure it's never built anywhere near them.	[ "Nuclear power may be uncompetitive compared with fossil fuel energy sources in countries without a carbon tax program, and in comparison to a fossil fuel plant of the same power output, nuclear power plants take a longer amount of time to construct.\n", "Nuclear energy contributes a very small amount of emission...
if energy can't be created or destroyed, what happens to the energy during radioactive decay?	The energy released comes from the nucleus undergoing a transition (decay) to a more energy efficient state. Since the new nucleus is more energy efficient, we'll end up with some spare energy. This is the energy that's released in form of radiation.	[ "The decay energy is the energy released by a radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide transforming to an atom of a diffe...
what is 0% milk?	The percentages on milk give you the percent of fat by weight in the milk. Whole milk is around 3.5%, 2%, 1% etc. 0% milk would be milk with no fat in it.	[ "Human milk contains 0.8% to 0.9% protein, 4.5% fat, 7.1% carbohydrates, and 0.2% ash (minerals). Carbohydrates are mainly lactose; several lactose-based oligosaccharides have been identified as minor components. The fat fraction contains specific triglycerides of palmitic and oleic acid (O-P-O triglycerides), and ...
what is it about isis in particular that seems to radicalise so many westerners?	They managed to appeal to Western pop culture sensibilities through using a name first made popular by the animated adult TV series Archer. (_URL_1_), instead of choosing the usual Arabic, esoteric names like "Al-Qaeda" which would make no immediate sense to a Western crowd. Additionally, they were adept at marketin...	[ "ISIL has received severe criticism from Muslim religious scholars and theologians. In late August 2014, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, condemned ISIL and al-Qaeda saying, \"Extremist and militant ideas and terrorism which spread decay on Earth, destroying human civilization...
what would it take to achieve 100% efficiency in harvesting natural, renewable energy (solar, hydroelectric, wind, etc.)?	100% efficiency is impossible. Lets take wind as an example, lets say you built a cone that would force all the wind within a cubic mile to funnel through a specific turbine. So we have 100% of the wind. The turbine only takes up about 30% of the physical area, so we're losing about 70% of the wind to the area betwee...	[ "Renewable energy generation on site, in addition to increased energy efficiency, has already allowed at least twelve plants worldwide not only to achieve energy neutrality but also to produce more energy than they need. Energy efficiency programs and renewable energy generation have proven successful in diminishin...
why do "more expensive" lawyers generally win more? isn't law, law regardless?	In many cases, they're paid more because they're better; they're not better because they're paid more. In some cases, it's because a lawyer/client with more money can afford to do more research or try more difficult things. In some cases, having a pricier lawyer means you get more of his time.	[ "For consumers of legal services, legal cost finance is an alternative to the payment of significant up-front costs to lawyers on the basis of a retainer agreement. Effectively, therefore, LCF makes legal services more affordable.\n", "The legal industry is widely seen to be conservative and traditional, with Law...
If energy is required to break a bond then how does ATP release energy from breaking off its phosphate group?	ATP binds to proteins and is pulled apart to release it's energy. It's the third, or gamma, phosphate that is released for energy. But ATP is more stable then ATP-but-almost-ADP. So it stays as ATP unless there's enough energy to kick out the gamma phosphate. That energy is released in lots of ways. In an enzyme, ATP ...	[ "High-energy phosphate bonds are pyrophosphate bonds, acid anhydride linkages formed by taking phosphoric acid derivatives and dehydrating them. As a consequence, the hydrolysis of these bonds is exergonic under physiological conditions, releasing energy.\n", "In the 1950s at the Naval Medical Research Institute,...
are you better off laying in the dark until you fall asleep or does it not matter?	It is generally recommended that you expose yourself to lower levels of light prior to sleeping. So yes, you're better off being in the dark or in darker places before you fall asleep. The reason is that your brain associates light with daytime - and you should probably be awake. This makes it harder to sleep and ...	[ "Generally, for people experiencing difficulties with sleep, spending less time in bed results in deeper and more continuous sleep, so clinicians will frequently recommend eliminating use of the bed for any activities except sleep (or sex).\n", "A person, then, who fears (i.e. experiences anticipatory anxiety ove...
Is there vitamin b12 in grass?	Cows get the cobalt from grass, not the vitamin itself. B12 is synthesized by bacteria in their forestomach.	[ "Synthesis of vitamin D in nature is dependent on the presence of UV radiation and subsequent activation in liver and in kidney. Many animals synthesize vitamin D from 7-dehydrocholesterol, and many fungi synthesize vitamin D from ergosterol.\n", "Vitamin B, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin tha...
How do population geneticists distinguish between selection and drift in small populations?	It seems like you are letting me postulate a rather large amount of knowledge about allele frequency over time. In this case I would use a Bayesian approach (I would probably use a Bayesian approach with a small amount of knowledge as well, but apparently I like typing more than I like the thought of people understandi...	[ "The law of large numbers predicts that when the absolute number of copies of the allele is small (e.g., in small populations), the magnitude of drift on allele frequencies per generation is larger. The magnitude of drift is large enough to overwhelm selection at any allele frequency when the selection coefficient ...
how did we choose the first day of a season ?	First day of spring is always the equinox - when you have equal day and night. First day of summer is always the summer solstice - the last day before daylight hours start getting shorter. First day of fall is always the equinox, again. And the first day of winter is the winter solstice, the first day that daylight sta...	[ "An Olympiad started with the holding of the games, which occurred on the first or second full moon after the summer solstice, in what we call July or August. The games were therefore essentially a new years festival. In 776 BC this occurred on either July 23 or August 21. (After the introduction of the Metonic cyc...
What was the situation of the feudal system in Eastern Europe	Hah, the most surefire way to piss off a medievalist is to mention the word "feudalism". The economic systems of Europe varied enormously both through time and through place. Anyway. I'll admit I am not a Medievalist and know even less about southern Romania, but I know a bit about Transylvania. The problem with Trans...	[ "With the breakup of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, the system of feudalism places kings at the head of a pyramid of relationships between liege lords and vassals, dependent on the regional rule of barons, and the intermediate positions of counts (or earls) and dukes. The core of European feudal manoria...
why can't developers create a camera app that takes landscape pictures, in portrait mode?	They can; it'd just be a waste. Your phone has an image sensor. It's shaped exactly like the pictures you take. It has millions of square pixels. When you take a picture, the camera lens projects an image of what's in front of the phone onto the sensor, just like your eye's lens projects an image onto your retina. Wh...	[ "Camera does not have some of the features of the iOS app, such as slow-motion videos, a 1:1 photo ratio, and filters. However, all of these effects can still be added to already-created photos and videos by editing them in Photos. Camera does have a panorama capture feature similar to iOS’, but only on phones.\n",...
Were there bars in Egypt and/or Israel in the first century?	What I know for sure is that there is a bar in the Epic of Gilgamesh two millenia earlier; Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, does drop by during his (vain) quest for immortality. > In the first light of dawn Gilgamesh cried out, 'I made you rest on a royal bed, you reclined on a couch at my left hand, the princes of the e...	[ "A bar is first mentioned in 1293 and was probably only a chain or bar between a row of posts. More substantial structures with arches followed. After the Battle of Evesham of 1265, Prince Edward punished the rebellious Londoners, who had befriended Montfort, by taking away all their street chains and bars, and sto...
what happened to hydrogen powered cars as an alternative to fossil fuels? ie: honda fxc clarity?	Hydrogen is expensive and difficult to produce, transport, and store. From a consumer perspective, there are not very many fueling stations available, so it may not make sense to buy a car powered by hydrogen. Gasoline, with its well-established infrastructure and comparative ease of transport and storage, is super-co...	[ "At the hearings, the automakers also presented the hydrogen vehicle as a better alternative to the gasoline car, bolstered by a recent federal earmark for hydrogen research. Many, including members of the CARB hearing committee, were concerned that this was a bait-and-switch on the automakers' part, in order to ma...
who is bo xilai? what has he done?	The case is a very political and complex case, but I'll see if I can explain it in an easy way. Bo Xilai is son of Bo Yibo, a significant member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Being a son of one of the members who was there from the beginning Bo Xilai had an easier time moving up the political ladder than most,...	[ "Li Heping () is a civil rights lawyer in the People's Republic of China and a partner of the Beijing Global Law Firm who was abducted on 10 July 2015. He is a prominent figure in China's Weiquan (rights defending) movement, having defended underground Christians, Falun Gong practitioners, dissident writers, and vi...
what auditing is	Its pretty much exactly what it is. The review your financial statements prepared for under the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). They review the statements, and see how they came to these numbers.	[ "An audit is a systematic and independent examination of books, accounts, statutory records, documents and vouchers of an organization to ascertain how far the financial statements as well as non-financial disclosures present a true and fair view of the concern. It also attempts to ensure that the books of accounts...
- why dont they charge a deposit on milk jugs?	The deposit on drink containers is not because of recycling. It's meant to prevent littering. No one drives around with gallons of milk and throws the empty jugs out on the highway. It's not a problem, so it doesn't need solving.	[ "In the United States, glass milk bottles have been replaced mostly with milk cartons and plastic jugs. Gallons of milk are almost always sold in jugs, while half gallons and quarts may be found in both paper cartons and plastic jugs, and smaller sizes are almost always in cartons.\n", "The single cup of milk is ...
what exactly is "architecture" in a cpu and how can it make two cpus with identical specs have different gaming performance?	3.5GHz just tells you have often the clock ticks. It doesn't tell you how much work gets done in each clock tick. It may take the AMD processor 200 clock ticks to calculate the cosine of an angle, while the Intel processor can get it done in 100 clock ticks. Even though the processors have the same number of cores and ...	[ "BULLET::::- Different architectures provide different register sizes (e.g. 64, 128, 256 and 512 bits) and instruction sets, meaning that programmers must provide multiple vectorized implementations to operate optimally on any given CPU.\n", "In case of a Heterogeneous System Architecture (processor architecture ...
What is more effective at cooling the body, no clothing or one layer of moisture wicking clothing?	Too many unknowns to answer. Scenario A - good airflow around your body - > convection is better - > no clothing Scenario B - poor airflow Evaporative cooling effect dominates - > bigger evaporative surface - > moist clothing	[ "The amount of thermal insulation worn by a person has a substantial impact on thermal comfort, because it influences the heat loss and consequently the thermal balance. Layers of insulating clothing prevent heat loss and can either help keep a person warm or lead to overheating. Generally, the thicker the garment ...
What would happen if a coronal mass ejection similar to the size of the one in 1859 happened today?	Nothing good. We're not ready to deal with it. Mostly electric grids would experience a high voltage rise due to magnetic induction. This could burn the transformers that lower the voltage for domestic use. Other devices, such as solar panels, would be affected to a lesser extent due to the smaller loop area, though t...	[ "The first detection of a Coronal mass ejection (CME) as such was made on December 1, 1971 by R. Tousey of the US Naval Research Laboratory using OSO 7. Earlier observations of coronal transients or even phenomena observed visually during solar eclipses are now understood as essentially the same thing.\n", "The f...
why is there still a civil war in south sudan if they've been independent since 2011?	Civil wars have littler wars upon their backs to bite 'em; and littler wars have littler wars, and so on ad infinitum. Every time the minority region in a larger state successfully secedes, all of a sudden the new minorities within the minority region (whether they were part of the majority in the larger state, or...	[ "The Second Sudanese Civil War from 1983 to 2005 have describe the conflict as an ethnoreligious one where the Muslim central government's pursuits to impose sharia law on non-Muslim southerners led to violence, and eventually to the civil war. The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan six years after the...
does economic deregulation hinder or stimulate the economy?	Arguably both, since on the one hand it gives some businesses a freer hand to generate profits, but also can allow them to get out of control and begin cancelling out the gains - the crash of 2008 happened partly because deregulated mortgage companies and banks got too far into debt.	[ "Jackson points out that an economy can correctly claim that it has \"relatively\" decoupled its economy in terms of energy inputs per unit of GDP. However, in this situation, total environmental impacts \"would still be increasing\", albeit at a slower pace of growth than in GDP.\n", "Microeconomic reform is the...
I'm part of the French nobility in the 1300's and I'm getting what we know today as the cold. Assuming I have the resources to get myself treated by a doctor, how would I go about doing that and what would my treatment be like?	Thank /u/mimicofmodes for the notice about the post, sorry for the delay! I'll make an assumption the French noble is of low/middle peerage, has their own fief and manor in the French countryside. The bad news is a cold could become very serious and deadly. Limited medical knowledge, unknown and unsolved pre-existin...	[ "Malouin graduated in medicine in 1730 against the wishes of his father (a legal official from Caen) who had sent him to Paris to study law. He settled in Paris in 1734 and opened a medical practice which attracted clients from the aristocracy and royal family.\n", "Tronchin was an influential 18th-century physic...
What makes plutonium and uranium so special?	You generally want to use fissile nuclides for reactors or bombs. There are a few of them that are of practical use: uranium-233, uranium-235, plutonium-239, and plutonium-241. Most elements, like carbon or iron, don't have any fissile isotopes.	[ "Plutonium-239 is more frequently used in nuclear weapons than uranium-235, as it is easier to obtain in a quantity of critical mass. Both Plutonium-239 and Uranium-235 are obtained from Natural uranium, which primarily consists of uranium-238 but contains traces of other isotopes of uranium such as Uranium-235. Th...
can someone explain michaelis-menten kinetics to me? i know the formulas, but im having trouble understanding them intuitively.	Think about things bouncing around. Imagine a box with a fan in it. Put 20 balls in ithe box. Now imagine a basket to one side just the right size for the balls. Turn on the fan. The balls jump around randomly. At some point a ball will fall into the basket. This will happen at a given rate which will depends on how m...	[ "Michaelis–Menten kinetics relies on the law of mass action, which is derived from the assumptions of free diffusion and thermodynamically driven random collision. Many biochemical or cellular processes deviate significantly from these conditions, because of macromolecular crowding and constrained molecular movemen...
why does having ptsd/anxiety episodes not reduce the severity of future episodes in a “exposure therapy” sort of way?	Exposure therapy is done in a controlled manner with mental+conversational preparation beforehand, a conscious willingness to be exposed and debriefing after. It also Stops if the person is uncontrolled. A bit like choosing to jump vs falling.	[ "The traumatic experiences that the youth are exposed to increases the risk of a mental health diagnosis, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Further, increased exposure to traumatic experiences results in a heighten risk of symptoms within the clinical range of dissociation, dep...
why do earphones have a r(ight) and l(eft) marker? don't we hear the same thing through both ears?	Stereo. There are two different audio tracks playing on most mp3s, it allows you to fit more music into each song by putting some more guitar in the left and some more vocals in the right. In the old days, you could only put a track in the left ear, the right ear or centre. Thats why old beatles songs have drums on o...	[ "BULLET::::- Binaural cues are generated by the difference in hearing between the left and right ears. These differences include the interaural time difference (ITD) and the interaural intensity difference (IID). Binaural cues are used mostly for horizontal localization.\n", "BULLET::::1. The sound information ar...
Can one test for psychopathy with brain scans, etc?	Your question may be rephrased as "Is there a validated imaging biomarker to diagnose antisocial personality disorder?" To which the answer is NO. Although a considerable amount of research effort is directed towards this goal, imaging is used currently to uncover the neuro-biological substrates of this disorder. I co...	[ "John Seibyl of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging has stated that it is settled that SPECT is of no value for diagnosing psychological disorders. A 2012 review by the American Psychiatric Association found that neuroimaging studies \"have yet to impact significantly the diagnosis or treatment of...
What part of makes NaCl salty? Na+ ions, or the Cl- ions, or both?	Although there may be a Cl- channel that plays a role in tasting salts, the [Epithelial Sodium Channel](_URL_0_) is traditionally recognized as the taste receptor for Na-containing salts. It is a sodium channel, so it lets Na+ (and other cations) into the cell, which leads to changes in the taste cells' membrane voltag...	[ "Sodium chloride , commonly known as salt (though sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium...
why do most video games only run on windows and not mac os?	The install base of Mac OS is incredibly small compared to Windows. The developers would have to do a lot more coding in order to make the game run on both operating systems, and that would cost money. The ROI would be far lower. Mac OS also isn't really optimized for gaming, so gamers don't tend to use it.	[ "Mac gaming refers to use of video games on Macintosh personal computers. In the 1990s, Apple computers did not attract the same level of video game development as Windows computers due to the high popularity of Windows and, for 3D gaming, Microsoft's DirectX technology. In recent years, the introduction of Mac OS ...
is it true that if you pull out a grey hair more than one will grow back? and why/why not?	Hair colour has to do with levels of melanin, it has nothing to do with the growing of them from hair follicles.	[ "Hair loss can occur over time where the scalp thickens, though hair within any furrows remains normal. Thus far, due to the (apparent) rarity of the condition, limited research exists and causes are as yet undetermined. What is known, is that the condition is not exclusively congenital.\n", "Hair may grow back a...
do we loose/gain blood vessels/veins as we grow/shrink throughout or life or are they always there?	They can change. You can grow new blood vessels through a process called neovascularization for a variety of reasons. One well known one is that if you wear nonporous contact lenses for too long you starve the cornea of oxygen. In response the body grows new capillaries. This combats hypoxia in the tissue but you can...	[ "Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand. Atherosclerosis, the formation of lipid lumps (atheromas) in the blood vessel wall, is the...
why didn't the germans just attacked the trapped soldiers in dunkirk in wwii? they obviously could have exploited the situation more.	There are a few factors that matter here: One thing is that the rapid advance and encirclement by the Germans led to the mechanized troops being exhausted, spread out and relatively far ahead of the supporting infantry so they decided to wait for the infantry to catch up to not endanger the valuable vehicles in an atta...	[ "During the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940, a team of German saboteurs assume the identities of dead British soldiers and are transported to England. Their first objective is to cripple British air defences by destroying radar stations. Though the identities and whereabouts of the saboteurs are unknown, a team of Briti...
creative commons and how to use it.	So any time you make any creative work, it's copyrighted by default, and you own the copyright. This gives you certain rights, saying that no one else can use your creative work without your permission. If you want people to be able to use your work (like a song, a story, a picture, a video, etc), you'll need to say so...	[ "The Creative Commons is a non-profit organization that allows the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools and explicitly aims for enabling a Remix culture. They created a website that allows artists to share their work with other users, giving them the ability to share, use, or build u...
Islam in Japan	There is no documented evidence that there was ever a significant presence of Islam within Japan - very few Muslim traders ever reached Japan	[ "Islam in Japan is estimated to constitute, about 80–90%, of foreign born migrants and their children, primarily from Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Iran. Much of the ethnic Japanese Muslims are those who convert upon marrying immigrant Muslims. The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 185,000 Muslim...
Did the Ptolemaic Greeks in Egypt intermarry with the native Egyptians or no?	I think [this](_URL_0_) answer should be of use to you	[ "Cleopatra I Syra was the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty known for certain to have introduced some non-Greek ancestry, being a descendant of Apama, the Sogdian Persian wife of Seleucus I. It is generally believed that the Ptolemies did not intermarry with native Egyptians. Michael Grant asserts that there is ...
How does this work? Water floats?	It's due to the syncing of the sound frequency (24 hz, or 24 oscillations per second) with the frame rate (24 frames per second). This is essentially the same effect as you get when propellers or car hubcaps appear to be stationary on film footage.	[ "The bubbles may be generated by an impeller, eductors or a sparger. The bubbles adhere to the suspended matter, causing the suspended matter to float to the surface and form a froth layer which is then removed by a skimmer. The froth-free water exits the float tank as the clarified effluent from the IGF unit.\n", ...

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