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why can any guitar company copy designs of a strat, tele, les paul, etc. and it not be copyright infringement?	There have been court cases over this very issue, and the conclusion that the judges came to is that these body shapes are so common that they are considered to be generic.	[ "Numerous infringements, particularly in the United States was and is being done without his verbal nor written conformity. Andy Soler, the patent holder, had a hand in building all the original Ritz and WRC Guitars. Eric Galletta obtained the Gibson Owned Trademark WRC from Gibson Guitars. WRC Guitars was a nomine...
how do car alarms work?	It's pretty simple, really. A lot more simple than people think. When a window get smashed, you abruptly change the air pressure inside the car. There is a sensor somewhere inside the car that detects the pressure change. The same sensor reacts when you have a large dog barking inside the car too, so most car alarms h...	[ "A car alarm is an electronic device installed in a vehicle in an attempt to discourage theft of the vehicle itself, its contents, or both. Car alarms work by emitting high-volume sound (often a vehicle-mounted siren, klaxon, pre-recorded verbal warning, the vehicle's own horn, or a combination of these) when the c...
What happens when a solvent evaporates?	Yes. When solvent evaporates, you'll have a higher concentration of solute. When the concentration is higher than the saturation concentration, the solute will begin to precipitate out. This is one way of [recrystallizing](_URL_0_) a desired product in chemistry labs. It's also a way of obtaining large, single crystal...	[ "If evaporation takes place in an enclosed area, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches an equilibrium...
why do newsboys in movies etc. say "extra" when calling out headlines?	Newspapers, back when they where the main source of daily news, used to be printed several times a day (each time being updated with newer information or stories) so for example there would be both a morning and an evening edition of the same paper, and maybe more inbetween depending on the size of the paper and the ci...	[ "Starting in the mid-19th century United States, newspaper street vendors would shout \"Extra! Extra! Read all about it!\" when selling extras. This became a catchphrase often used to introduce events into a narrative in films.\n", "The stock phrase \"film at 11\" comes from the term once used to close promos for...
why do economists say that the euro was 'a bad idea' since its launch in 2002?	The difference between North and.... Err, between South Europe and the rest of EU is too large. Basically Euro do not allow the southern neighbors to compete with the rest. Usually this competing would happen by devaluing the currency on hard times, and as such making the wage lower (and also making pensions cost les...	[ "The introduction of the euro has led to extensive discussion about its possible effect on inflation. In the short term, there was a widespread impression in the population of the eurozone that the introduction of the euro had led to an increase in prices, but this impression was not confirmed by general indices of...
how exactly do whole grain foods such as rice, pastas, and breads give greater health benefits?	From my reading,not helpful at all,as grains are still broken down into sugar,plus the wheat of today is very different of the wheat of yesteryear. These videos can explain very well what I'm talking about. _URL_0_ _URL_1_	[ "Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. There are many varieties of rice and culinary prefe...
how come when you have an ear infection or a sinus infection it affects other parts of your head?	Most of the area just under the skin on your face is hollow sinus cavities. Obviously there are bones and nerves and other things that go through there, but the majority of the area of your face is just a covering for your mouth, nose, or sinuses. Your ears are connected to the nasal cavity by your eustachian tubes, ...	[ "Aspergillosis of the ear canal causes itching and occasionally pain. Fluid draining overnight from the ear may leave a stain on the pillow. Aspergillosis of the sinuses causes a feeling of congestion and sometimes pain or discharge. It can extend beyond the sinuses.\n", "If one or more of the paired paranasal si...
How did Gödel, in his incompleteness theorems, prove a statement that applied to all formal systems, using a formal system?	I'm going to assume you mean formal systems that attempt to describe the natural numbers (i.e. can perform arithmetic) here. While the proofs of Godel's actual theorems are incredibly complex and incomprehensible, how he proved that the theorems applied to all formal systems was actually quite simple. Godel's theorems ...	[ "Gödel's second incompleteness theorem (1931) shows that no formal system extending basic arithmetic can be used to prove its own consistency. Thus, the statement \"there are no contradictions in the \"Principia\" system\" cannot be proven in the \"Principia\" system unless there \"are\" contradictions in the syste...
why is there zero calorie soda but little/no zero calorie candy?	_URL_0_ I highly recommend you read the reviews before purchasing.	[ "Candy is considered a source of empty calories, because it provides little or no nutritional value beyond food energy. At the start of the 20th century, when undernutrition was a serious problem, especially among poor and working-class people, and when nutrition science was a new field, the high calorie content wa...
If i^4 is equal to 1. Is the fourth root of 1, i or is it 1?	When dealing with complex roots, you're going to get such results all the time. The fourth roots of unity are 1, -1, i, and -i. Even if you're just looking for real roots, this result should make it easier for you to understand. 1^4 = 1 (-1)^4 = 1 1 =/= -1 Is the fourth root of 1, 1 or -1? The answer is both.	[ "with [[root of an equation\|roots]] \"p\" = 0 (obvious) and \"p\" = (1 + \"u\") / (1 + \"u\" + \"u\"), from which \"p\" and \"p\" are then obtained by [[back substitution]]. One can define six such parameters \"u\" = \"p\" / \"p\", for which \"p\" ≤ \"p\" ≤ \"p\" when (\"c\", \"b\", \"a\") is a [[cyclic permutation...
Why is a negative base to a fractional square root a nonreal number?	x^2.1 is the 10th root of x^21 which is imaginary for negative values of x. Edit: 2.1 is 21/10 not 21/20, oops.	[ "No square root can be taken of a negative number within the system of real numbers, because squares of all real numbers are non-negative. The lack of real square roots for the negative numbers can be used to expand the real number system to the complex numbers, by postulating the imaginary unit , which is one of t...
why are there no rip off car models as there is with so many other products in the world?	There are, they might not rip off the entire car, but components; door latch assemblies, window motors, smaller pieces like that get ripped off all the time and designs get copied.	[ "Manufacturers sometimes use pre-production cars to provide the automotive press a chance to experience and create publicity and articles about the models that are yet to appear in dealer showrooms for public view. Some of these cars are exhibited at auto shows. They may also be destroyed during crash tests. Most o...
why are green apples called granny smith apples?	Granny smith are a type of apple. It's a brand name as well, like Given Delicious or Pink Lady.	[ "Granny Smith apples are light green in colour. They are popularly used in many apple dishes, such as apple pie, apple cobbler, apple crumble, and apple cake. They are also commonly eaten raw as table apples, and at least one company (Woodchuck Hard Cider) makes Granny Smith varietal cider.\n", "The Granny Smith ...
If races can have common physical characteristics, why can't they have common psychological ones?	In theory, they can. But so far we haven't found any genetic difference that wouldn't be dwarfed by cultural factors. For example you have lots of discussion in academic performance differences between white, black and asian, but when you look closer you find out that in many black communities it's actually a bit shame...	[ "Individuals who share a similar genetic makeup can also share certain propensity or resistance to specific diseases. However, there are confronted positions in relation to the utility of using 'races' to talk about populations sharing a similar genetic makeup. Some geneticists argued that human variation is geogra...
What is the origin/development of food allergies in western societies?	with the growth and success of western medicine, public hygiene and quality standards of food production, we created an environment of next to no exposure to parasitic pathogens like worms and protozoa. This sounds good at first, but what also happens is that the part of the immune system that is fending off those para...	[ "For reasons not entirely understood, the diagnosis of food allergies has apparently become more common in Western nations recently. One possible explanation for this is the \"old friends\" hypothesis which suggests that non disease causing organisms, such as helminths, could protect against allergy. Therefore, red...
Do Black Holes go anywhere?	no. They don't. Eventually the particles that make you up contribute to a scattering process and many eons later will be released back into the universe in the form of Hawking radiation.	[ "Black holes are a major source of energy for the Eight Worlds' society. They are quite rare but can be found - if one is persistent enough \"and\" lucky - in the space beyond Pluto. A single black hole, when dragged back into the system and installed in a power station, would be enough for a prospector to live in ...
What’s the science behind a stuffed nose? What is its purpose and how does it occur?	Pre med student! External membranes and skin are the first line of defense in mammals. When your body senses some irritant around the nose or believes that you are sick, correctly or incorrectly, it will signal your nasal membrane to secrete mucus to prevent more pathogens from entering the body. Many pathogens typica...	[ "The anatomical snuff box or snuffbox is a triangular deepening on the radial, dorsal aspect of the hand—at the level of the carpal bones, specifically, the scaphoid and trapezium bones forming the floor. The name originates from the use of this surface for placing and then sniffing powdered tobacco, or \"snuff.\" ...
how come the treasure hunters, odyssey, are being forced to give back the $500m treasure that they found and pulled from the ocean floor?	Lawyer here! This case presents a great opportunity to look at abandonment and salvage law. The bottom line is that Spain - which owned the ship and cargo in question - never abandoned its ownership interest. In order for a person to abandon property, that person must exhibit some sort of intent to surrender its ow...	[ "Mike Johnson initially speculated that the treasure might be from the wreck of the English merchant ship \"Merchant Royal\", which sank on 23 September 1641 whilst returning to London. That ship sank in heavy weather when its pumps failed to keep up with the water leaking through the hull planks. Over half the cre...
why is the english version of a wikipedia article always much longer and more detailed than in any other language?	Most other languages simply don't have as many contributors. The German Wiki is actually very good and very active. Some smaller language simply don't have as many editors which greatly limits the amount of subjects they write on.	[ "The articles on the Simple English Wikipedia are usually shorter than their English Wikipedia counterparts, typically presenting only basic information: Tim Dowling of \"The Guardian\" newspaper explained that \"the Simple English version tends to stick to commonly accepted facts\". The interface is also more simp...
Are any ancient roads or bridges still in use today?	Sure. [The King's Highway](_URL_0_) in Jordan immediately jumps to mind. > Was there continued development on these roads even after their empires fell? I'm less familiar with whether or not the development would have been "continuous" per se (i.e. whether or not the road ever fell into prolonged periods of neglect...	[ "Many of the present-day road bridges are on the site of earlier fords, ferries and wooden bridges. At Swinford Bridge, a toll bridge, there was first a ford and then a ferry prior to the bridge being built. The earliest known major crossings of the Thames by the Romans were at London Bridge and Staines Bridge. At ...
how do swear words become swear words in the first place?	Actually very interesting topic, whilst a good number are just insults, the majority of English language swear words are Germanic origin words as opposed to Latin origin words; when the french-speaking Normans conquered England, they would include more french words when they spoke, whereas the Anglo-Saxons, which made ...	[ "A swear jar (also known as a swear box, swearing jar, cuss jar, or cuss bank) is a device to help discourage people from swearing. Every time someone utters a swear word, others who witness it collect a \"fine\", by insisting that the offender put some money into the box. The container may be made of glass, porcel...
How do we have fossils older than the Cretaceous at current rates of tectonic plate subduction?	There are some anomalously old bits of ocean floor knocking around - I believe there’s some parts of the Pacific Ocean basin that are 200ish million years old, and a few slivers in the Mediterranean that are remnants of the Neotethys ocean getting on for 300 million years old. This is not really the answer to your qu...	[ "Their subsequent research showed that the infraposition of the fossiliferous rocks is not their original place, but had been brought about by a gigantic system of dislocations, whereby successive masses of the oldest gneisses, have been exhumed from below and thrust over the younger formations.\n", "The ages of ...
ceramic glazes	A ceramic glaze is a essentially a powdered glass-forming substance that liquefies at high temperatures, forming a smooth glass layer that is bonded with the ceramic itself. There are many different types of glazes that utilize different chemicals to produce different colors and effects. A flux is a substance added to ...	[ "Ceramic glaze is an impervious layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fused to a ceramic body through firing. Glaze can serve to color, decorate or waterproof an item. Glazing renders earthenware vessels suitable for holding liquids, sealing the inherent porosity of unglazed biscuit earthenware. I...
What do meteorologists actually do these days? Don't computer models do all the predicting?	Who do you think makes, improves, and interprets those models?	[ "Research by Kondrat'eva, Reznikov and colleagues at Kazan University had shown how meteor storms could be accurately predicted, but for some years the worldwide meteor community remained largely unaware of these results. The work of David J. Asher, Armagh Observatory and Robert H. McNaught, Siding Spring Observato...
why can't we just throw all of our trash into an oceanic trench? wouldn't it be recycled back into the earth?	Trash is all sorts of crazy stuff, including oils that float, plastic bits that float, paper bits that float, wood bits that float and even cans with a little air in them that float. It's also filled with air. And air floats. So you'd need to seal it and get all the air out of it to keep it down there. So you Wall-E ...	[ "Another issue is that removing marine debris from our oceans can potentially cause more harm than good. Cleaning up micro-plastics could also accidentally take out plankton, which are the main lower level food group for the marine food chain and over half of the photosynthesis on earth. One of the most efficient a...
how did the punctuation marks get their shapes?	. comes from ancient greece, there used to be 3 different kinds which sat at varying height, the higher the dot the longer the pause. ! is the latin work Io (joy) with the o smushed under the I. ? derives from the same dots as the period, only it had a squiggle to show that you should raise your voice, like you do w...	[ "Some kind of punctuation is often found in inscriptions of all kinds. In Greek inscriptions a vertical line or a dot, or dots, sometimes indicates the separation between sentences or words, but words are seldom separated by spaces as in modern printing, so that the text is continuous and no division of words exist...
Did people really used to talk in such a formal way in the past? Historical novels make it seem like abbreviating words is a new thing...	It's pretty much just an affectation of the genre (side note: as a writer of historical fiction, I've run up against this frequently, as I refuse to follow it). People of all time periods used various levels of language depending on the situation and, yes, those levels of language did include slang and "contractions." ...	[ "In April 2008 Hitchings published \"The Secret Life of Words: How English Became English\", a study of loanwords, calques and their cultural significance. Following the English language's history through \"its debt to invasions, to threats from abroad, and to an island people's dealings with the world beyond its s...
why do so many flies end up stuck in the blinds and die there?	Because they walk up. Most people have their blinds angled so that walking up across the blinds takes the fly (through the gaps) to the side where the window is. To get out, the fly would have to walk downwards (and upside down) on the blinds, and they don't like to do that, so they kinda get stuck on the window side...	[ "Because of their attraction to light, drain flies may be monitored by using fan-based traps baited with visible or ultraviolet light. However, only killing adult flies is usually not effective; larval food sources must be removed to stop more flies from emerging.\n", "Hanged bodies can be expected to show their ...
how does apple get away with selling iphones in europe when the eu rule that all mobile phones must use a micro usb connection?	by making it an adapter that has a micro usb connection	[ "Some observers, noting Apple's continued use of proprietary, non-micro USB charging ports on their smartphones, suggested Apple was not in compliance with the 2009 Common EPS Memorandum of Understanding. The European Commission however, confirmed that all MoU signatories, \"have met their obligations under the MoU...
how are brain surgeons able to remove 30% of somebody's brain, and have them function normally?	Every lobe in the brain is symmetrical and can be divided into two parts along the medial line. Each side of a lobe contain copies of one another, so if half of somebody's brain is surgically removed, they will be able to function normally over time. The process of converting all brain functions to a given side is not ...	[ "Each year, about 400,000 people undergo brain mapping during neurosurgery. This procedure is often required for people with tumors or epilepsy that do not respond to medication. During this procedure, electrodes are placed on the brain to precisely identify the locations of structures and functional areas. Patient...
What about elements cause some to be solid at room temperature while others are gaseous or liquid? What are the differences on an atomic level?	for atoms and molecules, boiling points/melting points are by and large determined by what are known as noncovalent interactions, which are basically how two different particles of the same molecule/atom interact with each other. atomic radius determines a lot about noncovalent forces in individual elements. generally...	[ "Only two elements are liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure: mercury and bromine. Four more elements have melting points slightly above room temperature: francium, caesium, gallium and rubidium. Metal alloys that are liquid at room temperature include NaK, a sodium-potassium metal alloy, galin...
the oil industry and it's subparts	Drilling - exactly what you think. Like sucking out the milk from a bowl of cereal through a straw, then processing it further. Shale - it's kind of like traditional mining, except what you're removing is a rock that's rich in oil, which, again, has to be processed. Fracking - hydraulic fracturing - essentially using...	[ "The United States oil industry is made up of thousands of companies, engaged in exploration and production, transportation, refining, distribution, and marketing of oil. The industry is often informally divided into \"upstream\" (exploration and production), \"midstream\" (transportation and refining), and \"downs...
why is sparkling water so popular in europe, but not in north america	The popularity of bottled water started in Europe, and it started with mineral water from specific famous springs. In a lot of cases, the water from these springs is naturally carbonated. (I say "in a lot of cases" because Evian is not carbonated, and neither are a few other French brands.) For the most part, in Europ...	[ "In the United States, the popularity of bottled water declined in the early 20th century, when the advent of water chlorination reduced public concerns about water-borne diseases in municipal water supplies. However, it remained popular in Europe, where it spread to cafes and grocery stores in the second half of t...
what's actually happening when my eyes get "stuck" for a few seconds, staring at nothing in particular?	I dont know if you watch Doctor Who. But if you do, it's the silence.	[ "To some extent, the meaning of a person’s staring behaviour depends upon the attributions made by the observer. Staring often occurs accidentally, when someone appears to be staring into space they may well be lost in thought, or stupefied, or simply unable to see.\n", "The eyes are never completely at rest. The...
an article on _url_0_ states that 96% of space is undiscovered, but how can you give a percentage of something that you can't quantify the full size of?	You are right, it is a ridiculous thing to say. It is also important to remember two things about people who write these (and any) articles. 1) Their job is to write articles and those articles are products to be consumed. The more readers, the more profitable the site is. This means investing a lot in a few deeply r...	[ "The magnitude of such precision (152 decimal places) can be put into context by the fact that the circumference of the largest known object, the observable universe, can be calculated from its diameter (93billion light-years) to a precision of less than one Planck length (at , the shortest unit of length that has ...
how do we know the visible universe is 4% and not more or less?	The visible universe and the observable universe are two different things. The thing that is 4% is the collective mass of things in the observable universe comprised of ordinary (visible) matter. The other 96% is dark matter and dark energy, which are invisible but whose presence can be roughly detected via gravitation...	[ "Many secondary sources have reported a wide variety of incorrect figures for the size of the visible universe. Some of these figures are listed below, with brief descriptions of possible reasons for misconceptions about them.\n", "To show this, we divide the universe into a series of concentric shells, 1 light y...
watching the olympics and the shirts for the olympic athlete from russia team literally say "olympic athlete from russia". why is this in english and not russian or korean?	English is the world's most popular second language. At an international event, you want people from lots of countries to understand your message.	[ "Despite the \"Olympic Athletes from Russia\" (OAR) designation, many Russian fans still attended the 2018 Games, wearing the Russian colours and chanting \"Russia!\" in unison, in an act of defiance against the ban.\n", "Most athletes came from Moscow (97). Also many sportspeople represented the Moscow Oblast (3...
how is new origami created? do they grab paper and just start folding and see what happens, or is there a mathematical/formulaic approach?	Yes, there is a very mathematical aproach on how to create new and complex models. The easiest one is extending an existing base and adding new details, e.g. toes, mouth etc.. A base being the simplest way of representing a stick figure of the model you want to fold. Next comes circle packing. In it you use the advanta...	[ "Technical origami, known in Japanese as , is an origami design approach in which the model is conceived as an engineered crease pattern, rather than developed through trial-and-error. With advances in origami mathematics, the basic structure of a new origami model can be theoretically plotted out on paper before a...
What is in the “smog” that swallows up Los Angeles and surrounding cities?	It's usually a mix of vehicle exhaust products and water vapor that chemically react to create said smog. Fuels/engines that burn dirty (lots of particulates both burnt and unburnt, sulfur, nOX compounds, etc) obviously provide more material for the production of smog. What makes it stick to the ground levels though i...	[ "Los Angeles is strongly predisposed to accumulation of smog, because of peculiarities of its geography and weather patterns. The millions of vehicles in the area combined with the additional effects of the Los Angeles/Long Beach complex frequently contribute to further air pollution. Though Los Angeles was one of ...
On the ISS do they have to adjust for flatulence because of the closed loop environment?	No, there are multiple, different types of filters responsible for removing components of the air. Carbon Dioxide, being the main culprit, is absorbed on a zeolite and dumped overboard (by reheating). Other minor impurities (such as methane and thiols from your butt) are captured in Carbon filters, which are regularl...	[ "The position of the Space Station in low Earth orbit is effectively just outside of the Earth's appreciable atmosphere, and is therefore an excellent training area in which astronauts can put on space suits, leave the ISS life support systems behind, and conduct spacewalks - or \"Extravehicular activity (EVA).\" A...
what makes a person a good singer?	It really is 99% work and practice. The first step is developing an ear for music. Listen to and sing along w/ your favorite artists. Surround yourself w/ music. A good teacher does wonders. There are plenty of You Tube videos, but since everyone's voice is different, this is an area where personalized instruction is ...	[ "According to him, in some music shows, he tend to sings many genres, which some of them are not his best, in order to entertain the audiences, because \"\"If I don't try many genres, I won't be able to gain many fans and audiences, I won't be able to perform at plenty music shows. Meaning I'm able to sing differen...
In the Middle Ages, most of Western and Northern Europe appeared to use patronymics (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, Leif Ericson, Nuno Álvares Pereira, Harold Godwinson, Maurice FitzGerald). These patronymics eventually became frozen into regular surnames. When and why did this happen?	In the Scandinavian countries the partial abolishment of patronymics was mostly to do with rising populations in and around the early 1900's. There are only so many patronymics available before things just get confusing. This is also why patronymics are still in use in Iceland, because the population is so small. Hopef...	[ "The use of patronyms died out in the Lowlands after the 15th century, as they became solidified as surnames. It was not until the 18th century that they were given up in the Gaelic-speaking Highlands. As late as the first part of the 18th century, some men were distinguished not only by their father's name, but th...
why do so many asian nationality adjectives end in "ese" (i.e. chinese, japanese, vietnamese, etc.) where so many other nationality adjectives end in "ish" or "an" (i.e. scottish, american, german, egyptian, italian, etc.)? i know there are exceptions, but in general, this seems to be a thing.	We get our language/nationality names from European explorers who first made contact and had to call them something pronounceable. Those ending in "ese" were countries first visited by explorers speaking Italian, Portuguese, or a similar language -- this ending is normal in those languages. Those ending in something ...	[ "\"-ese\" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety. Thus, \"a Chinese person\" is used rather than \"a Chinese\". Often used for East Asian and Francophone locations, from the similar-sounding French suffix \"-ais(e)\", which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending \"-en...
the legality of pranks.	The law varies somewhat but in most states it is not legal to make a prank call. Nevada is an exception, so that's where shows like 'Crank Yankers' operated from. But, even they had to get permission from the targets before they could air the phone call. You can usually videotape people in public. If someone is har...	[ "The pranks are often planned out very well before they are actually done in order to work out details such as not being caught or blamed for the disruption they cause. Often these are harmless and more often hilarious pranks, but sometimes the pranks can be taken too far, causing serious problems such as damage to...
Some people in Hong Kong seem to have very fond memories of its colonial past. How much rights did non-British Hong Konger have in the colonial period? How did these rights evolve over time, and why did the British give or revoke these rights?	This is an excellent question which deserves a nuanced answer. British colonial policy towards HK, as you rightly pointed out, varied in relation to local and cold war politics. I will attempt to answer this question based on four stages of colonial policy, which was chiefly used by legal scholar Benny Tai. The First...	[ "Britons never made up more than a small portion of the population in Hong Kong, despite Hong Kong having been under British rule for more than 150 years. However, they did leave their mark on Hong Kong's institutions, culture and architecture. The British population in Hong Kong today consists mainly of career exp...
why do people tend to fall backwards and bend over when laughing?	Idk about falling backwards. But bending over when laughing, I believe, is because laughing makes your abdominal muscles contract.	[ "Hay published a magazine piece entitled \"Philosophy of Laughter\", in which he discussed the psychology of comedy. In the essay he rhetorically asks, \"Why does every one of us laugh at seeing somebody else slapped in the face with a large piece of cold custard pie? Is it because we're all naturally cruel? Or is ...
How much can we learn or know about an unknown creature from just DNA?	If it were an unknown Earth species, we would eventually be able to determine its most closely-related currently living species or groups of species. Usually when this is done, there is already a pretty good idea of relatedness, so here, considerably more effort would be required. Then we can say "it probably looks a l...	[ "A thorough identification of the species through conventional methods is needed before an attempt at DNA analysis. This DNA can be obtained from practically any part of the insect, including the body, leg, setae, antennae, etc. There are about one million species described in the world and many more that have stil...
why is it when you quickly touch a hot object and remove your hand it takes a little while for you to feel the burn?	This is a really fun one! Your spinal cord has its own reflexive system, almost acting like a second brain. When something of 'grave' danger occurs to you, such as putting your hand on a hot stove, cells are dying extremely quickly and your brain is a slow shit compared to your reflexes. So, the signal of "shit's goin...	[ "When a person touches a hot object and withdraws their hand from it without actively thinking about it, the heat stimulates temperature and pain receptors in the skin, triggering a sensory impulse that travels to the central nervous system. The sensory neuron then synapses with interneurons that connect to motor n...
What were some of Benjamin Franklins ideas/inventions that were considered radical during the time he was alive but are now acceptable today?	Not one of his ideas per say - but he was one of the only contemorary suppporters of the [Wave of Light Theory](_URL_0_) - Basically that colors were made up of diffrent wave lenghts of like (like you would see broken down by a prism or rainbow)	[ "Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, Freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major fi...
Was Caesar upset about Ptolemy XIII killing Pompey?	Plutarch's Life of Julius Caesar notes: "Arriving at Alexandria just after Pompey's death, he turned away in horror from Theodotus as he presented the head of Pompey, but he accepted Pompey's seal-ring, and shed tears over it." Remember that Caesar was big on granting clemency to his defeated adversaries as a propaga...	[ "Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was murdered by an officer of King Ptolemy XIII. Caesar pursued the Pompeian army to Alexandria, where he camped and became involved with the Alexandrine Civil War between Ptolemy and his sister, wife, and co-regent, Cleopatra VII. Perhaps as a result of Ptolemy's role in Pompey's mu...
Evolution of Battle Tactics: How did battles change from the Napoleonic Wars to World War II?	Oh my god you have no clue who enormous of a topic this is. God where do I even begin. Okay, the Napoleonic Wars! The Napoleonic Wars greatest innovation, something which would paint warfare forever after, is the concept of a citizen army -- to replace the highly trained, specialized mercenary armies employed by crown...	[ "Strategy (and tactics) must constantly evolve in response to technological advances. A successful strategy from one era tends to remain in favor long after new developments in military weaponry and matériel have rendered it obsolete. World War I, and to a great extent the American Civil War, saw Napoleonic tactics...
Why doesn't the immune system of genetic chiemras attack their body?	I don't know the answer but if I have to make an educated guess I would have to say that it has to do with Thymic education. If there is genetic chimerism we can assume that the genetically different cells are dispersed throughout the body and that it can be encountered in the Thymic cortex and medulla where positive a...	[ "Autoimmune disorders are when the body has an immune response to itself, causing an inflammatory reaction to occur within the body. Because autoimmune disorders involve abnormalities in the immune system cells (i.e., B-cells, T-cells). It can be inferred that miRNA are strongly expressed in regions of the body tha...
what makes gordon ramsay such an incredible chef? wouldn't the skill level of top level culinary artists not vary a lot?	He's an incredible restauranteur, which is a bit different. He understands the entire business. Creating top quality food is not actually super difficult. He doesn't do any wacky trendy stuff; just honest high-quality ingredients, fresh food, and good execution. He's particularly good are running a restaurant business...	[ "Ramsay's reputation is built upon his goal of culinary perfection, which is associated with winning three Michelin stars. His mentor, Marco Pierre White noted that he is highly competitive. Since the airing of \"Boiling Point\", which followed Ramsay's quest of earning three Michelin stars, the chef has also becom...
I just read that the space station is not high enough to have escaped the bulk of earth's gravitational pull, and still experiences a full 90% of it. If this is the case, why do they experience weightlessness?	Imagine firing a bullet fast enough that it falls toward Earth at the rate the Earth curves beneath it. Its always accelerating towards the center of the Earth but never gets any closer. This is precisely what the ISS and other satellites are doing.	[ "Since gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, a space station 400 km above the Earth feels almost the same gravitational force as we do on the Earth's surface. The reason a space station does not plummet to the ground is not that it is not subject to gravity, but that it is in a free-fall ...
Has any animal evolved in a way to adapt to the modern human?	Dogs Decoded is a really good documentary that talks about evolution of dogs. And dogs have adapted to the modern human. One interesting example that i don't see anyone talking about is that dogs read human faces like humans read other humans' faces. They look at the left eye and then to the right and at the nose/mouth...	[ "Evolutionary studies have provided explanations of altruistic behaviours in humans and nonhuman animals, and suggest similarities between humans and some nonhumans. Scientists such as Jane Goodall and Richard Dawkins believe in the capacity of nonhuman great apes, humans' closest relatives, to possess rationality ...
What was the relationship like between the Spanish and their Tlaxcala alllies?	You may be interested in [my earlier answer on a similar topic](_URL_0_): - [In the second part](_URL_0_dwj7dmf/) I look at Tlaxcala's "special status", so you can also go straight to this - this focuses more on colonial times and Tlaxcala's rewards for siding with the Spanish - [This answer to a follow up](_...	[ "Tacuba was called Tlacopan in the pre-Hispanic period. Tacuba is derived from the former Nahuatl name \"Tlacopan\" and means place of the jarilla plant. It was conquered by Azcapotzalco which placed Totoquihuatzin as governor. When the Tenochtitlan and Texcoco decided to ally against Azcapotzalco, Tlacopan did not...
if the scotus decided to uphold roe vs. wade back in 1992, how could it be overturned now? can scotus just decide to "change its mind"?	So, they aren't overturning a previous decision, they are simply taking a different stance with regards to a new case that touches on the same subject but which has slightly different implications to it. For instance, say in 1990 the Supreme Court ruled to ban all candy. Stores stop selling all sweets, including choco...	[ "In 1992's \"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\", Souter wrote that \"Roe v. Wade\" should not be overturned because it would be \"a surrender to political pressure... So to overrule under fire in the absence of the most compelling reason to re-examine a watershed decision would subvert the Court's legitimacy beyond any ...
if you touch something so hot that it vaporizes your finger would you feel the pain?	Yes, because something that hot will be heating your arm hot enough to burn you. It doesn't matter if you can get the signal from your finger or not if the rest of your arm and body is on fire.	[ "Michael Hanlon – who volunteered to experience its effects – described it as \"a bit like touching a red-hot wire, but there is no heat, only the sensation of heat.\" Raytheon says that pain ceases instantly upon removal of the ray; still, Hanlon reported that the finger he subjected \"was tingling hours later.\"\...
is scoliosis genetic? or is it something you can get from say sitting in a crooked chair every day while growing up?	Scoliosis is a genetic condition. Sitting in a chair that's crooked can give you back aches and spasms, but it cannot give you scoliosis.	[ "Scoliosis, is a medical condition where a person's spine has several irregular curves that are located between the neck and the pelvis. Symptoms of scoliosis in mild cases usually exhibit abnormal posture, back pain, tingling or numbness in the legs and in worse cases can exhibit breathing problems, fatigue, perma...
What are examples of Prophecies that were very influencial in their time, or culture?	The [Sybilline Books](_URL_0_) were a series of oracular predictions written in Greek hexameters that were supposedly sold to Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last King of Rome by a sibyl. Basically, the legend goes that the Hellespontine Sibyl (an Oracle of Apollo) wrote them in the lifetime of Cyrus the Great, and t...	[ "The word itself seems to have been coined by the opponents of Louis XIV of France in the 1690s, who applied the term \"despotisme\" to describe their monarch's somewhat free exercise of power. The word is ultimately Greek in origin, and in ancient Greek usage, a despot (\"despótès\") was technically a master who r...
Are birth controls pills relate to disease in women?	Since no one has given what appears to be an adequate respond to your question, let me answer your question from my perspective as a public health researcher/biostatistician. Yes, birth control pills are associated with increased risks of blood clots. Any links between birth control pills and other conditions such as ...	[ "The most common side effects of birth control pills containing EE and low-dose CMA have been found to include menstrual abnormalities, headache (37%), nausea (23%), breast tenderness (22%), and vaginal discharge (19%) among others. These formulations do not adversely affect sexual desire or function in women and s...
What happened to King George's copy of the Declaration of Independence?	[This](_URL_0_) previous answer by /u/mydearestangelica might answer your question.	[ "Introduced to the Royal Archives in 1914, both official and private correspondence of George III and George IV were found in the care of the Duke of Wellington who presented them to George V upon discovery. Although a small amount of the Georgian Papers includes records from George I and George II, most of the col...
Do large impacts cause nuclear reactions?	I'm going to go ahead and say that I think it's not possible. The Chicxulub impactor (the one that we think killed the dinosaurs) was 10 km across, and going 20 km/s. A little Googling tells me people have done lots of simulations of [what this might look like,](_URL_0_) and seem to believe that 10,000 K sounds like ...	[ "The effects of any nuclear explosion is dependent of a very large number of factors, including but not limited to type of nuclear device, delivery method, explosion type (whether air burst or surface burst), the target's structural anatomy, and atmospheric conditions. To estimate the number of casualties in additi...
how is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? that's 20 spins in a second..?	> ELI5: How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..? That's not even fast! A blender can spin at 18,000 RPM All you need is a properly built motor that's strong enough and good bearings. The motor just needs to be able to overcome the drag at that speed an...	[ "These centrifuge machines simply spin their drums much faster than a typical washer could, in order to extract additional water from the load. They may remove more water in two minutes than a heated tumbler dryer can in twenty, thus saving significant amounts of time and energy. Although spinning alone will not co...
zero day exploits and what makes them so rare?	A zero day is just an exploit that isn't public or out there on the market yet. Basically its a known exploit, its not patched, and its gonna work as you expect. It's a "new" exploit. "Zero" as in zero days out in the public for it to be seen and fixed. These are rare because first of all, finding any exploit is diff...	[ "Much has been said in academia and regular media about the regulation of zero-day exploits in the market. However, it is very difficult to reach a consensus because most definitions for zero-day exploits are rather vague or not applicable, as one can only define the use of certain software as malware after it has ...
How far back would modern human sperm cells be compatible with our ancestors' egg cells? (or vice-versa)	Short answer, there is no possible way we could get an accurate date or species for this type of question with the information we have at hand. It is very unlikely we will be able to answer this question in the future, given that 1. Fossils are very rare and limited 2. Artifacts and fossils which indicate sexual behavi...	[ "During the 18th century, Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) discovered \"animalcules\" in the sperm of humans and other animals. Some scientists speculated they saw a \"little man\" (homunculus) inside each sperm. These scientists formed a school of thought known as the \"spermists\". They cont...
at what point does a fertilized egg or an embryo gain consciousness or awareness that its alive?	If you're talking about self-awareness, then around the age of two assuming you follow the mirror test as a valid test of self-awareness. Basically, you show the child a mirror. If they think it's another child, it's not self-aware. If it recognizes the image in the mirror as themself, they are self-aware.	[ "Other writers apply similar criteria, concluding that the embryo lacks a right to life because it lacks self-consciousness, or rationality and self-consciousness, or \"certain higher psychological capacities\" including \"autonomy\".\n", "Buddhists believe that life begins (or more technically: a consciousness a...
Are any cultures known that did not use fire at the time of first contact?	This Smithsonian Article says no : [Why Fire Makes Us Human](_URL_1_) The only people who were popularly accepted not to have an artificial means of making fire were the Tasmanians, but the claim was probably false. The Tasmanians carried fire sticks that slowly burned and would get fire from other natives when their ...	[ "Myths of the origin of fire present a number of interesting types in the Melanesian area. We may begin with the form widely current in British New Guinea. According to a version told by the Motu, the ancestors of the present people had no fire, and ate their food raw or cooked it in the sun until one day they perc...
If a varying electric field produces magnetism, can a varying gravitational field produce an analogous field?	Yep, it's just really weak. _URL_0_	[ "The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravit...
Has a nation ever existed that did not occupy physical land?	The term for what you're describing is a stateless nation; the term coming from Jacques Lereuz's book about Scotland. Though it was originally about the Scottish, the term was quickly adopted by people with far less of a state. Groups frequently identified with the term, such as your own, include the Kurds, Catalans ...	[ "Since the late 19th century, virtually the entirety of the world's inhabitable land has been parcelled up into areas with more or less definite borders claimed by various states. Earlier, quite large land areas had been either unclaimed or uninhabited, or inhabited by nomadic peoples who were not organised as stat...
How much does ocean water temperature change at the shoreline?	Short answer: Yes. Wind direction plays an important role in shifting water temperatures. Calm winds or winds blowing towards shore will generally keep water temperatures warmer as surface water is heated by the air and sun and pushed towards the beach. Winds blowing off shore (out to sea) will actually cause upwel...	[ "The surface water temperature varies on the south of the sea from 19 °C in August to 24 °C in February. It is rather warm and stable at 27–28 °С in the north all through the year. Water salinity is 34.5–35.5‰ (parts per thousand). The water is mostly very clear, with the visibility of about 30 metres (100 ft) near...
Did tattoos exist in medieval Europe?	Side questions: What kind of ink did they use during this period, or before? Also, was there any known medical risks (infections, etc.) associated with getting tattoos during this period?	[ "The earliest possible evidence for tattooing in Europe appears on ancient art from the Upper Paleolithic period as incised designs on the bodies of humanoid figurines. The Löwenmensch figurine from the Aurignacian culture dates to approximately 40,000 years ago and features a series of parallel lines on its left s...
how is earth's gravity strong enough to keep the moon in orbit but not strong enough to pull the iss or satellites back to the ground?	The ISS is travelling at just the right speed and is falling towards the earth but the earth , as the ISS travels forward, curves away under the ISS , this curvature matches exactly the free fall distance that the ISS falls during any period and therefore ISS maintains the same distance from the earth and as there is...	[ "The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m/s, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.166 . Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m/s (1.6% of the acceleration due to gravity). Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational a...
After the Blitz, what happened to people who's homes were bombed or destroyed? Did they rebuild them? Was there a government housing scheme? Etc.	There's a thread from a few months back that may be of interest: [I am a resident of central London during the Blitz. Am I most likely to own my own home or rent? What happens to me when my home is destroyed by a bomb? Where do I go? Who helps me find a new place to live?] (_URL_0_) Reposting my first answer from it: ...	[ "After World War II many European cities remained severely damaged from bombing. London and other British cities which had suffered the Blitz were pock-marked with bombsites, vacant lots covered in the rubble of destroyed buildings. Many postwar children in urban areas shared a common memory of playing their games ...
How were the Maltese actually threated under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller?	As you know, Malta was ruled by the Knights of St. John for a very long time, specifically and fully up until 1798, and had been so since the 16th Century. As a religious and military order, the government system of feudalism followed all the way up until they were liberated by Napoleon. While I do not know the specifi...	[ "Catholic Malta and predominantly Muslim North Africa have had troubled relations since at least the Crusades, when Malta became the final stand against the Turks by the Knights Hospitallers. Malta held, and after the Crusades many attacks against Arab and Turkish coastal towns were launched from it. Not all of the...
why aren't car windshields covered with hydrophobic coatings in 2015?	RainX is awesome and in every auto parts store. They also make a washer fluid that adds the coating and melts ice.	[ "In addition to these industrial applications, superhydrophobic coatings have potential uses in vehicle windshields to prevent rain droplets from clinging to the glass. The coatings also make removal of salt deposits possible without using fresh water. Furthermore, superhydrophobic coatings have the ability to harv...
Did the Wright Brothers benefit monetarily from their invention of the airplane?	Yes, they did gain monetary benefit from their invention. The most obvious source is the Wright Company, founded on the 22 November 1909 by the Wright Brothers and with several prominent industrialists from New York and Detroit. Initially Wilbur and Orville received $100,000 and a third of the shares of stock. (Alongsi...	[ "The Wrights were glad to be free from the distraction of reporters. The absence of newsmen also reduced the chance of competitors learning their methods. After the Kitty Hawk powered flights, the Wrights made a decision to begin withdrawing from the bicycle business so they could concentrate on creating and market...
Why do galaxies have such childlike names?	Whimsy is not the property of children.	[ "In Le Guin's fictional universe, to know the true name of an object or a person is to have power over it. Each child is given a true name when they reach puberty, a name which they share only with close friends. Several of the dragons in the later Earthsea novels, like Orm Embar and Kalessin, are shown as living o...
Is there anyone who can trace their family tree back to a Roman family?	No we can't. Tracing one's family tree, genealogy, needs records to track relations between individual ( X's father, Y's husband, Z's brother,...Etc ). These records are various, the most common and necessary being birth, marriage, death records but others can be available such as wills, military records,...Etc THe ...	[ "Some historians trace their origins back to the Roman age, and claim they descend from the emperor Caracalla, however the first historical documents mentioning the family appear in the 10th century only, when Cante Gabrielli was awarded by Pope Stephen VII (according to some genealogists a family member himself), ...
intelligent design	Intelligent Design was created to try and get around the US Supreme Court ban on the teaching of Creationism as science in publicly funded schools.	[ "Intelligent design is the argument that an intelligent cause is responsible for the complexity of life and that one can detect that cause empirically. Dembski postulated that probability theory can be used to prove irreducible complexity (IC), or what he called \"specified complexity.\" The scientific community se...
why do negative prescription glasses require a prescription from a docter and cost hundreds of dollars where positive lens glasses can be bought for $3 with no prescription.	This isn't exactly true. What you have to look at is what the "negative" and "positive" mean. However, there is a distinction between that and prescription glasses versus non-prescription. The negative and positive reflect what your eyes need--negative is for people who are near-sighted (can see close, but not far), ...	[ "Although lenses are normally prescribed by optometrists or ophthalmologists, there is evidence from developing countries that allowing people to select lenses for themselves produces good results in the majority of cases and is less than a tenth of the cost of prescription lenses.\n", "Customers must have a vali...
Why don't Forests and Jungles take over the Savannas and Praries?	A mixture of grazing animals and moisture availability, and fire. In North America, the western part of the Great Plains simply doesn't get enough reliable precipitation to support a forest, having a functionally semi-arid climate. This is the short-grass prarie of Oklahoma, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. [This maps sho...	[ "Seasonal cultivation and herding are lifestyles which lead the population of the savanna to overgraze, overharvest the trees for firewood or charcoal and cause fires. This has reduced the woodland considerably. However large areas of unspoilt habitat remain even outside protected areas, especially compared with th...
Did Diogenes the Cynic and Alexander the Great die on the same day?	In fact that's pretty much the only story of his death that Diogenes Laertius doesn't report -- that story actually comes from Plutarch. [Diogenes Laertius reports three alternate death stories as follows (6.76-7):](_URL_0_) > Diogenes is said to have been nearly ninety years old when he died. Regarding his death ...	[ "Plutarch and Diogenes Laërtius report that Alexander and Diogenes died on the same day, in 323 BC. Although this coincidence is suspect (it possibly being an invention), the anecdote, and the relationship between the two people, has been the subject of many literary and artistic works over the centuries, from the ...
why do we say 'decimate' when referring to total destruction, when the roman punishment of decimation only reduced the punished group by 10%	The Romans killed 10% in order to completely break the group/unit. You don't need to kill everyone to break the will of group, that would be pretty silly if they were useful to you. Basically, the idea is that by killing 10% of the group you break 100% of the group to your will, which is total.	[ "Decimation (; \"decem\" = \"ten\") was a form of military discipline used by senior commanders in the Roman Army to punish units or large groups guilty of capital offences, such as cowardice, mutiny, desertion, and insubordination, and for pacification of rebellious legions. The word \"decimation\" is derived from...
why is pencil graphite referred to as lead instead of graphite?	Before chemistry was really a thing, everyone thought that graphite was a type of lead, probably because it's so soft.	[ "BULLET::::- The \"lead\" in pencils is made of graphite and clay, not lead; graphite was originally believed to be lead ore, but this is now known not to be the case. The graphite and clay mix is known as \"plumbago\", meaning \"lead ore\" in Latin, and is still known as \"black lead\" in Keswick, Cumbria and else...
why are roads always wet in movies?	Pretty sure it's called a wet down. It's used to reflect light to make the scene more visible.	[ "Off the highway, roads are mostly all \"dirt\". They are inaccessible when wet. Although the description by Charles Siringo quoted above of the difficulties with sticky mud in the breaks is over a hundred years old, it is still applicable.\n", "Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually graded regular...
Portuguese Man O' Wars are a collection of organisms that function as one entity. How do they come together to begin with?	These guys are really cool! They are part of the class Hydrozoa which is part of the phylum Cnidaria which includes jellyfish and corals etc. All of these types of animals have some sort of life cycle that cycles between two forms. The medusae which are what your traditional jellyfish is and a polyp which is a sessile ...	[ "Being a colonial siphonophore, the Portuguese man o' war is composed of three types of medusoids (gonophores, siphosomal nectophores, and vestigial siphosomal nectophores) and four types of polypoids (free gastrozooids, gastrozooids with tentacles, gonozooids, and gonopalpons), grouped into cormidia beneath the pn...
Health wise are you better off drinking a low cal sugar free Gatorade or a diet soda no caffeine?	Gatorade. The electrolytes are good for you and the acidity of soda is not good for your teeth or the rest of your digestive system for that matter.	[ "Studies indicate \"soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in [the] American diet\", so most nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a bala...
why does drinking water solve so much?	Don't think of drinking water as solving problems, think of not drinking enough being a very big problem. Water is essential for almost every bodily function and without it the entire body is worse off	[ "The quality of drinking water is ensured through a framework of water safety plans that ensures the safe disposal of human waste so that drinking water supplies are not contaminated. Improving the water supply, sanitation, hygiene and management of our water resources could prevent ten percent of total global dise...
Why are second derivatives written in the format d2(f(x))/dx2?	Really it should be d^2 / (dx)^2, but the parentheses are dropped. This just comes from (d/dx) (d/dx) ... (d/dx) = (d/dx)^n = d^n / (dx)^n = d^n / dx^n. It's just convention	[ "The mixed partial derivatives of \"f\" are the entries off the main diagonal in the Hessian. Assuming that they are continuous in a neighborhood of a given point, the order of differentiation does not matter (Schwarz's theorem). Thus,\n", "The partial derivative formula_50 can be seen as another function defined...
why doesn't google chrome allow unity player anymore?	The unity player uses a mechanism of integrating with chrome that chrome were no longer willing to support. The 'NPAPI' (Netscape Plugin Application Programming Interface) was how a lot of different browser plugins integrated with both Firefox and Chrome such as Flash (not in Chrome's case which builds flash in), Java,...	[ "Because of Chrome's success, Microsoft created a very similar extension API for its Edge browser, with the goal of making it easy for Chrome extension developers to port their work to Edge. But after three years Edge still had a disappointingly small market share, so in December 2018 Microsoft announced that Edge ...
can cigarette companies just remove toxins and carcinogens from their cigarettes to make them still addictive but not as dangerous? why or why not?	Most of the carcinogens are just byproducts of burning of the dried tobacco leaf. Inhaling smoke is unhealthy, no matter the source. Some of the carcinogens come from chemicals added to enhance flavor, control the burning and so forth. But removing them would surely help only a little, yet make the smoking process mor...	[ "In October 2012, the World Medical Association released a statement which stated, \"Due to the lack of rigorous chemical and animal studies, as well as clinical trials on commercially available e-cigarettes, neither their value as therapeutic aids for smoking cessation nor their safety as cigarette replacements is...
why sleeping in the morning and waking up at night is bad for health ?	The body has something called a circadian rhythm which is correlated to the cycle of night and daylight. This circadian rhythm affects which hormones are released in our body; this is called hormonal homeostasis. Certain hormones are released at different times and the concentrations of such hormones are varied at diff...	[ "Good sleep hygiene is recommended. This includes blocking out noise and light during sleep, maintaining a regular, predictable sleep routine, avoiding heavy foods and alcohol before sleep, and sleeping in a comfortable, cool environment. Alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption and heavy meals in the few hours be...
How did individuals fund their Hajj?	I can't give any direct information on this topic, however I do want to point out that the stipulations for making the Hajj state that it should be carried out by Muslims who are able-bodied enough to make the journey and wealthy enough to be able to afford it. Basically, if you can afford the journey and are physic...	[ "The Haj subsidy was a subsidy based on religion that was given to only Indian Muslim Hajj pilgrims by the Government of India in form of discounted air fares, for food, accommodation, and for insurance so that a Muslim can fly to Mecca for Hajj. The program has its origins in British colonial era. In post-colonial...
why do drums sound in key with every song?	They don't really have a definite pitch. The sounds they produce are too complex and consist of too many pitches for us to be able to pick out a pitch. That's why they sound okay in any key. This applies to things like snare drums, bass drums, cymbals, etc. Things like timpani have definite pitches, and they have t...	[ "These are the core instruments of the rhythm section. Musicians recording later tracks use the precise attack of the drum sounds as a rhythmic guide. In some styles, the drums may be recorded for a few bars and then looped. Click (metronome) tracks are also often used as the first sound to be recorded, especially ...
Skeletal musculature - is it possible to cure/lessen scoliosis through exercise?	In short: no. There are three basic types of scoliosis - idiopathic, neuromuscular, and congenital. I'm assuming you have idiopathic as it's the most common. Bracing is the only non-surgical treatment that has any proved efficacy but is used primarily to stop the worsening of scoliosis while someone is still develop...	[ "Although the cause of scoliosis can sometimes remain unknown (idiopathic scoliosis) there is treatment available that targets at strengthening the back muscles, for milder cases usually do not require medical attention, more severe cases require either muscle strengthening exercises aimed at the back muscles and e...
my right in the us when pulled over by a cop seemingly out of nowhere	Your right to do what? To leave? No, you can't leave, a cop can briefly detain you for committing an infraction or upon reasonable suspicion of a crime. If that reasonable suspicion elevates to probable cause, a cop can order you out of the car and conduct a brief search. If a cop has a reasonable suspicion that you ar...	[ "In \"United States v. Mendenhall\" (1980), the Court held that a person is seized only when, by means of physical force \"or\" show of authority, his freedom of movement is restrained and, in the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would believe that he was not free to leave. In \"Florida v...
how does a drug "hang around" in my body for weeks after i have last consumed it? why if it is in my body am i no longer affected by it?	Well, the drug itself might not. Most chemicals are eliminated from your body through several steps. Alcohol, for example, gets metabolized into a close relative of cyanide (ED: relative of formaldehyde, my mistake), which is one of the reasons it's so awful for you. It's possible a drug test detects the by-products, n...	[ "BULLET::::- Once a drug enters the body, elimination and distribution begins. Initially the drug present in central compartment (i.e. circulation system) is being distributed into the tissues, and being eliminated\n", "Compounds begin to break down as soon as they enter the body. The majority of small-molecule d...
Is the lack of hair on our bodies for the purpose of keeping us warm a way we physically adapted to our technology i.e. clothes?	While the theory presented in this video is not necessarily the most widely-accepted, it is certainly the most compelling case for human ancestry I have encountered. It touches on things like bipedalism, hair, and speech capabilities - all from the standpoint we evolved dwelling on / in rivers. _URL_0_ Edit: For thos...	[ "While humans have developed clothing and other means of keeping warm, the hair found on the head serves primarily as a source of heat insulation and cooling (when sweat evaporates from soaked hair) as well as protection from ultra-violet radiation exposure. The function of hair in other locations is debated. Hats ...
is there any correlation between quick reflexes and fast twitch muscle fibers?	Short answer: no, there isn’t. Long answer: they have nothing to do with each other. Reflexes are by definition responses to a stimulus performed without conscious thought. Typically they shortcut the brain. Think of your nerves as a two way street with the only place for a car to make a u turn being in the spine or b...	[ "BULLET::::- Type II, fast twitch muscle, has three major subtypes (IIa, IIx, and IIb) that vary in both contractile speed and force generated. Fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly, sustaining only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful. ...

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