question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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why, when copying files, is the progress bar always wildly inaccurate? | Lol, I hate this! The first 99 percent takes 4 minutes; why does the last 1 percent take another 4 minutes? Do the programmers really have such a shitty understanding of math? | [
"Because the backup is already halfway done and the index already copied, the backup will be written with the article data present, but with the index reference missing. As a result of the inconsistency, this file is considered corrupted.\n",
"Apple File System is designed to avoid metadata corruption caused by s... |
How did the Roman's design their buildings? | _URL_0_
This page opens up the table of contents of *de Architectura* by Vitruvius (1st Cent. BCE). Each chapter opens up a link to Latin, Italian, and English versions of the text.
Vitruvius was a civil engineer or architect during the late Republic. That means that he was not one of the great architects to the empe... | [
"Over time, Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed, and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined. The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence. \n",
"The architecture of... |
why is deflation bad/moderate inflation good for economy? if money is worth more it is good isn't it? | Deflation being bad is simple: why should you spend today when your money is worth more tomorrow?
If you don’t buy stuff from the shop, that shop can’t get enough revenue to pay its staff, etc. | [
"In this sense it is the opposite of the more usual scenario of inflation, whose effect is to tax currency holders and lenders (savers) and use the proceeds to subsidize borrowers, including governments, and to cause malinvestment as overinvestment. Thus inflation encourages short term consumption and can similarly... |
What caused the coup of Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani? | I'm studying for an exam on this very subject! I am currently taking Geography of U.S. and Canada and my professor has created a textbook because he didn't feel there was a proper textbook for this course. I believe we will have to go farther back than just the reign of Queen Liliuokalani to understand the forces that ... | [
"A four-day uprising between January 6 and 9, 1895, began with an attempted coup d'état to restore the monarchy, and included battles between Royalists and the republican rebels. Later, after a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds after the attempted rebellion in 1895, Queen Liliʻuokalani was placed under ... |
when do we get the "good" bacteria in our bodies? | From the second you're born. Passing through your mother's vagina when you're born introduces an important batch of bacteria. This is why there are some health/immune concerns for babies born via c-section because they lose out on that bacteria | [
"Certain bacteria are found in lower or higher abundance when compared with healthy individuals. Generally Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria are increased and Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteria, and Lactobacillus are decreased. Within the human gut, there are common phylum found. The most common is Firmicut... |
What does mean sea level mean if you're thousands of miles from the sea? | Sea level is affected by gravity/mass (hence the moon causing tides and so on...). Therefore mountains affect the sea level. Currently, sea level is calculated by assuming the entire earth is covered in water, but the mass from the mountains is still there (hard to imagine, i know). Then the water "bulges" in some plac... | [
"Rutgers scientist project that by 2030, \"sea level is projected to rise by 7 to 16 inches, with a best estimate of 10 inches. in 2050, the range is 13 to 28 inches with a best estimate of 18 inches, and by 2100 the range is 30 to 71 inches with a best estimate of 42 inches.\" \n",
"It extends far into the sea f... |
Can sudden bursts of loud noise (specifically through headphones) cause significant hearing loss? | The external noises you hear come from sounds waves entering the ear canal. These waves are physically transmitted to the inner ear, where they bend tiny, hair-like structures called cilia on "hair cells." As the cilia bend, they transmit signals to the brain, and this information is processed, giving you the experienc... | [
"BULLET::::- Synaptic damages, by excitotoxicity. Noise over-stimulation causes an excessive release of glutamate, causing the postsynaptic bouton to swell and burst. However the neuron connection can be repaired, and the hearing loss only caused by the \"wiring\" (i.e. excitotoxicity) can thus be recovered within ... |
[WWII] Why did the Target Committee believed Kyoto to be a good target for the atomic bomb and described it as "more apt to appreciate the significance of such a weapon as the gadget"? | The quote you have printed there was spoken by me, so let me just elaborate on it a bit.
The scientists who made the atomic bomb and were at the higher levels of policy discussion (i.e. the ones who got to talk about targeting plans, who were all quite senior), were worried that the atomic bomb would be seen as "just ... | [
"On May 30, Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical, religious and cultural significance, but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance. Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter. Truman agreed with Stimson, and Kyoto was temporarily ... |
if kkk leaders are known publicly, then why can’t the government do something about them? | Because that would be a violation of their first amendment rights. The government does go after the ones who commit crimes. | [
"The constitution prohibits religious leaders from holding elected office or publicly making political statements. Despite this, some Protestant pastors have been elected to government positions and serve on government advisory bodies. The government also frequently includes Catholic or Protestant prayers as part o... |
how much work is required to program a game for another os (ps, xbox, windows, etc.) as compared to the original effort required to build the game from scratch? | It s not that hard... if you wrote it from scratch you would have to think a lot before writing just some lines, but to changing OS it s just like translating. GTA V for pc is a year after xbox and playstation in order to sell more console games. As an excuse they said that they would add more cars or guns, I dont reme... | [
"Developers who are registered in the program get access to two development kits at no cost, as well as access to all required technical documentation. Additionally, there will be no fees to update any game submitted through the program. Games released through the program also have access to all Xbox One and Xbox L... |
Did Caesar being elected as Pontifex Maximus somehow lead to his rise to power? | The Pontiff was one of the most important social and political roles in ancient Rome. It was almost the modern equivalent of being Vice-President in the stepping stone to the Presidency.
[The Roles and Duties](_URL_0_) that were written were still pretty important, not to mention the more...backroom powers. | [
"Caesar was later proclaimed dictator first for ten years and then in perpetuity. The latter arrangement triggered the conspiracy leading to his assassination on the Ides of March in 44 BC. Following this, Antony and Caesar's adopted son Octavius would fight yet another civil war against remnants of the Optimates a... |
what's going on with nick clegg? | Nick Clegg is the deputy Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Democrat Party. The current Prime Minister of the UK (not just England) is David Cameron; however, he is only Prime Minister because his party (the Conservatives) entered into a coalition with Nick Clegg's Party.
Nick Clegg is in the news a lot now beca... | [
"Since January 2013 Clegg has presented a weekly radio show on LBC called \"Call Clegg\". Initially broadcast in the London area, the programme went national along with LBC in February 2014. The programme was nominated for two Radio Academy Awards in 2014. Since April 2018, Clegg has fronted a podcast called \"Ange... |
how do antiseptics work? | Antiseptics and disinfectants are very similar mechanically, but the difference is truly formed in their application. They work through a variety of actions, mostly by something toxic to their cellular metabolism or structure.
A disinfectant is a solution designed to destroy bacteria on application -- it is meant to d... | [
"Antiseptics (from Greek ἀντί \"anti\", \"against\" and σηπτικός \"sēptikos\", \"putrefactive\") are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from \"antibiotics\" by the latter's ability t... |
why do people claim it is too cold to snow? | It tends to snow less when it is very cold. Colder air tends to be drier than warmer air is. That means less moisture in the air to fall in the form of snow. | [
"Humans are sensitive to cold, see hypothermia. Snowblindness, norovirus, seasonal depression. Slipping on black ice and falling icicles are other health concerns associated with cold and snowy weather. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is not unusual for homeless people to die from hypothermia in the winter.\n",
"S... |
why does looking at a screen keep me from feeling tired? | I'm no expert, but I believe it has to do with the "blue light" screens emit. This blue light slows or completely stops melatonin production. | [
"Primary reasons is eye fatigue as a result of excessive pressure on the eyes because of reading, watching TV, computer, poor lighting, etc. Some other reasons are poor posture, poor diet, lack of sleep, etc.\n",
"During the film’s production, director Toyoo Ashida stated that his intention for the film was to cr... |
Coffee or more specifically Caffeine, how does it work? What are the Pro's and Cons of drinking it. | > How does it work?
Sleep and fatigue are complex things, and for the sake of simplicity, I'm just going to focus on the specifics of one small part.
Adenosine is generated in the brain in response to specific cell signals related to fatigue. As adenosine levels build, it will hit two specific adenosine receptors, A... | [
"Caffeine is a commonplace central nervous system stimulant drug which occurs in nature as part of the coffee, tea, yerba mate and other plants. It is also an additive in many consumer products, most notably beverages advertised as energy drinks and colas.\n",
"The caffeine content in coffee beans may be reduced ... |
How accurate are western movies in comparison to the actual history of the west? | You may find the documentary [Reel Injun](_URL_0_) or the book [Celluloid Indians](_URL_1_) interesting. They both explore the role of Native Americans in film and might help answer your question. | [
"Some post-World War II Western films began to question the ideals and style of the traditional Western. These films placed the context of the Native Americans and cowboys alike in a darker setting. They depicted a morally questionable world where the heroes and villains oftentimes resembled each other more closely... |
Is there still tea at the bottom of the Boston Harbor? | In short not likely.
Beyond the issues of the tea, bags, and wooden crates breaking down over time. The area where the ships were has been filled in as part of the radical changes in the Boston coast since 1773.
To start the ships the crowd descended on are said to have been tied up to 'Griffins' Wharf. But the posit... | [
"A \"floating museum\" focusing on the Boston Tea Party, the Boston Tea Party Ship and Museum was moored on Congress Street in close proximity to the wharf. The vessel was a replica of the \"Beaver\", one of the British ships ransacked by the Sons of Liberty during events leading up to the American Revolution.\n",
... |
Photorespiration in C3 plants. Why should the plant indulge in such an apparent wastefull process? | The short answer is we don't know.
There is speculation on Wikipedia that plants have an easier time absorbing nitrogen when photorespirating, but I do not find that one particularly satisfying because even plants with a ton of nitrogen in the environment still do it and it wastes a lot of energy.
You can sort of ex... | [
"This ability to avoid photorespiration makes these plants more hardy than other plants in dry and hot environments, wherein stomata are closed and internal carbon dioxide levels are low. Under these conditions, photorespiration does occur in C plants, but at a much reduced level compared with C plants in the same ... |
how did atomic bomb tests worked? | Back in first tests, you fuck up a huge chunk of territory. The bikini atoll, white sands, NM, remote middle of nowhere Russia.
Then you moved the test underground. You still fuck up a huge chunk of land, but no aerial contamination | [
"The first atomic weapons test was conducted near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, during the Manhattan Project, and given the codename \"Trinity\". The test was originally to confirm that the implosion-type nuclear weapon design was feasible, and to give an idea of what the actual size and effects of a nu... |
What happened to the German princes? | In short: No.
Longer answer: No, but they did.
Even longer answer:
The situation of the German principalities that survived mediatisation and the *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss* (such a lovely word) didn't really change much. While the larger of them were now kings, or in the odd case of Hesse - Electors (don't ask... | [
"When Germany lost the war, all German princes lost their titles and states. Ernst was one of the first princes to realise that major changes were coming and quickly arrived at an amicable settlement with his subjects. He was forced to abdicate the government of the duchy on 13 November 1918 and spent the rest of h... |
- how does a hard-wired smoke alarm know when it’s backup battery is low, and starts to chirp? | It has a little circuit that measures battery voltage. When the voltage drops too low it sounds the warning. | [
"Adam and Drew have noticed that a surprisingly large number of callers have smoke detectors nearby with low batteries. They can be detected based on the fact that smoke detectors emit frequent chirps to alert their users that they need new batteries. The callers are usually totally unaware of the chirps, despite t... |
the us education system. (what ages is middle school, junior high etc. for and when do state exams happen) | US schools are about the same. Grades K-6 (age 4-12) we call that elementary school (same thing as primary school)
Middle schools is usually grades 7-8 (but sometimes 6-8 or 7-9) Ages 13-14.
High school is grades 9-12. Ages 15-18
There are not "state exams" in the US like in UK or Ireland. The closest thing is th... | [
"BULLET::::- Each age group of students (born roughly in the same year) forms one or more grades or classes (\"Klassen\") per school which remain the same for elementary school (years 1 to 4 or 6), orientation school (if there are orientation schools in the state), orientation phase (at \"Gymnasium\" years 5 to 6),... |
If adult neanderthals had larger brains than modern man, why didn't they develop what we would consider modern languages or sophisticated tools like the Cro-Magnons? | This is an anthropology question for sure, but I can give you a little info to start you off. Brain size has absolutely nothing to do with intelligence. Elephants and whales have larger brains than we do, and they're definitely smart, but not as smart as us. Brain structure is what's important. Also, we have had brains... | [
"In 1998, researchers suggested Neanderthals had a hypoglossal canal at least as large as humans, suggesting they had part of the neurological requirements for language. The canal carries the hypoglossal nerve, which controls the muscles of the tongue, necessary to produce language. However, a Berkeley research tea... |
Has a widely spoken language ever completely died out? | Akkadian and Sumerian come to mind. Aramaic will likely be dead within a generation or so, and it was once spoken in huge swaths of the Middle East. | [
"As of the 2000s, a total of roughly 7,000 natively spoken languages existed worldwide. Most of these are minor languages in danger of extinction; one estimate published in 2004 expected that some 90% of the currently spoken languages will have become extinct by 2050.\n",
"As of the 2000s, a total of roughly 7,00... |
why isn't museum art featuring cherubs/naked babies classified as child pornography? | For the same reason that [this google search](_URL_0_) is not classified as CP: there is no sexual innuendo involved. Also asked before so please search next time. | [
"Manga artists and anime directors have argued that it is dangerous to try to define child pornography when it comes to artwork, drawings, and animation when regarding hentai due to it being highly ambiguous, and have cited freedom of expression to prevent it from being abused. For example, they argued that even in... |
what do they do to cars when you get an oil change? | Lift your car up, unscrew the oil drain bolt from the bottom of the motor, let your old oil drain into an oil pan, put a little bit of new oil in and let that drain to get any residual old oil out, put the drain bolt back on, fill your engine with new oil. | [
"The oil and the oil filter need to be periodically replaced. While there is a full industry surrounding regular oil changes and maintenance, an oil change is a fairly simple operation that most car owners can do themselves.\n",
"Oil needs to be changed because it gets contaminated with combustion by-products tha... |
The Lombards had a very succesful kingdom in Italy, but then disapeared quite swiftly. What happened to them? | Did they have a "successful kingdom" in Italy? I would suggest not.
I am drawing mostly from the New Cambridge Medieval History chapters on the subject in vols. 1 and 2.
As Moorhead points out in Vol. 1, the first mention of the Lombards in Roman sources suggest that their numbers were very small compared to other gr... | [
"The rise of the Lombards in Europe was halted, however, by the growing power of the Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne, who inflicted decisive defeats on the last kings of the Lombards. The military defeat, however, did not correspond to a disappearance of the Lombard culture: Claudio Azzara states that \"the same... |
Do globular cluster galaxies rotate? | If you mean elliptical galaxies, some do. However, elliptical galaxies and globular clusters are dispersion supported rather than rotationally supported like spiral galaxies. As I understand it, that means the stars have randomly oriented orbits around the center of the galaxy. | [
"In our galaxy, globular clusters are distributed roughly spherically in the galactic halo, around the Galactic Centre, orbiting the centre in highly elliptical orbits. In 1917, the astronomer Harlow Shapley made the first reliable estimate the Sun's distance from the galactic centre based on the distribution of gl... |
what’s the difference between white noise and red noise (and other color noises)? | White noise is equally intense at all frequencies. Red noise is more intense at lower frequencies, blue noise is most intense at higher frequencies. The colors basically say where on the spectrum the peaks of the intensity are. Then there's grey noise, which *isn't* equally intense at all frequencies, but sounds like i... | [
"In science, Brownian noise (), also known as Brown noise or red noise, is the kind of signal noise produced by Brownian motion, hence its alternative name of random walk noise. The term \"Brown noise\" does not come from the color, but after Robert Brown, the discoverer of Brownian motion. The term \"red noise\" c... |
i'm afraid to tell my husband i've never seen star wars before. can someone give me a cheat sheet of the main characters and plot? | If you need to explain to your husband that you've been off sleeping with NBA All Star Team I can help you out, or that you've sold off a kid on the chinese black market...I'm your man. Need to break the news that you've mortgaged the house to support your heroin addiction? I'm there for you. But this? No way. Can... | [
"The story is similar to (and even could have been based upon) \"Star Wars\"; a princess steals a secret data disk from an evil empire, and she safely smuggles out the information through a robot, but is captured herself. Bomberman is training in his headquarters when news arrives about the princess being captured.... |
When muscles are sore is their structural integrity compromised ? | I think he means after exercise, say the next day when soreness shows up, are muscles weaker than they were before the exercise.
Eg. If i benched 200lbs yesterday when i started my exercise session, can i bench as much today, even though my muscles are sore. | [
"Causes include previous joint injury, abnormal joint or limb development, and inherited factors. Risk is greater in those who are overweight, have legs of different lengths, or have jobs that result in high levels of joint stress. Osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low gr... |
explain the weird sensation i often have after driving where i literally can't remember how i got to my destination. is there an actual term for this or am i just crazy? | Yes, it's called highway hypnosis. The theory is that you kind of put your brain on autopilot because there's so little going on and so much of it is muscle memory. Your brain splits its consciousness and assigns just enough to drive and the rest thinks about other "more important" stuff.
As you can imagine, this is p... | [
"Imagine taking a seat on a crowded bus. You look to your left and notice a man. Immediately, you are overcome with this sense that you've seen this man before, but you cannot remember who he is. This automatically elicited feeling is familiarity. While trying to remember who this man is, you begin retrieving speci... |
How did Revolutionary War militias fit into the command/organizational structure of the Continental Army? | Well, you have to remember, there weren't radios, phones, and so on during this period, so, if a bunch of farmers wanted to collect their guns and go shoot at someone, no one could stop them!
In any case, "militias" (and the word is very vague, these people could basically end up as bandits, did sometimes operate with... | [
"The Massachusetts militia began the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, The Massachusetts militia units were mobilized either during or shortly after the above battles and used to form, along with units from Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire, the Army of Observation during... |
what is the difference in a muscle strain/pull and normal fatigue from working out. why does one heal so much faster. | They are very different.
Normal fatigue from working out is caused by lactic acid, a compound produced by your muscles when they run out of oxygen. Lactic acid is a byproduct of breaking down carbohydrates for energy that has the unfortunate side effect of making your muscles feel sore, but it doesn't physically damage... | [
"Muscle fatigue is the decline in ability of a muscle to generate force. It can be a result of vigorous exercise but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction. There are two main causes of muscle fatigue: the limitations of a nerve’s ability to gen... |
Why is high barometric pressure indicative of good weather and low indicative of rainy weather? | Actually its quite the opposite! You may be thinking that water vapor is "added" to dry air which would increase the mass of a particular parcel of air but instead you should think of it as displacing the dry air instead. As it turns out, Water Vapor is actually less dense than a parcel of completely dry air. So the... | [
"High-pressure systems are frequently associated with light winds at the surface and subsidence of air from higher portions of the troposphere. Subsidence will generally warm an air mass by adiabatic (compressional) heating. Thus, high pressure typically brings clear skies. Because no clouds are present to reflect ... |
what is the difference between intellectual and pseudo-intellectual? | "Pseudo" means false. So, a pseudo-intellectual is a false intellectual - not *really* a learned person. Pseudo-science is false science - it pretends to explain the world, but doesn't rely on the scientific method, so it may offer theories, but with no evidence and the theories are untestable or unfalsifiable.
An i... | [
"Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual, but are incompatible with the scientific method. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at... |
Does it take the same amount of energy to make
water boil by reducing pressure as it does adding
heat? | Well, the two things are not easily comparable. If you're boiling something, you can have an open container and assume constant pressure. If you're lowering the pressure, the container is closed, and you'd have to also spend energy on removing the steam.
But you can put it this way: Assuming no losses, it takes the s... | [
"The technology is based on the phenomenon that as the vapour pressure on a liquid reduces, its boiling point reduces. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure. When the pressure above a liquid is reduced, the vapour pre... |
why is hunting camouflage different from what the military uses? | It's the level of awareness.
When you are hiding from people, all you have to do is destroy the shape of the body. If they see what looks like a torso, it attracts their vision, if you break that up with mottled blues and greys, then they don't see a body shape.
But animals look for anything out of place. If they see... | [
"Camouflage is the concealment of animals or objects of military interest by any combination of methods that helps them to remain unnoticed. This includes the use of high-contrast disruptive patterns as used on military uniforms, but anything that delays recognition can be used as camouflage. Camouflage involves de... |
I'm watching Troy right now, how do the soldiers of that time know if they're actually attacking the enemy? | [Here's a link to the FAQ where this has been asked before](_URL_0_) But in short:
1) friendly fire did happen on occasion, but
2) battles didn't really look much like we see in the movies. | [
"On the sixth day of the siege it was arranged that the commander would help the Romans gain entry to Tarentum. Fabius took a cohort to the appointed place while the rest of the army attacked the walls, luring the cities defenders away. The Bruttian gave the signal and Fabius and his men scaled the walls and took t... |
inflation. will one day people pay $1,000 for a cheeseburger? will prices on thing increase forever? | Prices will continue to increase because a slow, steady rate of inflation is favored by economists, and on a long enough time scale, it's not theoretically impossible for inflation to result in a $1,000 cheeseburger.
Realistically, though? It would take a very long time for inflation to ever reach that point, barring ... | [
"Official consumer price inflation in January–August 2008 reached 14.8%. By the end of November, food price inflation for an 11-month period reached 15.3%. Overall price inflation, taking into account consumer and industrial prices, reached 12.5% compared to 10.6% for the same period of 2007. Decline in short-term ... |
5 minutes out of the shower, why do my balls, taint, runway, gooch, etc smell to high heavens | Because you need to go to the doctor. | [
"Water left stagnant in the pipes of showers can be contaminated with pathogens that become airborne when the shower is turned on. If a shower has not been used for some time, it should be left to run at a hot temperature for a few minutes before use.\n",
"Recently, the effects of low relative humidity and high a... |
why does the value of currency (i.e. £pound = $dollar) change? | Think of a currency like any other commodity, with supply and demand. Let's say a British person wants to buy a TV from America. The TV costs $500, but the British man only has pounds. He exchanges his pounds for dollars, and buys the TV.
Now, someone in America has a bunch of pounds that they can't use, unless they ... | [
"Sometimes the term \"base currency\" may also refer to the functional currency of a bank or company; usually their domestic currency. For example, a British bank may use GBP as a base currency for accounting, because all profits and losses are converted to sterling. If a EUR/USD position is closed out with a profi... |
Does someone with a compromised immune system become vulnerable to diseases that they had been vaccinated against? | Yes.
Vaccines don't actually do anything by themselves. They sensitize the immune system so that it can respond early enough and aggressively enough to eradicate an infection before the person gets sick.
In a patient who is immunosuppressed, the immune system may not be able to respond aggressively enough even if it ... | [
"Susceptibles have been exposed to neither the wild strain of the disease nor a vaccination against it, and thus have not developed immunity. Those individuals who have antibodies against an antigen associated with a particular infectious disease will not be susceptible, even if they did not produce the antibody th... |
does the human brain have a "refresh rate"? | We haven't seen any significant evidence thus far to conclude that it does.
Part of the issue is the brain just isn't organized enough for any kind of cohesive, system-wide refresh rate. That said, individual nerves have a resting period in between signals in which they are unable to fire (or at least it's more diffi... | [
"A source of nonlinearity in the fMRI response is from the refractory period, where brain activity from a presented stimulus suppresses further activity on a subsequent, similar, stimulus. As stimuli become shorter, the refractory period becomes more noticeable. The refractory period does not change with age, nor d... |
why did most computer hardware switch from white to black in the last ~10 years? | Not white, beige.
Beige had been the traditional color for office equipment for a while, which is how computers started out. More recently, with computers in the home being extremely popular, and the appearance from Apple that people would buy better looking computers, they changed to black since it often looks bette... | [
"Most computers had monochrome (black-and-white, black and green, or black and amber) screens until the late 1980s, although some home computers could be connected to television screens to eliminate the extra cost of a monitor. These took advantage of NTSC or PAL encoding to offer a range of colors from as low as 4... |
what makes so many water fountains function so poorly? | Probably a lack of water pressure, which makes the water come out much less efficiently. Or a lack of water. | [
"Fountains are a popular method of surface aerators because of the aesthetic appearance that they offer. However, most fountains are unable to produce a large area of oxygenated water. Also, running electricity through the water to the fountain can be a safety hazard.\n",
"Drinking fountains are used especially d... |
do i need the hpv vaccine if i was a virgin until marriage and also married a virgin? | The realist in me says that you should get them.
You're going to deny that it could ever happen to you (shit - most people deny it when faced with concrete evidence) but marriages tend to fail & people tend to cheat.
Sometimes people get raped.
You don't really have anything to lose by getting the vaccination. No... | [
"The idea that the HPV vaccine is linked to increased sexual behavior is not supported by scientific evidence. A review of nearly 1,400 adolescent girls found no difference in teen pregnancy, incidence of sexually transmitted infection, or contraceptive counseling regardless of whether they received the HPV vaccine... |
I'm trying to date an interwar map. Can anyone help me? | If you'd like to show us a picture, you can upload it to [imgur](_URL_1_) (you don't need an account), then add a link to your post like this:
[Here's a picture](_URL_0_)
(Replacing ``_URL_0_`` with the URL they give you after you've uploaded your image.) | [
"In July 1939 'Instructions for War – Survey' were issued. This outlined the military survey organisation required to undertake an Emergency Mapping Programme to complete the outstanding Long Range Mapping Programme and the nucleus for expansion to war establishment. The Emergency Mapping Programme was initially fo... |
what are pathogens ? are all pathogens related ? | A pathogen is an infectious thing, such as a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite, which causes a disease. No, pathogens are not all related. Viruses are completely different from bacteria and fungi. | [
"The host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or population level. This term is most commonly used to refer to disease-causing microorganisms although they may not cause illness in all hosts. Because of this, the de... |
why is it that when something shocking or interesting happen during a drowsy moment, i suddenly become wide awake? also i can't seem to replicate that feeling on my own to continue staying up late. | Your body dumps adrenaline into the blood stream to prepare you when you're scared. Adrenaline leads to a flight or fight response, meaning you will either fight the threat, or run away, whichever you judge as the most successful method. When you get shocked or startled, it's a little bit of adrenaline entering your bl... | [
"Occasionally, late at night, while trying to sleep and failing, people experience an anxiety of existence, they are aware of their entire body, the entire world, and the whole of reality itself. It's like waking from a dream, or a light going on, or a giant \"\"You are here\"\" sign appearing in the sky. The mere ... |
turtles: where do they get their shells? | Same way you got yer bones. Turtle shells are essentially enhanced skeletons, probably evolved via the inclusion of extra bony armour into the ribcage. They're born with shells same way they're born with bones, and they deposit more bone-material into the shell as they grow.
On a curious side-note, it never even occu... | [
"The turtle shell is a highly complicated shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of turtles, tortoises and terrapins (all classified as \"turtles\" by zoologists), completely enclosing all the vital organs of the turtle and in some cases even the head. It is constructed of modified bony elements such as the ribs, ... |
what is the significance of being able to slow or stop light? | If you're not a pure-research scientist, there's absolutely none.
It's really important to remember that it's *quite impossible* to "slow or stop light." Yes, I know, you read about somebody doing that on the Internet. But you were misled. Light cannot be slowed or stopped. It's just possible to construct materials th... | [
"\"Slow Light\" (2011) is Perkowitz’s fifth book of science nonfiction for popular audiences. \"Slow Light\" is a popular treatment of recent breakthroughs in the science of light. Even though the quantum mysteries of light are still not fully understood, it can be slowed to a stop and speeded up beyond its Einstei... |
if camouflage is a crucial aspect to hunting and surviving in the wild, why aren't more animals green, or sky colored? | Remember that they're not necessarily trying to hide from primates that have good color vision (like us). | [
"Camouflage is a powerful influence in a large number of mammals, as it helps to conceal individuals from predators or prey. In arctic and subarctic mammals such as the arctic fox (\"Alopex lagopus\"), collared lemming (\"Dicrostonyx groenlandicus\"), stoat (\"Mustela erminea\"), and snowshoe hare (\"Lepus american... |
What popular scientific knowledge do you think will turn out to have been dead wrong? | I think that Piaget's stages of cognitive development will be shown, over time, to not be an accurate representation of childrens' intellectual development. Particularly the idea that children are not capable of abstract thought until 12-13 years old. There are already research studies indicating trouble with Piaget's ... | [
"Skeptics like Martin Gardner see the science in \"The Urantia Book\" as clear reflections of the views that prevailed at the time the book is said to have originated. The claim by the authors, that no unknown scientific discoveries could be imparted, is seen as a ruse to allow mistakes to be dismissed later. That ... |
why don't streaming media devices (roku, chromecast, apple tv, etc...) have antenna capabilities to allow us to get local live television stations? | - Indoor antennae suck.
- Compact antennae suck even more. You want a large one which would make the unit far uglier.
- They're designed to be plugged into TVs which can take their own aerials. | [
"While an outdoor antenna is required for adequate digital reception in most locations beyond from TV transmitters, and smart antenna interfaces were an optionally permitted feature of coupon-eligible converter boxes, there were no subsidies for antennas. Although manufacturers could sell a converter/smart-antenna ... |
how can phone screens tell whether your finger is pressing the screen or some inanimate object, such as an eraser? | So you are referring to what is know as a capacitive touchscreen. These utilize the electrical properties of the human body to detect when we touch it. Imagine a bunch of tiny electrical charges under your screen. When you touch the screen, your body completes the circuit, and the voltage drops in that specific spot. T... | [
"A touchscreen is a device embedded into the screen of the TV monitor, or system LCD monitor screens of laptop computers. Users interact with the device by physically pressing items shown on the screen, either with their fingers or some helping tool.\n",
"There are several principal ways to build a touchscreen. T... |
how knife blades become dull from cutting much softer objects | It's mostly not about wearing the metal away, it's about bending the sharp edge. Aluminium is harder than a tomato too, but you wouldn't get far cutting one with the edge of a piece of foil. | [
"Blades dull with use and abuse. This is particularly true of acute blades and those made of soft materials. Dulling usually occurs due to contact between the blade and a hard substance such as a ceramic, stone, bone, glass or metal.\n",
"A knife edge is a delicate structure and can easily be blunted by too abras... |
What are three intermediate-level books you would recommend to someone interested in WWI? | It depends with respect to what specifically.
* I'd consider Hew Strachan's *The First World War: To Arms* for as an intermediate work on the 'starting positions' of everyone. It's absolutely thick (something about 1300 pages I recall) and covers literally everything from Austria-Hungary to the shell shortages and eve... | [
"The Third World War Book is a study of the global events that traces the origins of the First World War and Second World War and examines the cascading effect these wars are likely to have, that will unravel in the times to come in the form of a Third World War.\n",
"BULLET::::- Meredith, James H. (2004). \"Unde... |
why drinking warm beer makes me want to gag while i drink, but i can drink cold beer all night no problem. | There is actually a scientific basis for this as well. There is a protein called TRPM5 that helps to transmit bitter tastes (among others) to your brain. The effect of this protein is more intense at higher temperatures. Therefore you perceive the bitter taste of beer more acutely at warmer temperatures. Bitter flavors... | [
"There is an old wives tale that having a hot drink can help with common cold and influenza symptoms, including sore throat, but there is only limited evidence to support this idea. If the sore throat is unrelated to a cold and is caused by for example tonsillitis, a cold drink may be helpful.\n",
"The drink is s... |
I've heard claims that Karl Marx was anti-semitic, supported slavery and called for the extermination of Slavic peoples, calling them "retrograde races". Is this true? | > claims that Karl Marx was anti-semitic,
That idea derives from his «Zur Judenfrage» in which he attacks Bruno Bauer who in turn attacks the Jews. Marx concedes all the terrible vices that Bruno ascribed to the Jews but proceeds to explain how the rest of the world is not any better; that the whole world had by tha... | [
"Bauer's reference to the golden calf may be regarded a modern form of antisemitism. But Karl Marx turned Bauer's reference into a \"syncretism between Mosaic monotheism and Babylonian polytheism\". His answer was antisemitic, as far as it was antisemitic that his family was forced to leave their religious traditio... |
why do hurricanes never hit south america? | _URL_0_
It is more than 2-3. But it is somewhat protected due to the structure of the various major wind streams and ocean currents which will drive storms north most of the time. This protection means it will have fewer major storms. | [
"The reason for the lack of landfalls is that tropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere usually travel to the west. In the Atlantic, this sends hurricanes towards North America. In the eastern Pacific, this sends tropical cyclones out into the open ocean to dissipate over waters too cool to support them or in en... |
Should I go in history? | Hi! History teacher here. With your rather specific interests, I would recommend pursuing a Ph.d and either writing or teaching at the college level. You will find that teaching at the middle or high school level (as I do) requires you to move very quickly through time periods and does not allow much in the way of dept... | [
"Whatever else history may say about me when I'm gone, I hope it will record that I appealed to your best hopes, not your worst fears, to your confidence rather than your doubts. My dream is that you will travel the road ahead with liberty's lamp guiding your steps and opportunity's arm steadying your way. My fonde... |
how did humans come to discover which drugs "worked" throughout history? | They probably watched how animals reacted to the plants and tried them themselves in curiosity. Most animals react at least somewhat similarly to most of the drugs known in antiquity, so if a deer ate this random weed and got a little loopy, the hunter watching this happen might have been curious enough to try himself.... | [
"Drugs such as opium, alcohol, and certain plants have been used for millennia by humans to ease suffering or change awareness, but until the modern scientific era knowledge of how the substances actually \"worked\" was quite limited, most pharmacological knowledge being more a series of observation than a coherent... |
how after twisting my ankle i have an "extra bone" growing? | This sounds like a question for your doctor. | [
"Arthritis in the hips and shoulders may also occur. When the condition presents before the age of 18, it is more likely to cause pain and swelling of large lower limb joints, such as the knees. In prepubescent cases, pain and swelling may also manifest in the ankles and feet where heel pain and enthesopathy common... |
Please recommend a book about Queer history in America | Funny - as soon as I saw this subject , I had a book in mind to share with you, but as I opened the topic, I thought "I hope he's OK with something that's a bit NYC-focused"....then I got to your second paragraph :)
There's a great (almost definitive) book called" The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life ... | [
"A Queer History of the United States is a concise history of LGBT people in US society. It describes ways in which queer people have influenced the evolution of the United States, and how the culture of the United States has affected them.\n",
"Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. is a book b... |
How far ahead in the future can we (accurately) predict the weather? | Weather systems tend to be chaotic (Complexity Theory). This means that there may be sensitive dependence on initial conditions. At other times it means the system will behave in a predictable fashion for a period of time and even fairly hefty nudges won't make much difference.
When modelling weather one approach is t... | [
"WZZM's team of meteorologists compares the accuracy of the previous day's forecast in comparison to the actual weather of the current day for its \"On Target Forecast\". If the day's weather is accurate to the previous day's forecasted prediction, a graphic is displayed showing an arrow shooting and hitting a bull... |
why do carrots become sweeter when you cook them? | More complex carbohydrates break down into simple sugars when you cook them. The same thing happens to other veggies. | [
"Like most citrus, sweet limes will not ripen off the tree, and must be picked when fully ripe. This is indicated by its tennis ball size and lustrous greenish yellow sheen. Gently scratch the surface of a sweet lime: If its oils give way in the fingernails, it is ripe. The juiciest fruits feel heavy for their size... |
why do i feel like fainting after a really good stretch? | Preface: always see a doctor and don't trust reddit.
With that said...
It is very similar to standing to quickly. It is a sudden drop in blood pressure. | [
"Fainting can be caused by excessive parasympathetic and vagal activity that slows the heart and decreases perfusion of the brain. The sympathetic irritant effect is exploited to counteract these vagal parasympathetic effects and thereby reverse the faint.\n",
"Orthostatic hypotension is characterized by symptoms... |
why is arterial blood brighter than venous blood? | The color comes from the pigment inside of hemoglobin, which contains Iron(III), and turns red when it reacts with oxygen (just like rust). However, hemoglobin doesn't always want to have oxygen, since it has to let go of the oxygen at the place it's supposed to deliver it. So hemoglobin has two modes which corresponds... | [
"The erythrocytes absorb more light because they are oxygenated. Considering that aspect, we can deduce that venous blood has a light absorption different from arterial blood (in which sanguine viscosity is greater, due to the higher concentration of CO. In that sense, venous blood has a greater ability to reflect ... |
Why do most planets seem to get bigger as they get farther from the Sun? | There have been a lot of large planets found close to stars, but the theory says that their orbits were originally larger. The reason is that Earth formed from rock, and rock is kinda scarce.
Between Mars and Jupiter is something called the Snow Line, where icy objects can exist without the Sun boiling them away. Jup... | [
"As of June 2014, 50 giant planets have been discovered around giant stars. However, these giant planets are more massive than the giant planets found around solar-type stars. This could be because giant stars are more massive than the Sun (less massive stars will still be on the main sequence and will not have bec... |
Is there any benefit to a grass roof on a house? | [My university is currently doing a study on green roofs.](_URL_0_). The site has some of the benefits of green roofs as well as publications which go more in depth. | [
"Compared to conventional buildings, earth houses fit perfectly into their surroundings. The soil-covered roofs help incorporate the environment, protect the natural scenery, and contribute to the oxygen-nitrogen balance of the soil, which would otherwise be covered by the foundation of a traditional house, inhibit... |
Does it make sense to wash dishes with the bubbles because "that's where the soap is?" | This is outside of my panel expertise, but I spent a summer working for a major consumer products company in their soap areas.
The primary reason that consumer soap lathers (makes bubbles) is because consumers are conditioned to believe that if the soap doesn't lather, then it isn't cleaning anything. There are many c... | [
"Just as soap bubbles, with air inside and air outside, have negative buoyancy and tend to sink towards the ground, so antibubbles, with water inside and air outside have positive buoyancy and tend to rise towards the water surface. But again, just as soap bubbles can be filled with a lighter gas to give them posit... |
how did ancient civilizations extract and cut/shape stone for buildings? | Romans would drill small holes in a line across the surface, hammer in wooden stakes, pour water over stakes, stakes expand cracking the stone along the line.
Rinse, repeat, sand vigorously. | [
"Carving stone into sculpture is an activity older than civilization itself, beginning perhaps with incised images on cave walls. Prehistoric sculptures were usually human forms, such as the Venus of Willendorf and the faceless statues of the Cycladic cultures of ancient Greece. Later cultures devised animal, human... |
how does gold hold its value? | Perhaps. It has been used in the past for a few reasons:
1. It is physically inert and doesn't change state easily, meaning it won't melt in your pocket
1. It is soft enough to transform into smaller pieces relatively easy, but tough enough that it doesn't wear very easily
2. It has an easily identifiable physical app... | [
"Like most commodities, the price of gold is driven by supply and demand, including speculative demand. However, unlike most other commodities, saving and disposal play larger roles in affecting its price than its consumption. Most of the gold ever mined still exists in accessible form, such as bullion and mass-pro... |
Was scientific research performed in the New World? | This is a great question but also very broad! You could try sending a message to some of the flaired users with expertise in the history of science and perhaps some North Americanists will comment as well. In short, yes, there was lots of science going on in the New World! I’ll speak to science in the Spanish Empire... | [
"The exploration of the New World by Spanish explorers resulted in the discovery of numerous plants and animals previously unknown to European natural history. The Spanish crown created institutions to facilitate the distribution of new knowledge. The Council of the Indies and the Casa de la Contratacion functioned... |
Why was Pol Pot never prosecuted for war crimes? Why was his government still recognized by the United Nations after they knew the atrocities he committed? | There is some debate over whether he killed himself or was killed by his fellow Khmer Rouge while in custody. He never made it to trial. Several of his comrades did go to trial and were convicted of crimes against humanity. The Khmer Rouge were recognized by the rest of the world (most of the western world including th... | [
"A few months before his death on 15 April 1998, Pol Pot was interviewed by Nate Thayer. During the interview, he stated that he had a clear conscience and denied being responsible for the genocide. Pol Pot asserted that he \"came to carry out the struggle, not to kill people.\" According to Alex Alvarez, Pol Pot \... |
How powerful would a telescope have to be in order to comfortably pick out a lunar lander on the moon? | Unfortunately the answer is ~~now~~ no, here is a link with the details.
_URL_0_
Edit:I added a letter. | [
"The 3.5 m telescope is also used by the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) lunar-ranging project. The APOLLO laser has been operational since October 2005, and routinely accomplishes millimeter-level range accuracy between the Earth and the Moon.\n",
"To some it may be more desirable... |
- nosql | You can't really explain "NoSQL" like it's a single thing. It's an umbrella term for database systems that just don't fit the standard relational database model (eg - MySQL, Postgress, Oracle, MS SQL Server).
They can be anything from simple key-value stores like Memcached to "almost-relational" databases like Cassan... | [
"Strozzi NoSQL is a shell-based relational database management system initialized and developed by Carlo Strozzi that runs under Unix-like operating systems, or others with compatibility layers (e.g., Cygwin under Windows). Its file name \"NoSQL\" merely reflects the fact that it does not express its queries using ... |
earth takes 23 hours and 56 minutes to make one revolution. does the start of the day change during the year? | The earth rotates around its axis every 23 hours and 56 minutes relative to some static observer. However, during that time the earth also moves relative to the sun (about 1/365th of its orbit), which means that it takes an extra 4 minutes before the same side of the earth faces the sun again.
So no, the start of a da... | [
"Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to other, distant, stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation.... |
Since our solar system contains lots of heavy elements, shouldn't there be the remnants of a supernova close by? | Basically, since the sun was formed it has gone around the galaxy several times, as have all the other things in the galaxy. They also don't go at the same speed but instead bob up and down a bit. Because of this, our parent supernova remnant and such are long gone from us, so there's no way to trace the original. | [
"Pair-instability supernovae completely destroy the progenitor star and do not leave behind a neutron star or black hole. The entire mass of the star is ejected, so a nebular remnant is produced and many solar masses of heavy elements are returned to interstellar space.\n",
"Supernovae can result from the death o... |
How do scientists know Mars' (and other planets) air and soil's compositions, air pressure, etc.? | There are a lot of different techniques that can each give tiny bits of information. From Earth, you can use spectral measurements on light reflected by other planets to determine the main components of the soil \(the first few centimetres of dust\), measurements of mass and size to determine density and overall compos... | [
"With an enhanced understanding of optical properties of atmospheric gases and advancement in spectrometer technology, scientists started to measure the composition of the Martian atmosphere in the mid-20th Century. Lewis David Kaplan and his team detected the signals of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the spectr... |
“in quantum mechanics, particles do not have a definite state unless they’re being observed.” | In QM, particles can exist in a so-called 'superposition of states,' with a 'probability' attached to each individual state. When the particle is observed (what constitutes observation is [not exactly clear](_URL_1_) ) it 'collapses' into a definite state.
Here is an analogy: I have a bag with three white marbles and... | [
"Assume we have a certain particle—for example, a proton—in a quantum state formula_4. If we apply one of the flavour rotations \"A\" to our particle, it enters a new quantum state which we can call formula_5. Depending on \"A\", this new state might be a proton, or a neutron, or a superposition of a proton and a n... |
How strong of a magnetic field is needed to protect against solar radiation? | The so-called "strength" of a magnetic field is the Tesla measurement. So that number is not what you're trying to accomplish.
The way it works is that the Earth's liquid core moves around the solid part, and that creates electromagnetic flux. This, in turn creates the electromagnetic field.
But what the field does i... | [
"This magnetic field should be much stronger compared to Earth's to give protection against flares of the observed magnitude (10-1000G compared to the terrestrial 0.5G), which is unlikely to be generated. \n",
"Furthermore, without Earth's surrounding magnetic field as a shield, solar radiation has much harsher e... |
Why did Luther's reformation succeed and spread across Europe while previous movements such as the Lollards, Waldesnians and Hussites stayed persecuted minorities or at the very best localized in one country? | Luther was different from many of the other radical populist movements like the Lollards in that he was generally supportive of the secular powers of the time and supportive of commercial enterprize and private wealth. His moral teachings are very 'common sense' and supportive of traditional structures like marriage a... | [
"Luther's ideas spread rapidly as a consequence of a powerful combination of popular enthusiasm for church reform and a royal eagerness to secure greater wealth through the seizure of church lands and property. In Denmark the reformation increased the crown's revenues by 300%.\n",
"Movements had been made towards... |
In the far north and south, how often does the sun cross the horizon? | If you stand exactly at the north pole, then you see:
21 december. No sun at all.
20 march: The sun makes one circle around you, slightly below the horizon.
21 march: The sun makes one circle around you, exactly at the horizon.
22 march: The sun makes one circle around you, slightly above the horizon.
21 june: The... | [
"The scattering angle (the angle at the zenith between the solar direction and the observer direction) along the horizon is a circle. From the East through the West it is 180° and from the West through the East it is 90° at twilight. When the sun is setting in the West, the angle is then 180° East through West, and... |
what happened to _url_0_? | When you access reddit through xxxxx\.reddit\.com, it essentially takes the Reddit website appearance and behaviour from \/r\/xxxxx. (This is used for things like no-participation at np\.reddit\.com which disables voting on certain subreddits). You may have followed a link to such subdomain. However, all links *out* of... | [
"Urth 4 is a comic-book series created by Peter Stone, Neal Adams and Trevor Von Eeden and published by Continuity Comics. The series ran for four issues (May 1989 – December 1990), and was then revived as \"Earth 4\" in 1993, running for a total of seven more issues.\n",
"That night, back at the flat, as Del com... |
"a universe from nothing" | Is this explain like i'm five or explain like i'm a theoretical physicist? | [
"A Universe from Nothing: Why There Is Something Rather than Nothing is a non-fiction book by the physicist Lawrence M. Krauss, initially published on January 10, 2012 by Free Press. It discusses modern cosmogony and its implications for the debate about the existence of God. The main theme of the book is how \"we ... |
Could human life survive on a tidally-locked planet? | There are way too many possible contributing factors to be able to accurately describe things like the weather or vegetation of some hypothetical planet.
Broadly, though, the temperatures on each side of a tidally-locked planet orbiting a main-sequence star are going to be very, very extreme. To give one example, [CO... | [
"Panspermia hypotheses propose (for example) that microscopic life-forms that can survive the effects of space (such as extremophiles) can become trapped in debris ejected into space after collisions between planets and small Solar System bodies that harbor life. Some organisms may travel dormant for an extended am... |
Are jellyfish conscious/self aware? /How smart are they? | It is very unlikely jellyfish are conscious due to how simple their nervous system is. It mostly functions to allow rhythmic muscle contraction. There are sensory nervous functions too, namely photosensitivity and gravity sensitivity. Jellyfish can react to stimuli, but this is not indicative of sentience: single celle... | [
"Box jellyfish also display complex, probably visually-guided behaviors such as obstacle avoidance and fast directional swimming. Research indicates that, owing to the number of rhopalial nerve cells and their overall arrangement, visual processing and integration at least partly happen within the rhopalia of box j... |
how is russia able to get away with all of this in front of the eyes of the world with relative impunity? | Because going to war with Russia would, essentially, mean WW3. The possibility of enormous casualties in this type of situation is obviously quite high. Also, Russia has nukes.
Another factor-- Ukraine really isn't that big of a deal to the powers that be. If the UK or another "first world" power was being invaded,... | [
"According to Kennan, the United States and Russia should respect the other's spheres of interest. That way the two could get along, building themselves up and developing their societies. However, they must, under no circumstances, go to war with each other. To be sure, with two such diametrically opposed systems, ... |
why do people riot when milo yiannopoulos shows up to speak? | Other answers have sufficiently pointed out why Milo offends people. Even so, to *riot* is a level of response above protest. I assume this question is in direct response to the Berkeley riots. In that case, it should be noted that according to Redditors claiming to be from the Berkeley area, the riots have been esc... | [
"University of California, Irvine Law School Dean Erwin Chemerinsky invoked the concept in an editorial following an incident on February 8, 2010, in which heckling by individual students disrupted a speech by the Israeli ambassador Michael Oren. Chemerinsky explained that broad freedom exists to invite speakers an... |
Why is the climate of the intermountain west region of America so varied? | I believe [this is the kind of map](_URL_0_) you're referring to, though I'm not sure the legend is correctly identifying each climate zone on that specific map. You're ideas are pretty much correct--the variations in climate are tied to mountains. In the American west, much of the moisture comes from the northern Paci... | [
"Within North America, this climate includes small areas of central and southeast Canada (including the City of Toronto, which is otherwise surrounded by the warm-summer type), and portions of the central and eastern United States from the 100th meridian eastward to the Atlantic. Precipitation increases further eas... |
When the Cherokee lost their land in the Indian Removal Act and the subsequent "Trail of Tears" what happened to the slaves of Cherokee plantation owners? | Many were taken along on the Trail of Tears. There was intermarriage as well. They're now known as the Black Cherokees, though getting recognition on modern rolls has been difficult. In 2007, tribal membership was revoked from the Black Cherokees, but then in 2008 that was reversed.
_URL_0_
_URL_1_ | [
"By 1838, the Cherokee had run out of legal options in resisting removal. They were the last of the major Southeast tribes to be forcibly moved to the Indian Territories (in modern-day Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears. After the removal of the Cherokee, their homes and businesses were taken over by whites, with much... |
What are examples of fabricated Casus Belli in European conflicts, circa. 1000-1400? | It may not be quite the same thing, but here's a good example of sharp practice from the late middle ages that I came across recently. (From *The Wars of the Roses* by John Gillingham.)
At midnight on 29th March 1448, commissioners from France and England met to extend the terms of a truce for another two years. The d... | [
"The casus belli have been stated as a Burmese attempt to expand their territory eastwards after a political crisis in Ayutthaya as well as an attempt to stop Siamese incursions into the upper Tenasserim coast. The war, according to the Burmese, began in January 1547 when Siamese forces conquered the frontier town ... |
If the universe is expanding, is it possible it could one day collapse? | The future of the universe is uncertain. There are a number of different models. Which model will turn out to be correct, depends on the characteristics of the universe, primarily its density.
One such model predicts a "big crunch", an opposite of the big bang, where eventually the expansion of the universe is slowed ... | [
"universe will expand forever. Contrary to this he shows that if Ω is a number greater than 1 then the universe will eventually collapse into itself in a \"big crunch\", the opposite of the Big Bang. Ferris then shows, in a third possibility, that the universe is hanging in the balance in a \"critical density\" tha... |
what exactly is a time paradox and why is it an important concept? | Any series of contradictory events that comes about through the use of time travel.
For example:
You start building a time machine in 2013 and you finish in 2015. You then use the time machine in 2015 to go back to 2014 and sabotage your own work on the time machine, causing it to never be completed. Since the time ... | [
"The time series conclusion of the paradox refers to long term trends. As the economy expands and contracts, fluctuations in happiness occur together with those in income, but the fluctuations in income occur around a rising trend line, whereas those in happiness take place around a horizontal trend line. The parad... |
If Earth got most of its water via impacts from objects beyond the frost line, would Mars have, at one point, had more water than Earth? | Your hypothesis is a good one, but you have to keep in mind that Earth and Mars are minuscule compared to the orbits they sweep and the space between them.
& #x200B;
You can imagine the two planets as two buckets collecting comets and meteors as they fall towards the sun, collecting rain as it falls from the sky. In... | [
"The 2001 Mars Odyssey found much evidence for water on Mars in the form of images, and with its neutron spectrometer, it proved that much of the ground is loaded with water ice. Mars has enough ice just beneath the surface to fill Lake Michigan twice. In both hemispheres, from 55° latitude to the poles, Mars has a... |
Why is excel not favored in the statistical and econometric world? | I can't speak from a mathematical perspective, but I can speak from a physics perspective - and we use a lot of statistics.
Excel is not a great program because it is **slow** as hell!
Excel is great for laying out charts of data and looking at them, but you can only get so large before it becomes unwieldly. In scien... | [
"The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized, as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set ... |
Does closing blinds/shades in your house during hot weather keep AC costs lower than when they are open? | Anything that improves the insulation of your house will lower heating/cooling costs. | [
"There are many types of Blackout curtains as the list below shows. Mostly these blackout curtains are used more in the UK and Germany, but during the winter season, demand of Blackout Curtains reaches to 300% than the normal buying. And that too because of extreme weather, where the blackout curtains help in keepi... |
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