Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
how does the mars rover send data(photos) from mars to earth?	It has a UHF radio that it uses to talk to the orbiter (the thing that brought it to Mars that stayed up in orbit.) The orbiter has more power and a bigger radio dish; it relays msgs to/from the rover and Earth. It takes 14 minutes for the radio data to go between Mars and Earth.	[ "The \"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft launched in 2005 designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit. The spacecraft is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The HiRISE camera onboard the MRO is at the forefront of the ongoing RSL studies as it hel...
we read about libraries that are sinking due to the weight of the books they store. we build cities with huge skyscrapers weighting millions of tons all in one place. can this affect earth rotation, or make the earth wobble, even by a small amount?	Two different things here. 1) Library that are sinking is because of two variables. The pressure of the building on the ground and the resistance of that ground. If a building is sinking, that's just bad engineering. Either because the engineer that designed the building were unaware of the exact composition of the gr...	[ "An oft-repeated urban legend holds that the library is sinking because when it was built, engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building. An article in the Indiana Daily Student newspaper debunks this myth, stating, among other things, that the building rests on a ...
why is underwear "a pair"?	Pants used to be made in two parts, one for each leg. A shirt was made from a single piece of cloth. When pants became one piece, the plural usage persisted with shorts and underwear following suit. Source: _URL_0_ Edit: thank you for the award!	[ "Similarly, in AmE the word \"pants\" is the common word for the BrE \"trousers\" and \"knickers\" refers to a variety of half-length trousers (though most AmE users would use the term \"shorts\" rather than knickers), while the majority of BrE speakers would understand \"pants\" to mean \"underpants\" and \"knicke...
How long would an earth day be if there had never been a moon?	While it's true that the moon is slowing down the earth's rotation period, it's much slower than what's causing the leap seconds. Leap seconds have to do with a difference between how seconds are defined (in terms of atomic vibrations of cesium) and the number of seconds in a day. We need approximately .6 leap second...	[ "For the earth-moon system, d\"r\"/d\"t\" gives 1.2x10 meter per second, or 3.7 cm per year. This is a 1% increase in the earth-moon distance in 100 million years. d\"n\"/d\"t\" is 1.3x10sec, and for a period of 29.5 days is equivalent to 7 minutes in 1 million years, or 1 day (i.e. lengthening of the lunar period ...
Why are there no other species within the genus Homo still in existence while the genus Pan has two species that have stood the test of time?	In part because a lot of taxonomy is, essentially, artificial -- we created it; nature doesn't have genera and phyla and kingdoms, they're labels we came up with to classify things. Before DNA sequencing, it was even more arbitrary, and because of the long-held belief of a hierarchy of life there was an inherent nee...	[ "The genus Homo, which contains many extinct species, are grouped into sub-genera. The sub genus Homo contains species which are derived from each other within one million to 800 thousand years. Both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals are grouped within the Sub genus Homo, because of their ability to interbreed without ...
Were Greek and Roman males shorter than they would be now?	The Romans and Greeks (and practically everyone else before the present time) were [much shorter than us generally](_URL_0_) ('The Biological Standard of Living in Europe During the Last Two Millennia', Nikola Koepke and Joerg Baten, European Review of Economic History / Volume / Issue 01 / April 2005'). However, [it...	[ "We find the ancients very fond of procuring the tallest men they could for the service, since the standard for the cavalry of the wings and for the infantry of the first legionary cohorts was fixed at six feet, or at least five feet ten inches. These requirements might easily be kept up in those times when such nu...
kant's view on determinism	Someone has a paper due...	[ "Hannah Arendt adapted Kant's concept of as a faculty of aesthetic judgement that imagines the judgements of others, into something relevant for political judgement. Thus she created a \"Kantian\" political philosophy, which, as she said herself, Kant did not write. She argued that there was often a banality to evi...
Underwater Cave/Air Pocket/Breaching	Water would flow down, and the air would bubble up the newly drilled tube. There's nothing particularly unusual about the scenario you describe.	[ "One deep underwater cave in the United States is \"Weeki Wachee Spring\". Due to its strong outflow, divers have had limited success penetrating this first magnitude spring until 2007, when drought conditions eased the out-flowing water allowing team divers from Karst Underwater Research to penetrate to depths of ...
please eli5 the rules of magic: the gathering	There are 5 colours, red, blue, green, white , black. You play “land” cards to gain mana of that colour. (Eg forests give green mana, islands give blue mana). Minions and spell cards cost mana, some (or all) of that mana needs to be of a certain colour. There are also multi-coloured cards that cost multiple types of ...	[ "Magic: The Gathering is a video game published by MicroProse in April 1997 based on the collectible card game \"\". It is often referred to as \"Shandalar\" after the of , where the game takes place. The player must travel the land and fight random enemies to gain cards, and defeat five wizards representing the fi...
when there is a holiday and trash pickup is delayed a day, how does the schedule right itself the following week?	In my city Friday is not usually a normal trash pick up day. It's reserved for special pick ups of large items or large amounts of junk. When there is a holiday Friday becomes a normal pick up day and the special pick ups are cancelled that week.	[ "Note that where a public holiday falls on a Saturday or a Sunday, or possibly coincides with another public holiday, it is generally observed (as a day off work) on the next available weekday, even though the public holiday itself does not move. In such cases, an employee is entitled to at least one of the followi...
Can an expert on the history of Poland provide an exegesis of this video?	Please see: _URL_0_	[ "It was also mentioned in a video game; \"\" (2004), which stirred up controversy in Poland where the game was briefly discussed in Polish media as anti-Polish falsification of history, before the issue was cleared up as a case of poor reporting.\n", "This chronicle reflects the events in Kievan Rus from year 149...
how do olympic athletes like ryan lochte fit 10,000 calories into their stomachs?	They eat a lot of high calorie foods, and they eat a lot of meals. High tier swimmers might eat 4 or 5 big meals a day, plus snacks in between. They burn calories like crazy too.	[ "His daily diet included having a high protein diet that included lots of almonds, milk, fruits and Ghee (pasteurized butter). He had built such great stamina with his 3-4 hour workout, that many times he could swim across the Hoogly river, a distance of 0.75 Km (0.5 mile) with relative ease. His daily regimen also...
how do icebreaker boats not get stuck in thick ice?	Below the water line they have massive weights on moveable carts on tracks. The ships power on to the ice. If they can't crack the ice with their thick hulls, they ride on over the ice with the ship's bow. Then the weight is moved from the back of the ship to the front and the extra weight breaks the ice.	[ "Icebreakers are often described as ships that drive their sloping bows onto the ice and break it under the weight of the ship. In reality, this only happens in very thick ice where the icebreaker will proceed at walking pace or may even have to repeatedly back down several ship lengths and ram the ice pack at full...
What knockon effects did Edward VIII's abdication have on the British public's perception of royal duty?	I think if you're looking for a concrete "Edward VIII's abdication resulted in A, B, and C being changed in the monarchical system", you may be out of luck as this sort of symbolic system is very difficult to pin down. In addition to that, George VI who succeeded Edward was extremely popular (obviously not among EVERY...	[ "George VI was said to have been horrified by his brother's entry into European political affairs at such a delicate time, particularly because, in his eyes, it was in direct contravention of his abdication oath to take a low profile (when he had sworn \"to quit public affairs altogether\"). Sarah Bradford has sugg...
where do all these surveys saying "__% of americans approve/disapprove ____" get their info from?	You don't need particularly large sample sizes to get relatively good results. So if you go to [_URL_2_](_URL_0_) and just click on the first [poll available](_URL_0_/obama_ad.htm), you'll see a line that looks like this: CBS News/New York Times Poll. Sept. 19-23, 2013. N=1,014 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± ...	[ "In December 2013, the Pew Research Center reported that their newest poll, \"American's Place in the World 2013,\" had revealed that 52 percent of respondents in the national poll said that the United States \"should mind its own business internationally and let other countries get along the best they can on their...
how do people get convicted of statutory rape?	Generally, what happens, based on my experience is that a 14 year old girl starts texting her friends that she had sex. Or she begins sneaking out at night, and mom finds out where she is going by asking her or her friends where she has been going. That may not be enough for a conviction, but it may be enough for prob...	[ "To sustain a conviction, rape might require proof that the defendant had sexual penetration with another person. Depending on the jurisdiction, the actus reus of rape may consist of \"having carnal knowledge of\" a woman, or \"having sexual intercourse with\" a woman (including a girl) specifically, or either a wo...
why is protectionism (specifically in a us context) a bad idea?	Well if we put steep tariffs in place for their products, they'll do so for ours, in the end everyone ends up screwed. It might be an acceptable practice in very particular conditions or limited timeframes, but generally it just makes everything more expensive. Also, it would definitely piss off countries that import...	[ "Protectionism is a nationalistic viewpoint that contends that a healthy cultural industry is necessary to assert national sovereignty and identity. Countries with small domestic markets are often overwhelmed by imports from larger markets in which producers can make up their costs of production by dumping content ...
How did the Scandinavian welfare state come into being?	~~In short social democracy happened. Denmark have mostly had social democratic prime ministers in socialist/socialliberal coalitions since WWII.~~ The welfare state really started expanding in the 1950s with the danish public pension act of 1956. The public health care system got widely expanded from 1965 to 1976, w...	[ "According to Finnish sociologist Erik Allardt, the hallmark of the Nordic welfare system was its comprehensiveness. Unlike the welfare systems of the United States or most West European countries, those of the Nordic countries cover the entire population, and they are not limited to those groups unable to care for...
why are melting ice sheets such a big deal?	Of course, the threat can be exaggerated. But some considerations. - The rise may well be non-sudden, but that doesn't somehow lower the cost of moving all of the people and things from areas that will be flooded, especially when this will have to happen in many places at once. Likewise, it doesn't erase the losses...	[ "The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall. Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting. However, in the words of the IPCC, \"\"Dynamical processes related to ice flow not include...
why does "hard resetting" seem to fix just about anything like phones or gaming consoles?	All computers have memory. When they start up they copy the instructions they need to run into memory. If something goes wrong, the instructions in memory can break. Computers don't work when following broken instructions. When you turn off the computer, it removes all the instructions from memory. When it turns back o...	[ "Operating the pixel via hard reset results in a Johnson–Nyquist noise on the photodiode of formula_3 or formula_4, but prevents image lag, sometimes a desirable tradeoff. One way to use hard reset is replace M with a p-type transistor and invert the polarity of the RST signal. The presence of the p-type device red...
Does civilization lead to gene selection in humans?	Anything that influences humans is part of evolution. Some of that influence can be very indirect. As such, death sentences and incarceration do have an influence on evolution - but not necessarily a predictable influence. Criminal behaviour is subjective. Different societies have had different ideas about what is cr...	[ "Mathematical models have established that cultural niche construction can modify natural selection on human genes and drive evolutionary events. This interaction is known as gene-culture coevolution. There is now little doubt that human cultural niche construction has co-directed human evolution. Humans have modif...
what happens to old churches?	It's really going to vary widely between different denominations or religions. Many evangelical churches don't meet in a specially-designated church: I lived in rural areas for a while and you'll find churches in shopping centers, in houses, etc. A local church in my hometown would rent out the auditorium at our high...	[ "Some churches were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and never rebuilt due to the Rebuilding Act. Many were joined with other parishes. The remains in their churchyards were either left, moved to a new location or to this cemetery (sometimes at a later date). Among these were:\n", "As a result, the o...
If we we're to have the same Black Plague that happened in 1348 would we be able to create a cure and prevent it?	We have a [vaccine](_URL_0_), so I think we're good.	[ "Genotyping showed that it was [at that time] a newly evolved strain, ancestor of all modern strains and proved the Black Death was bubonic plague. Modern medical knowledge suggests that because it was a new strain, the human immune system would have had little or no defence against it, helping to explain the plagu...
Does a black hole ever appear to collapse?	This is something of a paradox and I think you'll get different answers from different people, depending on their background. You're right that in some sense, we (the external observer) never see anything cross the event horizon. Time gets dilated to shit and any infalling observer basically gets their last second of...	[ "In fact, the collapse gets slower and slower, so a singularity could only form in an infinite future. Unlike a black hole, the MECO never fully collapses. Rather, according to the model it slows down and enters an eternal collapse.\n", "On the other hand, the nature of the kind of singularity to be expected insi...
What causes an iceberg to just tip over?	Iceberg is mostly made of frozen fresh water (not sea water, as it contains various salts). Majority of the iceberg (approximately 90%) is below the waterline. Thus when the iceberg melts, the balance of the iceberg changes, in some cases, tip over,	[ "An iceberg will flip in the water as it melts and breaks apart because gravity continually pulls the heavier side downward. Most flipping occurs when the iceberg is young and establishing balance. Flipping can occur anytime and without warning. Large icebergs that flip can give off as much energy as an atomic bomb...
why is italy no longer a forward thinking and revolutionary civilization as they were in the past?	For the same reason they aren't conquering the Mediterranean any more: it's not the same culture and society. Peoples change over time, the Renaissance was four hundred years ago. On top of that, Italy (along with Germany) are not natural constructs, they have historically been divided or united by military/political f...	[ "In terms of the entire period, Giovanni Federico has argued that Italy was not economically backward, for there was substantial development at various times between 1860 and 1940. Unlike most modern nations that relied on large corporations, industrial growth in Italy was a product of the entrepreneurial efforts o...
what exactly happened in the russian revolution of 1917?	There were two major revolutions in 1917, the February and the October revolution (may differ because of calendars, but these are the most popular dates). The February revolution caused the abdication (stepping down) of the Tsar (Nicholas II) which ended the ~300 year rule of the Romanov dynasty. He was also captur...	[ "The Russian revolution of 1917 was marked by two revolutions: the relatively spontaneous February 1917 revolution, and the 25 October 1917 seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, who had gained the leadership of the Petrograd soviet.\n", "The Russian Revolution was a series of uprisings that led to the fall of the R...
What's the difference between Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana Buddhism?	Theravada is the oldest form still around. Three important main ones is that in theravada, post enlightenment buddhas only retain form for a short while. After that the enter paranirvana and no longer have a causal relationship to anything in reality. The goal of those in theravada is just to likewise enter paranirvan...	[ "The core of Theravāda doctrine is contained in the Pāli Canon, the only complete collection of Early Buddhist texts surviving in a classical Indic language. These ideas are shared by other Early Buddhist schools as well as by Mahayana traditions. They include central concepts such as:\n", "With the reign of the ...
the relationship between hospitals and universities (when the two are associated with each other)?	Yeah, the hospital acts as a regular hospital for the community, while also being a research and training facility for the school. It is usually a subsidiary of the school in every way.	[ "A university hospital is an institution which combines the services of a hospital with the education of medical students and with medical research. These hospitals are typically affiliated with a medical school or university. The following is a list of such hospitals.\n", "The university has six affiliated hospi...
how are we able to tell which time is right or exact?	There's an organization called the International Bureau of Weights and Measures based in France that oversees this. Pretty much they reference a number of highly accurate atomic time keeping methods and set a universal time, which computers from all across the world set themselves to, including you're phone.	[ "A clock position is the relative direction of an object described using the analogy of a 12-hour clock to describe angles and directions. One imagines a clock face lying either upright or flat in front of oneself, and identifies the twelve hour markings with the directions in which they point.\n", "Presently, la...
how does stuff get stuck up your anus and you need an doctor to get it out when your ass is made for stuff to come out	Your ass is made specifically for fecal matter to come out, not general 'stuff'. Your lower digestive tract is highly specialized to get that shit on outta there, and it does so with great efficiency. Small muscles along the colon spasm to push poop down to the rectum, which has walls that stretch to accommodate it...	[ "Insertion of foreign objects into the anus is not without dangers. This area is fragile, the intestinal walls do not feel pain and for objects pushed too far, surgery may be necessary for removal (even without injury). Unsafe anal masturbation methods cause harm and a potential trip to the hospital emergency room....
What did people think of William Tecumseh Sherman during and shortly after the war?	Sherman could quite possibly have been president in the 1880s. The main person stopping him was...William Tecumseh Sherman who rightly realized he would be a terrible president.But he's a beloved figure in the North especially before the southern historians get a hand on him given that he's clearly the #2 general cruci...	[ "William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for t...
How are amounts of money from centuries ago adjusted for inflation in today's currency?	Real wages, prices and so on are calculated on the basis of currency/gold standard. Various datasets have been cropping up in the past two decades that list every conceivable currency's real value over time, generally starting with the late early modern period. See for instance those released by the [Global Price and I...	[ "Reinhart and Rogoff trace inflation (to reduce debt) to Dionysius of Syracuse, of the 4th century BC, and begin their \"eight centuries\" in 1258; debasement of currency also occurred under the Roman empire and Byzantine empire.\n", "The government began printing tremendous amounts of currency to pay reparations...
if amber lensed computer glasses reflect the blue light, why aren't they blue?	They're not reflecting the blue light, they're absorbing it. And all other colours except amber. So amber is what you see coming through them as well as bouncing off them. When light is absorbed it is used to vibrate the molecules that make up the glass. This makes it slightly warmer, but not so much you'd notice, norm...	[ "Yellow tinted glasses are a type of glasses with a minor yellow tint. They perform minor color correction, on top of reducing eyestrain due to lack of blinking. They may also be considered minor corrective unprescribed glasses. Depending on the company, these computer or gaming glasses can also filter out high ene...
How accurate is Caligula: 1400 Days of Terror and/or how much of the Caligula legend is bs?	Like with Nero, a lot of the allegations have to be taken with a grain of salt. Although a lot of the things brought up in the documentary are true, many of them are angled to make them look worse than they were. The orgies and such surely happened, but the sleeping around and all that is hard for us to proof and is co...	[ "Terror Firma is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". The story follows on directly from the previous Eighth Doctor audio drama \"The Next Life\" and flashes back to scenes that takes place before (and lead into) the first Eighth Do...
why do people say that you can break your neck if you crack it the wrong way? how does this happen?	Generally speaking, the casual neck popping shouldn't be an issue. The actual trouble is that our bodies are unpredictable and anything can happen. Some people use a lot of force to get their neck to pop and with too much pressure in the wrong place you could break something. Case in point - when I was a kid my best f...	[ "A neck crank (sometimes also referred to as a neck lock, and technically known as a cervical lock) is a spinal lock applied to the cervical spine causing hyperextension, hyperflexion, lateral hyperflexion, hyperrotation or extension-distraction. This happens either through bending, twisting or elongating. A neck c...
What was early Christianity like?	It was not "High" church. There was no pomp, no celebrating Christmas or Easter. Until 70 AD, they would still have likely celebrated all the Jewish holidays of course, since the earliest Christians were nearly all Jewish, and important events in Jesus' life occurred on Jewish holidays (i.e. dying on Passover). It ...	[ "Early Christianity (generally considered the time period from its origin to the First Council of Nicaea in 325) spread from the Eastern Mediterranean throughout the Roman Empire and beyond. Originally, this progression was closely connected to already established Jewish centers in the Holy Land and the Jewish dias...
why is the research done at high energy particle accelerators important for mankind?	Particle accelerators help scientists understand how the physical world works. Theoretical physicists can construct models of quantum mechanics and particle physics, but without experimental equipment like particle accelerators, they're flying blind. High level physics is how we get the super high density computing i...	[ "High energy particle physicists began the project in 1995, because they needed to access large amounts of data at laboratories sometimes as far away as across an ocean. They needed to know how the Internet was performing, identify problems, and apply solutions.\n", "The challenges in particle physics have furthe...
why did the edward snowden ama drop from nearly 11,000 upvotes to 6,500 upvotes in under 5 minutes?	Yes. Reddit uses something called vote-fuzzing, which hides the number of total upvotes and downvotes on a thread, while internally keeping track, and while publicly displaying the overall ratio of upvotes to downvotes. This is because votes from spammers and other cheaters are blocked by reddit's system, but if the p...	[ "The 2008 PollyVote was launched in August 2007 and forecast a victory for Barack Obama over the 14 months that it was making daily forecasts. On Election Eve, it predicted that Obama would receive 53.0% of the popular two-party vote, an error of 0.7 percentage points.\n", "The 2012 PollyVote was launched in Janu...
Why does water jump around on a hot grill?	You're observing (quite astutely) a cool phenomenon called the [Leidenfrost effect](_URL_0_). Because the grill is so hot, the water vaporizes and cushions the droplet, so it glides very easily. It also acts to insulate the water so it vaporizes slower than you might expect.	[ "Cooking grates used over gas or charcoal barbecues will allow fat and oil to drop between the grill bars. This can cause the fat or oil to ignite in a 'flare-up', the flames from which can blacken or burn the food on the grate. In an attempt to combat this problem, some barbecues are fitted with plates, baffles or...
Why does French use so many silent letters?	The simple answer is that they weren't silent at some point in the past, and spelling didn't change as quickly as pronunciation. French spelling is based on old French pronunciation. When the spelling of, e.g., veulent (Latin volunt) was fossilized around 1100-1200, we can see that the vowels were no longer pron...	[ "Silent letters are common in French, including the last letter of most words. Ignoring auxiliary letters that create digraphs (such as , , , , , , and , and and as signals for nasalized vowels), they include almost every possible letter except , , , , , and .\n", "In most dialects, the letter is almost always si...
why are there so many rats in new york city?	Where there are people, there will be rats. Where there is garbage, there will be rats. The more you have of either, the more rats you will have. New York has a LOT of both.	[ "In 2014, the television channel Animal Planet named New York City the \"Worst Rat City in the World,\" and rodentologist Bobby Corrigan called New York City the \"USA's No. 1 Pestropolis.\" Compared to other cities within the United States, studies indicate New York is particularly well-suited for rats. This concl...
Did people other than royalty ever really have titles like 'Steve the strong' or 'Craig the wise' and if so, how did they get them?	Yes, that kind of last name is called a "byname" or an "epithet". People have been using that kind of last name for thousands of years. Most of the non-Roman last names you see in the Bible, for example, are of this variety, including John the Baptist and Mary Magdalene (who is also known as Mary of Magdelena). By th...	[ "Llywelyn dominated Wales for more than 40 years, and was one of only two Welsh rulers to be called \"the Great\", the other being his ancestor Rhodri the Great. The first person to give Llywelyn the title \"the Great\" seems to have been his near-contemporary, the English chronicler Matthew Paris.\n", "In Persia...
why is walmart known as asda in the uk?	Asda existed before Walmart was even a thing. Walmart bought them (including their well-known name). They feel the Asda brand is valuable and well known in the UK, so they wanted to keep it.	[ "Walmart's UK subsidiary Asda (which retained its name after being acquired by Walmart) is based in Leeds and accounted for 42.7percent of 2006 sales of Walmart's international division. In contrast to the U.S. operations, Asda was originally and still remains primarily a grocery chain, but with a stronger focus on...
why do witches carry broomsticks?	It's thought to have been connected with drug use. One of the earliest accounts of the trial of a "witch" in the 14th century says that one of the things found in her possession was some "ointment" with which she "greased her staff upon which she ambled". It's thought to have happened like this: during the Middle Age...	[ "Broomsticks are used for transportation by witches and wizards of all ages, and for participating in the game of Quidditch. Their use is similar to that of flying carpets, although the latter are banned in Great Britain by the Ministry of Magic. However, they are uncomfortable for extended trips, even with a cushi...
why do certain artists have hits but then go into obscurity?	Making a hit song is really, really hard. Especially if you don't have a huge industry backer. Some bands just absolutely nail it with one or two albums and then just can't make it happen again. It might be because the band changes lineups or styles, or just because the public has moved on and they can't adapt to new...	[ "BULLET::::- Allmusic (4.5/5) – states that \"not only does the music stand on its own (there's a reason why thousands of young DJs and vinyl hounds collapsed in confoundment upon finding out that these rare gems were being issued together), but the liner notes provide a story behind each song, only adding to the m...
how realistic is the shot and the recovery from the bullet "into the lung" in the movie focus (2015)?	I don't know what kind of firearm and bullet were supposed to be used, but no, it's not realistic. A through and through wound would leave massive cavitation and other tissue damage as well as blowing a large exit hole - typically. It's a movies, they frequently are inaccurate .	[ "The Eyemo takes an internal load of 100 feet (30,5 m) of film, which lasts just over one minute when filming at 24 fps. Some models also accept a 400 ft or 1000 ft magazine that is attached to the back, and can hold 4⅓ and 11 minutes of film respectively. When used with a 400 ft magazine, the Eyemo is cumbersome (...
what is happening with az sb1062 and hb2153 (relating to the free exercise of religion)?	So basically, Free Exercise of Religion is the issue here. At it's simplest form, Free Exercise of Religion means that for example, I can't make a law that says "You can't worship Jesus Christ." That's a CLEAR violation of Free Exercise. However, there is a concept called a "Neutral Law of General Applicability" T...	[ "The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), , codified as et seq., is a United States federal law that prohibits the imposition of burdens on the ability of prisoners to worship as they please and gives churches and other religious institutions a way to avoid zoning law restrictions on their...
how do erasable pens work? and why is the ink usually lighter than conventional ball and gel pens?	The ink is actually temperature sensitive, when it gets heated up, it becomes white, so when you erase, the friction from the eraser heats the paper and it becomes white This is also why it looks lighter, because it has to turn white Interestingly enough, if you put it in the freezer the ink that has been erased wil...	[ "Ballpoint pens with erasable ink were pioneered by the Paper Mate pen company. The ink formulas of erasable ballpoints have properties similar to rubber cement, allowing the ink to be literally rubbed clean from the writing surface before drying and eventually becoming permanent. Erasable ink is much thicker than ...
why do the inside of your ears get sweaty and itchy if you have earbuds in after a while?	Your ears, nose, and throat are all connected. Earbuds plug your ears, so your normally open ear canal is now closed. It then gets warm in there like a room on a summer day, causing the skin inside your ear to sweat in an attempt to cool down. Not sure why it gets itchy. Hope this helps.	[ "Signs of ear infection include shaking of the head, and scratching at or under the ear. Some animals may also paw the ear or try to rub it on other objects to relieve pain and discomfort. Ear infections often result in a darker red ear, dirt in the ear, or a general inflamed appearance.\n", "Sinus infections can...
why do car companies produce new models every year? could you produce the same car, save design and development expense, and make super cheap cars?	While car makers produce new models every year, they only make substantial changes every 6-7 years or so that require significant design and development costs. Typically mid-cycle (3 years after introduction), they will freshen up the design, maybe by tweaking the bumper/grill, tail lights, etc. which are all relative...	[ "In automotive industry, the product lifecycle of mass-produced productions is always 4 to 6 years, and during that period, the competitor company will introduce new product to hold more market share. When new cars have launched into the market for 2 and 3 years, to keep their strength in the market, company will p...
why do we jump when we get excited?	Is it because we get a surge of adrenaline which gives us energy?	[ "Jump is a disorientating experience for those using it, although the degree of discomfort varies depending on the species. Most humans experience extreme psychological distress, potentially resulting in madness, and need to \"trank down\" or tranquilize themselves prior to each jump. The oxygen-breathing species n...
why do some countries (soviet union, china, north korea, etc.) call themselves communist even though all they really were only dictatorships?	The answer is relatively simple if you look at the conditions prior to these countries 'revolutions.' In every instance that you've mentioned; Korea, China and the USSR the same cultural conditions existed. Prior to the revolutions conditions were poor and the people were poorer. Before to the 1917 October Revolution R...	[ "There have been several instances of Communist states with functioning political participation processes involving several other non-party organisations, such as trade unions, factory committees and direct democratic participation. The term \"Communist state\" is used by Western historians, political scientists an...
what makes processed meat carcinogenic?	Certain chemicals that are used to keep it fresh for longer, as well as some that are produced when cooking meat at very high temperatures, can be carcinogenic. This is why the statement 'processed meat causes cancer' is simply wrong, because it depends how it's processed. Also the red pigment in red meat has been cate...	[ "Some methods of food preservation are known to create carcinogens. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization classified processed meat, i.e. meat that has undergone salting, curing, fermenting, and smoking, as \"carcinogenic to humans\".\n", "In 2015, the Internati...
does wealth require poverty?	If wealth means having more than everyone else, then yes. If wealth simply means having a lot of resources, then no. The amount of available resources depend on how much we produce (essentially, how efficient we are). For instance, the industrial revolution greatly increased productivity in many sectors, thus givin...	[ "Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent and prevalent than income poverty. It is a household’s inability to access wealth resources that are sufficient to provide for basic needs for a period of three months. Basic needs refer to the minimum standards for consumption and acceptabl...
Why is the radiation from Chernobyl and Fukushima so intense, when Uranium has a half life of billions of years? Shouldn't it be minimal?	Nuclear power plants make energy by splitting uranium nuclei in two: "nuclear fission". The two new nuclei made, "fission products", are almost always radioactive and under go beta decay. [A wide variety of fission products are made](_URL_0_) with a wide span of half-lives, down to sub-second and up to many years. M...	[ "Radiation is a carcinogen and causes numerous effects on living organisms and systems. The environmental impacts of nuclear power plant disasters such as the Chernobyl disaster, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and the Three Mile Island accident, among others, persist indefinitely, though several other facto...
why does africa not have the same cocaine production problem that south america faces?	You need to think in more than two dimensions, grasshopper. Altitude is a major factor in production of the coca plant. Additionally, generations of knowledge are missing in Africa.	[ "Cocaine is another drug emerging on the continent. While most of the trade comes from North Africa, there is a growing presence in East Africa. Starting in 2004, there have been numerous high-profile seizures in East Africa. In the intervening years, cocaine seizures have increased by four times. While each of the...
how can we "see" other galaxies?	We use a big telescope that we aim at a tiny piece of blackness in the sky. [This](_URL_1_) is an image we received from the Hubble telescope. We see these galaxies in the piece of blackness because we use a long exposure time. For example, [this](_URL_0_) is what happens if you take a long exposure photo at night. Yes...	[ "Currently, astronomers know little about the shape and size of our galaxy relative to what they know about other galaxies; it is difficult to observe the entire Milky Way from the inside. A good analogy is trying to observe a marching band as a member of the band. Observing other galaxies is much easier because hu...
how does download / upload speed affect online game play-ability?	There's no direct correlation. As long as you meet the requirements for uploading/receeving the game data (which is almost certainly FAR below 3MBit), the speed wont matter. What will matter is the latency, or how long it takes a single packet of information to get from your computer to the server. But the latency...	[ "Faster website download speeds have been shown to increase visitor retention and loyalty and user satisfaction, especially for users with slow internet connections and those on mobile devices. Web performance also leads to less data travelling across the web, which in turn lowers a website's power consumption and ...
How do we construct objects on a nanoscopic scale?	Two ways: Bottom-up and Top-down [fabrication](_URL_4_). Top-down fab involves starting with a chunk of material and etching away parts until you have the design you want. This method can make complex shapes^[1](_URL_2_) ^[2](_URL_6_) but is limited to relatively large objects (~ tens of nanometers). For the molecu...	[ "BULLET::::- Nanotechnology – The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 and 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size.\n", "The na...
How much does body fat influence our perception of temperature?	TL;DR heat dissipation is roughly proportional to surface area, while heat production is on volume. As weight goes up, surface area doesn't go up as quickly, and so the heavier people dissipate heat more slowly. That's good for them in the cold and really bad for them in the heat. Let's make some simplifications to t...	[ "Both energy metabolism and body temperature increases are observed in humans following extracted capsinoids or CH-19 Sweet administration. Animal studies also demonstrate these increases, as well as suppressed in body fat accumulation following capsinoids intake. The exact mechanisms and the relative importance of...
what legitament ties do fraternity groups have to what is considered "greek life"?	The term "Greek Life" literally refers to the activities of fraternities and sororities. It's called Greek Life because most fraternities and sororities are named with three greek letters (Phi Kappa Alpha, Delta Iota Kappa, etc).	[ "Fraternities and sororities, or Greek letter organizations (GLOs) (collectively referred to as \"Greek life\"), are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the social fraternity, they are prominent in the United States and the Philippines, with much smaller numbers existing in France, Canada, ...
how do slumps and streaks work?	Nothing. Usually what you see when there are "streaks" and "slumps" is just random variation. There's no more mental change in a player when he hits six 3-pointers in a row than there's a mental change in a coin when it comes up heads 7 times in a row. It's just something that happens. Just a week ago [a study came...	[ "The physical process that produces dark slope streaks is still uncertain. They are most likely caused by the mass movement of loose, fine-grained material on oversteepened slopes (i.e., dust avalanches). The avalanching disturbs and removes a bright surface layer of dust to expose a darker substrate.\n", "A slum...
why it's possible for a 'brain dead' person to wake up while being prepped for an organ donation?	It is a cause for concern. Generally a brain scan will be performed which will show if there is electrical activity in the brain. Doctors do want the freshest most viable organs, the ones least dead. When your brain is dead can be debated to a certain extent. There is an ancient part of the brain buried deep with our...	[ "After someone has died, a person’s organs can be donated after “brain stem death” or “cardiac death.” Brain stem death is when there is no brain function, with no blood flow or oxygen to the brain. Cardiac death is when the person is injured beyond recovery and will not survive without the support of a ventilator....
why do i feel more out of breath after i stop running than while i'm running?	It's an illusion. I want to show you a chart but can't find it. The oxygen that you use, is depending on your needs (howstrong is your cardio excercise). So if you look at the chart of the level of the cardio excercise and the input oxygen, you would see a straight line syarting from (0,0) and suddenly it would go para...	[ "He had indicated that although every child developed by learning how to sit, crawl, walk and run, the situation in which the Gas found themselves demanded, that \"we run immediately because we are lagging behind\".\n", "Running is an effective way to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and tension. It helps peop...
Need advice on potentially going to grad school for history	I'm just typing this from mobile and will add more to it later, but if you suffer from anxiety and depression, academia may not be the best choice for you. And I say this not to be discouraging, but because it can be tough. I'm currently doing my PhD in medical history and definitely wished I listened to everyone tel...	[ "The College Board recommends a one-year preparatory course in World History, as well as independent reading on material related to historical content. However, the questions are very similar to the AP World History Exam, and it is recommended a student do significant outside study by reading and working questions ...
trees, how do new trees grow?	When mama tree and papa tree love each other very much, insects or winds take pollen from papa tree flowers and put them on the stamen of mama tree flowers. Then the little egg cell turns into a seed, which has all the genetic information needed to produce a new tree, and has a food reserve, a few cells that will grow ...	[ "It reproduces rapidly and spreads its seeds via wind. It reaches maturity and begins seeding in 4 years. Growing at a rate of 1–2 m per year, it quickly reaches a tall height where it can shade out the rest of the native plants. Adult trees grow much slower than juveniles.\n", "Over the centuries, the tree grows...
would it be possible to charge our smartphone batteries using wi-fi waves "power"?	Technically speaking yes. Practically speaking, no. We can extract a charge, but it will be so small it would dissipate almost immediately.	[ "Wi-Charge claims to deliver power using focused beams of invisible infrared light. The system consists of a transmitter and a receiver. Transmitter connects to a standard power outlet and converts electricity into infrared laser beam. Receivers use a miniature photo-voltaic cell to convert transmitted light into e...
Could the gravitational pull of one black hole pull you out past the event horizon of a second?	no. Gravity of a blackhole is like gravity of any massive object.. It varies with distance from the object. On the other hand, the event horizon is a surface which when you/anything crosses, it cannot come back.	[ "This \"slingshot\" effect has been explored in theoretical physics: it is hypothetically possible to slingshot oneself \"around\" the event horizon of a black hole. As a result of the black hole's extreme gravitation, time would pass at a slower rate near the event horizon, relative to the outside universe; the tr...
how were the spaniards able to ally with the rival tribes to beat the aztecs, when they didn't know a single word of their language?	Geronimo de Aguilar was a monk who was shipwrecked in the Yucatan before Cortes went to present day Mexico. While there, he was able to learn a lot of the Mayan language; his learning as a monk made it a lot easier to pick up. The Spanish later found him and took him with them. When they landed in present day Mexico,...	[ "The Alliance ambushed indigenous ceremonies, such as during The Feast of Huitzilopochtli, which allowed the superior Spanish conquerors to avoid fighting the best Aztec warriors in direct armed battle.\n", "Further battles awaited the Spaniards and their allies as they fought their way around the north end of La...
Including animals that no longer exist, what animal is the largest ever?	The blue whale is the largest known to have existed. Largest doesn’t mean longest. A 2 meter snake is pretty small compared to a 1.8 meter human. One candidate for largest dinosaur (Argentinosaurus) is estimated to have weighed about 70 metric tons. Blue whales can get up to about 170 tons. The dinosaur was longer tha...	[ "The blue whale (\"Balaenoptera musculus\") is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 metric tonnes and measuring up to long. The largest extant terrestrial animal is the African bush elephant (\"Loxodonta africana\"), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes and measuring up to long. The largest terrestrial...
Do man-made electronics cumulatively make a significant contribution to the Earth's magnetic field?	[There has definitely been human impact on the Magnetosphere](_URL_0_), though I'm not sure if that's strictly considered the same as the Earth's magnetic field (this is not my field of research, at all), and a large chunk of that comes from things like Atmospheric Nuclear testing. That said, a couple of excerpts from...	[ "The Earth's magnetic field is believed to be generated by electric currents in the conductive iron alloys of its core, created by convection currents due to heat escaping from the core. However the process is complex, and computer models that reproduce some of its features have only been developed in the last few ...
Did Native Americans independently invent agriculture? And what does that mean about human culture before then?	Yes, agriculture was independently invented in the Americas. To copy/paste an answer I gave [previously](_URL_0_) > There's a number of factors that can contribute to this answer and the debate has raged on for 100 years. Factors such as population density and a dwindling food supply are often mentioned, but I am ...	[ "Agriculture was invented independently in two regions of North America: the Eastern Woodlands and Mesoamerica. The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes and squash. Perhaps most importantly they domesti...
How accurate was Upton Sinclair's The Jungle	> ... but a creek that’s constantly bubbling because of chemicals... Chicagoan here. I can confirm this portion of your question. "[Bubbly Creek](_URL_0_)" is a local nickname for the South Fork of the South Branch of the Chicago River. As the name implies, it constantly bubbled up methane after being used as an o...	[ "Upton Sinclair published \"The Jungle\" in 1906, which revealed conditions in the meat packing industry in the United States and was a major factor in the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act. Sinclair wrote the book with the intent of addressing unsafe working conditions in that ind...
why do they put lightning rods on trees?	A lightning rod directs the electricity safely into the ground rather than into the tree itself, which normally outright kills the tree.	[ "Trees are frequent conductors of lightning to the ground. Since sap is a relatively poor conductor, its electrical resistance causes it to be heated explosively into steam, which blows off the bark outside the lightning's path. In following seasons trees overgrow the damaged area and may cover it completely, leavi...
can you literally die from not sleeping too long?	We don't know, really. Some people will mention Fatal Familial Insomnia, however that is a prion disease, and current thinking is that it is the prion disease that leads to death, not the insomnia. In rat studies, rats will die after certain periods, but it's unclear why/what actually kills them (some studies have sug...	[ "The lowest mortality was seen in individuals who slept between six and a half and seven and a half hours per night. Even sleeping only 4.5 hours per night is associated with very little increase in mortality. Thus, mild to moderate insomnia for most people is associated with increased longevity and severe insomnia...
what happens in time sensitive jobs during the daylight saving time hour?	We use the current time regardless in hospital settings. Obviously this can result in 2 events happening at 1 am but occurring an hour apart. It isn't a problem cause we can just communicate until we have an understanding and besides, everyone working already knows what's going on anyway. Source: I work in the medica...	[ "Daylight saving time (DST), also daylight savings time or daylight time (United States) and summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use d...
obama's state of the union address?	The US Constitution requires that the President give an update to Congress about the "state of the Union". It's done in the form of a speech every year, and it's a big moment in US politics because everyone gets to get out their grindstone for their particular axes. Edit: Every year, not every two.	[ "The 2012 State of the Union Address was a speech given by former President Barack Obama, from 9 p.m. to 10:17 p.m. EST on Tuesday, January 24, 2012, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. In his speech, he focused on education reform, repairing America's infrastructure with money not used on...
why is the rate that technology improves rising.	Because once the knowledge is acquired to create new technologies, those technologies can be used for more in-depth research and thus speeding up the researching process.	[ "Paul Christiano believes that while accelerating technological progress appears to be one of the best ways to improve human welfare in the next few decades, a faster rate of growth cannot be equally important for the far future because growth must eventually saturate due to physical limits. Hence, from the perspec...
why are there always big fluctuations in the stock after a major national/world event? (e.g brexit, the election)	The stock market is based entirely on sentiment or human perception of data and events. (Stock price = current market valuation driven largely by sentiment) Company A reports record breaking earnings, people believe Company A may continue to do so in the future, people buy Company A stock and it rises. Now with a la...	[ "The \"New York Times\" identifies March 2009 as the \"nadir of the crisis\" and noted in 2011 that \"Most stock markets around the world are at least 75 percent higher than they were then. Financial stocks, which led the markets down, have also led them up.\" Nevertheless, the lack of fundamental changes in bankin...
How does the body react to cauterized vessels during surgery?	There are lots and lots of anastomoses in vessels supplying virtually any part of your body and almost no vascularized tissue is dependent on a single individual vessel for blood supply. The microvasculature in tissue also has adaptation mechanisms for both long term and short term changes in blood supply, blood pressu...	[ "The internal sutures usually are permanent (non-absorbable), but the surgical wound or wounds can be sutured with either absorbable sutures or with non-absorbable sutures that the plastic surgeon removes when the surgical wound has healed. Depending upon the deformity to be corrected, the otoplasty can be performe...
Would it be more accurate to apply the "Bloody" title to Queen Elizabeth instead of Queen Mary?	It's important to consider how long their reigns were. Queen Mary I reigned for 5 years, from 1553-1558. By contrast Queen Elizabeth I reigned for 45 years, from 1558-1603. Even if Queen Elizabeth I was responsible for more deaths, it doesn't necessarily make for a particularly 'bloody' reign.	[ "The name \"Bloody Mary\" is associated with a number of historical figures—particularly Queen Mary I of England, who was nicknamed as such in \"Foxe's Book of Martyrs\" for attempting to re-establish the Catholic Church in England—and fictional women from folklore.\n", "BULLET::::- Mary of Teck (1936–1952): wido...
why is the average height so much greater in certain parts of the world? why aren't people in general about the same height?	Genetically, almost all have similar potential. But nutrition plays a big part. Nutrition in them, their parents and even grandparents affects height. Ever notice that second and third generation immigrants to Western countries are usually a lot taller than their first generation grandparents?	[ "The average height in genetically and environmentally homogeneous populations is often proportional across a large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a population's average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are caused by specific ...
Are there any non-toxic mercury compounds?	Toxicity is much more complicated than y/n... all molecules technically have some level of human toxicity (even water, called dilutional hyponatremia) depending on application (ex:topical, sublingual, inhaled) and quantity. It is even more complicated if you consider toxicity of byproducts (in both synthesis and degra...	[ "Mercury, known to be highly toxic, has been found in various forms in Idria: elemental mercury (Hg(0)), inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) and monomethyl mercury(CHHg, also called MMHg). MMHg, a potent neurotoxin, poses the greatest threat to organisms. Measurements were taken by collecting water samples, which were later...
Time and absolute zero speed...	There is no absolute reference for the universe. Time dilation occurs relative to an observer. There's no such thing as absolutely still. If you're moving identically to another observer, time will pass at the exact same rate.	[ "BULLET::::- A speed of 1 Planck length per Planck time is the speed of light in a vacuum, the maximum possible physical speed in special relativity; 1 nano-(Planck length per Planck time) is about 1.079 km/h.\n", "The standard measurement of speed on an ergometer is generally known as the \"split\", or the amoun...
how travel sickness medication works (e.g. kwells)?	Believe it or not, your brain has an area that tells you to throw up. Unsurprisingly, it's called the "vomit center" of the brain and is located in the medulla obongata. There are multiple pathways to activate the vomit center, but since you asked about motion sickness we will talk about that one. Basically, your inner...	[ "Travel medicine can primarily be divided into four main topics: prevention (vaccination and travel advice), assistance (dealing with repatriation and medical treatment of travelers), wilderness medicine (e.g. high-altitude medicine, cruise ship medicine, expedition medicine, etc.) and access to health care, provid...
Have diseases ever crossed the species barrier between plants and animals?	Plants and animals differ all the way to the kingdom level so there are drastic differences in both genetics and cellular composition and given that pathogens tend to be highly specialized there are very few diseases that affect both. However, there are generalist opportunistic pathogens that can basically infect every...	[ "Many invasive plant species interfere with native plants through allelopathy. A famous case of purported allelopathy is in desert shrubs. One of the most widely known early examples was \"Salvia leucophylla\", because it was on the cover of the journal \"Science\" in 1964. Bare zones around the shrubs were hypothe...
how is it possible for a baby beast to grow in the womb and be born without an umbilical cord?	The umbilical cord usually breaks while the animal is passing through the birth canal. If it doesn't, it probably shrivels up and falls off on its own.	[ "Human embryos have a tail that measures about one-sixth of the size of the embryo itself. As the embryo develops into a fetus, the tail is absorbed by the growing body. Infrequently, a child is born with a ’\"soft tail\", which contains no vertebrae, but only blood vessels, muscles, and nerves, but this is regarde...
why do spacecraft and satellite components need to be assembled in a sterile environment?	Most satellite components are not. Spacecraft that are likely to land on other planets are clean ed thoroughly to minimize the transfer of life to other bodies. In space with no atmospheric even oils from your skin can boil and condense to ruin lenses and other electronics equipment. Foreign object debris are one of ...	[ "Artificial satellites are first launched into the desired altitude by conventional liquid/solid propelled rockets after which the satellite may use onboard propulsion systems for orbital stationkeeping. Once in the desired orbit, they often need some form of attitude control so that they are correctly pointed with...
What were the strategic interests of France and Britain w.r.t. the Sykes-Picot Agreement? Why did they want spheres of influence in that region?	I will have to be brief as I am waiting for guests. Essentially Britain and France had mutual suspicions of each other's intentions in the Middle East since the 19th Century. The 1904 Entente Cordiale papered over these cracks and pushed the issue into dormancy against a common broader strategic interest. Britain had...	[ "During the First World War, the Sykes–Picot Agreement was struck between the foreign ministers of the United Kingdom and France on behalf of their respective governments on a vision of a post war division of the Ottoman Empire in which the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire (south and west of Anatolia) would be ...
We're looking for new moderators and we want you!	Can I join!	[ "The moderator is normally a minister or elder of considerable experience and held in high esteem in the Church of Scotland. The moderator is nominated by the \"Committee to Nominate the Moderator\", which consists of fifteen people elected annually by the General Assembly. The moderator must, however, also be form...
Can a liver from an organ donor be shared and transplanted into two new recipients?	Livers are special among human organs. They can regenerate themselves. So liver transplants don't require transplanting the entire liver. Yes, it is theoretically possible a single donor could donate to two people and then also have a fully functioning liver after a period of recovery.	[ "More recently, adult-to-adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor's right hepatic lobe, which amounts to 60 percent of the liver. Due to the ability of the liver to regenerate, both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well. This procedure is more controversial, as ...
why isn't chrome the standard browser on android?	It is on the newer nexus devices. On non-nexus devices, the manufacturer decides what goes on the phone, and it doesn't have to be chrome if they don't like it. Especially since the stock android browser seems to run better, and supports flash.	[ "Chrome is available on Apple's mobile iOS operating system as \"Google Chrome for iOS.\" Released in the Apple App Store on June 26, 2012, it supports the iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch, and requires that the device has iOS 11.0 or greater installed. In accordance with Apple's requirements for browsers released thro...
Can anyone offer any insight into this Nazi identification card?	This looks like they were both from an exhibiton held in 1945/46 in Amsterdam, called 'Weerbare Democratie', the resilient democracy, an exhibition that apparently dealt with dutch resistance against German occupation. The card reads, essentially, as far as my very limited dutch will carry: "This is proof that the dutc...	[ "Prosecutors based part of these allegations on an ID card referred to as the \"Trawnicki card\". This ID card was obtained from the USSR and provided to Israel by American industrialist Armand Hammer, a close associate of several Kremlin leaders, including Lenin and Stalin. The defense claimed that the card was fo...
Puzzle doors are common feature of ancient temples in fiction. Has there been ANY ancient puzzle door found?	This is probably not the answer you're looking for, but in Cairo there is a Coptic church - the "hanging church" I think - whose doors are made of tiny, interlocking pieces that fit only one way. Because wood is expensive in Egypt, and there were occasional attacks upon churches which often included breaking doors down...	[ "In Etruscan tombs the false door has a Doric design and is always depicted closed. Most often it is painted, but on some occasions it is carved in relief, like in the Tomb of the Charontes at Tarquinia. Unlike the false door in ancient Egyptian tombs, the Etruscan false door has given rise to a diversity of interp...
In what order did the kingdoms become multicellular? And, are symbionts ubiquitous?	Multicellularity has evolved several times, independently in plants and animals for sure, and perhaps more than once within the fungi. A key point is that all true multicellular organisms are made fron eukaryotic cells (as opposed to prokaryotes), and eukaryotes evolved only once (i.e. all eukaryotes can be traced back...	[ "The \"Four Kingdoms\" was the name given to those portions of the former Province of Anacreon which broke away from the Galactic Empire in the early years of the Foundational Era, to form independent and short-lived kingdoms. The largest and most powerful was Anacreon itself.\n", "The Pergamene kingdom founded b...
elit: why germany is such a strong world power	Germany is an industrious, educated nation with an excellent social infrastructure and minimal internal strife. They excel in manufacturing and management. In short, per the cliche, they're efficient.	[ "From 1890 on, Germany did pursue world power. This bid arose from deep roots within Germany's economic, political, and social structures. Once the war broke out, world power became Germany's essential goal.\n", "In 1871, Germany became united and established themselves as the leading industrial nation on the Eur...
why don’t countries just put nicotine on the list of forbidden drugs if they want people to quit smoking?	Banning things that lots of people want instantly creates a black market for those things. Alcohol prohibition is the easiest comparison because that actually happened, and the reasons for its failure are well known. In particular, it caused organized crime to reach its all time peak in America. That whole "1930s mob...	[ "Traditionally, the UN has been reluctant to control nicotine and other drugs traditionally legal in Europe and North America, citing tolerance of a wide range of lifestyles. This contrasts with the regulatory regime for other highly addictive drugs. Gabriel G. Nahas, in a Bulletin on Narcotics report, noted:\n", ...
why are trains in india so crowded? why not just have more trains?	It's not just the trains - everywhere in India is crowded.	[ "The frequency of public transport service is usually higher in the rush hour, and longer trains or larger vehicles are often used. However, the increase in capacity is often less than the increased number of passengers, due to the limits on available vehicles, staff and, in the case of rail transport, track capaci...
How far away are we from a supercomputer being able to simulate the entire universe?	Infinitely far, basically. This is a question Laplace would have recognized. Well. I mean, he would have stumbled over the "computer" thing, since in those days "computer" meant a person who performed calculations. Also, your question is insensitively not written in French. But setting those things aside, Laplace woul...	[ "A supercomputer was unveiled at the university in 2011. It was made by Isfahan University of Technology scientists and is among the 500 fastest in the world. It has a calculation ability of 34000 billion operations per second and its graphics processing units are able to perform more than 32 billion operations per...

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