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government deficit spending like how the us did during the great depression. how can a government spend money it doesn't have? | The same way anyone or any organization does: the government borrows it from other people.
When you buy a government bond, that's lending the government money. | [
"In the late 1920s and early 1930s, during the height of the Great Depression, many economists (most prominently John Maynard Keynes) tried to persuade governments that increased government spending would mitigate the situation and reduce unemployment. In the United Kingdom, the staff of the Chancellor of the Exche... |
This week's theme: Oral History | Wew, not a whole lot of answers this round. Shame too, a lot of these questions were pretty good :\ | [
"The NAMM Oral History program is unique, unlike any other collection in the world. The heart of the collection is the depth of its narratives that cover innovative creations, the evolution of musical instruments, the ever-changing world of music retail, as well as our collective quest to improve music education ar... |
How is magnetized plasma created and what kind of gasses produce them? | The gases can be most anything. Hydrogen (including its fusion-fuel isotopes deuterium and/or tritium) or helium are common choices. Storage generally requires some sort of magnetic confinement. A toroidal magnetic field geometry such as in a [tokamak](_URL_1_) is a common choice, though there are other geometries, suc... | [
"In the pioneering experiment, Los Alamos National Laboratory's FRX-L, a plasma is first created at low density by transformer-coupling an electric current through a gas inside a quartz tube (generally a non-fuel gas for testing purposes). This heats the plasma to about (~2.3 million degrees). External magnets conf... |
Where does sediments comes from? | Sediment deposition somewhere is the product of erosion somewhere else. Imagine a mountain with a stream flowing down the side of it that eventually flows into a lake. Rocks are weathered (broken down into smaller bits by physical and chemical processes at the Earth's surface) and then the products of that weathering (... | [
"Before being deposited, sediments are formed by weathering of earlier rocks by erosion in a source area and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers (agents of denudation). Mud rocks comprise 65% (mudstone, shale and siltstone); sandstones 20 to 25% and carbonate r... |
how come cats get stuck in trees and need to be rescued? could they get down on their own given enough time? | Cat claws are designed for climbing up. A cat is not a squirrel. Squirrels can climb up, down, and sideways, always headfirst, no problem. But a cat has to climb with her head up to avoid falling, and once she’s up, the only way down is to back down. A cat that's exhausted, scared, or injured can't make that climb, a... | [
"CH cats don't understand that they are disabled, so they will not be self-inhibited from trying to climb or descend. Prevention of injuries requires careful consideration of the specific hazards posed by where they live and their potential abilities. Some cats that cannot walk well or jump, can still climb extreme... |
why do most foods taste better when drunk or high? | in very simple terms, weed blocks certain neurotransmitter reuptake. so, if your brain sends a signal that something tastes good, that signal will have a hard time turning off. so, that "this tastes good" signal will just keep firing.
| [
"The drink is a particular phenomenon as its taste is quite different from the taste of its constituent liquids which are rather bitter. The chemical structures of both ingredients are of a similar molecular shape and attract each other, shielding the bitter taste.\n",
"For an aperitif, flavoured dry wine or spar... |
why do we react with anger upon hurting ourselves? | Our brain has a complex reward system that is activated both when we receive a reward (food, money, etc.) and when we make an error.
Error detection is extremely important for our survival. For example, if touching a plant gives you a rash, you won't want to touch that plant anymore.
Because of this need, the areas ... | [
"Anger can potentially mobilize psychological resources and boost determination toward correction of wrong behaviors, promotion of social justice, communication of negative sentiment, and redress of grievances. It can also facilitate patience. In contrast, anger can be destructive when it does not find its appropri... |
what's the deal with muslims in the u.k.? | > DailyMail
> The Sun
If the story is from one of these sources, it is guaranteed to be at least 80% fiction and gross exageration
> Telegraph
> Guardian
If the story is from one of these sources, it is heavily biased and slanted to the right (telegraph) or left (guardian). Facts will be interspersed with lot... | [
"Unlike many Muslims in Europe, American Muslims overall do not tend to feel marginalized or isolated from political participation and have often adopted a politically proactive stance. Several organizations were formed by the American Muslim community to serve as \"critical consultants\" on U.S. policy regarding I... |
Can someone please explain medically what Lance Armstrong took and how he got away with it? | He has been accused by the US Anti-Doping Agency of using erythropoietin and steroids. Erythropoietin (EPO) makes your body make more red blood cells, which increases how much oxygen your blood can carry and, to a lesser extent, how much CO2 it can carry away. This increases aerobic capacity greatly. Steroids, well ... | [
"BULLET::::- Lance Armstrong was in August 2012 - despite of not having confessed any guilt yet — given a lifetime ban by USADA for doping with EPO, testosterone and human growth hormones in 1996, and EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone and cortisone throughout 1998-2005, and having a positive indication of \"blo... |
Is freezing a feasible way to separate Heavy Water from Light Water? | This effect is known as isotopic fractionation. Using water as an example, the heavy isotopes (deuterium, tritium, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18) tend to favour the solid phase during freezing. The ice becomes enriched in heavy isotopes and the leftover liquid is depleted in heavy isotopes. However the difference is very ver... | [
"Some applications use the thermal capacity of water or ice as cold storage; others use it as heat storage. It can serve either application; ice can be melted to store heat then refrozen to warm an environment which is below freezing (putting liquid water at 0°C in such an environment warms it much more than the sa... |
when using a debit card, why do some merchants require me to enter a pin, sign a receipt, or simply swipe? | I can't remember the last time I swiped my card or signed a receipt.
In the UK it's pretty much chip and pin or contactless. | [
"Some consumers prefer \"credit\" transactions because of the lack of a fee charged to the consumer/purchaser. A few debit cards in the U.S. offer rewards for using \"credit\". However, since \"credit\" transactions cost more for merchants, many terminals at PIN-accepting merchant locations now make the \"credit\" ... |
what do insurance companies mean when they say "you can save $x when you switch to this company."? | It's typically an annual savings amount. However, they only mention that "those who switch save $X", but they never mention what percentage of people who contact them for a quote actually switch. Maybe it's only a specific demographic that saves a lot and thus chooses to switch, while the vast majority realize they are... | [
"Insurance companies themselves, as well as self-insuring employers, purchase stop-loss coverage for a premium to protect themselves. In the case of a participant reaching more than the specific (or \"individual\") stop-loss deductible ($300,000, for example), the insurer will reimburse the insured (the company, no... |
Why does lithium not form a strong base, and florine a strong acid? | The main difference between lithium and fluorine and the rest of the members of their groups is atomic size.
In general, atomic/ionic radii increase as you move down any group in the periodic table (because heavier elements have more electrons taking up space). Because lithium and fluorine lie at the top of their resp... | [
"Like the other alkali metals, lithium has a single valence electron that is easily given up to form a cation. Because of this, lithium is a good conductor of heat and electricity as well as a highly reactive element, though it is the least reactive of the alkali metals. Lithium's low reactivity is due to the proxi... |
what is the significance of the u.s. losing the contract giving them authority over internet ip addresses? | They have not lost anything. They are contemplating releasing control of it over to the UN. That has not happened yet. | [
"BULLET::::- The concept of legal ownership of IP addresses as property is explicitly denied by ARIN and RIPE NCC policy documents and by the ARIN Registration Services Agreement, although ownership rights have been postulated based on a letter from the National Science Foundation General Counsel. NSF later indicat... |
When and why did trousers become the standard garment for European men? | My knowledge doesn't go back as far as their invention, but there's a great deal of discussion over the ancient usage of split leg garments in the other links already provided. As for trousers as we know them today, they begin to appear around the early 18th century. Prior to that you have hose, a fitted full leg garme... | [
"In most of Europe, trousers have been worn since ancient times and throughout the Medieval period, becoming the most common form of lower-body clothing for adult males in the modern world. Breeches were worn instead of trousers in early modern Europe by some men in higher classes of society. Distinctive formal tro... |
In Medieval Europe, women were considered inherently lustful and prone to sexual sin. Would modern stereotypes of male sexual appetite apply to them? | No. Latin medieval culture could, and did, spin a fancy tale of the devil seducing Eve seducing Adam, and the humoral composition of women making them "leaky" and "open" to demonic influence. They made up theological and biological backing for this teaching.
Popular comic literature came down equally hard on both sexe... | [
"Medieval women were assumed to be far more insatiable than men and a woman's lust would have been considered her ultimate sin. She was believed to receive far more pleasure from a sexual encounter than men and reach her sexual readiness far earlier than men. Perceived as more sexually mature than males, women were... |
eli15 sn1 and sn2 reactions and their differences. | Basically, SN1 favors stability, and SN2 favors a quick attack. If you have a large structure with many carbons attached to it, and/or with many conjugated bonds (which also increase stability) See benzene, SN1 will likely be favored thermodynamically. There are still reactions with SN2 models on larger compounds, but ... | [
"The S1 reaction is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry. \"S\" stands for \"nucleophilic substitution\", and the \"1\" says that the rate-determining step is unimolecular. Thus, the rate equation is often shown as having first-order dependence on electrophile and zero-order dependence on nucleophile. This ... |
What is the limit of the size of an element's atomic nucleus? Could a neutron star be considered an element? | A neutron star is held together by gravity, not by the strong nuclear force.
Any normal element's nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear force.
Pretty much every element at the edge of the periodic table is unstable and only exists for a fraction of a second before it breaks apart... so take a look at the peri... | [
"In 2010 it was estimated that the neutron star's mass was at least formula_1, and possibly as high as formula_2 (the latter of which, if true, would surpass PSR J1614−2230 for the title of most massive neutron star yet detected, and place it within range of the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit).\n",
"With a mass... |
What caused Celtic languages in the British Isles to develop phonemes like Bh (V), Mh (W), and Y in place of U, when their conquerors who exposed them to the Latin alphabet didn’t? | The use of the 'h' to represent a *séimhiú* (the lenition of a consonant) is relatively new. Traditionally Irish was written in Gaelic script (which some enthusiasts still use) which, while still clearly based on the Roman alphabet, is different enough from regular letters to take a while to get used to. Traditional Ga... | [
"Little is known about the introduction of Celtic languages to the British Isles, though an increase in Mediterranean/Neolithic derived DNA into southern England during the Iron age suggests that a more southern influenced population than that of the Rhine Beaker Peoples was introduced. Celtic speakers associated w... |
when people "catch the holy spirit" and start freaking out in church, what's that all about? | I suggest you watch this [Derren Brown](_URL_0_) special.
Basically, it's a result of suggestibility coupled with their belief of how they're supposed to react. Firstly, people who attend these congregations already have a bias to believe in this sort of thing (self selection). Secondly, when they are touched, or "hea... | [
"\"We believe that we have a right to revelations, visions, and dreams from God, our heavenly Father; and light and intelligence, through the gift of the Holy Ghost, in the name of Jesus Christ, on all subjects pertaining to our spiritual welfare; if it so be that we keep his commandments, so as to render ourselves... |
how does the sun's heat reach us if there's so little matter to transfer it in space? | It doesn't transfer through conduction or convection, but radiation. It travels in the form of infrared photons, which are emitted directly from the sun radiate outwards. | [
"Here on earth, the sun delivers lots of bounce, and the atmosphere surrounds it with a wall that reflects the energy back in. In outer space, however, there’s nothing — a vacuum — and the bounce all disappears very quickly, leaving very little moving. Lack of motion means little heat, and almost no transfer — very... |
Did Romans know about elephants before the Punic Wars, or were they a completely new animal to them? | The Romans faced war elephants a few years before the First Punic War. In 280 B.C. Pyrrhus brought 20 war elephants from Greece to Rome. As Cassius Dio (via Zonaras) reports in [book IX](_URL_0_):
> Now Pyrrhus set out, not even awaiting the coming of spring, taking along a large, picked army, and twenty elephants, ... | [
"By the time of Claudius however, such animals were being used by the Romans in single numbers only – the last significant use of war elephants in the Mediterranean was against the Romans at the battle of Thapsus, 46 BC, where Julius Caesar armed his fifth legion (\"Alaudae\") with axes and commanded his legionarie... |
Did America ever steal tech or knowledge from the Soviet Union? | In the first several years after the fall of the Soviet Union, the leading Russian export was... patents and inventions. Sorry, don't remember the source.
| [
"But the United States found a way to use its opponent's strengths for its own purposes. In the late 1990s, it emerged that many stolen technological secrets were funnelled by an arm of American intelligence to the Soviet Union. The documents were real. They were of versions of the product which contained a critica... |
us citzens, what happens if someone commits a crime in a state and runs to another state that what he has done is not ilegal? | If you commit a crime, and flee across State lines, the United States Federal Government is responsible for returning you to the State in question to face charges. This is accomplished by the US Marshall's. | [
"On January 5, 2018, Nations was sentenced to three years of probation for threatening members of the public in Colorado; however, he was not released since he had an active warrant out on him from another county, back in Indiana. On January 24, Nations was finally transferred to Indiana officials' custody on an un... |
how does a new stock on the market open trading at a price different than it was offered? | The market makers are the first ones to release the stock into the world. The stock is essentially private, controlled by the market makers. They bought it from Twitter at $x, and are now reselling it on the open market. They want to get as much money as possible for their stock.
They initially announced $26/shar... | [
"On the English stock exchange, a transaction by which, if a member has sold securities which he fails to deliver on settling day, or any of the succeeding ten days following the settlement, the buyer may give instructions to a stock exchange official to \"buy in\" the stock required. The official announces the qua... |
Is it possible to determine where in Africa modern humans originated? | [National Geographic](_URL_2_): "*Most paleoanthropologists and geneticists agree that modern humans arose some 200,000 years ago in Africa. The earliest modern human fossils were found in Omo Kibish, Ethiopia. Sites in Israel hold the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa, but that group went no farther, d... | [
"BULLET::::- 21 September – Scientists report that, based on human DNA genetic studies, all non-African humans in the world today can be traced to a single population that exited Africa between 50,000 and 80,000 years ago.\n",
"BULLET::::- Geography Predicts Human Genetic Diversity ScienceDaily (Mar. 17, 2005) – ... |
why is mediafire still online but megaupload got taken down? | To my understanding, it's because
* Megaupload had tons of illegal uploads and barely anything was being done about it, while MediaFire actively takes down illegal files
* Megaupload was used way more than MediaFire to upload illegal files
| [
"GreatFire has been targeted with distributed denial-of-service attacks that attempt to take down the website by overloading its servers with traffic. In April 2015 it was targeted by a Chinese attack tool named Great Cannon that redirected massive amounts of Internet traffic to servers used by GreatFire.\n",
"Fi... |
Would using a heavier head on a golf club give the ball more distance? | For simplicity, we assume an elastic collision: the kinetic energy of the golf ball is proportional to the kinetic energy of the club, which is a function of its mass times the square of its velocity. While it initially seems that more mass would be beneficial, the force accelerating that mass (you swinging the club) ... | [
"It is played using a club similar in appearance to a standard golf driver with a thicker, shorter shaft. The head on a Park Golf club is rarely varied, but the length of stick can change according to the height of the Parker. The club is flat, and only the most skillful Parker can hit the ball in the air.\n",
"C... |
Why is walking/running up a hill so much harder despite physical condition? | When you walk up a flight of stairs or see a gradual hill, your body begins to 'prepare' itself by activating the sympathetic nervous system. This will increase your heart rate and respiratory rate. So even if your a marathon runner, just walking up a few flights of stairs will get your HR/resp rate up. | [
"Nor does sure-footedness imply a head for heights, something that is often stated as a requirement for using mountain paths. In this context, a head for heights means having the ability to negotiate exposed sections of a route without feeling unduly frightened. However, it is no accident that both requirements are... |
why do big websites such as reddit and facebook not require their users to verify their emails? | I recently worked on a project and I had to make this decision, so I'll share my thought process.
First of all, verifying emails takes a long time and a lot of clicks. I'd estimate that 50% of users probably would close the tab if they saw that an email was required on registration.
Second, there's not a huge use for... | [
"The need for email validated identification arises because forged addresses and content are otherwise easily created - and widely used in spam, phishing and other email-based fraud. For example, a fraudster may send a message claiming to be from \"sender@example.com\", with the goal of convincing the recipient to ... |
why do companies like ferrari which advertise minimally still achieve international recognition? | They do advertise. You just don't see it because you aren't the target market.
Have you seen advertisements for audemars piguet, leerjet, lurssen? Probably not. | [
"The automotive industry is a significant part of the Italian manufacturing sector, with over 144,000 firms and almost 485,000 employed people in 2015, and a contribution of 8.5% to Italian GDP. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles or FCA is currently the world's seventh-largest auto maker. The country boasts a wide range of ... |
Does Boxing/MMA headgear protect against trauma? | I'll give this my best shot, since none have answered yet.
The headgear/padding used in most fighting sports are there to protect you from the most serious injuries: skull fractures, fingers/knuckles cracking, wrists breaking. As far as protection from concussions or brain trauma, again it protects against the worst ... | [
"BULLET::::- Headgear: Used to protect boxers from soft tissue damage, (bruises, cuts, etc.), during sparring - also used in competition in amateur boxing. Headgear offers no protection from the effects of hard punches (stunning, knockdowns, KOs). It is important that boxers are aware of this otherwise headgear can... |
Can you identify what decade this picture was from based on the clothes worn? | The buildings are probably a better bet.
Context: The image is looking roughly south (the Pacific -- west -- is to the right, Santa Monica -- east -- is to the left). The rings are just south of the famous Santa Monica Pier.
* The two tall buildings by the acrobat's hands look to be the Santa Monica Shores buildings.... | [
"\"This room features four figures in clothes that date from the 1873 to early 1880s period. It was typical of the time that some people wore more up-to-date styles than others; whether people wore the very latest fashions depended on their tastes, income and also their age.\"\n",
"Many of the fashion styles and ... |
why is it called hemophilia? | According to _URL_0_
it's using an alternative emphasis on the latter part of the word.
> [philia](_URL_1_) "to love", here with a sense of "tendency to." | [
"Hemophilia, or haemophilia, is an X-linked recessive disorder that impairs the body's control over blood clotting. Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B arise from mutations in the genes for factor VIII and factor IX, respectively. Females with this disease are almost exclusively unaffected, obligate carriers. The mutat... |
My high school history teachers always said that the Manhattan Project scientists had some degree of not knowing what was going to happen during the Trinity Test. How much of these allegations, specifically that some thought they'd light the sky on fire, were true? | There was certainly a lot of uncertainty, but the uncertainty was bounded. Here is a _very_ abridged rundown of what I think the interesting areas of uncertainty were:
* To get it out of the way, _very minor_ uncertainty about whether the test might ignite the atmosphere in a giant fusion reaction. Which is to say, th... | [
"On July 16, 1945, Bainbridge and his colleagues conducted the Trinity nuclear test. \"My personal nightmare,\" he later wrote, \"was knowing that if the bomb didn't go off or hangfired, I, as head of the test, would have to go to the tower first and seek to find out what had gone wrong.\" To his relief, the explos... |
What, on the atomic level, causes cooling when a gas is expanding? | In order for the gas molecules to expand, it uses energy to push away the surrounding molecules. It loses energy and will therefore be at a lower temperature than the surrounding molecules. Being at a lower temperature will mean that heat will flow from the hotter surroundings to the cold expanded gas.
Also compressin... | [
"where formula_11 is the critical temperature of the substance. So for formula_12, an expansion at constant enthalpy increases temperature as the work done by the repulsive interactions of the gas is dominant, and so the change in energy is negative. But for formula_13, expansion causes temperature to decrease beca... |
How widely used was the French Revolutionary Calendar? | It was VERY widely used. All government documents from that period bear the Republican calendar date. Passports issued use that calendar. Birth certificates.
People were quick to adopt it, too, because it signified that you were favorable to the new Republican regime. Using words like "citoyen(nne)" ("citizen") to ad... | [
"The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar was a calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days in 1871 in Paris. Dates in official records at this time use the revolutionary calendar and need \"trans... |
if potatoes are relatively healthy, olive oil is very healthy, and salt isn't that bad for you, why are french fries so terrible? | Potatoes are starch (sugar storage for plants) oil is fat ( energy storage) and salt is actually fine as long as your water consumption is on par.
You end up eating a lot of calories for very little nutritional benefit. | [
"Once a potato has been baked, some people discard the skin and eat only the softer and moister interior, while others enjoy the taste and texture of the crisp skin, which is rich in dietary fiber. Potatoes baked in their skins may lose between 20 and 40% of their vitamin C content because heating in air is slow an... |
"jesus died for our sins" - what exactly does this mean? | The idea as I understand it is thus:
God is perfectly good and perfectly just. Being Good, he loves his creations and wants to bless them and be with them forever. However, being Just, he cannot reward evil. The penalty for transgressions has to be paid.
Jesus had no sin of his own. He took the sins of everyone on hi... | [
"In the Jerusalem \"ekklēsia\", from which Paul received this creed, the phrase \"died for our sins\" probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God's plan and purpose, as evidenced in the scriptures. For Paul, it gained a deeper significance, providing \"a basis for the salvation ... |
Is the cell we each started off as still part of our body when we're born? If so, what part of the body is it in? | While I do not know the answer to the question, you have to remember that what would you call the "original" cell of the body. When a cell goes through mitosis, it splits into two. How would you determined which cell was the "original" cell? | [
"One theory is that the three-part body originates from an early common ancestor of all the deuterostomes, and maybe even from a common bilateral ancestor of both the deuterostomes and protostomes. Studies have shown that the gene expression in the embryo share three of the same signaling centers that shape the bra... |
what is a "tontine?" | The money from a tontine is usually put into some sort of interest earning fund. This could be as simple as a savings account or it could mean stocks, bonds, money markets, or many other financial instruments.
Since this money collects interest the amount gets bigger. | [
"A tontine (English pronunciation: ) is an investment plan for raising capital, devised in the 17th century and relatively widespread in the 18th and 19th centuries. It combines features of a group annuity and a lottery. Each subscriber pays an agreed sum into the fund, and thereafter receives an annuity. As member... |
how is it decided how far to watch for deer/elk along the freeway? | > At 51 miles am I in the clear and don’t have to worry about it any longer?
You *always* worry about shit jumping out into the road. The sign just tells you "This area has a higher concentration of deer and elk jumping out onto the road than usual, so keep on your toes." You aren't ever "clear" of the danger, and p... | [
"After 1.1 km the path opens up into a more open area and meets the Greengully Trail that enters from the left (south). The intersection is badly signed. Continue past large open areas on the right (east) where Kangaroos/Wallabies can be seen on a regular basis, just 20 km from the Melbourne CBD. Deer have also bee... |
how big of a plant would you need in a sealed room for enough oxygen to survive? | According to this guy _URL_0_ probably about 400 house plants (he doesnt give more detail) per person.
You might want to google the term Biodome (not the film) for experiments where they have actually tried putting people in sealed environments and using plants to generate the oxygen for them. | [
"With the incorporation of the membrane technology, oxygen plants have outstanding technical characteristics. Membrane oxygen plants are highly reliable due to the absence of moving parts in the gas separation module.\n",
"Membrane oxygen plants are finding increasingly broad application in various industries all... |
- why, exactly, were biggie smalls and tupac so influential? | The characters behind the words play to it as well. Tupac was more than just a rapper; he was a revolutionary, born into a family of revolutionaries. Pac had vision: while many rappers were happy simply living the 'Scarface' lifestyle at the time, Pac wanted more, not just for blacks, but for humanity as a whole. Altho... | [
"Tupac Amaru Shakur ( ; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. He is considered by many to be one of the greatest rappers of all time. Much of Shakur's work has been noted for addressing contemporary social issu... |
Why the electron cannot be view as a spinning charged sphere? | Electrons are pointlike particles in the Standard Model, and a single point can’t “rotate”. If you try to interpret the electron as a classical, rotating spherical charge, you get nonsense conclusions, like that the “surface” of the sphere has to move faster than c. | [
"In this model, the orbits of the electrons were stable because when an electron moved away from the centre of the positively-charged sphere, it was subjected to a greater net positive inward force, because there was more positive charge inside its orbit (see Gauss's law). Electrons were free to rotate in rings whi... |
which has more caffeine and why? dark coffee beans (dark roasts) or greenish/tan coffee beans (light roasts). | If you measure your coffee by scoops, light roasted coffee will have more caffeine. Since the beans are denser than a darker roast. However if you weigh out your scoops, darker roasts will have more caffeine, because there is less mass. What should also be noted is that Arabica beans vary in levels of caffeine dependin... | [
"Caffeine content varies by roast level, diminishing with increased roasting level: light roast, 1.37%; medium roast, 1.31%; and dark roast, 1.31%. However, this does not remain constant in coffee brewed from different grinds and brewing methods. Because the density of coffee changes as it is roasted, different roa... |
After the sun expands to consume the earth, will earth continue to orbit as before, just inside the corona now? | You are on the right track. The sun will expand to a maximum radius of about 1.2 AU. During this expansion the sun will have lost about one third of its mass. As a result of the loss of mass, it loses some of its "tug" on the Earth.
Now because of the decreased mas of the Sun, the Earth's orbit will increase up to 15... | [
"In roughly 5 billion years, the Sun will cool and expand outward to many times its current diameter (becoming a red giant), before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf. In the far distant future, the gravity of passing stars will gradually r... |
Is using a "mind palace" an effective memory tool, or is it pseudo-scientific bunk and other memory methods are more effective? | There is a popular [model developed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974](_URL_2_) that describes memory as an information processing system with specialized components, much like a computer. As I understand it, learned associations are easier to recall using this "memory palace" technique because it simultaneousl... | [
"Alan Baddeley's theory of working memory has yet another aspect to which memory can be stored short term. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is this store that holds visual information for manipulation. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is thought to be its own storage of working memory in that it does not interfere with the s... |
When did the Bishop of Rome become the Pope and primary figure of the Christian faith? | It is tempting to create a narrative of papal history that marches inexorably towards the monarchical papacy of the High Middle Ages and its role at the center of Latin Christianity. However, the question is a bit problematic—what elements we decide are essential or fundamental to the office of the papacy will ultimate... | [
"The Bishop of Rome, called the Pope, was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus beca... |
What can we do to help future historians? | Preserving our own digital cultures is incredibly important, but I'm going to address this question from a slightly different angle. One of the other things we need to do to help future historians (and present-day historians too) is embrace an open-access philosophy when creating digital archives of *existing* historic... | [
"BULLET::::12. Historical research allows one to discuss past and present events in the context of the present condition, and allows one to reflect and provide possible answers to current issues and problems. Historical research helps us in answering questions such as: Where have we come from, where are we, who are... |
how to get infinite chocolate from a chocolate bar | The gif is subtly doctored. When the piece moves from the left to the right, you can, if you pay attention, see it growing slightly.
Pay attention to the left edge of the piece. You see it growing from 2+1/2 to 2+2/3 | [
"The chocolate itself was a common black milky bar, flat and thin. But what really made it achieve so much success was that each of them would come with a figure made on a thin cardboard paper with a picture of an animal on it.\n",
"The candy is made of a whipped nougat covered with milk chocolate. The nougat cho... |
In terms of harvesting power from radio waves, is there an equivalent to a solar panel? | This is what all satellite dishes and radio telescopes already do in the sense that they convert radio waves into some electrical signal. However, there's no step in there where they interact with some semiconductor wafer or anything like that. The signals typically need to be drastically amplified in the electronics a... | [
"Space-based solar power (SBSP) is the concept of collecting solar power in outer space and distributing it to Earth. Potential advantages of collecting solar energy in space include a higher collection rate and a longer collection period due to the lack of a diffusing atmosphere, and the possibility of placing a s... |
how are saturn's rings clean if they have existed for millions to billions of years? | They are not clean. They have drawn in countless meteors and such. Thus their current color instead of just looking snowy white. | [
"The rings of Saturn consist of ice crystals and probably meteorite particles describing circular orbits around the planet's equator. In all likelihood these are fragments of a former moon that was too close to the planet and was destroyed by its tidal effect. \n",
"\"Rings of Saturn\" is located in the Sir Ruper... |
Why were ship designs so different in Asia compared to Europe? | You're going to need to clarify a few things: what parts of Asia/Europe? Time period? Are you referring to hull design or rigging? Warships or merchantmen? | [
"Geography contributed to important geopolitical differences. For most of their histories, China, India, and the Middle East were each unified under a single dominant power that expanded until it reached the surrounding mountains and deserts. In 1600 the Ottoman Empire controlled almost all the Middle East, the Min... |
how power banks understand the difference between being charged and charging? | You plug it in the laptop via a USB port, and in the mobile phone via a micro USB port. This means you use two different ports on the powerbank as well. This decides if you're charging the bank or the device. | [
"Smart charging is a form of electric vehicle charging in which the time and rate at which an EV's battery pack is charged can be controlled in a more \"intelligent\" way than the simple use of a manual on/off switch.\n",
"Charge control is a technology that lets an electric utility control, in real time, the cha... |
if you got in a plane and started flying flat along with earth then maintained that direction, would you eventually begin flying out of the atmosphere? | tl;dr: The plane would need to follow the curvature of the earth.
As an airplane gets higher in the atmosphere a few things happen. First, as the plane encounters less air resistance, it can move faster, generating more lift. Counteracting this, however, is the fact that the air gets thinner, so less of it is displac... | [
"For example, consider an airplane that travels in a straight line, takes a 90-degree right turn, travels another , takes another 90-degree right turn, and travels a third time. On a flat Earth, the aircraft would have travelled along three sides of a square, and arrive at a spot about from where it started. But be... |
how did those inbuilt battery testers work? | The bar is made of a thermochromic strip of paper/film (paper that changes colour based on temperature) layered on top of a strip of some conductor.
When you press down on the two ends, the strip makes contact with the battery terminals and allows electricity to flow through it. This causes the strip to heat up and ch... | [
"A battery tester is an electronic device intended for testing the state of an electric battery, going from a simple device for testing the charge actually present in the cells and/or its voltage output, to a more comprehensive testing of the battery's condition, namely its capacity for accumulating charge and any ... |
During the late 19th century, why was Japan able to modernize its military better than China? | This is an age old topic.
My answer is pretty simple. Japan could modernize because it became a nation-state by using ethnic nationalism. Qing China (1644-1911) could not modernize because it was multiethnic empire ruled by the minority Manchus.
So in Japan's case, the new Meiji state (1868-1912) could rely upon the... | [
"Once created, the Meiji military machine was used to extend Japanese power overseas, for many leaders believed that national security depended on expansion and not merely a strong defense. Room was also needed for population expansion. Within thirty years, the country's military forces had fought and defeated impe... |
Question regarding using the blood plasma of recovered people to treat sick people: When the plasma is injected, is it just the antibodies in the donated plasma that attacks the virus, or does the body detect the antibodies and create more ? | I don’t see the right answer yet so:
The plasma contains antibodies from the donor. Presumably there are antibodies in the donor that have neutralized the virus. Antibodies are just proteins that latch on to a target and help flag it so the hosts immune system recognizes the problem and eliminates it.
The donor anti... | [
"BULLET::::- Antibodies: Donors are sometimes immunized against agents such as tetanus or hepatitis B so that their plasma contains the antibodies against the toxin or disease. In other donors, an intentionally incompatible unit of blood is transfused to produce antibodies to the antigens on the red cells. The coll... |
...the difference between behaviorism and cognitive science. | I'm just going off memory here, and it's been a little while since I learned about this stuff, but I'll give it a shot. (Note: I'm not familiar with Chomsky's particular arguments or ideas on the topic, but hopefully my answer isn't entirely useless)
As I recall, Behaviourism is the study of observable behaviour, and ... | [
"Simply put: Cognitive Science is the interdisciplinary study of cognition in humans, animals, and machines. It encompasses the traditional disciplines of psychology, computer science, neuroscience, anthropology, linguistics and philosophy. The goal of cognitive science is to understand the principles of intelligen... |
what causes the "stitch" | It's said that it's caused by the midriff, a muscle that important for breathing. If you are breathing in a fast maner, it can feel the same pain as any other muscle that you overuse. Running more and breathing deeper and more slowly will do the trick. | [
"There is no single precise known reason for a stitch to occur. There are, however, a number of popular theories as to what may cause, increase the chances of, or otherwise exacerbate a stitch. A leading theory is that the pain may be caused by an increase in blood flow to the liver or spleen. Increases in the hear... |
why does an object traveling at the speed of light gain infinite mass |
Relativistic mass is an outdated concept.
Many contemporary authors such as Taylor and Wheeler strongly argue against the concept of dynamic mass, and most modern textbooks actually avoid it.
Taylor and Wheeler state [1]
> The concept of "relativistic mass" is subject to misunderstanding. That's why we don't use... | [
"As speeds approach that of light, the acceleration produced by a given force decreases, becoming infinitesimally small as light speed is approached; an object with mass can approach this speed asymptotically, but never reach it.\n",
"When an object is pushed in the direction of motion, it gains momentum and ener... |
Have there been recorded cases of randomly decreasing entropy? | Something like that happening on the macro scale is statistically less likely than everyone independently hallucinating that it happened and was recorded and well established. The standard deviation increases with the square root of the number of independent events added together, so for 6\*10^23 atoms, the standard de... | [
"Sadi Carnot (1796–1832) and Rudolf Clausius (1822–1888) discovered the second law of thermodynamics in the 19th century. It states that total entropy, sometimes understood as disorder, will always increase over time in an isolated system. This means that a system cannot spontaneously increase its order without an ... |
how do you make an app? | It depends on what operating system (Android, iOS, Windows).
But in either case there is software that exists which lets you write code in a specific programming language. That code is compiled and then you're able to either distribute that app directly or submit it to an app store.
For each OS:
* Android - You use... | [
"In 2003 [[Handango]] introduced the first on-device app store for finding, installing and buying software for smartphones. App download and purchasing are completed directly on the device so sync with a computer is not necessary. Description, rating and screenshot are available for any app.\n",
"BULLET::::2. The... |
what is actually happening when a single taste bud decides to stick way out and get super sensitive? | Welcome to the wonderful world of inflammation.
The most common scenario where this happens is when you happen to have too hot a cup of coffee or soup, or eat way too many salty snacks without refreshing your mouth with water.
In scenario 1, the intense heat manages to burn part of your tongue, or atleast heat it suf... | [
"An example of a receptor potential is in a taste bud, where taste is converted into an electrical signal sent to the brain. When stimulated, the taste bud triggers the release of neurotransmitter through exocytosis of synaptic vesicles from the presynaptic membrane. The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across th... |
How did Portugal (as a fascist state under the Estado Novo) manage to stay non-belligerent in World War Two? | Because Estado Novo is a very peculiar fascist state. We didn't had 90% of the ostentation of Italy and Germany, and Salazar didn't want to recuperate the Portuguese Empire as the Italians want to bring back the Roman Empire or the German the Reich, Salazar wanted his people poor, traditional and in the countryside.
O... | [
"For the duration of World War II, [[Portugal]] was under the control of the dictator [[António de Oliveira Salazar]]. Early in September 1939, Portugal proclaimed neutrality to avoid a military operation in Portuguese territory. This action was welcomed by Great Britain. Germany's invasion of France brought the Na... |
How was oil obtained in the middle ages? | Hi! FYI, you'll find some additional information in the FAQ (link on the sidebar)
[Mineral resource extraction]( _URL_0_) - see under *Petroleum* | [
"According to Kasem Ajram, petroleum was distilled by the Persian alchemist Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) in the 9th century, producing chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (\"al-ambiq\"), and which was mainly used for kerosene lamps. Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce... |
when talking on a cellular phone how does my voice get translated into bits of ones and zeroes? | The sounds you vocalize lead to a series of compressions in the air.
The compressions are picked up by a microphone, where they cause a membrame to move in synch with your voice.
The movement of the membrame in the microphone is measured and gives rise to an electric signal that varies over time, still in synch with ... | [
"Examples of one-bit messages in the real world include the sound of car horns, police sirens, and “open” signs. Telephone calls which are deliberately terminated before being answered are also an example of one-bit communication.\n",
"Phonetotopy is the concept that articulatory features as well as perceptual fe... |
Does low birth weight in humans have an effect on the brain later in life? | It seems nearly certain that it does. Low birth rate children have higher rates cognitive delays and other neurological issues. The effects seem to be mild for most affected, but they seem to be persistent.
Source: _URL_0_
JSTOR subscription needed, but the abstract says it. | [
"There is also evidence that birth complications and other factors around the time of birth (perinatal) can have serious implications on intellectual development. For example, a prolonged period of time without access to oxygen during the delivery can lead to brain damage and mental retardation. Also, low birth wei... |
Is the heat energy that we get from the sun just from Photons? | Yes. Since there is (almost) nothing between the sun and the earth to transfer the heat through conduction or convection, the only way for thermal energy to be transferred is through radiation, which consists of photons. | [
"Energy released as gamma rays will interact with electrons and protons and heat the interior of the Sun. Also kinetic energy of fusion products (e.g. of the two protons and the from the p-p I reaction) increases the temperature of plasma in the Sun. This heating supports the Sun and prevents it from collapsing und... |
How come our eyes can see both dark/light areas simultaneously while cameras can only be set to a specific exposure? | It's actually the same principle, just a difference in magnitude. Your eyes are able to perceive a contrast difference of 10-14 stops in a single "image". A digital camera usually falls somewhere around 11 stops, give or take. The difference is that your eye has an iris which can open or close to allow you to quickly s... | [
"Two general types of infrared / near-infrared (also known as active light) eye-tracking techniques are used: bright-pupil and dark-pupil. Their difference is based on the location of the illumination source with respect to the optics. If the illumination is coaxial with the optical path, then the eye acts as a ret... |
why the hell do big states allow smaller states to have so much influence over the direction of a political party? | It's all about the order of the primary. Candidates get money from their party and press coverage based on how well they are doing (or how crazy they are) if you mange to win the first few states, you get tons of publicity (and civilian donations) as well as extra party backing, especially now that there is less compet... | [
"Moreover, this will be effective if an influential state wants control over small states from a liberalism perspective, because building a series of bilateral arrangements with small states can increase a state's influence.\n",
"There are several reasons why, in some systems, two major parties dominate the polit... |
Why did it take so long to unify Italy again (1870s) after the collapse of the Roman Empire? how did countries more technologically backward such as England, France and Castile/Spain unify more quickly than what was previously the most advanced empire in history? | This question takes in the best part of a millennium and a half of West European history, and I was aiming to find 3-4 earlier answers that might address parts of it.
However, it turns out u/AlviseFalier has written an epic answer to a very similar question: [It seems odd that the Italian peninsula could give rise t... | [
"In the decades following unification, Italy started to create colonies in Africa, and under Benito Mussolini's fascism conquered Ethiopia founding in 1936 the Italian Empire. World War I has also been interpreted to have completed the process of Italian unification, with the annexation of Trieste, Istria, Trentino... |
if/once the cuban embargo is lifted, what will change? | It will be easier people in the US to visit Cuba, acquire Cuban goods and do business in Cuba. Vice-versa for people in Cuba dealing with the US. | [
"Although the Cuban trade embargo can only be ended by the U.S. Congress, the Obama administration took executive action to ease some restrictions on travel to Cuba by U.S. citizens, as well as restrictions on the import and export of goods between each country. In his 2015 State of the Union Address to Congress, O... |
Are there (presently) multicellular organisms with very few (2-50) cells? | There is a spectrum of morphologies and sizes of simple life-forms. Some organisms such as slime molds and choanoflagellates can alternate between states in which they are single cells and states in which they have multiple cells. The multicellular phases of these organisms could include states with only very few cells... | [
"Furthermore, multinucleate cells are produced from specialized cell cycles in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia. In filamentous fungi, multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatic... |
wide area networks | A wide area network is similar to a local area network, but uses multiple routers/hubs and occasionally a VPN system to enable network access by dozens or even hundreds of people over a large and disparate landscape. | [
"Broadview Networks is a network-based electronically integrated communications provider serving small and medium-sized businesses in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States. The Company offers local, long-distance and international voice services; data services that encompass VPN and MPLS enabled offerings... |
radar guns that the police use. | _URL_0_
Short version of that: The gun shoots a radar signal at the car, the signal bounces off the car but is changed slightly by the car depending on its speed, the radar gun detects how the signal was changed and calculates the car's speed. The way the signal is changed is caused the Doppler Effect. | [
"Police officers can use LIDAR speed guns or sometimes the older and less accurate radar speed guns to gather evidence for prosecution. These may be operated from temporary static sites or from within police vehicles.\n",
"Radar guns that operate using the X band (8 to 12 GHz) frequency range are becoming less co... |
How did music originate? | You might have better luck asking an anthropologist than a historian. | [
"Music can be theoretically traced to prior to the Paleolithic age. The anthropological and archaeological designation suggests that music first arose (among humans) when stone tools first began to be used by hominids. The noises produced by work such as pounding seed and roots into meal are a likely source of rhyt... |
how does a company gets money when you buy its share, if when you buy a share the money goes to the seller of the share (which is not necessarily the company)? | They care about the price of the shares because the shareholders **own the company**. If the share prices do poorly, the shareholders can fire the CEO & hire a new one. | [
"By selling shares they can sell part or all of the company to many part-owners. The purchase of one share entitles the owner of that share to literally share in the ownership of the company, a fraction of the decision-making power, and potentially a fraction of the profits, which the company may issue as dividends... |
why it's harder for micro-organisms to become resistant to alcohol based disinfectants than drugs | To keep it simple, alcohol kills the microorganisms by physical means : it mostly causes their membranes to fragilize, causing death.
Drugs kill them acting on cellular mechanisms (for example, some antibiotics make it impossible for the bacterias to synthetize their membrane). However, these cellular mechanisms can e... | [
"The use of some antimicrobials such as triclosan, is controversial because it may lead to antimicrobial resistance. The use of chlorine bleach and alcohol disinfectants does not cause antimicrobial resistance as it denatures the protein of the microbe upon contact.\n",
"A study published in 2018 showed multi dru... |
how do antibodies actually work? does your body store antibodies for literally every disease it contracts during your lifetime, or is it more like a recipe? | So I answered a similar question a while ago. I'll paste and tailor it to your question.
You want to defend yourself from the unknown. You don't know what's going to attack you, you just want to make sure anything that isn't you, that is inside you, gets destroyed. How do you go about doing that?
Well put simply, the... | [
"Antibodies are produced naturally by the body and play a key role in fighting infections caused by bacteria and viruses. They can also be used to treat infections by use of injections with blood plasma that contain large amounts of them. The use of whole, natural antibodies as medicines presents many problems: the... |
what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis | Mitosis creates two cells which are fully functional cells with all of the organisms chromosomes. Imagine mitosis as cutting a sandwich in half, and winding up with two full sized sandwiches - it's pretty awesome.
However, meiosis creates cells with only half of the number of chromosomes: 23 for humans. Overall, meios... | [
"Like mitosis, meiosis is a form of eukaryotic cell division. Meiosis gives rise to four unique daughter cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Because meiosis creates cells that are destined to become gametes (or reproductive cells), this reduction in chromosome number is criti... |
What kind of measures were taken to combat disease during military conflicts, especially for soldiers in campaigns? | Until relatively recently the causes of the diseases were not known. They couldn't effectively fight diseases because they didn't have the necessarily scientific knowledge. The Greeks and Romans held to the [Four Humors Theory](_URL_0_) and it remained the leading knowledge of medicine up to the 1800s.
By the time of... | [
"Throughout the history of warfare, armies have depended on clean water, wholesome food, sanitation, disease and injury prevention, hazard-free environments and other sound public health practices to keep Soldiers in fighting form. The Army Public Health Center has broadened the scope of the public health mission t... |
Were the witch hunting trials by throwing people into water real? How were the deaths of innocents justified? | Trial by water was one option available under trials by ordeal in Medieval Europe. Trials by ordeal, like trials by combat, come from ancient Germanic law customs. I'll mostly write here about its use in the High Middle Ages in Britain.
Trials by ordeal generally came in two forms: trial by fire, or trial by water. In... | [
"Ordeal by water was associated with the witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries: an accused who sank was considered innocent, while floating indicated witchcraft. Some argued that witches floated because they had renounced baptism when entering the Devil's service. King James VI of Scotland (later also James I ... |
what is the united nations' role in the russia/ukraine situation? | It can't have one because Russia is on the Security Council. Motions were made to take the matter up, and Russia blocked them, as is its privilege.
This is the "bug" in the UN system. The permanent members of the Council (US, UK, France, Russia, China) don't have to live within the UN framework if they don't want to... | [
"Several members of the international community have expressed grave concerns over the Russian intervention in Ukraine and criticized Russia for its actions in post-revolutionary Ukraine, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South K... |
Were Native Americans ever taken back to Europe, as slaves or to be assimilated into European society? | The famous Native American Squanto was an example of this. He was captured as a young man in 1605 by the British, enslaved, and taken to England where he was taught English so he could be used as an interpreter. 9 years later he returned to New England as part of one of John Smith's expeditions. He tried to return to h... | [
"European nations sent Native Americans (sometimes against their will) to the Old World as objects of curiosity. They often entertained royalty and were sometimes prey to commercial purposes. Christianization of Native Americans was a charted purpose for some European colonies.\n",
"Once Europeans had gained cont... |
Panel AMA – East Asia in the Early 20th Century | - How was Henry Puyi's day-to-day life when he ruled the Manchukuo under Japanese in Tianjin? What kind of duties did he do? What kind of freedom was allowed him?
- A lot of Chinese migrated from Meixian to my country in 1930s, my grandfather included. My mom always said it was because a lot of people wanted to avoid... | [
"East Asia is an especially important regional focus. During 2000-2005, the Press published 184 academic monographs on the region, 82 on China, 81 on Japan, and 21 on Korea. The three principal subject areas were language and literature (with 23 on China, 25 on Japan, and 7 on Korea); religion and philosophy (with ... |
Why can Windows run .exe files, but Mac can't even get a program to convert it to a readable file? | The .exe contains x86 machine code, which the CPU in your computer interprets. To get an intuition for why it's not readable by humans, please look at the [cards in this video](_URL_0_): the holes on the cards translate into movements of the machine, and those *movements* result in the actual fabric patterns.
Now, mos... | [
"The operating systems the archivers can run on without emulation or compatibility layer. Linux Ubuntu's own GUI \"Archive manager,\" for example, can open and create many archive formats (including Rar archives) even to the extent of splitting into parts and encryption and ability to be read by the \"native progra... |
how do we know where the borders that distinguish each ocean are, (i.e between pacific and atlantic) and how were they distinguished? | At the boundaries between the oceans, no, there's no sudden change.
The technical borders of each ocean are dictated by the International Hydrographic Organization. For example, the boundary between the Atlantic and Indian oceans is defined by the 20E meridian from Africa to Antarctica.
On a large scale, each ocean ... | [
"The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea—one of it... |
who are neo-nazis, what do they believe in? | It's hard to really put a finger on that one. There are people with different mindsets who consider themselves or are considered Neo-Nazis.
One possible definition is people who agree with what the Nazis did in the 30s and 40s, like considering Germans (or US-Americans,..) a superior race, thinking jews are a harm to... | [
"Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive Nazism or related ideologies. Common aspects of modern-day Neo-Nazism include hatred or fear of minorities such as blacks, Hispanics, lesbian, gay, and transgender people, non-white immigrants, and sometimes even Christians bu... |
Why is the interior of the great pyramid in Egypt not covered in paintings and ancient Egyptian writings or reliefs like all the other supposedly older pyramids found in Egypt? | Just like today's tombstones are not burried with the deceased, in ancient egyptian times paintings and relief decorations were usually reserved for places where others (mainly relatives and priests) could see them, in the accompanying chapels and temples.
Khufu's pyramid complex is in very bad condition but those of ... | [
"The inner part of the temple has the same triangular layout that most ancient Egyptian temples follow, with rooms decreasing in size from the entrance to the sanctuary. The temple is complex in structure and quite unusual because of its many side chambers. The hypostyle hall (sometimes also called a pronaos) is lo... |
what constitutes a radio station being hd quality, and how do they make it hd? | 'HD radio' is a branded implementation of the In-Band/On-Channel (IBOC) method of 'hybrid' broadcasting, wherein compact digital 'saddlebags' are placed at either end of the station's reserved 'mask' (the space it's allowed to use on the 'dial').
In many cases, there is only one HD channel, 'HD1'. Even if there are ot... | [
"WAWZ broadcasts in HD Radio with both its HD1, HD2, and HD3 channels providing Artist Experience data including song titles, artists, and albums on compatible radios. Over the years, 99.1 FM has hosted a variety of formats on its HD sub-channels. The current HD sub-channel formats are:\n",
"Uniquely, the station... |
Are there any examples of successful opposition to Jim Crow in the segregated South before Brown v. Board? | Good question. We often think that African American protest and the Civil Rights Movement began with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. This is usually the beginning marker because it was the first successful legal battle for de-segregation. However, do we define successful opposition to Jim Crow as only legal battle... | [
"These Jim Crow laws revived principles of the 1865 and 1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in \"Brown v. Board of ... |
When/how did we begin to view the Earth as a planet in a solar system of multiple planets? In other words, at what point in time would you be able to ask "What planet are we on?" and people would begin to understand what you're talking about? [X-post to no stupid questions] | hi! other responses are welcome (especially to represent various other cultures), but you can get started here
* [When did humans become aware that they were on planet Earth, in a solar system, and part of the Universe?](_URL_0_)
It might also be worth x-posting to /r/AskScience (astronomy) | [
"With the advent of the Scientific Revolution, use of the term \"planet\" changed from something that moved across the sky (in relation to the star field); to a body that orbited Earth (or that was believed to do so at the time); and by the 18th century to something that directly orbited the Sun when the heliocentr... |
how can bill cosby's wife be compelled to testify against him? | The problem is that, while she is his wife, she's *also* his business manager. The plaintiffs say they're only asking her to testify in her role as his business manager. | [
"On May 3, 2018, after her husband's conviction for sexual assault, Cosby released a three-page statement defending her husband in which she compared her husband's conviction to the racially charged killing of Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old boy who was lynched after a white woman said she was offended by him in h... |
what kind of things would people have worn during beheadings in 17th Century France? | Do you mean 18th century? Beheading by guillotine saw widespread use from 1790ish onward, not the 1600s.
Assuming that you do, revolutionary fashion tended to involve plain, close-fitting shirts for men, somewhat influenced by the english landed gentry. Frenchmen would also wear a plain frock or riding coat, short wa... | [
"Starting in the 1550s, middle- and upper-class women in Europe wore dresses which included a smock, stays, kirtle, gown, forepart, sleeves, ruff and a partlet. Undergarments were not worn underneath. In England, Queen Elizabeth dictated what kinds of dresses women were allowed to wear. French women were inspired b... |
Why aren't analog computers more widely used? | We don't use analogue computers because the cost and complexity to build such machines is extremely high, and their reliability is low for their cost.
The main problem with analogue computers is that in order to represent all of the possible values, you need multiple voltages across the circuits, and be able to accura... | [
"Analogue circuits are typically harder to design, requiring more skill than comparable digital systems. This is one of the main reasons that digital systems have become more common than analogue devices. An analogue circuit is usually designed by hand, and the process is much less automated than for digital system... |
why does it get harder and harder to make friends and form meaningful relationships the older you get? | Just one mans opinion here but.. I believe it has to do with shared experiences. When you are young the world is new and there is much to learn about it, you have friends and those friends get to experience all those things for the first time with you, strengthening your relationships. As you get older you know the gam... | [
"Relationship building is a component to identity creation in young adults. Attending college is the next step for many privileged high school students when transitioning into adulthood. Prior to college, young people who attend rely more heavily upon their parents or parental figures for guidance through difficult... |
what makes me... me? memories? consciousness? my body? and why? | No one really knows the answer to this. I've alwyas considered someone's thoughts and their body make up who they are, but then again thoughts and your body can be manipulated and changed.
Ive always found it amazing that we are made up of different cells, like they're completely different living things to eachother, ... | [
"\"If consciousness is then the sum total of everything of which we are aware, pre-consciousness is the reservoir of everything we can remember, all that is accessible to voluntary recall: the storehouse of memory. This leaves the unconscious area of mental life to contain all the more primitive drives and impulses... |
when do you stop worrying about heat from air friction, and start worrying about air compression. | Engines that use supersonic air compression ([scramjets](_URL_0_)) for propulsion start working around mach 5. | [
"BULLET::::- \"Kinetic heating\". As the airspeed increases, more and more molecules of air per second hit the aircraft. This causes a temperature rise in the Direct Reading thermometer probe of the aircraft due to friction. Because the airflow is thought to be compressible and isentropic, which, by definition, is ... |
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