Split (2)

train · 226k rows

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mri machines and how they look inside the brain.	The machine uses an oscillating magnetic field to excite the hydrogen atoms in the water in your body. These emit a radio frequency which it then maps. So it's basically measuring how much water is in your body. Different types of tissue have different amounts of water which creates the contrast and forms the picture. ...	[ "An MRI gantry remains fixed, and contains strong electromagnets and radio receivers that manipulate hydrogen atoms in the human body via proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The machine then receives and processes the signals given off by the hydrogen atoms in order to produce a 3D image of the interior of the patie...
What would it look like to be living on a planet in or very "close" to a nebula?	_URL_0_ tldw: it wouldn't look like anything.	[ "Round and planet-shaped, the nebula is also relatively faint. Planetary nebulae are not related to planets at all, but instead are created at the end of a sun-like star's life as its outer layers expand into space while the star's core shrinks to become a white dwarf. The transformed white dwarf star, seen near th...
tax cuts and jobs act proposal	So, one of the things that the Republican party is doing right now to try to look a little more competent and generate buzz is that they're passing the same bill back and forth between the house and senate as a skeleton outline. In the process as usual, what happens is that one of the two chambers writes a bill (and t...	[ "In December 2017, Congress passed and President Trump signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Act amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 based on tax reform advocated by congressional Republicans and the Trump administration. Major elements include reducing tax rates for businesses and individual...
Solubility of Sugar	Not trying to be presumptuous here, but have you carried out the experiment more than once and reproduced your results?	[ "Solubility is sensitive to changes in temperature. For example, sugar is more soluble in hot water than cool water. It occurs because solubility constants, like other types of equilibrium constants, are functions of temperature. In accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle, when the dissolution process is endotherm...
how does the fed determine interest rates?	Interest is, in economic terms, the cost of using money. So interest rates have their own supply/demand curves depending on how much money is available and how much money people want to use. The Federal Reserve can change the supply of money, and thus has some control over interest rates. They also are the primary regu...	[ "The interest rate channel of monetary policy refers to the effect of monetary policy actions on interest rates that influence the investment and consumption decisions of households and businesses. Along this channel, the transmission of monetary policy to the real economy relies on linkages between central bank in...
Is there a known limit to selective breeding for physical traits (e.g. size)?	Selective breeding of miniature animals is not uncommon. There are miniature breeds of horse, donkey, cow, chicken, goat, rabbit, and dog, and considerable dwarfing of carp (and probably others that I am unaware of). Some of the dwarfs of these domestic creatures are pretty incredibly small (the Falabella horse is of...	[ "Natural selection can select directly or indirectly for robustness. When mutation rates are high and population sizes are large, populations are predicted to move to more densely connected regions of neutral network as less robust variants have fewer surviving mutant descendants. The conditions under which selecti...
why have the british liberal democrats fallen in support so much recently?	In 2010 the Liberal Democrats joined the government as the junior half of a coalition. This government followed a programme of austerity, with (among other policies) cutting back on welfare and tripling the cost of university places. Because many Lib-Dem voters had supported them because they believed they were an anti...	[ "The Liberal Democrats, who had been in government as coalition partners, suffered the worst defeat they or the previous Liberal Party had suffered since the 1970 general election. Winning just eight seats, the Liberal Democrats lost their position as the UK's third party and found themselves tied in fourth place w...
why do smaller loans have much higher interest rates than larger loans?	If you ask for 1 pen, it costs you two dollars. If you ask for 100 000 pens, they will only cost you one dollar each. I prefer selling you 100 000 pens at half price, than selling you 1 at full price and have 99 999 sitting around doing nothing. In a similar way, if you ask for a small amount of money, you pay a big i...	[ "The researcher found it intuitive that basic interest rate caps are most likely to bite at the lower end of the market, with interest rates charged by microfinance institutions generally higher than those by banks and this is driven by a higher cost of funds and higher relative overheads. Transaction costs make la...
Can you "strain" hearing and damage it that way?	Eyes and ears have a threshold. If you stare at a certain color too long, the cones and rods in your eyes start to tire and the other colors seem to pop out. Same thing when it comes to hearing. You can work it for too long and put too much stress on it. You would think quiet would be a good thing but there is actually...	[ "Extensive damage can also be inflicted upon the auditory system. The tympanic membrane (also known as the eardrum) may be perforated by the intensity of the pressure waves. Furthermore, the hair cells, the sound receptors found within the cochlea, can be permanently damaged and can result in a hearing loss of a mi...
what events or people from the bible have been proven scientifically to have actually occurred/existed?	I don't know if it has been scientifically proven, but several other cultures have stories referring to a great flood that happened at around the same time period as Noah's.	[ "Spanning 50,000 years of human history, \"The Bone Labyrinth\" (released December 15, 2015), reveals a mystery locked within our DNA. An amazing discovery is made when an earthquake reveals a subterranean Catholic chapel in the remote mountains of Croatia. An investigative team finds the bones of a Neanderthal wom...
what is the reason the leaves fall off the trees in the fall.	With the decrease in the availability of both water and sunlight in the winter, photosynthesis yield is pretty low. So during the winter, those big broad leaves are using up a lot of energy without really doing anything useful, so the tree basically cuts them off to conserve energy and then regrows them once spring com...	[ "Some trees, particularly oaks and beeches, exhibit a behavior known as \"marcescence\" whereby dead leaves are not shed in the fall and remain on the tree until being blown off by the weather. This is caused by incomplete development of the abscission layer. It is mainly seen in the seedling and sapling stage, alt...
"Eight million horses and countless mules and donkeys died in the First World War. " "The WWII German Army was 80% Horse Drawn" Is this accurate? How did Germany recover it's horse pop. by the 1940? Did they rely on conquered nations stock?	When the Nazis seized power in 1933, Germany was one of the least motorized societies in Europe. Hitler idolized the motorcar and devoted a considerable drive to increase production, constructing the Autobahns, and propagandizing to the population in order to ingrain motorcar ownership and use as German cultural valu...	[ "Battle losses of horses were approximately 25 percent of all war-related equine deaths between 1914 and 1916. Disease and exhaustion accounted for the remainder. The highest death rates were in East Africa, where in 1916 alone deaths of the original mounts and remounts accounted for 290% of the initial stock numbe...
why do so many white, western liberals and progressives defend islam?	They tend to support freedom of religion. They tend to support civil rights for minorities. Seems strange to think of them as a minority but in the US and Western countries they are.	[ "Hayri Abaza argues that the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics.\n", "Advocating the superiority of Islam, Butt has said that \"Islam is a way of life, ...
Why did Irish monks play such an important role in the christianization of Europe?	The easy answer is that they believed in mission and did go out and talked about God.. But that is probably not the answer you are after. Western christianity formed and was culturally relevant to the postlatin world. But north of europe was never part of the roman empire and they did not share all the cultural refere...	[ "The Irish monks took part in the conversion of Scotland and the north of Great Britain], establishing numerous monasteries, such as Iona Abbey, founded by Columba in Scotland in 563 and Lindisfarne, founded by Aidan in Northumbria in 635. The Irish missionaries brought their art to Britain along with their religio...
how are games like "breath of the wild" ported over to a completely different console (switch) with different hardware, yet are flawlessly identical when playing both?	I don't know the precise answer but the best vague one I can give is that the GPU/CPU architecture on the switch is well known since it runs off Tegra X1 and uses the Maxwell architecture which there is lots of information on. The previous generation consoles were an absolute nightmare to Port games to due to how clos...	[ "Another instance of the same engine being used between games is on the Nintendo 64, in which most games use the same format; although they use different sound banks, as expected. A utility known as the N64 Midi Tool was created to edit the sequences that the majority of Nintendo 64 games use, though it does not co...
How did sailor manage navigation, back in the day?	Navigation can be done with the stars, and the use of a sextant, which was in use from about 18th century onwards. This method can be very precise, but is reliant on clear skies. Navigation becomes super-precise when a clock that is powered by an internal spring mechanism is invented. This was John Harrison, in the 18t...	[ "There is some controversy about the legality of sailing single-handed over long distances, as the navigation rules require \"that every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper lookout...\"; single-handed sailors can only keep a sporadic lookout, due to the need to sleep, tend to navigation, etc.\n", "This no...
What would happen if you pushed at the baby during birth?	No once, labour has started there's no stopping it. The contractions get progressively more and more forceful and not to mention the amniotic sac is burst at this point. So you can't push back and keep it in there for a few more days. Eventually something will give, probably the baby. Please don't perform an experiment...	[ "BULLET::::- Shaken baby syndrome. Shaking a baby is a common form of child abuse that often results in permanent neurological damage (80% of cases) or death (30% of cases). Damage results from intracranial hypertension (increased pressure in the skull) after bleeding in the brain, damage to the spinal cord and nec...
what will happen to apartment owners when the buildings get too old and must be demolished. do they own the air where there apt used to be?	What will usually happen is that the individual owners will take a vote to all sell their legal rights to the underlying land, move away, and divide the money among themselves. Then the developer who bought the land will build a new building there. In the United States, when apartments are each separately owned, they...	[ "By 1990, the apartment building had been converted into subsidized housing. The building closed in 2005, and shortly thereafter a fire damaged the interior. In 2008, it was placed on the demolition list by the city. In 2011 it was sold at auction. \n", "As a government response to the urban decay in 2018, it was...
Can physical trauma (e.g. a bullet), kill bacteria/viruses?	It can definitely kill bacteria. Some common methods for ~~smashing~~ mechanically disrupting cells are bead-beating and sonication. I guess mechanical disruption of enveloped viruses would work just as well, but would be more difficult for non-enveloped viruses. Unfortunately guns are not standard lab equipment. _UR...	[ "Injuries may be caused by any combination of external forces that act physically against the body. The leading causes of traumatic death are blunt trauma, motor vehicle collisions, and falls, followed by penetrating trauma such as stab wounds or impaled objects. Subsets of blunt trauma are both the number one and ...
what is a flux capacitor?	The core component of the time machine from the Back To The Future film series. It's just random technobabble, it doesn't actually exit in real life.	[ "A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to ...
If photons can only have energies equal to the difference between electron levels, how does blackbody radiation give off a continuous spectrum?	Blackbody radiation arises from the motion of atoms and molecules, and the fact that they are ultimately composed of charged objects. It does not come from atomic transitions to less-excited states. That is a separate component. For the specific processes that result in thermal radiation, see [Bremsstrahlung](_URL_0_...	[ "This factor shifts the peak of the distribution to higher energies. These peaks are the \"mode\" energy of a photon, when binned using equal-size bins of frequency or wavelength, respectively. Meanwhile, the \"average\" energy of a photon from a blackbody is\n", "The conversion between energy-based PAR and photo...
why most of the time lead singers in songs produced by dj-producers aren't mentioned in the title of the song, like in some of avicii's songs	The industry attaches the name to the project they are promoting for the song. If it is a David Guetta song for his album, they will call it that. But if David Guetta produces the song for someone else, it will be that persons name. So many songs are written and completely done and then they just figure out who they ...	[ "They met up in January 2001 in London to record the song. He went into a studio with only three tracks for the mix, and was impressed that there were many technicians and programmers that probably had been using a hundred. However, the singer was protecting the idea of the raw version, and said: \"This is how we w...
why are trains/cars/planes so loud when they go by outside but relatively quiet when you're inside them?	No expert but I would Imagine its just your standard sound deadening material like is used in cars. Start removing all those materials and you end up in an uncomfortable and loud metal box.	[ "It is not uncommon for the sound of a train's whistle to propagate for miles; yet vehicle operators still have a difficult time hearing the warning signal due to the vehicle's soundproofing and ambient noise within the cab (such as engine, road, radio, and conversation noises).\n", "BULLET::::- Train noise can b...
What would the outcome of the Crittenden compromise be if it went into effect?	Hi OP! I've removed this post since it asks respondents to speculate, which is [against rules of this subreddit](_URL_0_). Do consider x-posting to the creative minds over in /r/HistoricalWhatIf	[ "The Crittenden proposals were also discussed at the Peace Conference of 1861, a meeting of more than 100 of the nation's leading politicians, held February 8-27, 1861, in Washington, D.C. The conference, led by former President John Tyler, was the final formal effort of the states to avert the start of war. There ...
When did the right-wing become associated with better management of the economy?	This begs the question. I don't believe that's a common perception at all, except within the right wing itself, of course.	[ "Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives, monarchists, and reactionaries, the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascism, Nazism, and racial supremacy. From the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the ec...
In this picture (link below) hanging up in my town's town hall showing an American colonist and some Native people in the mid 1600s, how accurately depicted are their clothing?	It is entirely inaccurate. The depiction of the Puritan colonist instructing and evangelizing the compliant, submissive Natives is little more than a fantasy. But more on the clothing. New England colonists often commented on how the Natives there wore less clothing, but they only wore less clothing when the climate ...	[ "He was one of the first settlers at the artist colony in Grossmont on El Granito San Diego, with other famous artists like poet John Vance Cheney, music critic Havrah Hubbard and opera singer Schumann-Heink. Madame Schumann-Heink had a picture of Clark hung in her home. She felt he had contributed an enormous amou...
Is there any proof or reasoning behind people associating particular moods with particular alcohols (whiskey makes me fight) Or is it just a placebo effect?	It's placebo. Chemically, whiskey, vodka, rum, etc., are all pretty much the same: about 40% ethanol, 60% water, and trace impurities and flavorings.	[ "Ethanol is used as an anxiolytic, sometimes by self-medication. fMRI can measure the anxiolytic effects of alcohol in the human brain. The British National Formulary states, \"Alcohol is a poor hypnotic because its diuretic action interferes with sleep during the latter part of the night.\" Alcohol is also known t...
How big is the Moon's shadow during a solar eclipse?	It all depends on how close the moon is to the earth at the time of the eclipse. Sometimes it can be an Annular eclipse and there is no place that the sun is completely blocked out. It looks like the largest that it can be is approximately 250 km	[ "A partial lunar eclipse took place on April 23, 1948. A tiny bite out of the Moon may have been visible at maximum, though just 2% of the Moon was shadowed in a partial eclipse which lasted for 34 minutes and 18 seconds. A shading across the moon from the Earth's penumbral shadow should have been visible at maximu...
In 1975, Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was ‘dismissed’ by the Governor-General. How much evidence is there that both the CIA and the Nixon/Ford administrations played a significant role in the dismissal, along with Rupert Murdoch? If so, why?	So firstly, some background: Gough Whitlam became Prime Minister of Australia in 1972, and became the first Labor Prime Minister since 1949. Labor, as a result of being out of power for over two decades, had a progressive legislative agenda which they were eager to enact, and which they wanted to do without delay after...	[ "The Whitlam government ended in 1975 with a constitutional crisis in which Governor-General John Kerr dismissed the ministry and appointed Opposition Leader Malcolm Fraser as prime minister, an act in which the monarch herself was not consulted and, when approached after the event, pointedly refused to intervene, ...
if newton's third law, that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, is true, then why is there acceleration at all in the universe?	You're misinterpreting the 3rd law. I hate that translation of it, but it's the one that everybody uses. A much better way to formulate it is "for every force exerted by one object on another, there is another equal force by the second object on the first". In other words, I push on the wall, the wall pushes back at ...	[ "As described by the third of Newton's laws of motion of classical mechanics, all forces occur in pairs such that if one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the first. The third law is also more generally stated as: \"To every action there i...
Do people with higher alcohol tolerances actually process alcohol more efficiently (i.e., are their BACs comparatively lower), or are they simply more accustomed to handling the effects of alcohol?	That depends who you are comparing. Females typically have far less [alcohol dehydrogenase](_URL_1_) activity which is an enzyme responsible for alcohol 'processing' so in this case males do process alcohol more efficiently. If you are talking about people who frequently consume alcohol so they can have more drinks in ...	[ "Direct alcohol tolerance is largely dependent on body size. Large-bodied people will require more alcohol to reach insobriety than lightly built people. Thus men, being larger than women on average, will have a higher alcohol tolerance. The alcohol tolerance is also connected with activity of \"alcohol dehydrogena...
what is the difference between attraction, connection, and love?	It varies since its such a subjective topic but attraction commonly refers to being physically attracted to the other person aka thinking theyre pretty. A connection tends to be getting along with another person and having a lot in common aka liking eachother (though connection implies its coupled with attraction). Lov...	[ "Love has many different definitions ranging from a set of purely biological and chemical processes to a religious concept. As a character strength, love is a mutual feeling between two people characterized by attachment, comfort, and generally positive feelings. It can be broken down into 3 categories: love betwee...
why isn't there a company that makes really good looking cars(lambo category) with mediocre engines?wouldn't they sell a lot?	They would not sell much at all. The entire reason that top end sports cars are lusted after is their performance. To have a car that looks like one but does not perform like would be absolutely embarrassing.	[ "Autocar's \"Custom Engineering\" process for meeting each customer's needs led to a reputation as \"World's Finest\". White replaced Blue Streak engines with its own Mustang, and production of gasoline-powered trucks ended in 1965.\n", "Many aftermarket improvements have been offered over time to address some of...
why does one have no strength when waking up?	Your body paralyzes itself while you're asleep so you won't act out your dreams. It's takes some time for your body to regain full strength from it after you wake up. Fun fact, this is the same cause as sleep paralysis, or waking nightmares. You wake up at night, but your body is still locked, so you can't move, and ...	[ "A phenomenon of REM sleep, muscular paralysis, occurs at an inappropriate time. This loss of tonus is caused by massive inhibition of motor neurons in the spinal cord. When this happens during waking, the victim of a cataplectic attack loses control of his or her muscles. As in REM sleep, the person continues to b...
How did redlining in the United States create the racial make up of the suburbs?	Play around here. _URL_0_ This is my city, and I’ve researched the topic of redlining after this map came out. I’ve also talked to the author of that project. Redlining happened in the late 30’s. So Louisville is an old city and a river city. Most of the early economy was based on the river and most jobs and ...	[ "In 1934 the practice of redlining neighborhoods came into existence through the National Housing Act of 1934. This practice, also known as mortgage discrimination, began when the federal government and the newly formed Federal Housing Administration allowed the Home Owners' Loan Corporation to create \"residential...
what prevents a gas station employee from lying about how much i won on a lottery ticket like powerball and then stealing the winnings?	Gas Stations don't pay out anything over a few hundred dollars. If you win any significant amount then you have to go to the State Gambling Bureau and claim the money.	[ "A group of seven gas station employees in Queens, New York City, play the lottery every week and dream about what they would do with the winnings. When they do finally hit the jackpot, the coworkers learn that money may solve some problems, but it creates new ones.\n", "There have also been several cases of cash...
why do i have to go to the pharmacy 12 times a year to buy birth control pills, instead of being able to purchase my entire year-long prescription at once?	Pharmtech here! If you live in the United States, a 12-month prescription is completely doable, though you may have to pay a bit more. All non-controlled prescriptions expire after 365 days. Most birth controls are written in for either a 4-week (1 pack) or 12-week (3 pack) regimen, as that's the standard for insur...	[ "This is the reason why organizations like \"Worst Pill, Best Pill\" recommend not to use/prescribe new medications before being in the market for at least ten years (except in the case of important new drugs that treat previously unsolved problems).\n", "For instance, someone using oral forms of hormonal birth c...
if scotland exits from the union, what animal would replace the unicorn on the british coa?	Another lion, or perhaps the welsh dragon?	[ "In May 2008, a joint application submitted by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS) and the Scottish Wildlife Trust (SWT) was approved by the Scottish Government allowing for a trial reintroduction of the European beaver to the Knapdale Forest in Mid-Argyll. If the trial is successful then the European b...
why do asians/africans/southern europeans have a higher rate of lactose intolerance, while nordic europeans rarely have it at all?	Genetic mutation thousands of years ago. Travel was more difficult, so Europeans bred with Europeans, Africans with Africans, etc. Somewhere along the line, a European had a genetic mutation that made it so they could handle milk. As the mutation proved beneficial, evolution continued to hand it down as they reproduce...	[ "Some populations, from an evolutionary perspective, have a better genetic makeup for tolerating lactose than others. In northern European countries, lack of Vitamin D from the sun is balanced by consuming more milk and therefore more calcium. These countries' people have adapted a tolerance to lactose. Conversely,...
if earth and mars switched places, would life still sustain on earth?	Assuming they were the same size and had the same atmosphere as they currently are, then the biggest differences would be temperature, due to the distance from the sun, and the stability of orbits. Other thing like the length of the year doesn't really affect sustaining life. Earth is ~150M km from the sun, while Mars...	[ "The magnetic and climatic histories of Mars and Earth are extremely different, and would have greatly dictated the evolution of both biospheres. Around four billion years ago, the Martian dynamo shut down following a proposed period when a long-lasting Noachian ocean existed, and when life may have existed at the ...
are there any classic signs/symptoms that indicate someone is about to have a heart attack?	In the boy scouts we learned that a heart attack is characterized by: Nausea, Excess Sweating, Chest pain, Weakness/faintness, and Shortness of breath. Heart attack or not if you or someone around you had these symptoms I'd be pretty concerned	[ "The symptoms are often very similar to those of myocardial infarction (heart attack), with the most common being persistent chest pain. Other symptoms can include rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, sweating, extreme tiredness, nausea, and dizziness.\n", "If acute coronary syndrome (\"heart attack\") is suspec...
Can gyroscopes at the end of an axle or some other "no thrust" alternative be used to control the rate of precession of a big spinning wheel in space?	Contrary to what /u/SpaceIsKindOfCool said, there is a no-thrust solution to your problem. Sun-synchronous orbits use Earth's prolate shape to generate the necessary precession. [Wikipedia](_URL_0_) actually has all the math you need to figure it out. It turns out that the inclination required for a Sun-synchronous orb...	[ "Two gyroscopes are used to cancel gyroscopic precession, the tendency of a gyroscope to twist at right angles to an input torque. By mounting a pair of gyroscopes (of the same rotational inertia and spinning at the same speed in opposite directions) at right angles the precessions are cancelled and the platform wi...
was Aristotle held in high regard by roman/Greek philosophers in AD250?	Yes. The Peripatetic School, founded by Aristotle, was still around in 250. It was in decline by that point, and its members focused more on preserving Aristotle's own work than expanding on it, but the vital thread of Aristotlean philosophy was picked up by the Neoplatonists (who, despite their name, were a quasi-my...	[ "Although some knowledge of Aristotle seems to have lingered on in the ecclesiastical centres of western Europe after the fall of the Roman empire, by the ninth century nearly all that was known of Aristotle consisted of Boethius's commentaries on the \"Organon\", and a few abridgments made by Latin authors of the ...
Why were there no eunuchs in the Japanese court?	[This was asked once before!](_URL_0_) My answer was not very satisfactory though, but it's the only thing I've ever read that approached the question. I'd caution you not to make too much of the concubines and sexual access though. Sterility is a red herring! Eunuchs are more than castration! So don't automatically as...	[ "Eunuchs have existed in China since about 4,000 years ago, were imperial servants by 3,000 years ago, and were common as civil servants by the time of the Qin dynasty. From those ancient times until the Sui Dynasty, castration was both a traditional punishment (one of the Five Punishments) and a means of gaining e...
why do we measure speed by the hour instead of minutes?	60 miles per hour (sorry, using the units I'm most comfortable with on the road) is 1 mile per minute. I go 80 on the highways around here, and it's comfortable. If we're measuring by minute, though, the next unit up is 2 miles per minute, or 120 miles per hour. This is not comfortable. 80 mph is 1.33333 miles per min...	[ "Speed is the change in distance to an object with respect to time. Thus the existing system for measuring distance, combined with a memory capacity to see where the target last was, is enough to measure speed. At one time the memory consisted of a user making grease pencil marks on the radar screen and then calcul...
Can anyone help me identify this substance I found in my yard?	If it looks and smells like bee's wax it might be make by ground dwelling bees. We have them here in S. Texas. They are about the size of the end of your thumb to the first joint and, although they are slow to get aroused, when they do you might want to be someplace else. They make a kind of honey which is often in ...	[ "Hygroscopic substances include cellulose fibers (such as cotton and paper), sugar, caramel, honey, glycerol, ethanol, wood, methanol, sulfuric acid, many fertilizer chemicals, many salts (like calcium chloride, bases like sodium hydroxide etc.), and a wide variety of other substances.\n", "Alamosite (PbSiO) is a...
what is the point of those "fowarding you to your download in 5.." pages	They basically either make you look at ads, or are there to convince you into paying for a premium service. There's a slight chance that they're actually load-balancing and just want you to have something to look at so you don't think it's frozen and hit reload constantly, too.	[ "Is important to remember that while RetroShare’s encryption makes it virtually impossible for an ISP or another external observer to know what one is downloading or uploading, this limitation does not apply to members of the user's RetroShare circle of trust; adding the wrong people to it is a potential risk.\n", ...
When an object moves, how quickly does the change in direction of its gravitational field spread?	Two things could happen. In your scenario, if the object were magically teleported away, the other object would only observe the change in gravitational effect after the signal reaches it. That means that if it's 10 light years away, object B would only notice the object A moving away 10 years later. In reality, a ...	[ "Since the object's velocity vector is constantly changing direction, the moving object is undergoing acceleration by a centripetal force in the direction of the center of rotation. Without this acceleration, the object would move in a straight line, according to Newton's laws of motion.\n", "The gravitational fo...
Our ears are so sensitive, that we can ear someone murmur from a few meters in a quiet room. How come the wind doesn't render us deaf ?	You have 2 muscles which attach to the conductive bones in your ear. The stapedius muscle attaches to the stapes (stirrup) and the tensor tympani attaches to the malleus (hammer). Contraction of these muscles prevent the bones from vibrating as much and thus makes sounds less loud. You have two reflexes that contract...	[ "The human ear can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz (the audio range). Sounds outside this range are considered infrasound (below 20 Hz) or ultrasound (above 20 kHz) Although hearing requires an intact and functioning auditory portion of the central nervous system as well as a working...
if the fdic ensures 250k, how do billionaires organize so much money?	They spread it out over many banks. They also have a ton of assets that simply aren't FDIC insured. The FDIC isn't designed to protect the money of billionaires. The purpose of the program is to prevent bank runs in times of desperation.	[ "The foundation has funded a wide range of interventions, many controversial, including Oregon's open primary ballot, Planned Parenthood, the Guttmacher Institute, the Network of Abortion Funds, the Center of Reproductive Rights, education reform, efforts to end public pensions, a data-first approach to criminal ju...
"There may only be one electron in the whole Universe"?	It was casually suggested by John Wheeler in 1940. You shouldn't think of it as a serious idea. The idea is that there's one single electron moving back and forth in time. The positron is when the electron is moving backwards in time. In fact, a positron does look like an electron in the opposite direction of time. H...	[ "The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass that...
what is the little metal piece that coaches press against a boxers cuts?	It's suppose to reduce swelling. It's cold and absorbs body heat quickly.	[ "Aspiring boxers undergo years of apprenticeship, toughening their fists against stone and other hard surfaces, until they are able to break coconuts and rocks with their bare hands. Any part of the body may be targeted, except the groin, but the prime targets are the head and chest. Techniques incorporate punches,...
what makes md5 such a bad hashing algorithm?	A couple of things: 1) It's very fast. "How is that a disadvantage?" you may ask. Don't we want computers to be fast? Well, not in this case. For one, you don't need the speed. If your login takes 500 ms instead of 0.5 ms because of a slow hash function, you don't really mind. On the other hand, being able to calculat...	[ "The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. Although MD5 was initially designed to be used as a cryptographic hash function, it has been found to suffer from extensive vulnerabilities. It can still be used as a checksum to verify data integrity, but only against ...
Could a planetary system be close enough to a nebula so as to have "nebula-lit night sky?"	The most dramatic nebula images you generally see are those of [molecular clouds](_URL_0_). These are star forming regions, which will form stars and planets. However, much of the gas is dissipated within 10s of millions of years by the radiation and winds from big bright short-lived stars, which is barely enough time ...	[ "When stars like the Sun are near end of life, they send their outer layers into space to create glowing clouds of gas, a planetary nebulae. This ejection of mass is uneven, and planetary nebulae can have complex shapes. NGC 6818 shows knotty filament-like structures and distinct layers of material, with a bright a...
Curious question about female ovulation	EDIT: Mostly outside my area of expertise, don't trust my tag too much. The only reason a biology teacher should feel awkward being asked this question is if they don't know the answer and aren't willing to help you find someone or a source that does. So the menstrual cycle is generated by a complex interaction betwe...	[ "The start of ovulation can be detected by signs. Because the signs are not readily discernible by people other than the female, humans are said to have a concealed ovulation. In many animal species there are distinctive signals indicating the period when the female is fertile. Several explanations have been propos...
Why weren't air rifles more widely used in the American Civil War?	Can you elaborate?	[ "During the American Civil War, an assortment of small arms found their way onto the battlefield. Though the muzzle-loading percussion cap rifle was the most numerous weapon, being standard-issue forth the Union and Confederate armies, many other firearms, ranging from the single shot breech-loading Sharps and Burn...
When an electrical flow is traveling down a metal wire, what is going on at the atomic level?	Electrical current is the "pushing" of electrons on each other. You can think of it as electrons being pulled from one atom, jumping to the next, and being replaced by those in line behind them to create a cycle. This is why electrical current only flows in a circuit, or a complete loop for the electrons to circulate...	[ "When high voltage is applied to the gap, a spark forms across the bottom of the wires where they are nearest each other, rapidly changing to an electric arc. Air breaks down at about 30 kV/cm, depending on humidity, temperature, etc. Apart from the anode and cathode voltage drops, the arc behaves almost as a short...
Was "boiling oil" ever regularly used in siege warfare, or is this a myth, or something that only happened a few times?	From the point of view of European medieval siege warfare, there are instances of a whole host of things being thrown by defenders over walls, through machicolations and down murder holes, or via siege engines by attackers. These include everything from rocks and pitch, to waste and effluent, to human corpses and anima...	[ "Due to the chemical characteristics of petroleum that it continues to burn in water, it was widely used by feudal militaries. Some examples include the defense of the city of Jiuquan in Gansu Province in the year 578 against the invading Göktürk army, in which the defenders used petroleum to ignite and destroy the...
Would the Superconducting Super Collider, that was cancelled have been a huge science gain over the LHC?	It would have had about three times the energy: 40 TeV total vs 14. That means that it would have gotten the same results faster (look at how fast the LHC found what the Tevatron spent years looking for) and would have had a better chance at finding new physics like supersymmetry.	[ "Planning for a new powerful collider to explore new physics at the 1 TeV scale had already started in 1983. The Superconducting Super Collider was to accelerate protons in an underground circular tunnel just outside Dallas, Texas to energies of each. One of the primary goals of this megaproject was finding the Hig...
why do many high-education-required jobs pay less than low-education-required counterparts?	It really depends on the details, you'd need to be more specific. A trade skill can be quite valuable if it's in demand and doesn't require a degree, so probably plumbers with no degree make more money on average than people with many kinds of humanities degrees. But on average across the whole population, people wit...	[ "People with higher education have always tended to have higher salaries and less unemployment than people with less education. However, the type of degree has a large impact on future earnings. Average annual earnings range from $27,000 for high school dropouts to $80,000 for those with a graduate degree. Undergra...
Does it save energy to turn down your furnace (or AC) during the day?	The answer relates to [Newton's Law of Cooling](_URL_0_). To calculate how much heat leaked out of (or into) a house, you only need to know the average temperature difference between the inside and outside. So we have two scenarios: Tracy Wastrel leaves the house for some interval, and leaves the thermostat untouche...	[ "When a solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days, it is possible to consume the cheap excess infirm power from solar PV, wind and hydro power plants (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) by heating the hot molten sa...
why are bogs so good at preserving organic material?	The broad answer: loss of sunlight and oxygen (due to excess pigmented and colloidal organic material), low pH, (due to organic acids, especially humic acids), and low N, K, and P content (bogs are usually relatively upland, and away from volcanic soils or metamorphic mineral soils). Corrections to my description are...	[ "Anaerobic acidic sphagnum bogs have low rates of decay, and hence preserve plant fragments and pollen to allow reconstruction of past environments. They even preserve human bodies for millennia; examples of these preserved specimens are Tollund Man, Haraldskær Woman, Clonycavan Man and Lindow Man. Such bogs can al...
why isn't the female condom more popular?	They're difficult to wear, less attractive to look at, and they're more failure prone than male.condoms. They also get in the way during sex as you have a plastic supporting ring hanging outside the vagina. Horrid devices. There's nothing less sexy.	[ "The female condom was developed in the late 20th century (male condoms have been used for centuries). A primary motive for its creation is the well-documented refusal of some men to use a condom because of loss of sensation and the resulting impact on the hardness of the man's erection, and secondarily by its impl...
how are the children of illegal immigrants in the us (who, therefore, are also illegal) able to attend high schools and universities?	Public schools generally only require that you list your place of residence and you arrange for transportation, whether by school bus route or personally picking up or dropping off. Most school districts don't check citizenship because it's never been an issue. Colleges just don't care about citizenship. They only loo...	[ "Another example includes undocumented students, immigrants to the United States, and people who look like immigrants. Regarding undocumented students, this refers to children born in the United States to parents who had illegally entered the U.S These students are actual U.S. citizens, but have been in danger of e...
Why does a space shuttle do a quarter turn 15-30 seconds into launch? Why not just launch it with that orientation rather than turning?	Excellent question! The roll program is executed around T+12 to orient the shuttle into a heads down attitude to reduce structural loading, gain downrange velocity, and provide a easier abort maneuver setup. The roll program is a combined roll, yaw and pitch maneuver. I think your question is mainly about the roll an...	[ "The system had some unique features including an intended two-week turn-around time (for the original Space Shuttle launch turn-around time) and the roll-on-roll-off for loading in aircraft (Earth-transportation).\n", "One of the small rocket engines which help control the pointing of the Shuttle was turned off ...
If light is produced by the release of photons when electrons return to stable energy levels, why do blackbody objects emit light over a continuous and wide spectrum?	Charged particles emit a (quasi-)discrete spectrum of EM radiation when they transition between bound states, but they can also emit continuous spectra when they transition between scattering states. This is what bremsstrahlung is, and that's ultimately what causes the continuous Planck spectrum of a black body.	[ "The photons of a light beam have a characteristic energy which is proportional to the frequency of the light. In the photoemission process, if an electron within some material absorbs the energy of one photon and acquires more energy than the work function (the electron binding energy) of the material, it is eject...
If time dilation increases exponentially as an object approaches a black hole's event horizon, how does anything ever reach the singularity?	Well, the key point is that time passes differently for different observers. So yes, someone looking from far away would see everything quickly redshift and essentially become frozen and dark right on the surface of the black hole (at least until it evaporates). But from the perspective of whatever is falling into th...	[ "The increase in the time coordinate to infinity as one approaches the event horizon is why information could never be received back from any probe that is sent through such an event horizon. This is despite the fact that the probe itself can nonetheless travel past the horizon. It is also why the space-time metric...
- the dot com crash	When the internet was first becoming popular and a mainstay in most homes, tons of ".com" companies were being started. For instance, I remember _URL_0_ being a Company that would deliver groceries to your door after you ordered online. Anyway, tons of these startups were being established, going public, which led to a...	[ "The Nasdaq Composite stock market index, which included many Internet-based companies, peaked in value on March 10, 2000, before crashing. The burst of the bubble, known as the dot-com crash, lasted from March 11, 2000, to October 9, 2004. During the crash, many online shopping companies, such as Pets.com, Webvan,...
who or what determines a day to be "national 'whatever' day!" that i see on facebook and listen on the radio every day?	Marketing departments of parties with a vested interest. National Chocolate Day will be promoted by the International Association of Chocolate Manufacturers etc. etc. There's nothing 'official' about it. You can declare any day to be anything and just shout about it on social media.	[ "The aim of the event is to “raise a greater, national awareness of the many college and high school radio stations that operate in North America by encouraging people who would not normally listen to college radio to do so on this day.” This first event had over 360 participating college and high school radio stat...
in places where water is scarce, could a dehumidifier collect water from the air that would be potable?	Yes. It's called an atmospheric water generator. The cost is that it uses a substantial amount of energy.	[ "Many portable dehumidifiers can also be adapted to connect the condensate drip output directly to a drain via a hose. Some dehumidifier models can tie into plumbing drains or use a built-in water pump to empty themselves as they collect moisture. Alternatively, a separate condensate pump may be used to move collec...
why are millennials so obsessed with college and graduate school?	Because your boomer parents were, back when college and grad school were both affordable and afforded advantages	[ "The College Board, the National Youth Leadership Council, and other youth-serving organizations suggest that there are many ways schools can help young people make the most of their senior year instead of succumbing to the temptation to take it easy once graduation is assured. Giving young people opportunities to ...
bank of canada interest rate: why do they raise it, why is it good to raise it (and who for), and why can’t they leave it at 0%?	In general, low interest rates help boost the economy because it becomes cheaper to borrow money, which businesses can use to make investments in their business. Consumers can buy homes and other things cheaply. But there is no such thing as a free lunch, low interest rates accelerate the rate of inflation, and can pot...	[ "On December 9, the Bank of Canada lowered its key interest rate by 0.75% to 1.5%, the lowest it had been since 1958; at the same time the Bank officially announced that Canada's economy was in recession. This move came after the news that Canada lost 70,600 jobs in the month of November, the most since 1982. The o...
what's happening on a biological level when my hair sticks up and i can't get it to go down?	It's nothing biological. It could be sticking up for a number of reasons, one of which is static electricity. Static electricity comes about when there is an imbalance of positively charged and negatively charged atoms in a system (the system in this case being your hair). When your hair is charged, it will want to spr...	[ "Hair growth begins inside the hair follicle. The only \"living\" portion of the hair is found in the follicle. The hair that is visible is the hair shaft, which exhibits no biochemical activity and is considered \"dead\". The base of a hair's root (the \"bulb\") contains the cells that produce the hair shaft. Othe...
what are the advantages (and disadvantages) of animals having larger males vs larger females?	It varies from species to species really. With lions, a single male keeps a pride of females and he is the only one to mate with them. Male lions grow very big because they are essentially brawlers. When a male lion wants to mate, he'll have to fight and beat a pride leader to take over his pride. If a male lion has a ...	[ "There are cases where males are substantially larger than females. An example is \"Lamprologus callipterus\", a type of cichlid fish. In this fish, the males are characterized as being up to 60 times larger than the females. The male's increased size is believed to be advantageous because males collect and defend ...
How unique are individual animals of the same species?	> There is also a great variety amongst humans that is not typically found in other species. That's just because you don't notice the difference in other species as much as you do in humans. It's "all Asians look the same" syndrome.	[ "In essential structural characteristics, as well as in general appearance and habits, all the animals of this genus very closely resemble each other, so whether they should be considered as belonging to one, two, or more species is a matter of controversy among naturalists.\n", "Some species are more distinct th...
what the is escrow and what does it mean if my mortgage has an escrow shortage?	Escrow is a source of funds held by a neutral 3rd party... in the case of your mortgage, it's money you pay as part of your monthly mortgage that's held to pay property taxes (typically paid twice a year) and homeowners insurance (paid annually). If you have an escrow shortage, then it likely means that the monthly am...	[ "In the U.S., escrow payment is a common term referring to the portion of a mortgage payment that is designated to pay for real property taxes and hazard insurance. It is an amount \"over and above\" the principal and interest portion of a mortgage payment. Since the escrow payment is used to pay taxes and insuranc...
if i can water down a drink (soda, gatorade, "juice") and it's still brightly coloured, why did the manufacture add so much colouring to begin with?	The point of the dye is to change the color from something that is probably grotesque/unappealing, to something more matching our expectations based on described flavor. So let's say your cherry drink is really blue, with all of the chemicals in it, before coloring. you add a heap of red, but it doesn't change much. yo...	[ "The Hi-C products used to be the color implied by their flavor, but in 2002, Hi-C juice boxes was re-introduced as a yellowish clear beverage that would not stain clothing. Thus, flavors like Shoutin' Orange Tangergreen lost their distinctive colors. The soda fountain versions of Fruit Punch, Poppin' Pink Lemonade...
Physics debate on Kennedy Assassination	From the hearings: Excerpts from testimony of Alfred G. Olivier, DVM to Rockefeller Commission, April 18, 1975. Transcript of testimony taken beginning at page 21 of the testimony. Dr. Olivier, (A.) a wound ballistics scientist, is being questioned by Robert Olsen. (Q.) Q. What is your opinion, based upon the expert...	[ "In \"Killing Kennedy\" the authors narrate the events leading up to the assassination of President Kennedy as well as the event's aftermath. O'Reilly and Dugard also focus on the element of the growing Cold War, Kennedy's attempt to deal with the rise of Communism, and the potential threat from organized crime.\n"...
Since all the plates are constanly moving, will there ever be a time where the continents will move into eachother and form a new supercontinent?	Yes. The exact arrangement of the next supercontinent is debated, with layouts such as "Amasia" and "Pangea Ultima" proposed, depending mainly on whether subduction zones form at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean or not. But another supercontinent of some sort is very likely in future. And yes, rifting can split a plate ...	[ "The movement of plates has caused the formation and break-up of continents over time, including occasional formation of a supercontinent that contains most or all of the continents. The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period of and broke up about . The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have form...
Did any of Leonardo Da Vinci's research actually lead to technological advancement, or was it all lost until it became irrelevant?	I actually wrote a paper on this last year, which allows me the delicious pretentiousness of quoting myself. TL;DR: His rediscovered papers helped design a surgical robot in the late 1990s, and improved a specific type of heart surgery in the early 2000s. (Edit: And, as others have pointed out, not much else.)...	[ "While the full extent of his scientific studies has only become recognized in the last 150 years, he was, during his lifetime, employed for his engineering and skill of invention. Many of his designs, such as the movable dikes to protect Venice from invasion, proved too costly or impractical. Some of his smaller i...
how are subtitles created for films?	You give someone the film and a copy of the script, and they type out the subtitles/CC. It's a lot of work, I've done it for a few 10min videos on YouTube and it took hours. However, YouTube can auto-generate captions and you can edit those, which drastically reduces the time required, but it still takes a while. ...	[ "In Bulgaria, television series are dubbed, but most television channels use subtitles for action and drama movies. AXN uses subtitles for its series, but as of 2008 emphasizes dubbing. Only Diema channels dub all programs. Movies in theaters, with the exception of films for children, use dubbing and subtitles. Dub...
the relationship between pressure and density in a fluid.	Because barometers measure pressure, so it makes sense to use the most direct qualifier to describe the air, instead of putting it through an unnecessary conversion.	[ "Gas is compressible and the density changes significantly with changes in pressure. Liquids, on the other hand, are considered to be incompressible and so their density does not tend to change with a change in pressure. If the pressure of a wet gas system increases, the density of the gas will increase but the den...
Armistice was 11 o'clock on the 11th of November. How widespread (immediate) among the trenches was this, and is there any evidence that commanders ordered unnecessary assaults?	The armstice was actually reached at 5am in the morning that day, to be enacted at 11am. So there was a 6 hour delay to allow the implementation of the truce. The armstice was announced in Paris at 9am, and in London around 10:20 am. Allied artillery continue to fire on the Germans even after the truce was announced, s...	[ "Armistice Day is commemorated every year on 11 November to mark the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne, France at 5:45 am, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, which took effect at eleven o'clock in the morning—the \"eleventh hour of the ele...
Can you approach a black hole from any dimension and experience the same result?	What do you mean from any dimension? Do you mean from any direction? If the black hole isn't spinning very fast then yes. If it's spinning fast enough it depends on your direction relative to its equator.	[ "If our massive object is in fact a (nonrotating) black hole, we probably wish to follow the experience of the Lemaître observers as they fall through the event horizon at formula_71. Since the static polar spherical coordinates have a coordinate singularity at the horizon, we'll need to switch to a more appropriat...
why does being warm make us drowsy, whereas being cold makes us alert ?	Your heart hate slows in a warm environment because it doesn't have to work as hard to keep your body warm.	[ "One explanation for the effect is a cold-induced malfunction of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body temperature. Another explanation is that the muscles contracting peripheral blood vessels become exhausted (known as a loss of vasomotor tone) and relax, leading to a sudden surge of blood (a...
how can a scratched dvd sometimes work when just 1 wrong letter can crash computer codes?	Error correction routines. Essentially, they assume the disc will be scratched eventually and structure the data such that minor issues can be accounted for and dealt with.	[ "Scratched compact discs and DVDs may sometimes be repaired through buffing with a very fine compound, the principle being that a multitude of small scratches will be more optically transparent than a single large scratch. However, this does take some skill and will eventually cause the protective coating of the di...
pythagoreanism	The sum of squares on the short sides is equal to the square on the long side in a right triangle.	[ "Pythagoreanism is the name given to the system of philosophy and science developed by Pythagoras, which influenced nearly all the systems of Hellenistic philosophy that followed. Two schools of Pythagorean thought eventually developed; one based largely on mathematics and continuing his line of scientific work, wh...
how do companies trademark super common words/terms	Trademarks are very specific and contextual, unlike, say, copyright. A copyright protects you pretty much regardless of the context (pretty much but not always). But copyright requires a whole body of work. For instance, "Harry Potter" is copyrighted, but there's a whole novel there. JK Rowling can't just stamp "Harr...	[ "A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these elements. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these standard categories, such as those based on colour, smell, or sound (like jingles). Trademarks which are...
Can aerosol spray cans used as flamethrowers explode at any time?	In order for a gas to ignite it needs to combine with (usually) oxygen. There is no oxygen in the can so the flame cannot backup into the can to explode. This is the same reason a gas stove does not send the flame back down the pipes. The gas can only burn once it is in the presence of oxygen and there is none (or n...	[ "BULLET::::- The propellants in aerosol cans are typically combinations of ignitable gases and have been known to cause fires and explosions. However, non-flammable compressed gases such as nitrogen and nitrous oxide have been widely adopted into a number of aerosol systems (such as air fresheners and aerosolized w...
why reading strings of numbers or letters out loud helps with short term memorization	It doesn't. What you're doing is rehearsing which moves stuff from working/short-term memory to long-term memory. But because you're not storing it in any effective way, you'll have trouble retrieving it very shortly. Short-term/working memory can usually hold 7 items at once (maybe 1 more, maybe 1 less), and you c...	[ "Skilled readers demonstrate longer reaction times when reading aloud irregular words that do not follow spelling-sound rules compared to regular words. When an irregular word is presented, both the lexical and nonlexical pathways are activated but they generate conflicting information that takes time to be resolve...
what happens if you try to play an instrument in space ?	An electric guitar with magnetic pickups would work in a vacuum because it does not rely on air to carry the vibration of the strings to the pickups- it senses motion of the metal strings instead. Most other instruments would not generate any noise in space, as they almost all require air as a medium in some capacity ...	[ "Music in space is music played in or broadcast from a spacecraft in outer space. According to the Smithsonian Institution, the first musical instruments played in outer space were an 8-note Hohner \"Little Lady\" harmonica and a handful of small bells carried by American astronauts Wally Schirra and Thomas P. Staf...
How ISS orbit height was decided?	It all comes down to cost. Launching anything into space is very expensive and any oppertunity to safely cut cost is taken. As far as the atmospheric drag, we are talking about the indivdual atmospheric particles being meters apart from each other. To correct for this drag takes very little effort and is much cheaper t...	[ "Prior to the landing on May 26, 2010, the orbital altitude of the ISS was lowered by 1.5 kilometers to 345 kilometers to ensure perfect conditions for the re-entry of the Soyuz TMA-17 into the Earth's atmosphere. The orbit of the ISS was adjusted using the four engines on board the Progress M-05M spacecraft.\n", ...
Does every chemical reaction emit a sound?	Sound is basically vibration. Vibrations that result from some source of displacement. In an abstract sense, even molecular movements like an enzyme changing its conformation create 'sound' in that when the energy resulting in the physical change is released and some of it is displaced outwardly to the environment in t...	[ "A chemical reaction takes place only when the reacting particles collide. However, not all collisions are effective in causing the reaction. Products are formed only when the colliding particles possess a certain minimum energy called threshold energy. As a rule of thumb, reaction rates for many reactions double f...
if ww3 happened tomorrow, what would be the biggest difference in warfare stuff compared to ww2?	"I do not know how the Third World War will be fought, but I can tell you what they will use in the Fourth — rocks!" - [Albert Einstein](_URL_0_)	[ "Since the end of World War II, no industrial nation has fought such a large, decisive war. This is likely due to the availability of nuclear weapons, whose destructive power and quick deployment render a full mobilization of a country's resources such as in World War II logistically impractical and strategically i...
In your opinion at point had the Roman Republic irrevocably fallen?	The Roman Republic wasn't a singular entity, it was a collection of laws, customs, and institutions that together formed a government. Some of these were ended fairly early--Sulla's march on Rome, for example, or Cicero's execution of citizens without trial. Some of these were ended late--it wasn't until 69 CE that an ...	[ "However, the fall of the Roman Republic intervened, and the beginning of imperial monarchy at Rome followed. Sulla's first march on Rome in 88 BC had begun the collapse of the republican form of government, but the death of Crassus and the loss of his legions utterly reconfigured the balance of power at Rome. An o...
How inaccurate is this "Adam Ruins Everything" video about the history of Anatomy?	Just a brief response -- despite the host's claim to "ruin everything" by giving counterfactual stories, he's actually delivering a very mainstream hagiography of Vesalius that would have not seemed out of place in the 19th century (though still is popular today, especially in the medical field). The actual history -- ...	[ "Stark observes that the American Medical Journal reported that Michelangelo's \"The Creation of Adam\" appears to conform deliberately to the neuroanatomical shape of the brain, its Sylvian fissure clearly evident, suggesting Michelangelo may have intentionally conflated theology with neurology ( Meshberger 1990: ...
Just to add more to the current discussion on beer, I have a few questions inside	1. Water was always an option. Drinking water from sources or even collected rain wasn't that unhealthy. Pure water could become a problem in medieval cities due to the population density and the disposal of waste in natural bodies of water. But as stated in one of the answers of the post you're referring to water from...	[ "The Museum of Beer and Brewing is a non-profit educational organization that was founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, by a group of beer history enthusiasts. Since its conception, the group has lost one of its founding members, Karl Strauss, a retired brewer from the Pabst Brewing Company. Strauss died ...
Where does Cicero talk about "a certain Roman praetor, Cassius"?	It's at Cic., Pro Rosc., 84: > L. Cassius ille quem populus Romanus verissimum et sapientissimum iudicem putabat identidem in causis quaerere solebat 'cui bono' fuisset. > > That great L. Cassius, whom the Roman people considered the truest and wisest judge [i.e. juror], who was accustomed to asking in court cas...	[ "Cicero's work is typically seen as a list of orators and the development of oratory in Rome. While the purpose of the Brutus is to record the history of oratory and confirm that it has failed to exist, some scholars believe that Cicero fails in adequately achieving his task. This is a problem because Cicero fails ...
Help explaining some of the pockets of Europe NOT hit by the Black Death	Krakow and Milan both instituted very draconian quarantine procedures early on. I have no idea what happened in the Pyrénées, but it could easily be related to lack of travel in that relatively sparsely populated and mountainous area.	[ "Some studies indicate that the Black Death, which devastated Europe starting in the late 1340s, may have reached Europe from Central Asia (or China) along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire. One theory holds that Genoese traders coming from the entrepot of Trebizond in northern Turkey carried the disease to Wes...
why does out stomach hurt and we get diarrhea after eating something really spicy and hot? what happens inside of our body?	im not a biologist so take this with a grain of salt, but im guessing its because the stomach is irritated by the spicy food and wants to purge itself.	[ "Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, feeling full soon after beginning to eat (early satiety), abdominal bloating, and heartburn. The most common known mechanism is autonomic neuropathy of the nerve which innervates the stomach: the vagus nerve. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is a major cause of this...

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