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Why do we not hear about the 6,000,000 Jews who were about to die in Russia? | The website you linked and all the other websites out there who cite real and alleged news paper articles referring to this number are all Holocaust denial sites and they represent a classic tactic of Holocaust deniers. They go: "Well here are some real newspapers and some I made up who mention six million Jews being i... | [
"In 1919, Russian Jews were caught in the middle of a civil war, and became the victims of warring Red and White Russian, Ukrainian and Polish forces, among others, resulting in the loss of an estimated 100,000 Jewish lives. White Russian troops led by Denikin staged pogroms against Jews in practically every town h... |
How important was honour in Tokugawa Japan? Could it have possibly weakened rule e.g Ako incident and seppuku after the death on ones lord? | There isn't a simple answer to this question. Tokugawa Japan was not a monolithic society. There were diverse people living in Japan in this long period, separated by wealth, location, social status, gender, occupation and so on. Honor was certainly an ideal of the small but powerful samurai status group. But it was no... | [
"Hideyoshi had on his deathbed appointed a group of the most powerful lords in Japan—Tokugawa, Maeda, Ukita, Uesugi, Mōri—to govern as the Council of Five Elders until his infant son, Hideyori, came of age. An uneasy peace lasted until the death of Maeda Toshiie in 1599. Thereafter, Ishida Mitsunari accused Ieyasu ... |
Is human labor and delivery more dangerous than other primates'? Why? | Yes, mainly because of a narrow pelvis, combined with large heads. (Children have huge heads in proportion to bodysize and weight, as they are born with about 33% of adult brain volume)
Human pelvi are so narrow because of bipedality, which, as other comments already explained, seems to have been a bigger advantage tha... | [
"Infanticide in non-human primates occurs as a result of exploitation when the individuals enacting the infanticide directly benefit from consumption or use of their victim. The individual can become a resource: food (cannibalism), protective buffer against aggression, or a prop to obtain maternal experience.\n",
... |
Did Isaac Newton know how big the Earth is? How? | Almost certainly. The circumference of the Earth had been known for nearly 2000 years before Newton was born. In about 250BC, the head librarian of the library at Alexandria (Egypt), [Eratosthenes of Cyrene](_URL_1_), came across an interesting account in one of the library's manuscripts.
It observed that in the dista... | [
"Isaac Newton explained this in his \"Principia Mathematica\" (1687) in which he outlined his theory and calculations on the shape of the Earth. Newton theorized correctly that the Earth was not precisely a sphere but had an oblate ellipsoidal shape, slightly flattened at the poles due to the centrifugal force of i... |
What is an example of two very similar chemical formulas behaving very differently? | There are many examples of this. The chemical formula itself is often not a good indication of its properties, rather, a compound's structure is often important. Take for example the formula C4H8O2. Two ways that we can arrange those atoms is as [ethyl acetate](_URL_1_) or [butyric acid](_URL_0_). Those two compounds h... | [
"In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of sulphur monoxide, or SO, would simply be SO, as is the empirical formula of disulphur dioxide, SO. This means that sulp... |
My friends are watching a documentary, and the host mentioned that "it is estimated that there are more stars than grains of sand on all the world's beaches." Does this have any basis, and is it really true? | They can estimate it, the numbers will be rough but even using rough numbers this isn't that difficult to determine since the difference is vast.
[I'm sure this isn't the only estimate but this is one done by the University of Hawaii](_URL_1_)
They come up with 7.5 x 10^18 or 7.5 billion billion grains of sand.
[Ca... | [
"\"Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand\" is about the distant future but the ideas that Delany writes about are reflections of the contemporary world. Delany himself has said, \"Science fiction is not ‘about the future.’ Science fiction \"is in dialogue with the present\"…[the science fiction writer] indulge[s] ... |
why do some governments see the need to have a tax on taxi fees? | > Why do some governments see the need to have a tax on taxi fees?
To make money.
> And why can't they tax Uber similarly?
They could pass a law to do so if they want to.
| [
"In the taxi regulation report by U.S. FTC it was concluded that there are not grounds for limiting the number of taxi companies and cars. These limitations cause a disproportionate burden on low income people. It is better to increase the pay for unprofitable areas than to force the taxis to serve these areas.\n",... |
What is it psychologically that makes $9.99 so much better of a price than $10.00? | [Wikipedia has a whole article devoted to this idea, called *psychological pricing*](_URL_0_). In short, people seem to overestimate the difference between 99¢ and $1, which is why retailers price things in odd units. | [
"There are certain price points where people are willing to buy a product. If the price of a product is $100 and the company prices it at $99, then it is called psychological pricing. In most consumer's minds, $99 is psychologically 'less' than $100. A minor distinction in pricing can make a big difference in sales... |
how did the economy work during the middle-ages? | The early middle ages can be viewed as effectively the worst economic depression western civilization has ever faced. Coupled with - and contributing to - that downturn was a sudden and overwhelming lack of law and order because the political and economic system that had previously maintained it - the Roman Empire - la... | [
"During the Middle Ages, commerce developed in Europe through the trading of luxury goods at trade fairs. Some wealth became converted into movable wealth or capital. Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries. Hand-to-hand markets became a feature of town life, and ... |
how the licence plate system is working in the usa ? | As far as I know, each state handles their own plates. So they are free to create as many custom plate styles as they see fit. Most of the custom plates are local government trying to get more money from you, as you have to pay more for these. | [
"Often, registration plates are called \"licence plates\" (drivers are licensed, vehicles are registered), but the term \"licence plate\" is common in informal usage. On most licence plates, there is a small sticker, which indicates the month and year of plate renewal, that the driver sticks to the licence plates. ... |
Is there any doubt that the Colossus of Rhodes existed? | Strabo states with a degree of certainty that the ruins of the Colossus were visible when he wrote the *Geography* (English version [here](_URL_2_)) at around the turn of the 1st century AD, and Pliny the Elder's [Natural History](_URL_0_) goes into considerable detail about the construction of those ruins. We also ha... | [
"The Colossus of Rhodes ( ) was a statue of the Greek sun-god Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus... |
why does a deep scrape on elbows/knees/shins stay white for a period of time before bleeding? | This is because initially after an injury, blood vessels contract in order to minimise blood loss. They increase again in diameter later to facilitate healing and the movement of specialised cells and materials towards the site of injury. You can see this contraction and subsequent dilation of blood vessels anywhere; t... | [
"Bleeding or flushing is shiny, black surface film of asphalt on the road surface caused by upward movement of asphalt in the pavement surface. Common causes of bleeding are too much asphalt in asphalt concrete, hot weather, low space air void content and quality of asphalt.\n",
"Whereas a bruise typically appear... |
what "latter" means in a sentence. i've heard it for a few years now and don't understand how to use it. | If I ask whether you have an apple or an orange and you reply that you have the latter, you mean that you have an orange. If you reply that you have the former, you have an apple. | [
"The phrase 'the three Rs' is used because each word in the phrase has a strong \"R\" phoneme (sound) at the beginning. The term is ironic, since someone with rudimentary language education would know that two of the original words do not actually begin with the letter \"R\". The third \"R\" was more probably Recko... |
why do we still use roman numerals? | It looks cool. | [
"The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day.\n"... |
how will the rising antimicrobial resistance affect us in the future? | Worst case scenario? We're back to the middle ages, when a cut could kill you if it got infected.
What's actually likely to happen, though, is that certain bacteria will become highly resistant to antibiotics, and if we can't develop new antibiotics to combat them then those particular diseases will become more deadly... | [
"The increasing interconnectedness of the world and the fact that new classes of antibiotics have not been developed and approved for more than 25 years highlight the extent to which antimicrobial resistance is a global health challenge. A global action plan to tackle the growing problem of resistance to antibiotic... |
Did the Ottomans refer to Istanbul as Konstantiniyye? | The official name change was after the Ottomans. It took place in the 20th Century.
There is a nice discussion anchored by /u/spoonfeedme at [_URL_0_](_URL_1_)
& #x200B;
& #x200B; | [
"The name \"İstanbul\" (, colloquially ) is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase (pronounced ), which means \"to the city\" and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks. This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottom... |
If I can increase the air pressure in an opened 2 liter bottle of soda would that prevent it from going flat? | Here's a thought: If you put a carefully calibrated piece of dry ice (solid CO2) into the soda bottle before you closed it, you could raise the pressure in the bottle enough to re-fizz your soda.
Of course, if you put too much, the bottle will explode. | [
"The difference between the reduced pressure at the top of the tube and the higher atmospheric pressure inside the bottle pushes the liquid from the reservoir up the tube and into the moving stream of air where it is broken up into small droplets (not atoms as the name suggests) and carried away with the stream of ... |
if websites like google take a double shot using the captcha (first makes sure you are not a bot, second using you as a worker to do a job for them by reading let's say a house number that is not legible for a machine), how do they know what is that so-called number? | One of the things in the captcha is known to the system already. This is the one they are using to make sure you're not a bot.
The other one is not currently known. It takes your answer, looks at it and a bunch of other people's answers for the same image, and takes the most common answer. Then this becomes a known pi... | [
"There are a few approaches to defeating CAPTCHAs: using cheap human labor to recognize them, exploiting bugs in the implementation that allow the attacker to completely bypass the CAPTCHA, and finally using machine learning to build an automated solver. According to former Google \"click fraud czar\" Shuman Ghosem... |
What happens when one plant's pollen gets into another plants reproductive area? If the species are similar enough, will it produce offspring? | Yes, in some cases hybrids can form by pollen fertilizing eggs of a different species. The likelihood of this happening is generally dependent on how different the two species are.
Researchers who study speciation (the process of how new species form) identify traits that are responsible for determining whether indivi... | [
"It was found that the amount of fertilizing pollen can influence secondary sex ratio in dioecious plants. Increase in pollen amount leads to decrease in number of male plants in the progeny. This relationship was confirmed on four plant species from three families – \"Rumex acetosa\" (\"Polygonaceae\"), \"Melandri... |
I have seen footage from World War I and there were two soldiers carrying big, round thing, what could it be? | It's a roll of Concertina Wire. Effective barrier against infantry and vehicles.
Basically it's barbed wire rolled in a circle to make it hard to ignore and easier to set up. 3 of them in a pyramid shape are the standard configuration.
Source: I've set up plenty of this
Additional Source: _URL_0_ | [
"John \"Barney\" Hines (1878–1958) was a British-born Australian soldier of World War I, known for his prowess at taking items from German soldiers. Hines was the subject of a famous photo taken by Frank Hurley that depicted him surrounded by German military equipment and money he had looted during the Battle of Po... |
Can anyone identify these microorganisms? | Number 1 is **likely** a [Rotifer](_URL_0_) from Phylum Rotifera. They are common in fresh water environments. Some are free floating while others anchor themselves to something (plants, soil, rocks etc...). They feed by having the cilia on their corona (these large flaps that protrude from their mouths, a bit like l... | [
"Over 100 species have been included in the genus \"Mycoplasma\". Microbes of the class Mollicutes, to which Mycoplasma belongs, are parasites or commensals of humans, animals, and plants. The genus \"Mycoplasma\" uses vertebrate and arthropod hosts.\n",
"Carini was Professor of Microbiology at the Faculty of Med... |
how can food be "smoked" or have a "smoky taste"? | I smoke and use a "green egg" type grill on almost a daily basis.
The "smoke" flavor is absorbed by the outermost part of the meat being cooked, when you cut into it, chicken being the easiest to tell with, a pink ring is created in the meat. this is the "smoke ring" where the flavor from whatever wood you have chosen... | [
"This is a list of smoked foods. Smoking is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood. Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. Meats and fish are the most common smoked foods, though cheeses, vegetables, and ingred... |
why can't i relax my jaw to be able to freely move it with my hands? | Well, you actually *can* move the jaw by external force. If you've ever been hit in the chin, or bumped your chin against something, and it made your teeth collide with each other, that's what happened.
The reason it doesn't happen much is that the muscles that move your jaw (the masseter is the one that closes it, an... | [
"As with most dislocated joints, a dislocated jaw can usually be successfully positioned into its normal position by a trained medical professional. Attempts to readjust the jaw without the assistance of a medical professional could result in worsening of the injury. The health care provider may be able to set it b... |
Arsenic in food. What's the real story? | The CDC's Chemical Profile page for [Arsenic](_URL_0_) is a really good place to start.
In the US the only exposure levels that have been set are for occupational exposure, by OSHA, and the EPA has set a standard for arsenic in drinking water (0.01 ppm).
In general, you probably won't ingest enough arsenic from food ... | [
"Lowe and McLaughlin state that the chemical analyses conducted at the time do not support the theory that the incident was accidental. Cheong's clan record reports that \"one day, through carelessness, a worker dropped some 'odd things' into the flour\". Yet the arsenic was found only in the bread itself, and in m... |
How efficient/inefficient are computers really? | > As I'm just an undergrad student in mechanical engineering, I realize that I might be looking at this the wrong way.
No way, you're asking a great question. This is an absolute gem of a question and you've posed it very clearly and thoughtfully. I'm really happy I noticed it because it's directly related to my wor... | [
"Modern computers are significantly faster than the early computers, and have a much larger amount of memory available (Gigabytes instead of Kilobytes). Nevertheless, Donald Knuth emphasised that efficiency is still an important consideration:\n",
"Power efficiency is another important measurement in modern compu... |
17 and need to know how taxes work? | Ask them what you have to do to have the most amount withheld (probably have to use `0`).
How do taxes work? I'd say they don't. But to answer your question, an amount gets withheld from your salary each pay check and gets sent to the government every quarter. Then, at the end of the year you file your returns which ... | [
"Congress has enacted numerous laws dealing with taxes since adoption of the Constitution. Those laws are now codified as Title 19, Customs Duties, Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and various other provisions. These laws specifically authorize the United States Secretary of the Treasury to delegate various powers ... |
In films like "The Pianist" and "Schindler's List," German guards seem able to kill prisoners at any time without restriction. Did concentration camps and ghettos have rules stating when and how soldiers could kill inmates? | The problem with camps was a lack of oversight once the initial responsibilities had been established. Meaning the answer to this question depends largely on who the camp commandant was and how tight a ship they wanted to run.
Let's start, not with concentration camps, but with Soviet POW camps. Soviet POWs were kept ... | [
"A concentration camp commander could as early as in 1933 inflict the \"death penalty\" for disobedience, i. e. order to murder a disobedient, without any legal ground whatsoever besides the will of Heinrich Himmler, but also without meeting opposition. Himmler himself offered an honorable way out for members of th... |
what is the benefit of having all these subreddits going private? | _URL_0_
In short, Victoria, the AMA lady, was apparently fired today with no notice and no support for the mods and subs who depend on her, and subreddits are shutting down left, right, and center either because she was critical to their operations or as a show of solidarity for all the people who are being screwed ov... | [
"In May 2019, former Reddit CEO Ellen Pao told Mother Jones that the subreddit should be banned for not following the sites rules. However, she also acknowledged that \"it's hard to take down a subreddit which is driving a lot of traffic.\"\n",
"The subreddit r/DarkNetMarkets, a darknet market discussion forum, f... |
how can matter outside of the observable universe travel faster than light? | It can't. Nothing with mass can ever travel at or faster than the speed of light in a vacuum (c). It sounds like you may be confusing the observable universe with the Hubble volume. Beyond the Hubble volume, objects are receding from us at faster than c because of the expansion of the universe. The objects themselves a... | [
"Light that travels through transparent matter does so at a lower speed than \"c\", the speed of light in a vacuum. For example, photons engage in so many collisions on the way from the core of the sun that radiant energy can take about a million years to reach the surface; however, once in open space, a photon tak... |
What is the best way to become an astrogeologist? | 1. Get a bachelor's degree in astronomy or geology.
1A. Get research experience with a professor.
2. Get a PhD in whichever you didn't do your undergrad in. | [
"While an undergraduate, Carlson carried out what is widely regarded to be the most comprehensive test of astrologer's abilities to extract information about their clients from the apparent positions of celestial objects as seen from the places and times of their clients' births.\n",
"The primary goal of astronom... |
If I had a rod that was two lightsyears long and suspended in space, and I pushed one end, how long would it take the other end to react? | You are right. The deformation of the material would propagate through at the speed of sound in the material, and so that would determine how long it would take till the other end moved. | [
"It follows that if a rod is accelerated by some external force applied anywhere along its length, the elements of matter in various different places in the rod cannot all feel the same magnitude of acceleration if the rod is not to extend without bound and ultimately break. In other words, an accelerated rod which... |
Home experiment demonstrating particle nature of light? | [here](_URL_0_)'s a good example of how you can demonstrate the photoelectric effect at home. | [
"It is also possible that the illumination experiments can be explained by a longitudinal learning effect. Parsons has declined to analyse the illumination experiments, on the grounds that they have not been properly published and so he cannot get at details, whereas he had extensive personal communication with Roe... |
what the hell is going on in india right now? | Indian here.
For the past decade or so, rape has been a constant fixture of the criminal landscape. Urban centres like Delhi, Mumbai and so on are just as affected as the rural areas. Our society has almost always dismissed these as the fault of the victim - blaming them for dressing provocatively, being out late at n... | [
"India's parliament is mostly destroyed in an apparent terrorist attack while in session waiting for an address by the Prime Minister. The casualties are significant and the suspicion immediately turns to Pakistan-based terrorists. Unknown individuals initiate a massacre of Hindu citizens triggering a Hindu back la... |
Was the Catholic Church founded by St Peter or Constantine? | Well, neither is probably the best answer.
The claim of the Roman Catholic Church is founded on basically two things: a documentary tradition that claims Peter was the leader of the church in Rome and passed on his authority to its bishop as a passing on of apostolic *authority* as well as *primacy*. However that docu... | [
"According to Catholic tradition, the history of the Catholic Church begins with Jesus Christ and his teachings (c. 4 BC – c. AD 30) and the Catholic Church is a continuation of the early Christian community established by the Disciples of Jesus. The Church considers its bishops to be the successors to Jesus's apos... |
why do people say “he died for our sins”? | if you don't sin he died for no reason, so sin whenever you are able to, make his death worth a thousend sins | [
"In the Jerusalem \"ekklēsia\", from which Paul received this creed, the phrase \"died for our sins\" probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God's plan and purpose, as evidenced in the scriptures. For Paul, it gained a deeper significance, providing \"a basis for the salvation ... |
how were mitochondria allowed to survive in foreign cells without being treated as invaders and digested? | Cells have pretty basic immune systems even now, with a lot of issues with bacteria crawling in and out of them and a lot of human disease involving types of bacteria that can enter cells and the body immune system having to deal with it because the cell immune system can't. Go back a hundred million years and the immu... | [
"The ability to ingest other cells enabled ancestral eukaryotes to build a much more complex cell. Once the capacity for consuming other cells was in place, early eukaryotes began to acquire internal membrane-bound organelles that included organelles that were once free-living prokaryotes. Based on phylogenetic and... |
how does entropy prove why time only goes forwards? | Think about burning a piece of toast. Can you unburn the toast? No. Why not? Because we didn’t change the toast into a new thing called burnt toast, we just burned up part of the toast. The way our universe works, so far as we can tell, this only goes one way. Once you burnt the toast you can’t make it back the w... | [
"Chapter 6, \"Chance and the Arrow\", asks, \"Does time have an arrow?\" The reader discovers that the laws of physics apply moving both forward in time and backward in time. Such a law is called time-reversal symmetry. One of the major subjects of this chapter is entropy. Various analogies are given to illustrate ... |
My professor told me that one of the worst mistakes a historian can make is to engage in a teleological reading of history. What is that, and why is it so bad? | Going back to the philosophical debates of the ancient Greeks two of the most prominent competing overarching theories of the nature of the Universe in general were teleology vs. mechanism. Teleological beliefs are those that say that things exist or happen for a reason. For example, the idea that the reason clouds exi... | [
"In modern science, explanations that rely on teleology are often, but not always, avoided, either because they are unnecessary or because whether they are true or false is thought to be beyond the ability of human perception and understanding to judge. But using teleology as an explanatory style, in particular wit... |
why are relays (electronics) used? | A relay allows a much smaller current to switch a very large current, or a DC signal to switch an AC signal, or for a single signal to switch multiple signals. They're very versatile.
To be turned on via relay contacts just means that power is supplied from the electrical contacts of the relay. A signal goes into the... | [
"Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another... |
why do my joints hurt during menstruation? | Estrogen affects joints by keeping inflammation down and estrogen levels decline during menstruation. | [
"The menisci act as shock absorbers and separate the two ends of bone in the knee joint. There are two menisci in the knee, the medial (inner) and the lateral (outer). When there is torn cartilage, it means that the meniscus has been injured. Meniscus tears occur during sports often when the knee is twisted. Menisc... |
Are the busts of Roman leaders like Caesar taken from death masks or are they impressions crafted from contemporary descriptions? | Follow up query; Octavianus, Trajan and even Constantine I had a bust, however Basil II did not. At what point did they stop producing busts for each emperor and move towards using mosaics like that of Zoe and Constantine IX or Ioannes II Komnonos at the Hagia Sofia? | [
"Historians and archaeologists not affiliated with the French administration, among them Paul Zanker, the renowned archaeologist and expert on Caesar and Augustus, were quick to question whether the bust is a portrait of Caesar. Many noted the lack of resemblances to Caesar's likenesses issued on coins during the l... |
Is it possible that our solar system is inside of the event horizon of a black hole? | This write up seems to refute the idea - [relevant post by robot roll call](_URL_0_) | [
"An observer crossing the event horizon of a non-rotating and uncharged (or Schwarzschild) black hole cannot avoid the central singularity, which lies in the future world line of everything within the horizon. Thus one cannot avoid spaghettification by the tidal forces of the central singularity.\n",
"In the simp... |
If you pour equal amounts of hot and cold water in a container, would the resulting mixture be the exact median of the two temperatures? | In good approximation yes, as the total energy is conserved and the temperature is a direct measure of energy per volume. The mixture will have the average energy per volume of the two initial portions and therefore the same temperature.
However the factor of proportionality between temperature and energy itself is al... | [
"Mixtures with 3–5 °C span of temperatures and ranges from about 17–23°C to about 37–40 °C can be composed from varying proportions of cholesteryl oleyl carbonate, cholesteryl nonanoate, and cholesteryl benzoate. For example, the mass ratio of 65:25:10 yields range of 17–23 °C, and 30:60:10 yields range of 37–40 °C... |
how do we know that my blue is your blue? | We aren't. This holds true for all "fundamentals" in human perception - sound, taste, etc. | [
"BULLET::::- Dictionary (also voiced by Brianna Gentilella) - A book containing many words and their definitions that Blue looks in almost every day to find out what the Word of the Day is. She has a face and has the ability to speak, similar to all other residents of Blue's Room.\n",
"Blue is a primary color. It... |
how does overheating affect a laptop's performance? | Excessive heat can damage the silicon logic or the metal wires or capacitor's electrolytes or melt insulation. It can set fire to dust inside the machine. | [
"Due to the relatively small size that the hardware has to fit in, cooling the heat intensive components is a major problem affecting the performance of such laptops, usually causing degraded value for money performance wise. Attempts at using the same performance hardware as desktops usually end in a decreased clo... |
how do audio editors manage to dub movies without losing the rest of the sounds(i.e. ambient noises, background music, gunshot noises) | There are multiple soundtracks going on at the same time and each soundtrack can be adjusted individually. So they record the background noises, they record the voices and they record other things as well.
When they replace the voices, they just switch out the voice track but keep others the same or adjust them. | [
"The process usually takes place on a dub stage. After sound editors edit and prepare all the necessary tracks – dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, Foley, music – the dubbing mixers proceed to balance all of the elements and record the finished soundtrack. Dubbing is sometimes confused with AD... |
What was the Cuban side of the Missile Crisis? | Leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, and even throughout the crisis and for a time after it was concluded, the CIA was carrying out acts of sabotage and terrorism in Cuba. This was called the [Cuban Project](_URL_0_) (alternatively, Operation Mongoose). While the failed invasion of the Bay of Pigs was approved under... | [
"The Cuban Missile Crisis was a tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States over the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. On October 22, 1962, Admiral Horacio Rivero, Jr. was the commander of the American fleet sent by President John F. Kennedy to set up a quarantine (blockade) of t... |
How did Western Europian Socialist Parties view the USSR? | With regards to Italy, the matter is very complicated.
The Italian Communist party had a love-hate relationship with the USSR.
The Italian Socialist Party was a generally capitalist-oriented, pro-European, "Third Way" party, although when he was Prime Minister, Socialist leader Bettino Craxi enjoyed a cordial worki... | [
"In the Western Bloc, many of the self-styled communist parties reacted by changing their policies to a more moderate and less radical course. In countries such as Italy and Germany, post-communism is marked by the increased influence of their existing social democrats. The anti-Soviet communist parties in the West... |
how can we so distinctly remember things that never actually happened? | It is possible to vividly imagine something and then simply re-categorize that mental image as a memory rather than something you imagined. The act of remembering it works just the same. You can see what it looks like, hear the sounds or voices, and so forth. You just have attached a wrong category to it. | [
"There is barely any recalled memory in cases of fear and trauma exposure, brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, pain, or anxiety. Recall memory is very limited, since the only memory people have that suffer from these problems is the flash backs of what happened when the event took place. People can only r... |
how to simplify square roots, such as √99 into 3√11? i just can't understand this concept. | okay! so basically you divide while it's still inside the square root. so √99 = √(9•11)=(√9)•(√11). √9=3. so √99=3•√11=3√11. | [
"Indeed, an early method for calculating square roots can be found in some Sutras, the method involves the recursive formula: formula_11 for large values of x, which bases itself on the non-recursive identity formula_12 for values of \"r\" extremely small relative to \"a\".\n",
"In order to determine the right si... |
Can you break your own teeth by closing your jaw? | If your teeth are damaged from tooth decay you most certainly can.
The teeth are made of calcium and if they aren't taken care of they can slowly get eaten away by bacteria on the teeth. This will weaken the surrounding layer of the tooth and eventually make them brittle and prone to damage.
Even if your teeth aren't... | [
"The mouth is unique, in that the teeth are well secured to the bone ends but come through epithelium (mucosa). A leg or wrist, for instance, has no such structure to help with a closed reduction. In addition, when the fracture happens to be in a tooth bearing area of the jaws, aligning the teeth well usually resul... |
. how do soda fountain machines work? | Lots of tubes, and a mixer on each nozzle.
Basically there are 3 parts that go into your fountain soda.
Water - first tube from water supply to each nozzle.
Co2 - large canister in back (think like size of a large helium tank) - 2nd tube to each nozzle.
Syrup - generally come in boxes. Heavy plastic bag inside ... | [
"A soda fountain is a device that dispenses carbonated soft drinks, called fountain drinks. They can be found in restaurants, concession stands and other locations such as convenience stores. The device combines flavored syrup or syrup concentrate and carbon dioxide with chilled and purified water to make soft drin... |
Why does plasma create light, when it is just a superheated gas? | Everything emits [black-body radiation](_URL_6_), across a continuous spectrum of temperature which determines the distribution of emitted photons, "hot" things just emit significantly in our visual range.
Separate from that, when atoms or molecules transition from a higher to a lower energy state, [they emit specific... | [
"Plasma techniques are especially useful because they can deposit ultra thin (a few nm), adherent, conformal coatings. Glow discharge plasma is created by filling a vacuum with a low-pressure gas (ex. argon, ammonia, or oxygen). The gas is then excited using microwaves or current which ionizes it. The ionized gas i... |
what was so major about that debate yesterday? | I got majorly drunk playing the Debate Drinking Game...
It's not really that major. It's just a tool the Republican Party uses to gauge which candidates are least likely to be eaten alive in the public eye. | [
"As the day before the debate, November 13, was the day of the November 2015 Paris attacks, CBS announced that the debate would focus on foreign policy and terrorism. In addition, a moment of silence was held at the beginning of the debate in memory of the victims.\n",
"The debate started in 1999 with an exchange... |
Why do people experience cravings years after they have quit the substance to which they were addicted? | You should think about addiction as a *learned* behavioural response. Cravings are usually triggered by two events, first is when exposed to drug related stimuli (e.g. seeing a crackpipe, bong, watching people take drugs, walking past the pub, thinking about drug use) and the second is when exposed to stressors.
In ... | [
"A variety of addictive drugs produce an increase in reward-related dopamine activity. Stimulants such as nicotine, cocaine and methamphetamine promote increased levels of dopamine which appear to be the primary factor in causing addiction. For other addictive drugs such as the opioid heroin, the increased levels o... |
why is it that when my feet are cold and i put them under my covers, they start sweating but they're still freezing? | The control center in your brain for body temperature (the hypothalamus) is part of a different network than the sensory system for perception of heat (primary somatosensory cortex).
The control center for body temperature is more concerned about the temperature in your brain and other vital organs; so if your core is... | [
"Wearing closed-toe shoes (\"e.g.\", ballet flats or pumps) without socks leads to accumulation of sweat, dead skin cells, dirt, and oils, further contributing to bacterial growth. Momentarily slipping off shoes whenever feet start to feel \"hot\" or sweaty can help prevent odor.\n",
"The main cause is foot sweat... |
why do some recent films from the 2000s need to go through a remaster process into higher resolutions like 4k? aren't the original source files already at their native resolution, especially if they were filmed digitally? | No, there was still a lot of film used in the 2000s. Even so, digitization for HD (1080) is very different from digitization for 4K (2160) because different bitrate limits are needed for the different formats. There might have been a 4K "digital" version for theaters with digital projectors in the 2000s, but that's n... | [
"In the spring of 2013, during its 86th year of existence, efforts began to convert to digital picture and sound (with the exception of productions that are only available in the movie reel format) and screened a free showing of \"Samsara\" to celebrate the transition. The switch to digital—in anticipation of an in... |
why does an extra oxygen atom make such a big difference between h2o (water) and h2o2 (rocket fuel)? | The bond between the two oxygen atoms in H2O2 is not very strong and, as a result, the molecule as a whole is rather unstable. H2O2 readily breaks down into normal H2O and O2, producing heat in the process. | [
"It just so happens that hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) are both diatomic molecules, thus we have H and O. To form water, one of the O atoms breaks off from the O molecule and react with the H compound to form HO. But, there is one oxygen atom left. It reacts with another H molecule. Since it took two of each atom to ... |
The Fukang meteorite is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old, how is it that people manage to estimate its age? | The age of meteorites is measured the same way we measure the absolute age of materials on Earth, via [radiometric dating](_URL_0_). I'm going to venture a guess that your confusion might stem from a common misconception, namely that radiometric dating always equal carbon, or ^14 C, dating which is only useful over a f... | [
"Less than ten thousand years old, and with a diameter of or more. The EID lists fewer than ten such craters, and the largest in the last 100,000 years (100 ka) is the Rio Cuarto crater in Argentina. However, there is some uncertainty regarding its origins and age, with some sources giving it as < 10 ka while the E... |
why is it illegal to copy the appearance/design of others' inventions, but not illegal to copy the taste of other brands' foods? | Appearance or design seems much more quantifiable than taste, which is far more subjective and varies from person to person. | [
"Some artists, such as Girl Talk and Nine Inch Nails, use copyleft licenses such as the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license that don't allow commercial use. In this way they can choose to sell their creations without having to compete with others selling copies of the same works. However, ... |
Why is it so difficult to clean up oil spills that happen in large bodies of water? | Actually, compared to other liquids, lipids can be removed quite easily as they are less dense than water and therefore float. When you pour oil into a tub of water, you can simply lay a tissue on the surface and it is going to absorb the oil quite neatly. I think for oil spills on the oceanic level the problems are th... | [
"Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Physical cleanups of oil spills are also very expensive. However, microorg... |
Does the age in which you procreate affect what is inherited by the child? For example, will a child that is conceived by 20 year old parents have traits very different than if the parents were in their 50's? | I know Autism is linked to the age of the Father.
_URL_0_ | [
"The effects of the fathers age on offspring are not yet well understood and are studied far less extensively than the effects of the mother's age. Fathers contribute proportionally more DNA mutations to their offspring via their germ cells than the mother, with the paternal age governing how many mutations are pas... |
Does the 5 second rule actually work - how do germs attach themselves to things? | [Residence Time and Contact Time: Testing the 5 second rule](_URL_0_)
Conclusion, contamination can be detected almost immediately on contact. This was only done with *S. typhimurium* which has pili for attachment onto M cells in the body, these probably play a role in surface attachment as well.
This bacteria is mo... | [
"The five-second rule was also featured in an episode of the Discovery Channel series \"MythBusters\". There was no significant difference in the number of bacteria collected. The aspects that affect the contamination process is the moisture, surface geometry and the location. Ted Allen put the rule to the test in ... |
Did Vikings have music and/or art (paintings, sculptures, etc)? | Art is so much and hard to define. I would argue that the Vikings were very artistic. Look at their wood carvings on boats especially. There are some very fine details you can see this very day on the well preserved **Oseberg Ship** for example.
The Vikings worked with material they had plenty off. Therefor is there ... | [
"Viking art, also known commonly as Norse art, is a term widely accepted for the art of Scandinavian Norsemen and Viking settlements further afield—particularly in the British Isles and Iceland—during the Viking Age of the 8th-11th centuries CE. Viking art has many design elements in common with Celtic, Germanic, t... |
why are most cars sold in muted colors as opposed to bright ones? | Bright colors (except red) typically do not sell very well as compared to greyscale or muted colors. Not that many people want bright colors like green/cyan/yellow, and cars used for commercial purposes are almost exclusively greyscale.
New Car dealerships, especially smaller lots, do not want to stock something th... | [
"The most popular car colours today are greyscale colours, with over 70% of cars produced globally being white, black, grey or silver. Red, blue and brown/beige cars range between 6% and 9% each, while all other colours amount to less than 5%.\n",
"Almost all the states prohibit the colors green, red and blue bec... |
What exactly is an analog computer and how do they work? | The linked example is actually a digital not an analog computer. The idea in that comic isn't that complicated. A digital computer keeps track of 1s and 0s as electric current and based on those does operations to them. Well, there's no reason you can't do something similar with stones, say having a stone by itself rep... | [
"An analog computer or analogue computer is a type of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. In contrast, digital computers represent varying quantities symbolically, as their numerical v... |
can someone explain to me what is right, far right, left, far left, middle right, middle left and such in politics? | There is no easy answer to this as it depends on both where someone is and their personal perception, as well as the perception of others, to an enormous degree.
First, the terms "right" and "left" come from France around the time of the French Revolution. In 1789, France convened something called the National Assembl... | [
"Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of extreme nationalism, nativist ideologies, and authoritarian tendencies.\n",
"The left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies and... |
do canadians have the same rights and freedoms as americans? | The US and Canada have different legal systems. While many rights and freedoms overlap between both countries you should never apply any legal advice regarding the US into the Canadian system. | [
"Similarly, Justice Hall argues that the \"Canadian Bill of Rights\" can only be fulfilled if it has the effect repudiating \"discrimination in every law of Canada by reason of race, national origin, colour, religion or sex in respect of the human rights and fundamental freedoms set out in s. 1 in whatever way that... |
Books on Finland During the Cold War | You could look at *Urho Kekkonen: A Statesman for Peace* edited by Keijo Korhonen, written in 1975.
The book focuses on the long-term president of Finland, Urho Kekkonen, and his policies with respect to foreign relations with the Soviet Union and with Western Europe. It includes contributions from Finnish, American ... | [
"Hautamäki's book brings forth details and information about the last Finnish wars, which were not discussed in the Finnish main media - nor elsewhere - during the Cold War period, due to the sensitive and friendly Finnish-Soviet relations, in particular.\n",
"Ohto Manninen has focused foremost on second world wa... |
what is that warm, fuzzy feeling in your stomach when you fall in love with someone? | That fuzzy feeling is actually a baby that starts to grow, if u love each other then it continues to grow until it comes out but if things don't work out then it shrinks back to inexistence | [
"Scientific study on the topic of lovesickness has found that those in love experience a kind of high similar to that caused by illicit drugs such as cocaine. In the brain, certain neurotransmitters — phenethylamine, dopamine, norepinephrine and oxytocin — elicit the feeling of high from \"love\" or \"falling in lo... |
Are there precious resources (ie gold, copper, titanium) on the moon? Would it be possible to mine them? | The moon actually has a fairly high abundance of titanium compared to most bodies in the solar system--so far as we're aware--and in general you should expect to be able to find all metals on the moon in rates comparable to Earth. It's nonmetals like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus--all necessary to life--that are har... | [
"Prospecting operations will be aimed at locating concentrations of extractable lunar gems and minerals. High grade titanium, rare-earth metals and helium-3 (a potential fusion reactor fuel) are all known to exist on the Moon. Low cost flight of concentrated ores to the Earth is feasible using Solar Powered, electr... |
Why were there no medieval Eropean cities with a population as a high as first century Rome? | Because a city so large needed a massive amount of land and the centralization of power to control what happens on that land to feed it. The *annona* was, among other things, the tax with which the Roman empire fed the city of Rome. There was a Prefect of the Annona whose sole job was to oversee the supply of grain t... | [
"At its peak, after the Antonine Plague of the 160s CE, it had a population of about 60–70 million and a population density of about 16 people per square kilometer. In contrast to the European societies of the classical and medieval periods, Rome had unusually high urbanization rates. During the 2nd century CE, the... |
why does your leg jerk when you hit the ligament below the knee? | I'm not a native speaker but I'm pretty sure I know what your question is.
& #x200B;
The answer is kinda simple: It's supposed to tense the leg when falling/jumping on the ground to catch the bodies weight. The "shock" that goes through your body from landing would trigger this mechanism and tense (?) the leg to cat... | [
"Because the medial collateral ligament resists widening of the inside of the knee joint, the ligament is usually injured when the outside of the knee joint is struck. This force causes the outside of the knee to buckle, and the inside to widen. When the MCL is stretched too far, it is susceptible to tearing and in... |
how cameras work. how do they capture an image and print it? | Imagine if you were holding a piece of paper with a bunch of glue. Now imagine if someone put glitter in front of a fan, the paper would catch the glitter and you'd have a picture.
Now imagine if your sister stood in between the fan with a metal door she could open. You tell her to open it for 1 second only, and you'l... | [
"Photographers control the camera and lens to \"expose\" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a \"latent image\" (on plate or film) or RAW file (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor bas... |
why don't gas pumps themselves accept cash? | Because if they did accept cash, they would need to be stocked with cash to dispense change and also have added security features to protect that cash and any cash you add to it. They would also need to hire someone to come and restock and collect the cash. No, they can not just get the clerk at the station to do it be... | [
"In states such as Oregon and New Jersey, where pumping your own gas is outlawed, automated cash handling has played an important role as a crime deterrent and economical sound system. Gas attendants now do not have to worry about being burglarized. With automated cash systems in place at these gas stations, everyt... |
Were the founding fathers radicals? | The most radical of the generally-recognized “founding fathers” was Thomas Paine—his views on politics and religion, and his bitterness at what he felt was betrayal by other revolutionaries, eventually made him an outcast in American society.
Paine also took an active part in the French Revolution—but by French standa... | [
"The \"Founding Fathers\" were strong advocates of republican values, especially Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, George Washington, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.\n",
"These writers, and others such as the Abbé Sieyès, one of the main authors of t... |
how do gas stations make money, or account for the volatility when oil prices are falling? do they "buy" the gas when the fuel trucks refill the station or are their profits calculated at a spot price each day based on how much gas they sell? | Just for clarity—gas stations make minimal profits of actually selling gas. That’s not the business they are in. Yup, sounds odd, but gas stations aren’t really in the gas business
Gas stations make almost all of their profit in their convenience store—not gas! Cigarettes are particularly major for their profits.
T... | [
"Individual gas stations in the United States have little if any control over gasoline prices. The wholesale price of gasoline is determined according to area by oil companies which supply the gasoline, and their prices are largely determined by the world markets for oil. Individual gas stations are unlikely to sel... |
what’s the difference between a stratocaster and a les paul. | A big **difference between** the **Stratocaster** and the **Les Paul** is their scale length—the length of the strings measured from the nut to the bridge. ... The **Stratocaster's** longer scale results **in a** brighter, more chiming sound whereas the LP's shorter scale is to an extent responsible for its rounder, wa... | [
"The Fender Stratocaster is a model of electric guitar designed from 1952 into 1954 by Leo Fender, Bill Carson, George Fullerton, and completed by Freddie Tavares. The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has continuously manufactured the Stratocaster from 1954 to the present. It is a double-cutaway guitar, with ... |
why is it that rap disputes are/were far more common, and typically more violent than other genres of music? | Rap and Hip-Hop grew out of gang culture: dance and rap battles were a way for gangs to solve minor disputes without resorting to violence.
This meant that many early Rap and Hip-Hop stars came out of gang culture; and when their rap battles grew heated and serious; they did what they had before: turned to violence. M... | [
"A controversial issue hotly debated in rap/hip-hop culture throughout its history is the use of violence and aggression as a feature of the hardcore styles of its music. But its social significance can't be removed from the factors it came from that births this debate. The prevalence of misogyny, sexism, and sexua... |
How do astronomers turn observations of a celestial object (eg. Halley's comet) into solid information about its position, size, orbit, etc, and be able to predict it's behaviour in the future? | Wow this a huge question so i'll try to keep my answer short and simple:
The position of bodies on the solar system are determined using either radar (for big bodies) or the parallax method for smaller ones:
_URL_0_
The orbit is extremely notorious to calculate, you need to fit the position points of the comet in a... | [
"In order to determine the unknown orbit of a body, some observations of its motion with time are required. In early modern astronomy, the only available observational data for celestial objects were the right ascension and declination, obtained by observing the body as it moved in its observation arc, relative to ... |
What causes the two big population spikes in China's population pyramid? | I believe the first "spike" was due to (a) the great leap forward in the early 1960s which killed a lot of people, and (b) decreased birth rates starting around 1970 due to a two-child policy and then one-child policy. Basically, starting in the mid 1960s, birth rates dropped. Consider also decreases in mortality, es... | [
"We can see how population pyramids change shape according to the country’s specific stage by using the demographic transition model (DTM). By looking at Taiwan’s population pyramid, the country is in stage 4 of the DTM and its shape contracts but it will soon enter stage 5. In stage 5 of the DTM, death rate gradua... |
why aren't red pandas and other cute/exotic animals bred as pets? | Not every cute animal would make a good pet, relatively few species out there can thrive while domesticated like cats, dogs, etc.
Many will never be tame, or may need a lot of space to be happy, or cannot be house trained, etc. You can try to breed pet-like qualities, but it won't necessarily be successful. Besides, i... | [
"Due to CITES, this zoo harvest has decreased substantially in recent years, but poaching continues, and red pandas are often sold to private collectors at exorbitant prices. In some parts of Nepal and India, red pandas are kept as pets.\n",
"Red pandas are excellent climbers, and forage largely in trees. They ea... |
Kilogram or Newton? | Because if you make the distinction between mass and weight while on the Earth, you're being a dick. | [
"It has long been an objective in metrology to define the kilogram in terms of a fundamental constant, in the same way that the metre is now defined in terms of the speed of light. The 21st General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, 1999) placed these efforts on an official footing, and recommended \"that na... |
how do drag racers get grip at the beginning of a race by spinning tires? | They burn out to heat up their tires and soften the rubber to make it more sticky. When they race they carefully control the throttle and clutch so that they are right at the edge of breaking their tires loose into a burnout but not quite. If they accidentally do burn out during a race they will lose unless their compe... | [
"Drag racing is a point-to-point race that forces a player to use a manual transmission. Steering in this mode is simplified to simply allow for lane changes, while the game handles the steering along the lanes, and the player focuses more on maintaining an optimum speed for the car. The Nitrous Oxide meter is enla... |
how come being outside in 90 degree weather is uncomfortable, but 90 degree water is amazing...65 degree weather is very comfortable, but 65 degree water is awful? | The thing is, your body doesn't really measure temperature - it measures a little something known as heat flux.
Heat flux is pretty much the rate at which heat enters or leaves your body. For us, the most comfortable state is when we have a little bit of heat leaving our body.
In all of these cases, heat is moving f... | [
"In addition to long distances and elevation, the temperature can play a major factor. At the start in Badwater, temperatures can routinely be as high as degrees, but the temperature quickly drops at higher altitudes. Below freezing temperatures can be encountered near the Portal at night, making temperature swings... |
Would matter-antimatter annihilation be any different than nuclear explosion? | The annihilation reaction is much "cleaner" as all the reactants form photons with the same energy. There would be a large flash of almost monochromatic gamma radiation. A nuclear reaction leaves free neutrons and radioactive nuclei flying around. The dust, clouds, etc would depend on the environment that the bomb was ... | [
"The paramount advantage of such a theoretical weapon is that antimatter and matter collisions result in the entire sum of their mass energy equivalent being released as energy, which is at least an order of magnitude greater than the energy release of the most efficient fusion weapons (100% vs 7-10%). Annihilation... |
Why is the French Revolution (1789) is considered much more important than English Revolution (1649)? | There are a number of contributing factors to this disparity. First and foremost is the wider global impact of the English Revolution, or rather the lack thereof. The French Revolution is particularly unique among revolutions(other than the Russian Revolution, but I won't get into that) in that the ideas of it spread t... | [
"The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt. It attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes, which were heavily regressive. Leadin... |
Why aren't small invasive species collapsing ecosystems? | They do.
For some reason invasion of tiny unmentionnables is just not that sexy a topic in journalism and it usually slides under the radar.
Yet there are huge problems with (for instance) [the introduction of earthworms to northeast N America](_URL_1_), or [the uncontrolled expansion of the Mountain Pine Beetle](_UR... | [
"Invasive species are a worldwide epidemic threatening ecosystems and costing billions of dollars to control. The reason these invasive species thrive in these locations is due to no predators to hunt them. With no predators, they are able to grow in population quickly but they are taking up too many of the resourc... |
Which civilization in the ancient (latest being Early Middle Ages) world held the highest literacy rate? Were there any authors who weren't scholars in that civilization? | > a stone tablet that had a joke
> gossip-type documents
You might be interested in [graffiti from Pompeii](_URL_0_). Warning, a lot of this is explicit and NSFW!
* *Theophilus, don’t perform oral sex on girls against the city wall like a dog*
* *Weep, you girls. My penis has given you up. Now it penetrates me... | [
"Literacy emerged with the development of numeracy and computational devices as early as 8000 BCE. Script developed independently at least five times in human history Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus civilization, lowland Mesoamerica, and China.\n",
"But the availability of a technology of literacy to a society is n... |
what is the difference between the different types of antidepressants? (ssri, snri, tca, etc.) | Finally something psychology based that I can answer!
Okay, I don't know how much you know, so I'm going to explain everything that I need to. Here goes:
The biological theory of psychology states that mental illness is caused by imbalances in chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. In most cases of depressi... | [
"SNRIs, along with SSRIs and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), are second-generation antidepressants. Over the past two decades, second-generation antidepressants have gradually replaced first-generation antidepressants, such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), as ... |
My grandfather was a German soldier in WWII and I found this map in his old Atlas. | The retreat from Warsaw that's plotted on the map corresponds in time and places to the so called "wandering cauldron of Kielce" of parts of the 342 Infantry Division - more specifically the XXIVth Panzerkorps. "Cauldron battle" is the German term for an encirclement battle - the troops were encircled by the Soviet tr... | [
"Ih his memoir of World War I, A S Bullock recalls the night of 24 October 1918 when he was among the reserves helping the Gloucestershire Regiment in a final push against the Germans at Vendegies-sur-Écaillon. He notes that although 'maps were scarce', he managed not only to obtain one but to retain it after the w... |
[Mathematics] Is there a faster way to multiply (large) numbers? | There's two operations in here: multiplication and addition. Addition is considered cheap in that the trivial algorithm runs in linear time, which is optimal. So I won't consider the number of additions needed in what follows (there'll be some linear term).
Your algorithm is the standard long multiplication algorithm,... | [
"However, if a fast multiplication algorithm is used, one may modify the Euclidean algorithm for improving the complexity, but the computation of a greatest common divisor becomes slower than the multiplication. More precisely, if the multiplication of two integers of bits takes a time of , then the fastest known a... |
why do our toes taper down in size? | The big toe is a left over from our days as apes. Their feet were shaped more like our modern hands and the big toe functioned like a thumb, allowing us to grip onto branchs to avoid falling. [Human vs Chimp foot](_URL_0_)
Although good in trees, this wasn’t useful when our ancestors switched to standing and walking o... | [
"In mammals, the growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal phalanges (outermost finger bones). Thus, in humans, the nail of the index finger grows faster than that of the little finger; and fingernails grow up to four times faster than toenails.\n",
"The most common digit to become ingrown is ... |
since animals do not brush their teeth how do they prevent cavities? how do they get fluoride for their teeth enamel? | -They don't prevent cavities. (more later)
-Fluoride exists in nature, and most water sources to some degree or another, but isn't _necessary_ for enamel formation it's just helpful to improve its toughness. So the fluoride question is sort of "where do bears buy styling conditioner for their fur?" Human's use of fluo... | [
"Toothpaste (dentifrice) with fluoride is an important tool to readily use when tooth brushing. The fluoride in the dentifrice is an important protective factor against caries, and an important supplement needed to remineralize already affected enamel. However, in terms of preventing gum disease, the use of toothpa... |
if real estate in downtown toronto, (specifically toronto, not the gta in general), is so overvalued, why does the population continue to grow at a relatively consistent pace? | "Overvalued" isn't really a functional concept. In practice, it's just used when something is more expensive than someone wants it to be.
The real estate in any given place is worth as much as someone is willing to pay for it. If the prices are high, it means people are paying a lot of money for it, so that's what i... | [
"In March 2017, the cost of owning a home in the greater Toronto area had grown 33% in just one year's time, with 19% of that growth occurring in just the two most recent months. Even the less desirable, semi-detached homes have surpassed $1 million in value. Suburbs have seen large price increases as well. Homes t... |
why is buying from small businesses better? | It's not, necessarily. There are both advantages and disadvantages to buying from a small or large business.
Small businesses make up the bulk of businesses, pretty much everywhere. Money that you spend at a small business is much more likely to stay in the community. I.e., if you buy product X from a small, local re... | [
"BULLET::::10. Buy what you want, not what someone wants you to buy: A marketplace of tens of thousands of small businesses is the best way to ensure innovation and low prices over the long-term. A multitude of small businesses, each selecting products based not on a national sales plan but on their own interests a... |
How many Decibels can kill a human? | This was covered back in 2001 by [The Straight Dope](_URL_0_).
tl;dr - "German physicist Jürgen Altmann, who has written about the physiological effects of high-intensity sound, tells me the threshold for suffocation or embolism following lung rupture is 2.6 to 11 times atmospheric pressure, depending on pulse duratio... | [
"The official number of recorded deaths is given as 5,573, representing nearly 3% of the area's inhabitants, with a further 1,583 injured. Other estimates of the death toll are in the range 4,000 to 6,000.\n",
"An official with the ministry also confirmed the figure yesterday [Nov. 10, 2006], but later said that ... |
what does this german sign mean? | > **NATO military bridge classification signs**. Posted near bridges and viaducts and indicates the safe load-carrying capacity of the bridge for military vehicles.
[source](_URL_0_)
[See also](_URL_1_)
To ELY5:
It means that tanks and trucks that are heavier than that number can't cross the bridge or else the bri... | [
"Although the sign might initially appear to be in German and uses an approximation of German grammar, it is composed largely of words that are either near-homonyms of English words or (in the cases of the longer words) actual English words that are rendered in a faux-German spelling. As such, the sign is generally... |
What determines whether the country uses its indigenous language as the main language or a foreign language as the main language? | The Finns always remained in Finland, even when they were under Russian occupation. Similarly when the Swedes owned the land the language never "died out" as such, as it was still spoken by the majority of people - Swedish became Finland's second language however, as the nobility spoke it.
On the other hand, the Ameri... | [
"BULLET::::- Internationalization: the adoption of a non-indigenous language as a means of wider communication, as an official language or in a particular domain, such as the use of English in India, Singapore, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and South Africa.\n",
"Many regions, notably Canada, Australia, Indi... |
How bloody was the Spanish occupation of the Netherlands? | Considering the revolt of the Netherlands lasted 80 years, this varied greatly by period. Regents such as Mary of Hungary was able to increase the wealth of the region through trade, although she was over-ridden by Charles V who captured and executed leaders of the Ghent revolt to discourage further objections to highe... | [
"This shocking event stiffened many in the Netherlands, even many Catholics, against the Spanish Habsburg monarchy; and further tarnished Philip's declining reputation. The States General, influenced by the sack, signed the Pacification of Ghent only four days later, unifying the rebellious provinces with the loyal... |
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