Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
when you cancel a download where does the data already downloaded go ?	The space allocated for the entire program, it just becomes unmarked and available for rewriting.	[ "The data may be bought on tape or downloaded free of charge; one has to specify the intended use and sign a license agreement that allows NLM to use and modify the resulting application. NLM can cancel the agreement at any time, at which point the user has to erase the data files.\n", "If an external data storag...
Does Space-time have an elastic modulus?	The relationship between the bending of space-time and mass-energy, as you say, is that the Ricci tensor minus its trace times the metric (where the metric is a 4x4 matrix that describes the pythagorean theorem through spacetime and the Ricci tensor is a differential function of the metric) is equal to a constant (8 pi...	[ "A principal premise of general relativity is that spacetime can be modeled as a 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold of signature or, equivalently, . Unlike Riemannian manifolds with positive-definite metrics, an indefinite signature allows tangent vectors to be classified into \"timelike\", \"null\" or \"spacelike\"...
- what is the method for calculating how much sand you need in an hour glass of various sizes and times?	Though that is needed what’s more important first is the size of the tight canal they have to travel through, and the size of the grain. Then the volume of sand can be calculated	[ "An estimated 4.3 × 10 ergs or 4.3 × 10 joules of heat energy went into forming the glass and as the temperature required to melt the sand into the glass form observed was about 1470 Celsius, this was the estimated minimum temperature the sand was exposed to.\n", "Although vital to navigation, the marine glass wa...
Is gravity the only force that can produce a black hole? Could an extremely strong electomagnetic field create one? Also, is there a way to vary the strength of the weak and strong force in the lab? Could these forces be adjusted in a confined area?	According to the theory of General Relativity, it is mass-energy which warps spacetime, and if that energy comes in the form of photons, it can form an event horizon just like with matter, forming a [kugelblitz](_URL_0_).	[ "His research now focuses on gravitational self-force, which is the force on a body moving through a gravitational field arising from the mass and energy of the body itself. This self-force is expected to play a crucial role in understanding the motion of a stellar mass black hole orbiting and eventually spiraling ...
How does blubber keep mammals warm despite nerves in the skin that sense the extreme cold?	There is a tolerance system involved. Whales don't dive from land to water so their receptor have time to adjust when they enter cold water(they enter gradually). For seals, bears and other "furry" mammals there is an extra thin layer of air/water that gets trapped in the fur and acts as an insulating layer. Even if th...	[ "Blubber has advantages over fur (as in sea otters) in that, though fur retains heat by holding pockets of air, the air expels under pressure (i.e., when the animal dives). Blubber, however, does not compress under pressure. It is effective enough that some whales can dwell in temperatures as low as . While diving ...
what does it imply when i read that "patents will expire"?	I'm sure some people with patents would like that, but patents are first and foremost a way for the public to buy inventions, or rather information about the way inventions work. To get a patent, you have to tell the world how your invention works, and in exchange you get a limited time to be the only one who can mar...	[ "The term of a patent is the maximum period during which it can be maintained in force. It is usually expressed in a number of years either starting from the filing date of the patent application or from the date of grant of the patent. In most patent laws, renewal annuities or maintenance fees have to be regularly...
Why do car horns sound like they do and which car was the first to make the sound we hear today??	Most modern cars use a dual tone car horn that actually produces two different notes. The interaction of these two frequencies creates harmonics and are easier for humans to distinguish from general noise. Because of historic manufacturing legacies, most car manufacturers have the same tones in all their cars, and de...	[ "Oliver Lucas of Birmingham, England, developed a standard electric car horn in 1910. Car horns are usually electric, driven by a flat circular steel diaphragm that has an electromagnet acting on it in one direction and a spring pulling in the opposite direction. The diaphragm is attached to contact points that rep...
is it possible to freeze fire?	As fire is hot gas, freezing it would just give you frozen CO2 and maybe some soot.	[ "Frozen Fire is a philosophical thriller about the nature of reality by Tim Bowler. The novel was first published in 2006. It introduces a mysterious boy who wants to escape his unhappy life through suicide, and a fifteen-year-old girl who only wants her brother back from wherever he has disappeared to. Frozen Fire...
What are we to make of the story of the Israelites' slavery in Egypt and subsequent Exodus and its reflection on Ancient Israelite society?	As for the consensus, yes. I think this is generally the case that most believe that the Exodus was almost entirely fabricated on the basis of oral tradition. Personally, I’m disinclined from saying it was made up entirely whole cloth. The reason for this sets up the reasons for why I think it was written in the first...	[ "In the Book of Exodus, the Israelites are enslaved in ancient Egypt. Yahweh, the god of the Israelites, appears to Moses in a burning bush and commands Moses to confront Pharaoh. To show his power, Yahweh inflicts a series of 10 plagues on the Egyptians, culminating in the 10th plague, the death of the first-born....
I often hear people say that the Irish Potato Famine was more a genocide than a true famine. How accurate is this claim?	I had a chuckle to see another North Korea flair in this topic of all places. Cheers, /u/koliano! This isn't my area of expertise, so a really detailed answer is beyond me. However, the Irish famine is a pretty common topic while you're studying periods of mass hunger, and it was something I saw pop up occasionally w...	[ "A small minority of historians regard the Irish Potato Famine (1845–1852) as an example of genocide. During the famine approximately 1 million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%. The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease co...
why do all drives or partitions defragment all files, but the system one (c: or other) is always fragmented, even if i just defragmented it?	Yes, there are some system files that can't be moved while the system is running. Also, the system partition is used all the time - programs always create and delete temporary files, which usually reside on the system drive. The same defragmentation software you used has a [boot time defrag](_URL_0_) option.	[ " is often simply a directory on the main (or only) hard drive partition. However, it may be a separate partition. A separate partition is generally only used when bootloaders are incapable of reading the main filesystem (e.g. SILO does not recognize XFS) or other problems not easily resolvable by users.\n", "Wit...
How much does color affect temperature? Details in post.	Color (or more specifically, frequency and wavelength) are supremely important when it comes to radiation heat transfer. Any time light strikes an object, three things can happen to the light. * The energy of the light can get absorbed by the surface. * It can be reflected off of the surface. * It can be transmitted ...	[ "Color temperature can be indicated in kelvins or mireds (1 million divided by the color temperature in kelvins). The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of a black body that has the same chromaticity (i.e. color) as the light source. A notional temperature, the correlated color temperature, the ...
Why do plants have longer lifespans than animals?	Differences in life spans across species, or even Kingdom, boundaries is a pretty fascinating topic of research. I've had some exposure to a researcher whose done some work with animals, but I'm not very up to date with the current state of the research. But I can talk about plants. One of the big differences betwee...	[ "Generally, in reference to life-history theory, plants will sacrifice their ability in one regard to improve themselves in another regard, so for polycarpic plants that may strive towards continued reproduction, they might focus less on their growth. However, these aspects may not necessarily be directly correlate...
why is it so hard to rip open a package with wet hands (even if it has a notch for ripping)?	When your hands are wet they are lubricated by the wetness. This reduces friction, which reduces your ability to grab and rip a package open.	[ "Roughing cuts are used to remove large amount of material from the starting workpart as rapidly as possible, i.e. with a large Material Removal Rate (MRR), in order to produce a shape close to the desired form, but leaving some material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation.\n", "Household scissors o...
At what point in history were women knowledgeable enough about their cycles to understand when they might be ovulating?	Well, of course many of them would not have known before my collection of all the knowledge in the Empire of our beloved emperor Vespasianus, long may he reign, in my well known encyclopaideia, the history of the natural world. In fact, I have gathered many strange and interesting phenomena about the female menstruatio...	[ "In 1905 Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, a Dutch gynecologist, showed that women only ovulate once per menstrual cycle. In the 1920s, Kyusaku Ogino, a Japanese gynecologist, and Hermann Knaus, from Austria, working independently, each made the discovery that ovulation occurs about fourteen days before the next menst...
Could constant cough lead to emphysema?	I am not aware of any studies that show cough alone can cause damage to the alveoli. I wouldn't expect to see a lot of alveolar damage due to chronic cough alone (in the absence of any kind of obstruction), anyway. The physical act of coughing is the result of compression of the lungs while holding the only opening...	[ "In people with unexplained cough, gastroesophageal reflux disease should be considered. This occurs when acidic contents of the stomach come back up into the esophagus. Symptoms usually associated with GERD include heartburn, sour taste in the mouth, or a feeling of acid reflux in the chest, although, more than ha...
why do nearly all space photographs seem 2d?	Pictures create the illusion of depth using one or more of several methods, such as linear perspective, aerial perspective, etc., all of which are pretty impossible in astrophotography. Another issue is that the image is taken of an object millions of miles away, and the only background are the stars which are also ...	[ "BULLET::::- 1975: \"Blue Studio: Five Segments\" solo-video collaboration with Cunningham created in such a small space that they choose to superimpose different backgrounds on the image, making the space seem larger than in actuality.\n", "The director determined that only actual photographs would be used, with...
Wouldn't large scale mining on the moon have a negative impact on Earth? Assuming large deposits of valuable minerals are found in it	No. The moon is simply way too big that mining operations as we know it could have any noticable impact on tides. The total amount of all mining humans have done on earth since ever is smaller than the margin of error we have on the our estimation on mass of the moon.	[ "Almost all lunar rocks are depleted in volatiles and are completely lacking in hydrated minerals common in Earth rocks. In some regards, lunar rocks are closely related to Earth's rocks in their isotopic composition of the element oxygen. The Apollo Moon rocks were collected using a variety of tools, including ham...
What will happen to a piece of wood, placed in a "pot"with no oxygen and then placed over a fire?	That's basically a way to make charcoal. By starving the wood of oxygen you allow the moisture and volatile compounds to be burned off leaving you with a mostly pure carbon. It's important that it has some kind of vent though because the steam and volatile compounds will pressurize the container.	[ "There are many ways to store firewood. These range from simple piles to free-standing stacks, to specialized structures. Usually the goal of storing wood is to keep water away from it and to continue the drying process.\n", "Planks can be put directly over open flames, or stood on edge and faced towards the flam...
Gravitational time dilation for solar systems relative to distance from galactic centre.	Well, the truth is that once you get far enough from an object's Schwarzschild radius, the effect isn't very significant. The equation for gravitational time dilation is: t_0 = t_f*sqrt(1-r_0/r) where t_0 is the observed time, t_f is "proper time" (time when you're far enough from the source that you're not affected...	[ "However, there are a number of complications. The simple derivation above assumed that both the Sun and the object in question are traveling on circular orbits about the Galactic center. This is not true for the Sun (the Sun's velocity relative to the local standard of rest is approximately 13.4 km/s), and not nec...
Would quantum computing make it easier to simulate molecular systems?	In principle, the answer is yes. Since a quantum computer is itself a quantum mechanical system, it inherently is able to deal with quantum mechanical features. This is what Feynman had in mind when he proposed quantum computing in the 1980s, though this proposal has little to do with what we now mean by "(universal) q...	[ "Since chemistry and nanotechnology rely on understanding quantum systems, and such systems are impossible to simulate in an efficient manner classically, many believe quantum simulation will be one of the most important applications of quantum computing. Quantum simulation could also be used to simulate the behavi...
If I am seeing a full moon, does someone a few timezones away see a full moon too?	Yes the moon will be full (or close enough to it) for everyone on earth. The full moon happens with the sun and the moon are on opposite sides of the earth, so that the side of the moon facing the earth is illuminated by the sun. Fun fact: the side of the moon facing earth is always the same side, since the moon rota...	[ "A full moon is often thought of as an event of a full night's duration. This is somewhat misleading because its phase seen from Earth continuously waxes or wanes (though much too slowly to notice in real time with the naked eye). By definition, its maximum illumination occurs at the moment waxing stops. For any gi...
how does the accelerator pedal in cars work?	In most cars, pushing the accellerator (or gas ) pedal increases the flow of fuel to the engine. This means the engine will output more power, causing the car to accellerate. However, this accelleration doesn't continue forever. Mainly because as a car's speed increases, the amount of wind resistance increases as well...	[ "Automobile accelerator pedals have historically been mechanical assemblies which link the pedal to the engine throttle by mechanical linkages or a Bowden cable. With the advent of electronic throttle control, accelerator pedals consist of a spring-loaded pedal arm connected to an electronic transducer. This transd...
what would happen if i threw a plugged in toaster into the bathtub with me?	With current building codes, probably not much. Any outlet near a tub is a GFCI outlet, which means it has extra protection against exactly this sort of thing. The most likely thing will be that it will short out and trip its breaker before anything happens to you. If you used an extension cord and ran it from an outl...	[ "BULLET::::- The Heart-Shaped Tub: Plumbing - The contestants must install the running water into their tubs by tapping into an existing plumbing line. After an extensive lesson by Geoff on how to install the shutoff valve. Ajay can't get his solder to stick due to holding the torch too far away and due to the wate...
how does a new computer know the date when you turn it on, even if not connected to the internet?	There is a small battery on the motherboard which runs a variety of things including a clock. If your computer forgets the time when it turns off this battery is likely dead. They typically last 3 to 5 years.	[ "Some file archivers and some version control software, when they copy a file from some remote computer to the local computer, adjust the timestamps of the local file to show the date/time in the past when that file was created or modified on that remote computer, rather than the date/time when that file was copied...
Is it true that sniffing markers/petrol kills brain cells?	_URL_0_ It's not that it's odour particles in your nose, it's often that you're inhaling asphyxiants. They bind to receptors in your lungs which keep you from getting actual oxygen. This causes hypoxia, which can lead to cell death. Your brain needs a constant source of oxygen and you can't regrow brain cells easil...	[ "In 1977, biochemist Lou Sokoloff, Seymour Kety, and Floyd E. Bloom developed a way of mapping activity in the brain by tracking the rat brain's metabolization of oxygen. Nerve cells require oxygen and glucose for energy. 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) is a radioactive glucose isotope that can be tracked in the brain since i...
Would people in the middle ages agree that the Barbarians won?	While the Western Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century, the Eastern Half existed in one form or another until the 15th century. Regarding the Barbarians defeating the Roman Empire, it would be fair to say that what the Barbarians did and the Franks in particular is adopt and absorb Rome into their political and ...	[ "Historians have postulated several explanations for the appearance of \"barbarians\" on the Roman frontier: weather and crops, population pressure, a \"primeval urge\" to push into the Mediterranean or the \"domino effect\" of the Huns falling upon the Goths who, in turn, pushed other Germanic tribes before them. ...
Were the Picts Celtic or non-Indo-European people according to modern historians?	Perhaps an expert will come along and answer this for you, but in the meantime I had a quick look and got what appears to me to be a general consensus towards the Picts being of mainly Celtic origin. Cunliffe summarises the issue as follows: > "The Irish, Attocotti, and Picts were probably Celtic peoples, althought s...	[ "Some quotations from the book follow. (Note that Sykes uses the terms \"Celts\" and \"Picts\" to designate the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Isles who spoke Celtic and does not mean the people known as Celts in central Europe.)\n", "Links with the ancient Middle East are also involved in pseudohistorical claims r...
What did the Russians do the German 6th army after they were captured?	The captured members of the German 6th Army were by in large sent to Siberia, or at least to the east of the country to get them as far from the battle lines as possible. They were basically used for forced labor, suffered from ill clothing and malnutrition and general poor treatment. Out of the roughly 100K+ prisoner...	[ "On 22 June 1944, the Red Army launched Operation Bagration. The Soviet forces soon overwhelmed the German forces stationed near Bobruisk and encircled the city on the 27th. On 28 June 1944, Hamann, along with the rest of the Bobruisk garrison, was taken prisoner. On 17 July, he was paraded through the streets of M...
Is there a situation where crossing two beams of light could interfere with the way the beams look/act after they cross paths?	The short answer is yes, it is indeed possible for light to interact with light, though it happens only at very high intensity, around 10^24 W/cm^2 for ~1 micron wavelength light (not far from realization in the laboratory given the present state and trajectory of high intensity laser technology). This is about two ord...	[ "If the apparatus is changed so that a second beam splitter is placed in the upper-right corner, then part of the beams from each path will travel to the right, where they will combine to exhibit interference on a detection screen. Experimenters must explain these phenomena as consequences of the wave nature of lig...
The Roman Emperor Claudius I is popularly depicted as either a bumbling fool, or a secret genius pretending to be a bumbling fool. What is the historical evidence for either view?	Since I've already been talking about Claudius quite a bit this weekend, I might as well field this question too... Our understanding of Claudius' talents has been shaped by the nature and biases of the literary sources. There are only four that provide (more or less) independent accounts of his reign: Josephus' *Jewi...	[ "BULLET::::- Nero (historical), Emperor of Rome, portrayed as incompetent, petty, cruel, and subject to manipulation by his courtiers. He listens most intently to flatterers and fools. The novel does indicate, though, that the grossly exaggerating flatteries concerning his abilities as a poet actually have some bas...
why does it not matter to climate change that the earth was hotter during certain periods of the past?	Even if we totally accept the argument that climate change has occurred on this scale and with this rapidity before, there's nothing to suggest that it won't be extremely disruptive to our way of life. Regions that are fertile today may become barren, regions that may be farmed in the future may be remote or poorly sui...	[ "And the Earth is not the only one that changed - the luminosity of the sun has increased over time. Because rocks record a history of relatively constant temperatures since Earth's beginnings, there must have been more greenhouse gasses to keep the temperatures up in the Archean when the sun was younger and fainte...
shorting the dow	The two main reasons you would short the Dow would be: [1] If you think the DOW will go down. [2] To hedge against some other position. Hedging is another matter and I won't go into it here. Seeing as it is ELI5 I will use an example that is easier to understand (gold as it is traded in dollars not an index like the D...	[ "During the early part of the 2010s, aided somewhat by the loose monetary policy practiced by the Federal Reserve, the Dow made a notable rally attempt, though with significant volatility due to growing global concerns such as the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis, the Dubai debt crisis, and the United States deb...
[Experiment] Which method would get the boiled water to lower temperature within the same amount of time?	Do the experiment and report back, it's really easy. Any kitchen thermometer will do. To avoid having an effect from fresh tap water being cooler than room temperature, while the other case has 5 minutes to warm up the tap water I suggest using water that has been left at room temperature for 20 minutes. To get good ...	[ "The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety, since microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater than and bringing it to its boiling point is also a useful indication that can be seen without the help of a thermometer, and by this time, the water is disinfect...
[li5] a lake in northern canada freezes solid over the winter. what happens to the fish? would fish even live there?	The surface freezes, but the water below remains liquid. The lake remains in equilibrium, such that there is an equal amount of water freezing, as there is ice melting underneath the surface. The part that makes me wonder, is how fish can survive those temperatures.	[ "Moreover the shallow lake freezes solid every seven years on average. This leads to significant winter fishkill, and since rough fish like carp rebound faster than desirable game fish, it has been a struggle to maintain the sport fishery.\n", "The shallow water can be completely frozen in the cold winters, which...
Adding salt to a supercooled liquid?	It would depend on how deeply supercooled the liquid is. Deeply supercooled solutions (say, beer below -20 & deg;C) would be extremely sensitive to agitation and vibration, so even the act of stirring in the salt would probably trigger a nucleation event. The salt itself would not serve as a "seed crystal", because i...	[ "Supersaturation has been a frequent topic of research throughout history. Early studies of these solutions were normally conducted with sodium sulfate, also known as Glauber’s Salt, due to the stability of the crystal and the rising role it had in industry. Through the use of this salt, an important scientific dis...
how do choloroplasts have their own dna but 95% of the proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by nuclear genes?	Essentially Chloroplasts (and mitochondria) were originally free bacteria. Chloroplasts descend from cyano-bacteria, which means they can photosynthesise. You get things like [lichen](_URL_0_) today, which are a mixture of fungal cells, and cyanobacteria living together. At some point in the past, the ancestor of all ...	[ "Of the approximately three-thousand proteins found in chloroplasts, some 95% of them are encoded by nuclear genes. Many of the chloroplast's protein complexes consist of subunits from both the chloroplast genome and the host's nuclear genome. As a result, protein synthesis must be coordinated between the chloropla...
how exactly does a transformator transform energy to a lower voltage?	Do you mean a transformer? The EMF induced in the secondary coil is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil. More loops means a higher magnetic field (and therefore flux) inside the secondary coil. Less coils means less flux and therefore less induced EMF. So in a step-down transformer, th...	[ "A transformer is a static device that converts alternating current from one voltage level to another level (higher or lower), or to the same level, without changing the frequency. A transformer transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A...
how do people with a hearing impairment think words? i think the way words sound to me - how does it work for others?	You know that thing you do when you're thinking to yourself and your move your mouth as if you were speaking, but without actually speaking? That's called [subvocalization](_URL_0_), and you do it even when you don't want to. Whenever you read, whenever you think to yourself, you're subvocalizing subconsciously. Whe...	[ "When the difficult sound is mastered, the child will then learn to say the sound in syllables, then words, then phrases and then sentences. When a child can speak a whole sentence without lisping, attention is then focused on making correct sounds throughout natural conversation. Towards the end of the course of t...
if the worst nfl teams always get the first (or early) round draft picks, why do the same teams continue to suck year after year?	The overall "best" player isn't necessarily the best fit for a team and its needs. Consistently getting high draft picks and not much improvement is a sign of poor management, simple as that.	[ "Each NFL franchise seeks to add new players through the annual NFL draft. The draft rules were last updated in 2009. The team with the worst record the previous year picks first, the next-worst team second, and so on. Teams that did not make the playoffs are ordered by their regular-season record with any remainin...
what happens when im thinking of nothing?	Honestly you probably just get lost in studying the visual aspects of the thing you're looking at. I don't believe you can ever be truly without a thought.	[ "This does not mean that at one time it thinks but at another time it does not think, but when separated it is just exactly what it is, and this alone is deathless and everlasting (though we have no memory, because this sort of intellect is not acted upon, while the sort that is acted upon is destructible), and wit...
How does the history of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust affect modern Germany?	How the past is interpreted and processed is perhaps the most important question for an historian, so I think the question is very relevant. Germany has tried to find ways to come to terms with the past. The English language has actually used German terms for struggle, mainly [Vergangenheitsbewältigung](_URL_1_) and G...	[ "Others like Russell Jacoby contend that the Holocaust is a product of German history with deep roots in German society ranging from, \"German authoritarianism, feeble liberalism, brash nationalism or virulent antisemitism. From A. J. P. Taylor's \"The Course of German History\" fifty-five years ago to Daniel Goldh...
What pieces of medieval/Renaissance garb still exist?	A room in an Austrian castle, sealed off in the 15th century, was recently opened. It contained many textiles, including undergarments and shoes. [Check out this write-up](_URL_0_)--at this point, the publicly available information seems quite scant, but I'm eager for the publication of an article on the finds!	[ "The unique decorated leather cover of the small Northumbrian St Cuthbert Gospel, the oldest Western bookbinding to survive unaltered, can be dated to 698 or shortly before. It uses incised lines, some colours, and relief decoration built up over cord and gesso or leather pieces. Larger prestige manuscripts had met...
Why do things bounce?	Solid object deform when you apply forces to them. If an object has elasticity, it will tend to return to its original shape. Now imagine the case of a ball dropped. The ball gains some kinetic energy in its descent, and this energy, at impact serves to deform the both the ball as well as the ground. If the ground or t...	[ "The physics of a bouncing ball concerns the physical behaviour of bouncing balls, particularly its motion before, during, and after impact against the surface of another body. Several aspects of a bouncing ball's behaviour serve as an introduction to mechanics in high school or undergraduate level physics courses....
Why did Charles Cornwallis not face Washington directly after surrendering at Yorktown? Was this an attempt to slight Washington, and, if so, was it seen as dishonorable or childish?	Gen. Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess and 2nd Earl Cornwallis, [surrendered to American forces on October 19th, 1781](_URL_0_) after two days of a ceasefire. It came after a week of fighting where British troops failed to advance or make any dent in the American and French forces who had surrounded them and were well...	[ "Washington had intended for his attack to be a second Trenton. Had everything gone according to plan, Washington may have trapped and destroyed a second major British force. Coupled with Burgoyne's defeat at Saratoga, the defeat of Howe at Germantown could have compelled Lord North and the British government to su...
what is the difference between fruits and flowers?	A flower is the reproductive structure in flowering plants (called angiosperms). The purpose of a flower is to offer up & receive pollen from other flowers. Flowers are often brightly coloured & scented to attract animals, & offer up substances like nectar to lure insects/birds into the flower, where they can p...	[ "Plant scientists have grouped fruits into three main groups, simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and composite or multiple fruits. The groupings are not evolutionarily relevant, since many diverse plant taxa may be in the same group, but reflect how the flower organs are arranged and how the fruits develop.\n", "Fr...
How did Napoleon III's reforms affect the later development of France's economy?	Napoleon III's probably most lasting economic reforms took place in the education and financial sectors. While in the short-term the lowering of tariffs across the board spurred productivity growth and encouraged foreign trade, in the long-term the true determinants of economic growth are threefold: population growth,...	[ "The French swept away centuries worth of outmoded restrictions and introduced unprecedented levels of efficiency. The chaos and barriers in a land divided and subdivided among many different petty principalities gave way to a rational, simplified, centralized system controlled by Paris and run by Napoleon's relati...
Why was Theodore Roosevelt known as the "Trust Buster" when Taft broke up more trusts?	I'm confused by this question. Roosevelt gained his reputation as a trust buster during his presidency. Taft had not served as president yet. How would people know not to declare Roosevelt a trust buster because his successor would use the Sherman Act more aggressively?	[ "For his aggressive use of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, compared to his predecessors, Roosevelt became mythologized as the \"trust-buster\"; but in reality he was more of a trust regulator. Roosevelt viewed big business as a necessary part of the American economy, and sought only to prosecute the \"bad trusts\" ...
"unincorporated" small town	Some people see unincorporated as a positive. In a city, there's essentially four levels of government that people live under: city, county, state and federal. In an unincorporated region, it's just county, state and federal. Less government is a plus to some.	[ "An unincorporated community may be part of a census-designated place (CDP). A CDP is an area defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. It is a populated area that generally includes one officially designated but currently unincorporated community, for which the CDP is named, plus su...
How is the historical argument of David Graeber's "Debt: The First 5000 Years" viewed?	I always find it hilarious when non-lawyers discuss legal topics (e.g. money and contracts). So, without giving this gentleman from Yale too much credit, and taking into account that only so much can be expected from him as long as he is speaking outside of his area of speciality, I present to you the first error: "T...	[ "Debt: The First 5,000 Years is a book by anthropologist David Graeber published in 2011. It explores the historical relationship of debt with social institutions such as barter, marriage, friendship, slavery, law, religion, war and government; in short, much of the fabric of human life in society. It draws on the ...
what exactly happens to person when they're only awake during the night?	You get really fucked up. Shift work is worse as my body can attest. But straight nights causes your body to go all haywire. Basically your body doesn't work well, not receiving Vitamin D, Metabolism diminishes, you're more likely to have heart conditions, blue like also messes you up on nights. I can't recall the a...	[ "It is common for patients who have difficulty falling asleep to also have nocturnal awakenings with difficulty returning to sleep. Two-thirds of these patients wake up in the middle of the night, with more than half having trouble falling back to sleep after a middle-of-the-night awakening.\n", "People with norm...
is there a correlation between how hard you blow and the size of a bubble? if not what defines the size of a bubble?	It's liquid tension - the harder you blow the more force is pushed against the inside of the bubble which has more potential to pop it. A slow smooth bubble will allow more surface area without breaking liquid tension	[ "When two bubbles merge, they adopt a shape which makes the sum of their surface areas as small as possible, compatible with the volume of air each bubble encloses. If the bubbles are of equal size, their common wall is flat. If they aren't the same size, their common wall bulges into the larger bubble, since the s...
why is snot green.	When your body first makes it, it's clear. But it's like fly paper. It's there to catch debris going into your nose. So stuff gets mixed in, and if you do have an infection, your white blood cells can turn it green (something in them is oxidizing in the atmosphere)	[ "Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye is not prepared from the mineral malachite, and the name just comes from ...
why did the special effects industry move from bluescreen to greenscreen?	_URL_0_ This portion: Processing a green backdrop[edit source \| editbeta] Green is currently used as a backdrop more than any other color because image sensors in digital video cameras are most sensitive to green, due to the bayer pattern allocating more pixels to the green channel, mimicking the human eye's increase...	[ "The first special effects in the cinema were created while the film was being shot. These came to be known as \"in-camera\" effects. Later, optical and digital effects were developed so that editors and visual effects artists could more tightly control the process by manipulating the film in post-production.\n", ...
citizens united v. federal election commission	It used to be that corporations were allowed to run things called Issue Ads, but were not allowed to support actual candidates. So they could run an ad saying, "Support Solar Energy" but not "Support Candidate 'A.'" Citizens United decided that this was an unreasonable restraint on a corporation's and union's rig...	[ "Another Supreme Court case related to the issue is \"Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission\". The dispute was over whether Citizens United, a non-profit corporation, had the same right to fund political campaigns as a person. In this controversial case, the Supreme Court's 5-4 decision favored Citizen Uni...
How did the US Marines and National Guard come to have their own air arms?	Let me correct a few misconceptions. The US Marine Corps is NOT a part of the US Navy. It falls under the Department of the Navy for administrative purposes but is a separate arm in its own right for operational purposes. Furthermore, Marine Aviation did not come about in World War 2. It dates back, for all intents an...	[ "The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is currently the largest and only marine combined-arms force in the world. Created in 1775, it was originally intended only to guard naval vessels during the American Revolutionary War. While the USMC is a component part of the US Department of the Navy in the military command...
Would we know if another animal on our planet reached a state of sentience/sapience to the level of reason?	It all depends on how you define sentience: * Elephants are known to [grieve and bury their dead.](_URL_6_) * Apes are known to [wage war on each other,](_URL_0_) (I've seen actual footage of an attack in a forest but can't find it now) [make tools,](_URL_5_) and even [weapons](_URL_1_) * Chimps are commonly used fo...	[ "\"Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals [...], including all mammals and birds, and other creatures, [...] have the necessary neural substrates of consciousness and the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors.\"\n", "Wilson's (1984) biophilia hypothesis is based on the premise that our attachmen...
what's up with the "num lk" on keyboards and what possible scenario would i want the number pad to not work?	Num lock turns the numpad into arrows. _URL_0_	[ "Since ThinkPad computers have a nub that is responsive to pressure in a direction, and there is a patent for this, other companies have made it so a person has to move the finger a large distance to cause the nub to rock from side to side in a much less efficient way.\n", "LOMAK is an acronym for Light Operated ...
do birds stop migrating? i mean, do i have birds in my city that consider this home base, or is every bird i see just pit stopping on their way to somewhere else?	Some birds stay all winter long. Robins and crows are 2 that I can think of. Bald eagles too.	[ "Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the \"spring overshoot\" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous...
Why are some planets / moons in our solar system so uniformly colored?	I might not be the best person to answer this question, but I'll take a stab at it. Disregarding life, vegetation, atmosphere, and the ocean (none of which are present in the moon), the Earth would actually look quite a bit more homogeneous than it does now. Much of the variation that would be present would be sure t...	[ "Each planet's system displays slightly different characteristics. Jupiter's irregulars are grey to slightly red, consistent with C, P and D-type asteroids. Some groups of satellites are observed to display similar colours (see later sections). Saturn's irregulars are slightly redder than those of Jupiter.\n", "A...
do people who speak "faster" languages think faster?	No, Spanish has more consonant clusters and news reporters etc will always talk really fast but they're producing the same amount of information. Another example would be written Chinese where each character has a whole meaning which is different to english which depends on an alphabet to build words. Even though a few...	[ "Speedsters may at times use the ability to speed-read at incredible rates and in doing so, process vast amounts of information. Whatever knowledge they acquire in this manner is usually temporary. Their ability to think fast also allows them some immunity to telepathy, as their thoughts operate at a rate too rapid...
How does movement on a quantum scale work?	> they have to be somewhere? A tidal wave has to be somewhere, but you can't determine its location more precisely that a few meters. For a ship, you could define it's center of mass and find that location very precisely, but something like a wave doesn't even have a well-defined shape.	[ "In Schenkerian theory, a scale-step () is a triad (based on one of the diatonic scale degrees) that is perceived as an organizing force for a passage of music (in accordance with the principle of composing-out). In \"Harmony\", Schenker gives the following example and asserts that \n", "Motion estimation is the ...
When batteries run out in a Gameboy then you turn it back on, it can run for a short while. Why?	While the device is on it is consuming power. Placing an electrical load on the battery causes the voltage to "sag" a little. Once the voltage sags below a certain point, the device detects it as a dead battery. Turning off the device relieves the batteries of the load and the chemical reaction inside the cells quickly...	[ "The Game Boy Battery Pack sold for about $30 USD. The battery peripheral itself is roughly 3 in. long, 2 in. wide, and 0.5 in. thick. One end sprouts a thin cable that ends by being plugged into the external power jack of the Game Boy, while the other end connects to a standard mains plug. The first version of it ...
why is turning your computer off at the powerpoint, rather than shutting it down properly, bad?	When you're done brushing your teeth, you can carefully wash your toothbrush and put it in its little holder. You can also just throw it down onto the countertop and walk away. Doing it that way will usually work, but there's a chance that someone will knock it onto the floor or get some hair on it. Turning off a co...	[ "To shut down or power off a computer is to remove power from a computer's main components in a controlled way. After a computer is shut down, main components such as CPUs, RAM modules and hard disk drives are powered down, although some internal components, such as an internal clock, may retain power.\n", "The u...
the legalization of marijuana in colorado.	According to [this article](_URL_0_) people 21 years of age can purchase it from specially regulated retail stores, and adults can grow up to 6 plants for personal use. Public use and driving under the influence is still illegal.	[ "Colorado is open to cannabis (marijuana) tourism. With the adoption of their 64th state amendment in 2013, Colorado became the first state in the union to legalize the medicinal (2000), industrial (2013), and recreational (2014) use of marijuana. Colorado's marijuana industry sold $1.31 billion worth of marijuana ...
why does mankind need a higher power like god to explain our existence?	Long story short? Fear. Fear of what we can't understand, fear of the unknown, fear of what comes next. They take comfort in having answers, even if they are completely bullshit.	[ "Throughout history power is typically seen to be a very dangerous and destructive element in people's lives. It is a canker to society or is wicked if you will. Some theorists believe that power itself is actually in fact morally neutral. It is the results of power that determine whether or not power is seen as go...
how to plants that react to touch like the venus flytrap of the sensitive mimosa work?	If I remember correctly, for the Venus flytrap, there’s sensitive hairs on at the ‘clamping’ area. It takes lots of energy though, so when one hair is triggered, there’s a timing mechanism that’s set off. Only if multiple hairs are ‘moved’ within a set timeframe does the plant exert substantial energy to close the trap...	[ "Electrical signaling experiments were conducted on \"Mimosa pudica\", where 1.3–1.5 volts and 2–10 µC of charge acted as the threshold to induce closing of the leaves. This topic was further explored in 2017 by neuroscientist Greg Gage who connected \"Mimosa pudica\" to \"Dionaea muscipula\", better known as the V...
If mesons carry the force that binds protons and neutrons together, do other composite bosons (like helium nuclei, for example) carry their own forces as well?	The answer is kind of yes and no. The mesons that bind nucleons together (via what's often called the residual strong force) act as gauge bosons (much like the fundamental force carriers) associated with emergent broken symmetries of QCD, so they actually play something of a special role. But in a more general sense, ...	[ "The residual strong force is thus a minor residuum of the strong force that binds quarks together into protons and neutrons. This same force is much weaker \"between\" neutrons and protons, because it is mostly neutralized \"within\" them, in the same way that electromagnetic forces between neutral atoms (van der ...
Is it possible that the dark matter is actually stars with Dyson spheres around them so we can't see them?	Nice idea, but it won't work. There are a few reasons: (1) We know dark matter does not feel the electromagnetic force. If the dark matter were Dyson spheres, from absorbing the energy of the stars they surround, they would radiate in the infrared, and so we'd detect this. In fact, people have looked, and [no Dyson...	[ "In 2008 a study was published showing that M94 had very little or no dark matter present. The study analyzed the rotation curves of the galaxy's stars and the density of hydrogen gas and found that ordinary luminous matter appeared to account for all of the galaxy's mass. This result was unusual and somewhat contr...
why aren't aol-style chat rooms still a thing?	They are. Most proprietary formats have died out, but many people still user IRC. The Freenode network is the most popular, and many communities have channels there. You might have better luck just logging onto Freenode or looking for IRC directories. There are more ad-hoc sites like Tinychat, or group conversations h...	[ "Third party chat servers were used primarily to host chat rooms on the network. This is because of the improved administration systems in third party servers as well as the ability to host a chat room without having to use the winmx client. Some Third party chat clients also contained useful shortcuts or menus to ...
How do chemists produce a weakened state of a disease to create vaccines? How can they confidently determine the disease is ready to be used as a vaccination?	It depends on the vaccine. The simplest to imagine are whole-cell vaccines against bacterial diseases: simply kill off the bacteria. Since they are dead they can no longer infect anyone - but they will still contain all the antigens (structures that antibodies can bind to) that will make the immune system recognize th...	[ "By identifying the antigens responsible for a particular immune response, it is possible to identify viable targets for novel drugs. In addition, specific antigens can further be classified based on immunoreactivity for identification of future potential vaccine preparations. In addition to the identification of v...
why are / were there flag bearers in armies	It's to accomplish the same thing as radios and computers in today's modern armies. Communication. Imagine a battlefield filled with thousands of people, many wearing the same uniform. But each small unit with a different mission. The flag or more precisely guidon is a point of rally for those in the small unit as well...	[ "Prior to 1956 the Army was the only armed service without a flag, official or otherwise, to represent the entire service. In 1955, prompted by the need for a flag to represent the U.S. Army in joint service ceremonies, Secretary of the Army Wilber M. Brucker requested the creation of an army flag.\n", "Military ...
sports eli5: why are sports playoffs like hockey and baseball best out of 7 but american football is single elimination?	football is way too demanding physically to be played multiple times a week. this in addition to if they did have a series and it was played out once a week the playoffs would last months.	[ "Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League are three professional sports that feature best-of-seven games series in their playoffs. Coming back to win a seven-game series when down by three games has only been accomplished by four National Hockey League teams and onl...
I'm an innkeeper during the High Middle Ages in Europe. What is my life like?	As far as customers at your inn are concerned, you would most often see the traveling lords and vassals, members of the church, and possibly a small number of the artisan/merchant class. Serfs themselves were forbidden from leaving their fiefs without explicit permission and instruction from their local lord, and in so...	[ "BULLET::::- \"The Eighteenth-century English Inn: a transient \"Golden Age\" \" in B. Kümin & B.A. Tlusty (Eds.) (2002) \"The World of the Tavern: Public Houses in Early Modern Europe\", Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 205-226.\n", "A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries...
They say as babies our bones are mostly cartilage. How does this change occur as we grow older and why is it advantageous to do so?	Bone growth can occur by one of two processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. But to understand those in detail you have to understand exactly what bone is. Bone is a highly active tissue, with important hormonal, structural, hematological, and immunological functions. Your skeleton receiv...	[ "About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center. The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification center...
Why is physics so goddamn confusing? An acceleration question.	I don't understand what problem you're asking about. It's very possible for a mathematical function to go from zero to nonzero without its derivative jumping to infinity, so if you're modeling velocity as a mathematical function there's no problem here. In addition, there's nothing special about zero velocity; if you d...	[ "Proper acceleration (the acceleration 'felt' by the object being accelerated) is the rate of change of rapidity with respect to proper time (time as measured by the object undergoing acceleration itself). Therefore, the rapidity of an object in a given frame can be viewed simply as the velocity of that object as w...
My mom inherited a photo album which once belonged to a WW2 German soldier. Can anyone recognize any of these faces? (imgur link)	Ok! I think I have something Hitler receives a briefing on the tactical situation in Poland from General List (with glasses). Behind Hitler are General Keitel and General Yodl (with forage cap) both of the Supreme Armed Forces HQ. Sept 1939. _URL_0_ List? _URL_3_ _URL_4_ Keitel (back) and List? _URL_2_ Keitel 2nd ...	[ "The album contains 116 photographs, all in black and white, almost all of them featuring German officers. It is believed to have been the property of Höcker because he appears in far more of the images than any other individual. On the title page underneath a picture of Höcker and Baer written is \"With the Comman...
How much social mobility was there in the Late Roman Republic? What could a city dwelling plebeian do to improve his station?	The "average" urban inhabitant was an impoverished day laborer who live on the edge of starvation and was semi-homeless. In all likelihood he would die in the same condition he lived, probably relatively early due to the disease rampant in the more crowded parts of the city. He had no education, although he might have ...	[ "The majority of the population under the jurisdiction of ancient Rome lived in the countryside in settlements with less than 10 thousand inhabitants. Landlords generally resided in cities and their estates were left in the care of farm managers. The plight of rural slaves was generally worse than their counterpart...
how will the james webb space telescope look for alien life? where will astronomers look first and what type of life might it detect?	So there are 2 ways we can observe planets: 1) When a planet passes between us and a distant star, the light dims. It also changes the color of the star's light. The difference in color and the amount of dimness tell us about the size of the planet and the chemical composition of it's light reflecting atmosphere (if i...	[ "Interstellar spacecraft may be detectable from hundreds to thousands of light-years away through various forms of radiation, such as the photons emitted by an antimatter rocket or cyclotron radiation from the interaction of a magnetic sail with the interstellar medium. Such a signal would be easily distinguishable...
What attempts have there been throughout recent history (most likely during genocides) to specifically erase the culture of a group?	Raphael Lemkin, the man who coined the term "genocide", defined it this way: > Generally speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation. It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions ai...	[ "Some scholars, among them Lemkin, have argued that cultural genocide, sometimes called ethnocide, should also be recognized. A people may continue to exist, but if they are prevented from perpetuating their group identity by prohibitions against cultural and religious practices that are the basis of that identity,...
if everybody has dynamic ip addresses now, how do websites ban people?	Many people don't have dynamic IP's, and there are other ways to determine someone's identity, especially the average child who gets banned and wants back. Having said that, as you can see from the endless parade of "young" accounts in places like T_D, Politics, and anything with "New" in it... there are limits. A dedi...	[ "Although IP addresses of government and business entities are easily added to a list of IP addresses to be blocked, there is no means for PeerGuardian to block access by a government or business using an undocumented IP address to identify people engaged in copyright infringement or other possibly unlawful activit...
Why was there no invasion by sea of the north of Germany?	While more can be said, I've previously discussed British plans for amphibious assaults during WWI in the following threads: * [ I was listening to the podcast on the Battle of Jutland, and "..Land a million Russians north of Berlin, and boom..The War's over in a few weeks" caught my ear.](_URL_2_) * [Why didn't the t...	[ "In the event of invasion, the Royal Navy would have sailed to the landing places, possibly taking several days. It is now known that the Germans planned to land on the southern coast of England; one reason for this site was that the narrow seas of the English Channel could be blocked with mines, submarines and tor...
what was the quiet revolution in quebec?	"The Quiet Revolution, which is a term applied to the changes that took place in Quebec from the late 1950's to the late 60's, was a time of great change in the province. The politics and social life of Quebec had been dictated by the Provincial Premier Maurice Duplessis since the 1930's and in a sense it was a throw b...	[ "The Quiet Revolution (or \"Révolution tranquille\") began in Quebec when Jean Lesage became premier in 1960. It was, essentially, a peaceful nationalist movement to transform Quebec into a modern secular state. It was characterised by rapid secularization, the creation of a welfare state, and the transformation of...
so, murdering is pretty illegal. in times of war, why is it not illegal to kill an enemy soldier and why aren't there ramifications for it? is there a special set of laws in place when nations are at war?	Yes, there are certain international 'laws' and treaties that we use to regulate a war. The two most famous ones are the Hague Conventions of 1889 and 1907. In these treaties the participating nations outlined what is wrong (a war crime) during a war, and what is considered to be acceptable. They also tried to distingu...	[ "BULLET::::- Killing of enemy combatants who have not surrendered by lawful combatants, in accordance with lawful orders in war, is also generally not considered murder; although illicit killings within a war may constitute murder or homicidal war crimes. (see the Laws of war article)\n", "Proper authority is wha...
Why is veiling a practice done today and in history almost entirely by women? Why isn't veiling done among men?	I'm not sure the premise of the question here is accurate for two reasons. 1) Veiling suggests a covering of the face. There is - to my knowledge anyway - no religion that mandates a full face covering. Even the examples you cite are not veils covering the face, but various forms of hair coverings (so hijab, "Chris...	[ "A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance. Veiling has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies. The practice has been prominent in different forms in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The practice of...
hi, i'm not smart but i know how to read, can someone tell me why rockets/spaceships don't go straight up into space but instead curve ? and are they controlling that or does it happen naturally?	An orbit requires a large sideways velocity in order to avoid falling back to Earth. But air gets in the way of going that fast so they first get high then turn to the side to accelerate. They certainly control every aspect of that curved launch path.	[ "\"And then, once you get beyond a certain scale, you just can't make the plane big enough. When you drop...the rocket, you have the slight problem that you're not going the right direction. If you look at what Orbital Sciences did with Pegasus, they have a delta wing to do the turn maneuver but then you've got thi...
Has anyone in the CIA faced legal consequences for MKUltra, or for covering up MKUltra?	Project MK-ULTRA was first exposed in 1975 by the Church Committee and Gerald Ford's Rockefeller Commission. It got a lot of bad press, coming on the heels of Watergate at a time when outrage over the executive branch and distrust of gov't officials was already widespread ([you can see the WashPo article for it here.](...	[ "Project MKULTRA was a CIA program which involved, among other projects, research on the use of drugs in behavior modification. One of the most controversial cases arising from the program was the death of Dr. Frank Olson, a scientist who worked in the Special Operations Division of the U.S. Army Biological Center ...
why do automotive engines idle around the same rpm regardless of number of cylinder count?	So the alternator can charge the battery. And you will have enough torque to move effectively.	[ "Idle speed (or idle) is the rotational speed an engine runs at when the engine is idling, that is when the engine is uncoupled from the drivetrain and the throttle pedal is not depressed. In combustion engines, idle speed is generally measured in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the crankshaft. At idle speed, the e...
why are there no huge animals?	Oxygen percentage in the atmosphere. When it was about twice as much as it is now, we had dinosaurs and insects as large as dogs. Give it a little higher percentage and who knows what could have roamed the earth	[ "A small bodied animal has a greater capacity to be more abundant than a large bodied one. Purely as a function of geometry many more small things can be packed into a given space than can large things into the same area. However, these limits are generally never reached in ecological systems as other resources bec...
how to companies benefit from letting you file your taxes for free	E-filing your taxes costs them basically nothing. So while you're doing your 1040EZ for free they can advertise their other services to you. It's a good way to get your eyeballs on their site for a guaranteed 20-30 minutes.	[ "Individuals have the option of both free and paid tax software. Recently a feature from the IRS called FreeFile allows users to file their individual tax returns for free. It is also possible to go through an authorized efile company that files Form 1040 with a service charge. FreeFile is free, it's an easy step b...
why do farts sometines feel like bubbles popping when they come out?	The gases that were initially roaming free and occupying the wider breadths of your intestines now have to squeeze into the narrow constriction of your sphincter. This pressurizes them akin to packing into a bubble, and as the sphincter relaxes and contracts that gives you your pop.	[ "Bubbles are generated when two distinct paths start and end at the same nodes. Normally bubbles are caused by errors or biological variants. These errors are removed using the Tour Bus algorithm, which is similar to a Dijkstra's algorithm, a breadth-first search that detects the best path to follow and determines ...
since we're all moving at very high speed in space caused by the 1.rotation and 2.revolution of our a.planet, b.solar system, c.galaxy, etc.. how do we know that our measurements of distance are accurate?	That's the basis of one of Einsteins biggest theories. The gist of it goes that all observations around you are based off of the Frame of reference you are in. For example. Two astronauts are next to each other and use a jetpack to move away in opposite directions. To one astronaut it would seem that he is standing s...	[ "The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude. For example, the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos 28.59° × 1674.4 km/h = 1470.2 km/h.\n", "Thus, for example, i...
What did Eva Perón actually do for Argentina?	To some extent, I agree with your assessment. The praise lavished on her, going so far as to call her a saint, goes beyond the scope of her accomplishments. She didn’t end poverty in Argentina. She didn’t destroy inequality. She didn’t create an worker-centered economy that withstood the shocks of modernity. And s...	[ "In 1951, Eva Perón announced her candidacy for the Peronist nomination for the office of Vice President of Argentina, receiving great support from the Peronist political base, low-income and working-class Argentines who were referred to as \"descamisados\" or \"shirtless ones\". Opposition from the nation's milita...
In the High Middle Ages, what sort of unarmed combat training did knights receive?	I actually do some of this!* It's a lot of grappling and what is best compared to judo. You train mostly out of armor, but most of it translates very well to armored combat too. The only differences between armored and unarmored are the places you can hit and your center gravity. Punching someone in plate isn't going t...	[ "In peacetime, knights often demonstrated their martial skills in tournaments, which usually took place on the grounds of a castle. Knights can parade their armour and banner to the whole court as the tournament commenced. Medieval tournaments were made up of martial sports called \"hastiludes\", and were not only ...
what is the difference between casualty and property insurance?	Casualty is for people and property is for items?	[ "Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. It is a broad spectrum of insurance that a number of other types of insurance could be classified, such as auto, workers compensation, and some liability insurances.\n", "Casualty insurance is mainly liability coverage o...
can fighter aircraft detect when they’ve been “locked on” like in the movies, if they can, how do they know?	Yes, it's absolutely possible for a fighter craft to know it's been locked onto. In order to home in on something, you have to know where it is, and one way to know where things are is to use radar -- that is, send out a beam of radio waves that bounces off of objects and comes back to the transmitter, painting a pi...	[ "Just prior to World War II, Royal Air Force tests with the new Chain Home (CH) radars had demonstrated that relaying information to the fighter aircraft directly from the radar sites was not feasible. The radars determined the map coordinates of the enemy, but could generally not see the fighters at the same time....
Did flightless birds like ostriches evolve from surviving Dromaesaurs or flying birds?	There was a great article in National Geographic from May of this year that explains this. [Here it is.](_URL_0_) Here is the basic answer though: all flightless birds likely trace their ancestry back to a flying relative. They likely began in the southern section of Pangea and when that broke up they were dispersed a...	[ "As only tentative inferences can be made about the habits of \"Eremopezus\", it is not clear why it became extinct. Still, nothing even remotely resembling a possible descendant is known or inferred, making it rather likely that its lineage did not progress very far. It is sometimes believed that flightless birds ...
After decolonization in Africa why did so many nations keep the native language of their colonizers as their official language rather than returning to their historic, local languages?	The borders you see today are not necessarily drawn based off which group of people live where. But more remnants of colonial administrative districts. Two different peoples speaking two different languages will fall back on the common one, regardless of its origins. Therefore the use of ex-colonial languages. _URL_1_...	[ "After gaining independence, many African countries, in the search for national unity, selected one language, generally the former colonial language, to be used in government and education. However, in recent years, African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining linguistic diversity. Language ...
how do cinemagraphs work?	They are .gifs someone takes a video or a segment of a video and they cut and play with it until it's seamless. The start of the .gif has to match the end as best the editor can perceive.	[ "Cinemagraphs are made by taking a series of photographs or a video recording, and, using image editing software, compositing the photographs or the video frames into a seamless loop of sequential frames. This is done in such a way that motion in part of the subject between exposures (for example, a person's dangli...
in gay marriage ban challenges, why is there never a reference to the full faith and credit clause?	Because they are not arguing for their marriages in one state to be recognized in another state (most of the time), they are arguing for the right to be married in that state. Different point on the timeline. For the Full Faith and Credit clause to be in effect, the couple would have to be married already, which is l...	[ "The proposed legislation raises Constitutional questions in relation to the Full Faith and Credit Clause. Joanna Grossman, writing for FindLaw, emphasized \"the need for the federal courts to weigh in\", rather than for states to continue making a public-policy exception when deciding the status of same-sex relati...

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