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Popular history YouTuber Feature History claims that "Hutu" and "Tutsi" were originally class distinctions rather than ethnic ones. How much merit does this claim have? | here's an answer from another thread that answers your question
_URL_0_
credits to /u/gplnd | [
"A contrasting picture of human cultural diversity was recorded in the early Rwandan oral histories, ritual texts, and biographies, in which the terms Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa were quite rarely used and had meanings different from those conceived by the Europeans. In those, the term Tutsi was equivalent to the phrase \... |
How did the Thirty Year's War and the Paraguay War lead to such a huge loss of life? | First: a loss of population from pre-war levels is a very different thing than direct counts of casualties. The Holy Roman Empire's population was roughly two-thirds in 1650 of what it was in 1615 (although some regions suffered much more directly), but much of the population loss were simply refugees, loss of territory, and other forms of expatriation.
Of the many who did die, only a relatively small fraction would have died directly from battlefield causes. In the case of the Thirty Years' War, constant disruption to agriculture and commerce resulted in many deaths from famine and disease. This scenario *also* results in a population much less willing to procreate, and substantially increases infant and childhood mortality rates (and maternal mortality, for that matter).
Armies in the pre-modern world were often effectively swarms of locust: even ostensibly friendly armies, like the Lutheran Swedes in Protestant Brandenburg, would inflict grievous harm on whatever region they passed through. Simply supplying these armies could absorb a large quantity of the available food and essentials, before we even talk about looting and pillaging (or incidents like the Sack of Magdeburg, where a victorious army slaughtered ~20,000 townspeople in a single day).
In short, battlefield deaths in the Thirty Years' War were only a portion of the overall deaths resulting from the war. I expect something similar for the Paraguayan War.
My main sources are Peter Wilson's recent *Europe's Tragedy: the Thirty Years War* alongside Geoffrey Parker's significantly older *Thirty Years' War*. | [
"The losses of the century of war were enormous, particularly owing to the plague (the Black Death, usually considered an outbreak of bubonic plague), which arrived from Italy in 1348, spreading rapidly up the Rhone valley and thence across most of the country: it is estimated that a population of some 18–20 millio... |
when microwaving food, why does it seem to get more soggy rather than crunchy? | Microwaves specialize in heating up moisture specifically. The heated up moisture just tends to steam and diffuse making crunchy things less crunchy and more damp(soggy).
Feel free to fact check. | [
"Eating deteriorated food could not be considered safe due to mycotoxins or microbial wastes. Some pathogenic bacteria, such as \"Clostridium perfringens\" and \"Bacillus cereus\", are capable of causing spoilage.\n",
"The spoilage of food products caused by microbes is a concern for many sub-sectors of the food ... |
Are there solar systems that are not contained in galaxies? How would our solar system be different if that were the case? | So you can contrive to have a situation where it might occur. Stars can be lost from a host galaxy via a few different means. (Mergers, Supernovae, Scattering off hard binaries, etc. Generally anything that can throw stars into different orbits.)
If you have a very tight solar system, say a star and a hot jupiter, it wouldn't be impossible for them to stay together. Solar systems like ours I don't see staying together. (Sure, the size of the solar system is small compared to the other scales in the system, but there are a lot of possible torques on the system. (Its also quite late, otherwise I would do the calculation for fun.))
So yes, its not impossible in theory. But like with a lot of things, its not overly likely. And those you would have would be systems that are tightly bound. | [
"Based on observations from the \"Hubble Space Telescope\", there are between 125 and 250 billion galaxies in the observable universe. It is estimated that at least ten percent of all Sun-like stars have a system of planets, i.e. there are stars with planets orbiting them in the observable universe. Even if it is a... |
Would the Lorica Segmentata have been a good choice of armor in medieval times? Could it have retained its effectiveness on the battlefield, let's say, around 1000 AD?" | The threats on the battlefield of 1,000 AD weren't really much different to those of 100 AD; spears and arrows for the most part, with slingshot, battleaxes and swords also being fairly common. Lorica Segmentata offered adequate protection against all of those, so in that sense it was as good as ever.
However, Lorica Segmentata *always* had issues competing with chainmail. Even at the height of it's popularity, many romans seem to have favoured chainmail. It's advantages were that it was well suited to mass-production and might have offered superior protection from blunt trauma (although apparently it did worse than mail against dacian falxes). It's downsides were that it was difficult to maintain, generally fit quite badly, had gaps at the armpits and didn't cover the legs at all.
For the feudal nobles of the early medieval period it would have been distinctly inferior to mail; they didn't mass-produce their armour and often fought on horseback where protection from spears stabbing up into the armpit or sword slashes to their legs was pretty important. | [
"\"Lorica segmentata\": Modern tests have shown that this \"lorica\" provided better protection to weapon-blows and missile-strikes than the other types of metal armour commonly used by Roman troops, mail (\"hamata\") or scale (\"squamata\"), being virtually impenetrable by ancient weapons. However, historical re-e... |
as a non-american; what is the carpool lane and why does it exsists? | A restricted traffic **lane** reserved at peak travel times or longer for the exclusive use of vehicles with a driver and one or more passengers, often used as an incentive to share cars and reduce congestion/pollution, as they should lead to faster travel times. | [
"In Pittsburgh driving lore, the tunnels are notorious, most notably for several accidents when tractor-trailers that are too tall to safely travel through the tunnel get stuck against the roof of the tunnel. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation raised the ceiling of the Squirrel Hill Tunnels to eliminate ... |
why are some insects (such as flies) extremely skittish towards humans whereas others (such as ladybugs) are extremely docile towards humans, despite having similar flight abilities? | Ladybugs are toxic (or something like that) to most predators, as indicated by their flashy colors. They know that predators know not to eat them, so they have no need to run away. Flies, on the other hand, rely on their mobility to escape from predators, so they need to be jumpy. | [
"Some species, such as deer flies and the Australian March flies, are known for being extremely noisy during flight, though clegs, for example, fly quietly and bite with little warning. Tabanids are agile fliers; \"Hybomitra\" species have been observed to perform aerial manoeuvres similar to those performed by fig... |
how exactly does water ruin electronics, assuming that they are turned off after and dried throughly, what damage to hardware is done that is irreparable? | Different components react differently to water. Most ICs, for example, will dry just fine, but may end up with residual water stuck underneath the chip, unable to dry.
Capacitors can corrode from the inside out, and transistors do weird things when exposed to water, but immediate drying and cleansing with alcohol will usually prevent that.
Now, the unfixable stuff.
LCD screens are toast in water if water gets between the digitizer and the glass. Also, rechargeable batteries often use alkali or alkaline elements (think lithium ion batteries, among others) that are highly reactive to water. If exposed, very VERY small amounts of water can get into the battery and destroy it, either slowly or immediately.
Other than that, water with any kind of mineral content can short circuit boards and/or leave deposits that hinder the board's ability to function, and can even cause heat build up. Dropping a phone into distilled water, however, won't do much, except cause a physical mess inside the device. The components themselves would be fine for the most part (except the battery and screen.) | [
"Damage to structures and other objects can take a number of forms, such as fire damage caused by the effects of burning, water damage done by water to materials not resistant to its effects, and radiation damage due to ionizing radiation. Some kinds of damage are specific to vehicles and mechanical or electronic s... |
why doesn't the u.s. have standardized education across the board? wouldn't that make everything easier? | The US has a history of federalism and local control. It's much bigger and more diverse than Japan or the UK, so it's harder to get everyone to agree.
Common Core was an attempt at standardized education, and it met major backlash pretty much across the board. | [
"Unlike the systems of most other countries, education in the United States is highly decentralized, and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards (with the exception of the No Child Left Behind Act). This has been left to state and... |
what's the difference between oled, amoled and super amoled displays? | Short answer: It's complicated.
OLED is display technology that involves the use of pixels made of organic material.
AMOLED display technology combines the properties of OLED technology with a pixel-modulating matrix and thin-film transistors, essentially providing a transistor and capacitor to each pixel in the display. This makes AMOLED displays more expensive but also more flexible and energy efficient, able to provide more vivid picture quality and render faster motion response.
Super AMOLED is a marketing term created by Samsung for an AMOLED display with an integrated digitizer. It is a more advanced version of AMOLED and it integrates touch-sensors and the actual screen in a single layer. Samsung claims it provides a 20% brighter screen, 20% lower power consumption and 80% less sunlight reflection.
Edit: Added the information that Super AMOLED is marketing term. | [
"\"Super AMOLED\" is a marketing term created by device manufacturers for an AMOLED display with an integrated digitizer: the layer that detects touch is integrated into the screen, rather than overlaid on top of it. The display technology itself is not improved. According to Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fift... |
why do male dogs pee with one leg up and female dogs don't ? | Males are marking their territory...the higher they pee, the less likely someone can pee over it. My Labrador used to also poop on top of boulders to mark his territory. | [
"Domestic dogs mark their territories by urinating on vertical surfaces (usually at nose level), sometimes marking over the urine of other dogs. When one dog marks over another dog's urine, this is known as \"counter-marking\" or \"overmarking\". Male dogs urine-mark more frequently than female dogs, typically begi... |
why don't legitimate banks offer up competitive alternatives to paypal? | They would have the same fraud issues as PayPal and be just as hated.
| [
"Thiel, a founder of PayPal, has stated that PayPal is not a bank because it does not engage in fractional-reserve banking. Rather, PayPal's funds that have not been disbursed are kept in commercial interest-bearing checking accounts.\n",
"In 2003, PayPal voluntarily ceased serving as a payment intermediary betwe... |
why does audio feedback always sound like a high squealing noice? | There are 2 things happening here. In a feedback loop, the microphone is picking up some of the amplified sound (because it "hears" it from the speaker) and sends it back around. This is why it gets very loud, very fast. The high-pitched squeal happens for a different reason. If the microphone and the speaker are at a certain distance and orientation with each other, such that the sound coming out of the speaker hits the microphone at a certain point in time, certain parts of the sound are amplified slightly differently. Microphones, amplifiers and speakers are not perfect...they work better with some frequencies better than others. If the alignment is such that a certain "high sound" gets amplified better than the other sounds, this results in the squeal you hear.
This looping happens very fast, which is why the sound starts a fairly low volume and pitch, then gets very loud and high pitched.
If all microphones, amplifiers and speakers (and room acoustics!) were perfect, this would not happen.
For you techies: One trick that used to be used before modern DSPs (digital signal processors) was to place 2 microphones at every performer. One mic was actually used by the performer, while a second mic was a few inches away, but connect 180 degrees out-of-phase ("reverse the wires"). The performer's mic would capture both the performer's voice AND whatever else (instruments, crowd, etc) was near by. The second mic had the same, but no vocal. Since it was 180 out of phase, you could add this to the other mic (with a special amp...) and almost perfectly cancel out everything but the vocal. A pain in the ass to set up, but you could get some great sound that way.
Edit: Added some cool microphone info
| [
"Feedback is almost always considered undesirable when it occurs with a singer's or public speaker's microphone at an event using a sound reinforcement system or PA system. Audio engineers use various electronic devices, such as equalizers and, since the 1990s, automatic feedback detection devices to prevent these ... |
If yellow teeth are supposedly healthy and natural, why do we find pearly white teeth attractive? | I'm surprised to hear that yellow teeth are healthy. Normally, one would think discoloration signifies rot or oral disease. Do you have a source for that fact?
As a layman, I would speculate that white teeth are considered a sign of good hygiene, and logically so. A person that cares about keeping his teeth white cares about his health, which is a good thing. | [
"Sometimes white or straight teeth are associated with oral hygiene, but a hygienic mouth may have stained teeth and/or crooked teeth. For appearance reasons, people may seek out teeth whitening and orthodontics.\n",
"In Australia, jelly confectionery in the shape of teeth has been very popular since the 1930s. T... |
how the big bang theory and the intelligent observer co-exist in science. | Simple: science does not say the universe requires an intelligent observer. One may or may come into existence at some point. | [
"One of the major successes of the Big Bang theory has been to provide a prediction that corresponds to the observations of the abundance of light elements in the universe. Along with the explanation provided for the Hubble's law and for the cosmic microwave background, this observation has proved very difficult fo... |
What happened to pre-Columbian dog breeds? Did they die off from diseases brought by European dogs? | There are several breeds of domestic dogs that were developed in North America. Some are breeds are still around, while others are extinct.
Among those that are still popular pets today you can find huskies and Malamute and their relatives, which have Old World counterparts in the Eurasian Arctic as well. Chihuahuas trace their origins to the other end of the continent in Mesoamerica, as does the Xolo (aka the Mexican Hairless Dog, although there are variants with hair).
Another breed that's still around, but is rarely seen as a pet, is the Carolina Dog. These dogs resemble dingos, as a lot of dogs will after being feral for many generations. They were rediscovered relatively recently in the 1970s and we're not sure how long they've been around. Dogs like them show up in pre-Columbian art, but they were pets back then or if they were already feral is unknown.
Many of the most famous extinct breeds are from the northwestern part of North America. For example, there are the [Hare Indian Dog](_URL_0_), the [Tahltan Bear Dog](_URL_2_), and most famously, the [Salish Wool Dog](_URL_4_). The first two were bred for different styles of hunting, while the wool dogs, as their name suggests, were breed for wool.
**Sources**
* [Pre-Columbian origins of Native American dog breeds, with only limited replacement by European dogs, confirmed by mtDNA analysis](_URL_1_)
* [Dogs of the American Aborigines](_URL_3_) | [
"The Spanish conquest of Peru nearly caused the extinction of the breed. The dogs survived in rural areas where the people believed that they held a mystical value, and because of their reputation to treat arthritis. \n",
"Dogs were present in pre-Columbian America, presumably brought by early human migrants from... |
Has anyone ever looked into waste heat from cars and buildings being a factor in global temperature increase? | If you look at oil, it produces about [5.6 million BTU per barrel](_URL_2_) when burned. There are about 3.5e10 barrels in a cubic mile, and we know that globally [we consume about 3 cubic miles of oil _equivalent](_URL_1_) each year, so that's about 10.5e10 barrels, producing about 5.9e17 BTU, or about 6.2e20 joules. The amount of energy the Sun radiates to the Earth is about [1e25 joules per year](_URL_0_), or about 2,000 times as much energy from the Sun as from all the waste heat in the world. | [
"A 2012 study by researchers at Concordia University included variables similar to those used in the Stanford study (e.g., cloud responses) and estimated that worldwide deployment of cool roofs and pavements in cities would generate a global cooling effect equivalent to offsetting up to 150 gigatonnes of carbon dio... |
How was Irish culture change by the settling of Vikings? | It's well attested to that raiders and settlers from Scandinavia had a substantial impact on Irish society. In some instances we can still be point to this influence in contemporary Ireland.
First, a brief history of Viking contact with Ireland. The first recorded reference is from 795, when it was reported that they raided a monastery on Rathlin Island (just three years after the famous raid at Lindisfarne, England). At this time Irish craftwork was among the most prized in Europe, so plundering these largely undefended monastic settlements (centres of wealth in rural Ireland) must have been extremely rewarding for the raiders.
For the following few decades the Norsemen continued to perform hit-and-run raids on Ireland, until around 840, when it was reported that Viking raiders were wintering in Ireland. Around 900 the Norse warriors were beginning to settle permanently on the island. Throughout the 10th century their influence were constant features of the many Irish kingdoms’ warring, often acting as mercenaries for the Gaelic kings, if not in their own right. Their influence as political actors began to falter from around the end of the 9th century (famously at the Battle of Tara (980) and the Battle of Clontarf (1014)). Like what would happen to later Anglo-Norman settlers, the Norse settlers largely became Gaelicized, becoming integrated into Irish society, likely within just a few generations of settlement.
1. **Urbanisation**
Although this is hotly contested in early medieval Irish historiography, the Vikings are largely credited with bringing urban settlement to Ireland. Likely some proto-urban settlement existed, known by historians as the “monastic town”, but by our own definition of town (or even that of a medieval German or French person) this argument does not hold water, and they were still largely agrarian. From the early 10th century the Vikings established settlements that remain to this today Ireland’s primary urban centres – Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, and Limerick all being set up by Norse settlers during this period.
2) **Language**
Modern Irish is still littered with words and phrases that can clearly be recognised as coming from Norse. A few examples: Gaelic words for garden (gairdín), shoe (bróg), river (abhainn), boat (bád), and market (margad) all suggest Norse origin. This also provides another insight into what influence these settlers might have had on Irish society – likely concepts such as ‘a garden’ (as in an enclosed area) or ‘a market’ where not words which were needed by the Gaelic Irish before the Norse brought them.
3) **Place-names**
Another linguistic insight into Norse influence on Irish society can be drawn from place-names. For many towns or settlements, the only evidence historians have for Norse influence is the name. For example, Leixlip, Co. Kildare is drawn from ‘lax hlaup’, Old Norse for ‘salmon leap’. A town such as Wicklow also likely has Viking influence, as the ‘wick’ comes from the same Norse word that the ‘vik’ in Viking does, referring to a bay or inlet. It’s the same root that English towns, such as Norwich, come from.
4) **Craftwork**
Although I know not so much about this, the archaeological evidence suggests a merging of Norse and Irish styles of craftwork.
5) **Trade network**
The Vikings established a trading network that extends across an enormous portion of Eurasia, and even into Africa and North America. Viking trade set Ireland among this network and fixed the island into an international commercial world. One of the most incredible examples of this is an 8th century coin from Iraq being found during an excavation of a small Hiberno-Norse settlement in the south-east of Ireland.
& #x200B;
This list is by no means exhaustive. If anyone has any questions I will certainly elaborate on the evidence for what I’ve said. Some historians I would recommend for you check out if you would like to find out more would be Howard Clarke, John Bradley, and Colman Etchingham.
& #x200B;
[_URL_0_](_URL_0_) This website should also provide some interesting information if you're interested in the urban aspect of Viking influence. | [
"The influx of Viking raiders and traders in the 9th and 10th centuries resulted in the founding of many of Ireland's most important towns, including Cork, Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford (earlier Gaelic settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports). The Vikings... |
bonus in basketball | You have a certain number of fouls before you hit bonus. Teams under this are considered as having fouls to give. A bonus allows one free throw and if you make it, you get another one, regardless of the foul (non shooting fouls), and a double bonus allows 2 whether you make the first one or not.
[Source](_URL_0_)
Edit: not every foul is allowed - cannot do an offensive foul. Also a regular bonus, you have to make the first shot to get the second, and if not, that's the only free throw. Each team is allowed 6 per half, at 7, bonus is started. At the 10th foul, it's a double bonus.
Sorry for all the edits, I'm actually learning this as I'm typing. | [
"Bonuses usually have multiple parts that are related by some common thread and may or may not be related to corresponding tossup. A team is usually rewarded with 10 points upon correctly answering each bonus part. Usually, only the team that answered the tossup correctly can answer the bonus questions, though some... |
As the first European city founded in California, why didn't San Diego become as prominent as San Francisco or Los Angeles? | Without answering your question precisely, I'd like to point out that being the first city doesn't always make it important. For example, Jamestown, though the first English colony in America, no longer even exists even though it was the capital for 80 or so years.
Terrain and resources make a larger impact on the success of a colony. Oil was also found in Los Angeles leading a a growth boom in the 19th century. Sand Diego appears to have suffered population-wise as well when it was part of Mexico, not sure if that's because of political reasons, but it happened.
I'll link these two sources which corroborate what I say, but I'm not saying I'm wrong. I found them after a quick Google search so I hope they're decent.
[Oil in LA,](_URL_1_) and [decline in San Diego.](_URL_0_) | [
"San Diego has been called \"the birthplace of California\". Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, forming the basis for the s... |
what is the psychological reason for intentionally revisiting memories/photos/things/experiences that have hurt us? | It's an attempt to heal wounds that still ache. What you are referring to is benign, but repetition compulsion drives people to get into therapy for harmful relationship patterns.
_URL_0_
| [
"The prospect of memory erasure or alteration raises ethical issues. Some of these concern identity, as memory seems to play a role in how people perceive themselves. For example, if a traumatic memory were erased, a person might still remember related events in their lives, such as their emotional reactions to lat... |
How deep can an open pit mine be? | Not a complete answer, but it's something:
Bingham Canyon Mine, located near Salt Lake City, is the world's deepest man-made open pit excavation. The mine is 2.75 miles (4,5km) across and 0.75 mile (1,2km) deep. Since mining operations started in 1906, Bingham Canyon Mine has been the granddaddy of all copper mines. When you're talking about the actual size of the mine, Bingham Canyon is simply the largest copper mine in the USA. If the mine was a stadium, it could seat nine million people.
_URL_0_ | [
"The Hranice Abyss (), the English name adopted by the local tourist authorities, is the deepest flooded pit cave in the world. It is a karst sinkhole located near the town of Hranice (Přerov District). The greatest confirmed depth (as of 27 September 2016) is 473 m (404 m under the water level), which makes it the... |
How accurate is the movie Gandhi (1982)? I read some articles slamming Gandhi (the actual person), and I don't know what to make of them. | The problem here is that there is a vast disjuncture between Gandhi the historical figures versus the popular mythology that has built around him. The 1982 biopic is a reflection of this latter aspect of Gandhi's image. The film presents Gandhi and his world in starkly Manichean of light versus dark. Note that Kingsley's performance (almost universally praised among critics) is one that highlights Gandhi's stoic and moral gravitas and thus accentuates this duality. Many of the other historical characters in the film shrink compared to him.
The reality is that the historical Gandhi inhabited a highly complex political world in which often belies reducing it to simple terms like good vs. evil or justice vs. injustice. That Gandhi inhabited and operated in such a world is not even an open secret, but the strength of his mythologized public image means that the act of uncovering the historical record carries far more weight to them than less valorized historical figures. For example, there have been recent publications of Nixon audio tapes that highlight his various racial, sexual, and political prejudices, often expressed in language the mods here would require a NSFW tag for, yet these revelations are somehow not as alarming as Gandhi using a formal greeting of "dear Friend" in a letter to Hitler (which the critic in the OP's first link finds appalling).
Jewaharlal Nehru actually advised ~~David~~ Richard Attenborough not to deify Gandhi, as "that is what we have done in India and he was to great a man to be deified." Although Attenborough claimed to follow Nehru's advice, *Gandhi* has fallen into the trap of many biopics by oversimplifying its subject and the context of the times.
*Source*
Carnes, Mark C. *Past Imperfect: History According to the Movies*. New York: H. Holt, 1995. | [
"\"Gandhi\" was released in India on 30 November 1982, in the United Kingdom on 3 December, and in the United States on 10 December. It was nominated for Academy Awards in eleven categories, winning eight, including Best Picture and Best Director for Attenborough, Best Actor for Ben Kingsley, and Best Screenplay Wr... |
Did Germany pay reparations for World War I during WWII? | Nazi Germany did not pay reparations during WWII. Reparations had been suspended for one year by the Hoover Moratorium in 1930, and were suspended indefinitely at the Lausanne Conference in 1932. When WWII ended, the allies assessed a value equivalent to 16 Billion dollars, that Germany was to pay to complete the reparations payments for WWI, and these were finished being paid in 2012. | [
"World War I reparations owed by Germany were stated in gold marks in 1921, 1929 and 1931; this was the victorious Allies' response to their fear that vanquished Germany might try to pay off the obligation in paper marks. The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion m... |
Who decided north is up and south is down? | u/terminus-trantor and u/qed1 worked on a similar question just a few days ago:
[Was North always on the top of maps?](_URL_0_) | [
"The visible rotation of the night sky around the visible celestial pole provides a vivid metaphor of that direction corresponding to up. Thus the choice of the north as corresponding to up in the northern hemisphere, or of south in that role in the southern, is, prior to worldwide communication, anything but an ar... |
What was the technique for harvesting ice on the Great Lakes for iceboxes/traincars, etc... | I used to work at [Dundurn Castle](_URL_0_) (it's not really a castle).
In the side hall, where we had visitors wait for the next tour, hung a print depicting a 19th century ice harvest.
It showed horse teams on the ice and groups of men using long saws (like a traditional lumberjack saw, but with a handle only on one side), cutting large blocks of ice which were then lifted with massive pincers onto the waiting drays.
The "Castle" had an ice pit. Of course it was no longer in use (the harbour doesn't regularly freeze solid enough anymore even for ice skating much less ice harvest), but we were taught to describe to the visitors how these ice blocks would be lowered into the pit and covered with sawdust. Apparently they would last throughout the summer. I can well believe it as it was always very cool in the hallway outside - even without a deep pit filled with ice.
Edit; I'm very curious about whether First Nations in Canada harvested ice - really hoping someone can answer this question. | [
"Hand-cranked machines' ice and salt mixture must be replenished to make a new batch of ice cream. Usually, rock salt is used. The salt causes the ice to melt and lowers the temperature in the process, below fresh water freezing, but the water does not freeze due to the salt content. The sub-freezing temperature he... |
How were elite divisions in ww2 such as the 101st airborne from Band of Brothers able to have replacements often even though training took 2 years? | Men assigned originally to airborne divisions of the U.S. Army trained for a much longer period than those assigned as loss replacements overseas. The first standardized training program for airborne divisions took effect on 4 November 1942. The divisional training program was to take 37 weeks, discounting any additional training that may have been taken to teach concepts learned from overseas, training in special courses such as cooperation with troop carrier groups, or participation in corps or army maneuvers. The 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, created on 15 August 1942, were scheduled to begin their sixth week of unit training on 9 November 1942 when presented with the new program.
Training Type|Length
:--|:--
Individual Training|13 weeks
Unit Training|13 weeks
Combined Training|11 weeks
**Individual Training**
> During the 13 weeks of individual training all troops will be hardened physically and mentally to withstand modern combat requirements. All individuals will be conditioned to withstand extreme fatigue, loss of sleep, limited rations, and existence in the field with only the equipment that can be carried by parachute, glider, or transport aircraft. An indication of individual proficiency and a basis of test is considered the ability to make a continuous foot march of twenty-five (25) miles in eight (8) hours, a five (5) mile march in one (1) hour and a nine (9) mile march in two (2) hours, with full equipment.
> Men will be mentally and physically conditioned for battlefield environment by obstacle courses that overtax endurance as well as muscular and mental reactions, by passage of wire obstacles so situated as to permit overhead fire, by a night fighting course with sound only as an indication of danger, and a street fighting course with booby traps and sudden appearing targets. Live ammunition will be employed in all three tests.
**Unit Training**
> By the end of the 9th week of unit training infantry battalions will be able to function efficiently, by day or night, independently or reinforced.
> Field Artillery training will, in general, follow "Unit Training Program for Field Artillery (Modified for Airborne Field Artillery)". Stress will be placed on decentralization within batteries to the end that self-contained gun sections will be capable of delivering prompt fire, using both direct and indirect laying with hastily computed firing data in the early stages of any action. Trainlng will also include the operation of batterles, battalions, and division artillery as units in order that the artillery can be capable of massing its fire.
> The unit training phase of infantry battalions will include tactical exercises in which the battalion is supported by a battery of field artillery.
> Division engineers will be trained primarily in engineer combat duties. See inclosure a. (Clearance and repair of airdromes or landing strips will be performed by aviation engineers.)
> Medical units will be trained for normal functions in ground operations and also will be trained in evacuation by air.
> Quartermaster units will be trained in all phases of ground and aerial supply, to include local defense of supply installations.
> Ordnance units will be trained to repair standard ordnance and known enemy weapons and vehicles.
> Antiaircraft elements: (See Inclosure No. 2)
> Signal units will be trained to operate all communications equipment issued to the division emphasizing the capability of all personnel to operate all equipment.
> All units will be prepared to either enter combat immediately on landing or to move promptly by marching against an objective.
> During unit training, combat firing exercises, emphasizing infiltration tactics, rapid advance, and continuous fire support will be planned to conclude each phase.
> Battalion tactical exercises, whenever possible, will include training in air-ground liaison, proper and prompt requests for air support, and air to ground recognition training for aerial supply.
> Unit training will be concluded by tactical exercises including separate glider and parachute regiments, artillery and engineer battalions, and divisional special units (company).
**Combined Training**
> Regimental combat team and divisional tactical exercises will be held during this period. Tactical situations which require the complete staff planning of an airborne attack will be the background of each problem, but the paramount importance of the ground operation will be impressed on staffs and troops. All problems to be solved will envision, or will actually require, the presence of appropriate troop carrier and air support units.
Men could only be assigned to the parachute troops at their own request. On 25 May 1942, the Secretary of War directed that infantry replacement training centers each provide 105 men per week to the Airborne Command who were medically qualified for parachute training. The standards prescribed were very strict;
> Qualifications set forth were those standardized as a result of innumerable medical reports and examinations. The volunteer must be alert, active, supple, with firm muscles and sound limbs, capable of development into an aggressive individual fighter, with great endurance. Age requirements were: Majors not over forty years of age; captains and lieutenants, not over thirty-two; and enlisted men, eighteen to thirty-two, inclusive. Medium weight was desired, maximum not to exceed 185 pounds; height, not to exceed seventy-two inches; vision, maximum visual acuity of twenty-forty, each eye; blood pressure, persistent systolic pressure of 140MM, or persistent diastolic pressure about 100MM to disqualify. Also on the disqualification list were recent venereal disease, evidence of highly nervous system, lack of normal mobility in every joint, poor or unequally developed musculature, poor coordination, lack of at least average athletic ability, history of painful arches, recurrent knee and ankle injuries, recent fractures, old fractures with deformity, pain or limitation of motion, recurrent dislocations, recent severe illness, operation, or chronic disease.
Men could be accepted at any time from arrival at a replacement training center to the completion of 13 weeks of individual training. On 10 June 1942, the weekly quota for volunteers from each replacement training center was revised upward to 125; this quota could be exceeded each week, under the provision that a replacement training center would provide less than 500 candidates each month. On 15 June 1942, men were only to be accepted after they had completed at least 8 weeks of individual training. In early 1943, the Airborne Command began to gear up to train larger numbers of loss replacements as the first airborne units entered combat. Men thus assigned to the Parachute School at Fort Benning or, after 9 April 1942, Fort Bragg, completed 13 (later 14, and then 17) weeks of individual and specialty training with an emphasis on placement in a parachute unit, and an additional 5-week course ensuring that the recruits had completed the training regimen to the best of their ability, had qualified on their assigned weapon(s), had completed a transition firing and battle indoctrination course, and had completed a squad tactical jump. If recruits were not called for shipment in a prompt manner, an additional 4-week small-unit tactics course was to be taught; when interrupted by a call for shipment, men were to be taken from the training unit farthest along in these activities.
**Source:**
Ellis, John T. *The Army Ground Forces: The Airborne Command and Center, Study No. 25*. Washington: Historical Section, Army Ground Forces, 1946. | [
"Before the Second World War, RASC recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 2 inches tall and could enlist up to 30 years of age (or 35 for tradesmen in the Transport Branch). They initially enlisted for six years with the colours and a further six years with the reserve (seven years and five years for tradesme... |
what's the definition between a fetish and a kink in the bedroom? | I've always heard that a kink is something you enjoy while a fetish is something you have to have in order to get off. | [
"In human sexuality, kinkiness is the use of non-conventional sexual practices, concepts or fantasies. The term derives from the idea of a \"bend\" (cf. a \"kink\") in one's sexual behaviour, to contrast such behaviour with \"straight\" or \"vanilla\" sexual mores and proclivities. It is thus a colloquial term for ... |
how video games loop music so seamlessly? | The person composing the music does that manually, most likely. A truly seamless transition means that the end and the beginning are similar and fit together.
There's not much magic to it, you just arrange the instruments at both ends to match up. | [
"The musical loop is one of the most important features of video game music. It is also the guiding principle behind devices like the several Chinese Buddhist music boxes that loop chanting of mantras, which in turn was the inspiration of the Buddha machine, an ambient-music generating device. The Jan Linton album ... |
why do the effects of novocaine stay relatively close to the injection site? | Dentists generally use lidocaine these days, not novocaine. It's a much safer anaesthetic all around.
It's not injected into the bloodstream, it's a topical anaesthetic. The most common use is something called a 'nerve block,' where the lidocaine is injected into the nerve in the jaw and disrupts that nerve's ability to route signals.
It's also injected directly into the area which is being worked on when the work being done is very small and doesn't require a nerve block. | [
"BULLET::::- Chelation: The presence of di- or trivalent cations can cause the chelation of certain drugs, making them harder to absorb. This interaction frequently occurs between drugs such as tetracycline or the fluoroquinolones and dairy products (due to the presence of Ca).\n",
"On October 15, the FDA issued ... |
Before Israelite conquered it, who ruled Jericho and where is Jericho mentioned outside the bible? | This is a good question, but I want to start by clearing up a couple of things. Firstly, some definitions: 'Canaan' is usually used to refer to the area from the Eastern Mediterranean coast to the hill country that's farther inland, and often comes with an implied sense of 'not Israel and Judah'. I'll use it here to mean everything in between Egypt and the Hittites.^1 The only significant collection of contemporary texts we have for this area are from the city state of Ugarit (now Ras Shamra, in the north-west of modern-day Syria). There are some inscriptions from the various Phoenician cities and a couple from the kingdom of Damascus, but evidence is very, very scarce.
Secondly, the conquest of Canaan as described in the Bible has practically no evidence to support it and is probably a complete invention.^2 Major problems with the biblical account were first raised when the archaeological record from a large number of sites around the area didn't seem to add up to what we had been expecting to find: contemporary destruction layers in the Late Bronze Age (around 1100 BCE or so, when the story is set), and an abrupt change in artefact styles (pottery, architecture, jewellery) and cultural practice (burial style, traces of rituals, diet). None of these were there, and in fact what we did find was continuity between Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. In other words, the native population probably wasn't replaced with two million or so Israelites coming from Egypt.
Thirdly, Jericho is actually one of our most important case studies when it comes to understanding the history of Israel in Canaan. The really big excavation of the city (focusing on Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Jericho, but including a broad survey of the entire chronology of the site) conducted by Kathleen Kenyon in the 1950s found some pretty remarkable things.^3 To summarise, she discovered that the city had had significant fortifications in the Middle Bronze Age (roughly up to 1550 BCE), but that these had been destroyed completely during that time. Of course, this is much too early for anything remotely related to a political entity 'Israel'^4 to be relevant; even the most conservative scholars date the reign of David^5 to the late-11th or early-10th century BCE. Jericho was only a minor settlement during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, and was even mostly abandoned for several centuries during this period. It wasn't until the 9th century BCE that Jericho was properly rebuilt.
Now, to actually get to your question: who ruled Jericho before it was destroyed? Whoever it was, they didn't really leave us much to work with. According Kenyon's interpretation of the evidence, Jericho became a city of some importance - and perhaps with some degree of independence - like many other major Middle Bronze Age sites (including Ugarit) in the first half of the second millennium BCE. Their cemetery was extensive, and the elaborate nature of the burials there suggests that the rulers of the city were relatively well-off. We know from Egyptian scarabs found at the site that they traded with the Egyptians. Kenyon didn't find much in terms of religious worship, but geographically speaking it is likely that they shared the general Canaanite pantheon with the other cities in the region (Ba'al-Hadad, El, Anath, and Astarte being their most important deities).
I am not aware of the city being mentioned in any extra-biblical texts (neither from Egypt nor from Mesopotamia), but I am happy to be corrected if anyone else has an example.
I hope this helps! Please let me know if I can expand on or clarify anything!
-----------
^1 Scholars are usually pretty inaccurate with the term, so depending on preference some will include or exclude the Phoenician city states; some even only use 'Canaan' to refer exclusively to the area that would become the territory of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel.
^2 see Davies, *In Search of 'Ancient Israel'*; Finkelstein and Silberman, *The Bible Unearthed*; also Dever, *What did the biblical authors know and when did they know it?* (a little outdated now, but still a good, neutral survey).
^3 See Kenyon, *Excavations at Jericho*, several volumes spanning the periods 1954-1958 and 1960-1983.
^4 The Merneptah Stele, dating to the 13th century BCE, refers to something resembling Israel, but it should be seen as a name for the area rather than a political entity.
^5 David's historicity is a can of worms I really don't want to open here, but even assuming he existed and ruled over a united kingdom he's a good four centuries too late. | [
"According to the story in the biblical book of Joshua, Jericho was the first Canaanite city to fall to the Israelites as they began their conquest of the Promised Land - an event which the Bible's internal chronology places at around 1406 BC, based on the early 15th century BC exodus-conquest model. This is based ... |
When Russian troops sacked Berlin near the end of World War II, did they kill civilians? What exactly happened? | The population of Berlin at the end of the war was disproportionately comprised of Women and children, with most of the men fighting in the army, or being drafted into the Volkssturm at the last minute. Most of the violence directed to Berliners was looting and rape. Rape was endemic at the time, with girls as young as 12 up to women in their seventies. There were instances of women being killed as a consequence of sexual violence. Some historians argue that the Soviet treatment of Germans in 1945 was a direct retaliation for the Nazis actions in Stalingrad.
Although there were murders by the Soviets, they were not common. most deaths at the time were a result of starvation and disease, with Typhus being most prevalent. Males who were proved to have NSDAP associations were more likely to be sent east as prisoners of War than murdered.
Sources:
Berlin - Anthony Beevor
Woman in Berlin - Anonymous
Germany 1945 - Richard Bessel | [
"When the Russians besieged the Chechen capital, thousands of civilians died from a week-long series of air raids and artillery bombardments in the heaviest bombing campaign in Europe since the destruction of Dresden. The initial assault on New Year's Eve 1995 ended in a major Russian defeat, resulting in heavy cas... |
Is it true that Emporor Hirohito barely spoke normal japanese, and as such a large amount of citizens could not understand when he surrendered on air? | Not to discourage further responses, but u/aonoreishou answered a similar question [here](_URL_0_). | [
"Hirohito's surrender broadcast was a profound shock to Japanese citizens. After years of being told about Japan's military might and the inevitability of victory, these beliefs were proven false in the space of a few minutes. But for many people, these were only secondary concerns since they were also facing starv... |
What were the military advantages that helped Cromwell and the New Model Army win the English Civil Wars? | Three main reasons, money, money, and yet more money. There were other reasons as well.
Parliament controlled not only the most prosperous and most populous parts of Britain at the start of the Civil War, which meant that their war chest was far bigger than the king's (more, and more prosperous people who were able to pay taxes), but they also controlled all of the major manufacturing centres, such as Norwich, Hull and London, which also contained nearly all of the armaments manufacturers, and, near London, at Enfield, was the only large scale gunpowder factory. As it was a Royal monopoly, it was very nearly the sole source of gunpowder in Britain. They controlled very nearly all of the big cities, thus being able to tax the trade thereof, the Navy and most of Britain's merchant fleet. Thus international trade was secure, with plenty of profitable trade to tax, and also able to pretty much prevent the king's army from easily getting supplies from abroad, even which Henrietta Maria pawning the Crown Jewels!
Parliament could, therefore, afford to equip and feed, and often pay their men, whilst the king was forced to rely on promissary notes, loans and forced loans, plunder, and demanding "protection money" from towns, called "levying contributions", and whose men were often months if not years in arrears of pay. | [
"The most successful parliamentary cavalry commander had been Oliver Cromwell, and Cromwell now approached the Committee of Both Kingdoms with a proposal. Cromwell had come to the conclusion that the current military system was untenable because it relied on local militias defending local areas. Cromwell proposed t... |
do people lose in sensitivity to adrenaline if exposed to it repetitively ? | Neurobiology student.
Ok, so the first thing I thought reading this question was "Nah, I don't think so", but I still looked to be sure. Well apparently yeah, you can have some receptors, called B-adrenergic receptors, lose their sensibility if constantly exposed to a drug that activate them. And one drug tha activate B-adrenergic receptor is adrenaline.
However, they only mentioned that this desensitization happened with pharmacological drugs and they don't really mention adrenaline. So my guess is that in theory it could be possible but ultimately not happening.
Which is logic since adrenaline is essential for the bodily function, is not constantly secreted and and have a very short half life so it's degraded very quickly. | [
"Adverse reactions to adrenaline include palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety, panic attack, headache, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema. The use of epinephrine based eye-drops, commonly used to treat glaucoma, may also lead to buildup of adrenochrome pigments in the conjunctiva, iris, lens,... |
Did the Founding Fathers frame the Constitution solely for their economic self-interest? | First off, I don't know of a single historical work written that long ago that still holds up on its own today. The entire profession has been reformed and then reformed again since. Of course books like his can still be influential, but you can't look at single works, let alone works that old, and then proclaim "Aha! Now I get it!"
Next, it's a good rule of thumb is that there isn't a single explanation of cause for much of anything in history. We are, after all, talking about the history of humans and humans are complex animals. However, books will often argue, like Beard, for fairly singular causes for events such as the forming of the Constitution. This isn't wholly bad, as convincing others of, say, an economic argument requires a lot of evidence. Beard, like so many historians, needed to hammer home the idea that economics (or whatever) were an important element and that cannot be ignored. Beard probably wasn't trying to write the last word of the Constitution, ceasing all further study into the matter, and you shouldn't take it as such. I doubt very many historians actually believe that they can singularly explain historical events and eras with arguments that conveniently align with their career choices, but arguing forcefully gets the attention of employers, publishers, and grant committees.
I'm sorry this doesn't fully answer your question, and I can only offer sparse insights on the Consitution itself (not my direct expertise). I can say, of course, that economics played a large but not singular role in the framing of the document, and that a number of other factors entered the Founders' mindset. These included but probably aren't limited to foreign policy/internationalism, slavery (economy but not purely so), internal cohesion (keeping the interests of small states aligned with big states), Enlightenment values, and methods of government. Anyone with better knowledge feel free to correct me.
To get all the details, it'll probably end up being best to head to the library, and the biggest name I can recommend is of course Gordon Wood. But as a bit of an exercise I'd also like to recommend David Hendrickson's *Peace Pact*, which delves very nicely into the internationalism of the Founding and the Constitution. Like Beard, Hendrickson's book is hardly the last word or gives a full understanding of the Founding, but it demonstrates quite nicely how the Founders could be internationally minded in their plans for the country, taking into account far more than the domestic factors people usually think of when describing the writing of the Constitution. It would make for a great read. | [
"Frank Bourgin's study of the Constitutional Convention and subsequent decades argues that direct government involvement in the economy was intended by the Founding Fathers. The reason for this was the economic and financial chaos the nation suffered under the Articles of Confederation. The goal was to ensure that ... |
why does a computer need to be cooled? | Because every electrical current causes warmth due to resistance. | [
"Cooling may be designed to reduce the ambient temperature within the case of a computer, such as by exhausting hot air, or to cool a single component or small area (spot cooling). Components commonly individually cooled include the CPU, Graphics processing unit (GPU) and the northbridge.\n",
"Computer cooling is... |
how is mass extinction humans fault? | > Considering most people at that time and prior loved in mud huts
HA!
Humans had already been farming for 9,500 years, living in cities for most of that, China had been a sprawling empire for 4,500 years, Rome had risen and fallen.
Just because we hadn't built a steam engine yet didn't mean we weren't causing change to the environment on a massive scale, and had been for ages. And one of the biggest ways was with our stomachs - it's likely that human hunting played a major role in the disappearance of all the megafauna species in the new world, starting perhaps 10- to 20,000 years ago. | [
"There is still debate about the causes of all mass extinctions. In general, large extinctions may result when a biosphere under long-term stress undergoes a short-term shock. An underlying mechanism appears to be present in the correlation of extinction and origination rates to diversity. High diversity leads to a... |
Why did "White Australia" use a dictation test instead of a criterion openly based on ancestry? | Enforcing the policy through a subjective test allowed it to be expanded to exclude politically undesirable people.
The Immigration Restriction Act (1901) required immigrants to be able to "write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer, a passage of 50 words in length in a European language directed by the officer". Since the language could be chosen by the officer anyone who couldn't speak all European languages could be excluded.
The most notably example of this is Ego Erwin Kisch who was a multilingual Czech communist. He passed the test in a number of languages until immigration officials managed to find an officer who could speak Sottish Gaelic. Kisch then failed and was convicted of being an illegal immigrant. Although that was overturned on appeal.
[Original text of the act](_URL_0_)
Source: McNamara, T. (2009) "The spectre of the dictation test: language testing for immigration and citizenship in Australia". In Extra, Guus, Massimiliano Spotti, and Piet Van Avermaet, eds. *Language testing, migration and citizenship: Cross-national perspectives on integration regimes*. London: Continuum: 224-241. | [
"Because of opposition from the British government, a more explicit racial policy was avoided in the legislation, with the control mechanism for people deemed undesirable being a dictation test, which required a person seeking entry to Australia to write out a passage of fifty words dictated to them in any European... |
what is a snap election, and why doesn't it exist in the us? | Often times in parliamentary systems of government the prime minister or other head of government must have elections every set number of years, just like in the US system, but they also allow for them to call for elections at a time of their choosing prior to the normal time between elections. This is very useful for when some major national decision needs to occur, and the ruling party thinks they are at an advantage concerning that decision. The election somewhat becomes a national referendum on that issue, with the people voting to put people into government that agree with them about that issue. So if the US system had snap elections maybe Obama would have called one early on in the health care debate, or Bush might have called one before the wars in Afghanistan or Iraq. The purpose would be to present an position on how the government would move forward, in contrast to the opposition party, and let the people support that ideal by voting enough people for the controlling party to push forward their agenda. | [
"In the Philippines, the term \"snap election\" usually refers to the 1986 presidential election, where President Ferdinand Marcos called elections earlier than scheduled, in response to growing social unrest. Marcos was declared official winner of the election but was eventually ousted when it was alleged that he ... |
after world war ii, what changes did germany make to it's own political system to ensure a dictator figure could never take power again? | My answer won't fully describe your question, but one of the main reasons dictators weren't allowed to rise *immediatley*, and for the 40 or so years after the fall of Hitler, is the fact that Germany was split into two. The eastern half was controlled by the USSR, and the west was controlled by the western allies. The USSR implemented their own leaders, and the western allies kept a large hold on their own sectors. This would have meant leaders would have been kept under control to a large extent.
Not sure if you already knew this. But there we go! Someone correct me if I'm speaking out of my ass. | [
"The Government of Nazi Germany was a dictatorship run according to the \"Führerprinzip\". As the successor to the government of the Weimar Republic, it inherited the government structure and institutions of the previous state. Although the Weimar Constitution technically remained in effect until Germany's surrende... |
Was New Zealand really forced out of the British Empire? | I think your professor's language is a bit harsh, but he is trying to emphasize a point.
New Zealand (along with Canada, Australia, and a few other countries) didn't achieve independence in an abrupt manner in the same way India and the USA did. These countries made a gradual shift towards self-governance.
The biggest changes occurred after Britain passed the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Some countries (like Canada) then took responsibility for passing their own laws, and managing their external affairs. Some countries (like New Zealand) we're required to specifically adopt the statute, which New Zealand did not do until 1947.
So, it's not like New Zealand got "kicked out" in in 1931 (or 1947), but the message from mother England was clear. The large (even NZ), established dominions were ready to take the next step towards self-governance. By 1947, colony divestment was in full swing. As JBC mentions, Queen Elizabeth II is still the head of state.
| [
"The British were reluctant administrators and continued pressure was applied to them from New Zealand and from European residents of the islands to pass the Cook Islands over to New Zealand. The first British Resident was Frederick Moss, a New Zealand politician who tried to help the local chiefs form a central go... |
what is behind the american fascination with japanese style tattoos? | Because it is foreign and mysterious and aesthetically pleasing.
A kanji looks cool and invites people to wonder about the meaning. This mystery implies that the owner has important secrets. Plus, if the viewer doesn't know the kanji then you can lie about what it means depending on your mood. | [
"At the beginning of the Meiji period the Japanese government, wanting to protect its image and make a good impression on the West and to avoid ridicule, outlawed tattoos, and irezumi took on connotations of criminality. Nevertheless, fascinated foreigners went to Japan seeking the skills of tattoo artists, and tra... |
why does a shower speed up the sunburn symptoms? i just walked in with a light glow and walked out looking like zoidberg | Hot water acts as a vasodilator. It also irritates inflamed tissue if it's too hot, which your shower undoubtedly was if you're anything like me. So the shower increased blood flow to the inflamed area, and further irritated the damaged tissue. | [
"Other symptoms can include blistering, swelling (edema), pruritus (itching), peeling skin, rash, nausea, fever, chills, and fainting (syncope). Also, a small amount of heat is given off from the burn, caused by the concentration of blood in the healing process, giving a warm feeling to the affected area. Sunburns ... |
how do people in courtrooms, depositions, parliaments and what not type everything being typed up so quickly? | my mum does this for australian state parliament -
there's a button for every vowel and a button for most of the important consonants - stenographers create their own shorthand dictionary over time and there's shortcuts for every word they have to use. mum's been at it for about two - three years now and she's at about 150wpm, it takes a long time to get down! | [
"Internet researcher Annette Markham (1998) observes that text-based interviewing can take much longer than face-to-face, phone or Skype interviews because typing takes longer than talking. Textual methods require users to verbalize conventional aspects of polite conversation, such as nodding or smiling, which requ... |
why does/did fox own the rights to the simpsons and family guy, shows that often deconstructed and even scorned traditional values? | So, the first and foremost thing to understand about Fox is that it's a large organization with a lot of channels. And, like almost all large organizations, it really only cares about one thing. Money.
Fox News Channel (which came into existence fairly late in Fox's life) has discovered a niche where they can make money showing conservative talking points. The regular Fox channels have discovered a niche where they can make money showing the Simpsons.
Fox has no political or moral ideology other than "please watch commercials in between shows so we make money" | [
"In 2007, John Ortved wrote an article for \"Vanity Fair\" titled \"Simpson Family Values\". Producers of the show, including Groening, Brooks and Simon, chose not to cooperate in the project. Ortved believes that the reason was because \"were upset [that] the myth of \"The Simpsons\" would be challenged.\" Shortly... |
why this new obama tax plan is making waves. i thought you had to pay 2% on income if it's over 380k? | The percentage you are thinking of is 35% for income wages over $379,151. Those who are making over $1 Million per year aren't likely to be making it from wages, the are making it from capital gains (read investment or Wall St.). Taxes on this kind of income can be much lower, and can be made even lower still for those who can afford a tax attorney. What Obama proposes is to close this disparity, ending loop holes and and broadening the definition of "income" to make sure the rich have to pay.
[2011 US Income Tax Brackets](_URL_0_)
[US Capital Gains Taxes](_URL_1_) | [
"Obama increased taxes on high-income taxpayers via: a) expiration of the Bush income tax cuts for the top 1–2% of income earners starting with 2013; and b) payroll tax increases on roughly the top 5% of earners as part of the ACA. This increased the average tax rate paid by the top 1% (incomes above $443,000 in 20... |
If you hold in poop does your intestine still absorb nutrients or does it just kind of sit there at the end of the line? | Its called [encopresis] (_URL_0_). By the time you have conscious control, its more water being absorbed than anything else. If you refuse to poo, it gets harder and bigger so the next time you poo it hurts. Then, if you are a three year old, you repeat the process ad infinitum and drive me crazy. Don't do this. | [
"The small intestine is normally in length. As the Y-connection is moved further down the gastrointestinal tract, the amount available to fully absorb nutrients is progressively reduced, traded for greater effectiveness of the operation. The Y-connection is formed much closer to the lower (distal) end of the small ... |
is lava sticky? | I can't answer if it's sticky, but you don't have to be sticky to be viscous. Just as one example gear oil is quite viscous without being sticky, it's especially thick when cold and since it's a lubricant is the definition of not sticky. | [
"Highly viscous lavas do not usually flow as liquid, and usually form explosive fragmental ash or tephra deposits. However, a degassed viscous lava or one which erupts somewhat hotter than usual may form a lava flow.\n",
"Lava flows from stratovolcanoes are generally not a significant threat to humans and animals... |
How common was wearing masks in renaissance Venice? | Venetian masks outside of carnival (which only lasted for the month before Lent) and theater/masquerade were not so much a thing in the Renaissance; according to James Johnson in *Venice Incognito: Masks in the Serene Republic*, the practice began among the male and female nobility in the late seventeenth century and soon spread to all ranks of society, lasting until the Venetian Republic fell to Napoleon in 1797. Foreign visitors to Venice expected the city to be full of masked revelers and assassins, but found a whole lot of ordinary shoppers and bystanders that happened to be wearing a covering on their faces. While carnival masks gave the wearers a freedom to act outside of social norms - women could associate with anyone, since they were unrecognizable, and male crossdressers (*gnaghe*) could walk around freely - everyday masks had a very different context.
As the wealthy returned from their estates outside the city in October and the theatrical and social season began, masks reappeared in the piazzas of Venice, most people wearing the combination of the *tabàro*, a long black cloak; *baùta*, a black hood; and *larva*, a white mask that flared out at the bottom to allow for talking and eating. The *larva* was usually held on by being tucked under a cocked hat that sat low on the head, but while men always wore such headgear, women did not; when the latter were bareheaded or in another sort of hat or a plain cloak, they tended to wear a black *morèta* mask, which was instead held to the face with a tab or button they kept between their lips. After Lent, the theaters closed again and masks were less prevalent, but when they opened again in the late spring for Ascension, the masks reappeared (though worn with the *baùta* pulled down to mitigate the heat and humidity). The church tried to regulate on what days and at what times masks could be worn, but by 1720 they were normalized as a part of everyday dress during the proper season.
Some did, of course, use the natural advantage of the *larva*: hired thugs, prostitutes at the theater, and booksellers with obscene material wore masks on a regular basis to protect their identities while doing illegal things. Others wore masks out of less pressing necessity, but still to remain incognito, like men running private messages and the city's surveillance agents. However, there was another end of the spectrum, where the mask was worn as an indication of formality and respect. Members of the nobility would dress in *larve* when attending the introductions of new ambassadors or greeting foreign royalty traveling incognito in their own masks, when a new doge was elected or the doge's children were married, for particular religious or historical commemorative ceremonies.
The habit of masking was believed to have led to rising crime rates early in the eighteenth century, and could lead to all kinds of comedies of errors - but it was entrenched in Venetian custom and normally was seen as completely unremarkable.
| [
"Another tradition of European masks developed, more self-consciously, from court and civic events, or entertainments managed by guilds and co-fraternities. These grew out of the earlier revels and had become evident by the 15th century in places like Rome, and Venice, where they developed as entertainments to enli... |
When alcohol is poured into a hot (for example almost boiling water) liquid does it vaporise? For example whiskey in an irish coffee or anything similar? | Yes, alcohol can vaporize. This fact is utilized in [distillation](_URL_1_) to separate alcohol from solution. You can see from this [phase diagram](_URL_0_) that the boiling point of a water/ethanol solution is lower than that of water alone. However, distillation relies on constant heat source - vaporization is an endothermic process, meaning the solution cools down when alcohol vaporizes. A cup of coffee is unlikely to _completely_ vaporize alcohol such that none remains (well, that's how an Irish coffee can still be made). | [
"The final liquor is treated by blowing carbon dioxide through it. This precipitates dissolved calcium and other impurities. It also volatilizes the sulfide, which is carried off as HS gas. Any residual sulfide can be subsequently precipitated by adding zinc hydroxide. The liquor is separated from the precipitate a... |
why are single-use straws so bad even if properly disposed of in a landfill? | The goal is to reduce the amount of trash; period. Single-use, disposable, common items are a total waste of resources and fill up dumps. Straws are especially heinous because they generally serve no real purpose. Unless you're physically disabled in some way, just drink from the cup.
You also need to realize that a landfill is not a solution to the trash problem. It's just putting all the problems in the same place and putting a carpet over them. | [
"Microplastics pollution are a concern if plastic waste is improperly dumped. If plastic straws are improperly disposed of, they can be transported via water into soil ecosystems, and others, where they break down into smaller, more hazardous pieces than the original plastic straw.\n",
"Plastic drinking straw pro... |
How can some materials resist being dissolved by both polar and non-polar solvents? | While the chemical bonds in glass are slightly polar, the bonds that hold the atoms together are quite strong and also form a very large interconnected network. It's as if the whole piece of glass were one molecule.
It's not possible to dissolve it simply by surrounding it with solvent molecules. You'd need a solvent that is strong enough to nibble away at the silicon-oxygen bonds that make up silica. On top of this, you are essentially constrained by the fact that these chemical reactions must take place at the surface of the glass. | [
"The polarity, dipole moment, polarizability and hydrogen bonding of a solvent determines what type of compounds it is able to dissolve and with what other solvents or liquid compounds it is miscible. Generally, polar solvents dissolve polar compounds best and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds best: \... |
why is there a lower limit to brightness on your smart phone. why can’t they make it so that you can keep on turning it down till your phone turns completely dark ? | Designer: Hey! Let's make it so the user can turn the brightness all the way down!
Boss: Great idea. Are you volunteering to go sit your ass down in that chair, put on the headset, and spend the next 5 years fielding nothing but support calls from angry customers?
Designer: But we'll have obvious ways to reset the brightness. They'll be intuitive, they'll be spelled out in the user manual, and we'll put it at the top of the FAQ on our website.
Boss: Go spend an hour in support right now. See what questions our users are already asking.
[an hour later...]
Designer: Holy fucking shitsnacks. Never mind. | [
"A problem is that without the back light the screen looks very dark and it's hard to see the image, so the backlight must run continuously except when it's not necessary to look at the screen (for example, when using the console as an MP3 player).\n",
"Other display technologies do not flicker noticeably, so the... |
If carbon dioxide was once 20 times as prevalent in the atmosphere as it is now, why should we be concerned. | well, it's not that increasing carbon dioxide levels will destroy all life. If it spikes too quickly, it may cause a mass extinction of sorts. But life will still persist, and evolve into something different.
The threat is that we will turn the earth into an environment where we can't survive. It's a threat to humanity, not the earth. | [
"On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that human-made carbon dioxide (CO) continues to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years: currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the ... |
why does the clit exist? | All fetuses begin as female.
To put it simply, the penis is technically an enlarged clitoris, and the clitoris could arguably be considered a small penis.
Without the clitoris, there would be no penis. | [
"The clitoris ( or ) is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals. In humans, the visible portion - the glans - is at the front junction of the labia minora (inner lips), above the opening of the urethra. Unlike the penis, the male homologue (equivalent) to the clitoris,... |
whenever my phone is near my computer, every so often it will pick up some really weird frequency's and will play through my headphones. | Your headphones are speakers, and speakers sometimes pick up on nearby radio transmissions.
You're cell phone has a transmitter which transmits radio waves to a cell tower. | [
"Some indications of possible cellphone surveillance occurring may include a mobile phone waking up unexpectedly, using a lot of the CPU when on idle or when not in use, hearing clicking or beeping sounds when conversations are occurring and the circuit board of the phone being warm despite the phone not being used... |
why are 'news' networks such as hln and cnn allowed to air such biased opinions on such a large scale? | I'm from Europe, and if you think that the European media are free of bias, you're very much mistaken. Quite simply, there is no such thing as a medium that is not biased, because all human beings are, by nature, biased.
The trouble is that as soon as you start making laws about what news media may or may not report, you introduce the possibility of government censorship, and that is never a good thing. You *can* make laws preventing people from spreading deliberate lies, but you *can't* make laws forcing people to be neutral -- because who decides what's "neutral" and what isn't?
It may be more noticeable in the US than in most European countries, but that's all it is -- more noticeable. But compare, for example, the BBC, ITN and Channel 4 News in the UK. The differences are subtle, but they're there; look to see, for example, whether they say "government cutbacks" or "government savings".
So we have lots of different news organisations, each with their own set of biases. You should get your news from multiple sources, and then make up your own mind. Watch CNN and also watch Fox News, then apply your own common sense and experiences and come to your conclusion. | [
"Some commentators have attacked CNN for the debate, calling it biased and poorly handled. Their accusations include claims that the final audience question was planted, that moderator Wolf Blitzer was overly favorable to Hillary Clinton, and that the use of James Carville, a long-time adviser to the Clintons, as a... |
why don't rovers on other planets or satellites in space ever take true video? | Probably because videos take a relatively large amount of storage space compared to photos, and they would take very long periods of time to transmit. Seeing as how there's no real added value to a video versus a picture when nothing is moving, there's not a great reason to do it other than "because we can".
"Because we can" isn't a sufficient argument when arguing for the millions of dollars in technology required to perform such a function. | [
"There are also rockets that record short digital videos. There are two widely used ones used on the market, both produced by Estes: the Astrovision and the Oracle. The Astrocam shoots 4 (advertised as 16, and shown when playing the video, but in real life 4) seconds of video, and can also take three consecutive di... |
How did the people of Imperial Japan view their German allies in WW2 and vice versa? | I can't give a full answer but Imperial Japan was very strict on censorship. I'm pretty sure Mein Kampf was banned. Foreign influence, especially western influence was considered a bad thing. And at the same time Nazi Germany was at war with The USSR, Japan maintained a non aggression pact. This hurt Germany because it allowed for the USSR to move troops off the Manchukuo border to the very important Eastern Front against the Nazis. Moreover the allies had dominance over the oceans in the latter parts of the war making supply exchange difficult if not impossible (sometimes submarines were used to move diplomats, although Im not sure how often). And there were information exchanges on weapons, military supplies, although this was also limited. But for the most part it was just a written alliance and not much else (to my knowledge).
Source: BA in history.
Edit: spelling | [
"American media portrayed the Japanese negatively as well. While attacks on Germans were generally focused on high-level Nazi officials such as Hitler, Himmler, Goebbels, and Göring, the Japanese were targeted more broadly. Portrayals of the Japanese ranged from showing them being vicious and feral, as on the cover... |
Did the Allies have a plan B in case the invasion of Normandy failed? | Not to discourage other answers, but you might find these previous posts to be helpful:
* [What was the back up plan if d-day failed?](_URL_1_) feat. /u/KroipyBill
* [Was there a "Plan B" if D Day failed? Or was it simply going "All in"?](_URL_0_) feat. /u/Rittermeister
They're both older answers, but the general consensus seems to be that no, there was no real backup plan in place. Hopefully someone can come into the comments and expand on this a bit. Hope that helps! | [
"The Allies staged elaborate deceptions for D-Day (see Operation Fortitude), giving the impression that the landings would be at Calais. Although Hitler himself expected a Normandy invasion for a while, Rommel and most Army commanders in France believed there would be two invasions, with the main invasion coming at... |
Is there a limit to the amount of potential/kinetic energy an object can contain? | > I've always heard that as an object approaches the speed of light, the energy required to further approach that limit increases asymptotically to infinity.
This is correct. There is no upper bound.
The kinetic energy of a particle with mass m and speed v is:
K = [1/sqrt(1 - (v/c)^(2)) - 1]mc^(2).
I've plotted it [here](_URL_0_) in units where c = 1 and m = 1. | [
"Equivalently, it may be thought of as the energy stored in the electric field. For instance, if one were to hold two like charges a certain distance away from one another and then release them, the charges would move away with kinetic energy equal to the energy stored in the configuration. As an analogy, if one we... |
How do I choose what era to study in Grad School? | A great deal of the process of doing history - or "doing" any of the humanities - is the combination of distinct experiences and backgrounds in ways that yield unique perspective. You might find fertile ground by considering nineteenth-century British fixation on everything medieval - architecture, art, etc.This might serve to combine things that attract you, but it may also allow you to wield your experience in ways that yield insights that others might find of interest.
Just a thought. Best of luck to you. | [
"Every year there are four major projects that each student will participate in. The first is the Faire, which is a school-wide reenactment of an historical age. These periods include the Renaissance, the Age of Enlightenment, the Victorian era, the Middle Ages, and recently the 20th century. During this time, each... |
what does it mean to "rewire" your brain? is it possible? if so, how? | Wires are a common analogy for neurons, the main cells of your brain (and the rest of your nervous system.) It's a fair comparison: neurons are long and thin, rapidly conduct electricity to carry signals, and even have a coating of insulation.
Neurons communicate with other neurons at points called synapses, where they almost but don't quite touch. Instead, one neuron sends chemicals called neurotransmitters to the next neuron; different chemicals make the next neuron more or less likely to keep the signal going.
Whereas most body cells divide to make more of themselves, neurons mostly only come from neural stem cells. By adulthood, your brain has (almost) all the cells it will ever have. As a result, you can't rely solely on making new neurons to make new memories, learn new things, change your emotions, and such.
Synapses, on the other hand, can be made or eliminated (and strengthened or weakened) throughout your entire life. This process of changing the connections between brain cells is what "rewiring" broadly describes. In that sense, rewiring happens anytime you learn anything, make a new memory, or even use an old memory; it happens every minute of the day. People commonly use "rewiring" to mean something more like "changing my patterns of thinking or behavior in the long term," which is obviously a little harder than making a new memory, but still very much possible. We'd have given up on cognitive-behavioral therapy a long time ago if it weren't.
Big picture: Given that you have maybe one hundred billion neurons, each with thousands of synapses, the total number of connections is likely in the hundreds of trillions. This helps give an idea of how the brain, which resembles a three-pound blob of fatty Jello, can be responsible for everything you've ever felt, learned, or experienced. | [
"Another thing that concerns wiring and rewiring is the neurological phenomenon of synesthesia. There are over 60 known types of synesthesia. An example would be a synesthesiat hearing a sound and colors flooding their vision or someone reading a passage of words and each letter evokes a different color or a differ... |
Are the recent Iranian and Chinese earthquakes related given both of their positions along the Indian Plate? | Ahh it's 2:35 AM but I love this topic so I'm going to give it a shot.
Short answer: YES we think something is going on.
I like the maps you linked, but I would like you to look at [this world map](_URL_1_) and this [map of the major tectonic plates](_URL_3_), bear in mind they are not aligned (i.e. North America is in the centre of one map, and the right hand side of the other)
Do you see the Indian, and Australian plate? We don't usually differentiate them, but there has been a theory that the Indo-Australian plate has been ripping apart slowly for millions of years. [This map](_URL_5_) shows the plate itself a little better. Basically, the bottom half is being pushed into the relatively soft Pacific Plate in the south, and causing the Himalayan Orogeny (mountain building) in the north (i.e. being pushed into hard rock). This is causing the southern end of the plate to move faster than the northern half creating a shear zone in the centre approximately 500km off the western coast of Sumatra.
There have been lots of articles talking about why we think this, so I'm going to let them do the talking [ABS Science](_URL_4_), [Voice of America News (never heard of the source but article checks out)](_URL_0_), and one of the latest and most definitive [paper in Nature](_URL_2_).
This shearing is causing earthquakes around all the plate boundaries, but it is not any unexpected or cataclysmic geological event. Geologists know what's going on, have a fairly good idea of why it's happening, but there isn't anything we can do to stop it- but there are things we can do to minimize the risks associated with it. | [
"The Indian subcontinent has a history of earthquakes. The reason for the intensity and high frequency of earthquakes is the Indian plate driving into Asia at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year. The following is a list of major earthquakes which have occurred in India, including those with epicentres outside India ... |
what's a loan shark? | Someone who loans you money, usually with a very high interest rate, knowing that you won't be able to pay the money back. They then privately hound you for the money either threatening you or stealing your assets to repay the debt. | [
"A loan shark is a person who offers loans at extremely high interest rates, has strict terms of collection upon failure, and operates outside off the street (outside of local authority). The term usually refers to illegal activity, but may also refer to predatory lending with extremely high interest rates such as ... |
is there a correlation between c-section babies and mental health later in life? | I don't think so. In the past, c-sections were used even if they weren't even necessary. It was a money maker. I do believe their are midwives who are trained in breach deliveries, also.
Of course, without c-sections, there would be a higher mortality rate, but I really can't believe it could be linked to mental health...
Now, our society and the many issues we face, that's another story.
| [
"Results from another recent study suggest that fetuses were able to form both short and long term memories. This conclusion was drawn from the fact that habituation rates (number of stimuli needed to habituate) were higher in babies in the neonatal stage that had not previously undergone fetal stimulations when co... |
regarding death valley, why is being 86 m below sea level so much more extreme than being 86 m above it? | The elevation actually doesn't have anything to do with it being extreme. It's the giant mountain ranges to the west that block all the rainfall and its geographic location in an area of few clouds, a somewhat southern lattitude, and lots of sunshine that make it a hot, baked desert. Lots of death valley is 86 M and higher, and it's just as hot there as it is on the valley floor.
The high mountains make what is called a 'rain shadow' effect - any moisture falls on the mountains, which are at 14,0000 feet on one range (the Sierra Nevada) and then another 14,000 foot range (White Mountains) after another valley. They pretty much take almost all the rain out of the clouds by the time they get over death valley. | [
"Death Valley's Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America, at below sea level. This point is east-southeast of Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United States, with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m). On the afternoon of July 10, 1913, the United States Weather Bureau ... |
why do i feel something touch me just before it actually does? | It's actually called chronostasis, and it involves your brain filling in the time before the event and thus making the event seem to happen after you perceive it. There is a lag between when you something happens and when your perceive it, but your brain tells you that things are happening simultaneously.
EDIT: Link for more info
_URL_0_
| [
"\"Feel Something\" is a futurepop song written by Miller, Justin Tranter, Kennedi Lykken, and Mike Sabath and produced by Mike Sabath. Miller talked about the song: \"When you're experiencing pain of any kind, all you want is for it to go away. But weirdly that pain is kind of what makes you feel like a real perso... |
why/how do different alcohols (beer, wine, spirits) cause different hangover effects? | The more distilled something is, the less the hangover hurts.
The more sugar there is, the more the hangover hurts.
Basically, the closer you get to pure alcohol, the less you will hurt the next day. | [
"Several studies have examined whether certain types of alcohol cause worse hangovers. All four studies concluded that darker liquors, which have higher congeners, produced worse hangovers. One even showed that hangovers were worse \"and\" more frequent with darker liquors. In a 2006 study, an average of 14 standar... |
what is the science behind using a knife to cut things? | Blades take a small amount of force and concentrate it on a small area, which causes a large amount of pressure to break the surface. Then, the blade acts like a wedge, directing downward force outwards to drive the two halves apart. | [
"Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in medicine and science the scalpel and microtome. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it has a hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient force. Even liquids can be used to ... |
why in 2014 is the ocean still such a mystery. we overcame obstacles to space travel 50+ years ago but can't figure out water. | We actually can do some pretty cool things in water. We get oil from miles below a surface that is miles below the waves, we explore at tremendous depths, and we lay cables that stretch the length of the oceans.
It's true that there's still a lot left to do, and we certainly could do a lot more. But the reason we seem to be behind compared to space has less to do with pressure than with light (or electromagnetic waves more generally).
The reason we know so much about space is that we can see really far, and what we see contains a lot of information in the form of light spectrums, positions, speeds, etc... Also, most of the things we look at are really big, and stand out clearly from the background.
Water, on the other hand, blocks all of that. It scatters light, scatters heat, and makes info gathering a much more personal and in your face endeavour. | [
"The underwater world is still mostly unknown. The main reason for it is the difficulty to gather information in situ, to experiment, and even to reach certain places. But the ocean nonetheless is of a crucial importance for scientists, as it covers about 71% of the planet.\n",
"As space activity becomes increasi... |
what is isis? what makes them such a threat? what is their history? why can't a continental superpower such as the united states just wipe them out? | ISIS drops the mic and said "Hey, we're setting up a Muslim only state. Ya know all that stuff in the Qur'an? **We're doing it**. Right here, right now. Come act on your religious devotion and help us setup." Remember that scene in LOTR where they light the beacons? It's like that.
Muslims everywhere are like "oh shit really!? Finally? This only happens like once every 10,000 years. We like the sound of that. The promised Golden Age can only come from the creation of an Islamic State". Turns out though, ISIS is brutal and unforgiving in their tactics yet they are still influencing groups of Muslims all around the world. The Muslim community is now polarized between people who think ISIS is batshit and the people who think ISIS is doing a good thing.
I'd assume your professor is looking at their influence rather than their physical threat. Right now they are small, but they could grow exponentially. ISIS flags are popping up everywhere (Greece, Belgium, the continent of Europe in its entirety, hell there was an isis flag posted near the white house), and even though another group claimed responsibility for the France attacks, one of the shooters still claimed on video that he supported ISIS.
It's especially volatile now that the West is looking at their expansion and all the horrible shit that comes with it; crucifying/beheading kids/suicide bombings/mass murder/slavery and saying they will stop it. ISIS + ISIS supporting Muslims hear it as "That Islamic State? **We're gonna stop it from happening**." Meanwhile other Muslims are like "Wait what!? You can't do that! We just started this thing. Golden Age and what not!" and the ISIS Muslims are saying "SEE! SEE they are trying to stop us! Help!"
I think...?
| [
"ISIS was founded on a belief that scientists have an obligation to participate actively in solving major problems of national and international security. ISIS focuses primarily on four parts: 1) prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and related technology to other nations and terrorists, 2) lead to greater transpa... |
What are the roots of anti-intellectualism in the United States? What is its history? | Awesome question. The classic answer can be found in Richard Hofstadter's 1963 book, *Anti-Intellectualism in American Life*. Hofstadter, who went on to win the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction for the book, wrote:
> "Anti-intellectualism . . . is founded in the democratic institutions and the egalitarian sentiments of this country."
For Hofstadter, who traces anti-intellectualism to broadsheets levied against some of the first American presidential candidates, the roots go to the classic American debate between who governs best. Is it the mob, the vast majority of Americans who have little interest or knowledge in a topic, or is it a smaller and traditionally less representative group of people who have more experience and education on a topic?
As Woodrow Wilson said in 1912: "What I fear is a government of experts. God forbid that in a democratic country we should resign the task and give the government over to experts. What are we for if we are to be scientifically taken care of by a small number of gentlemen who are the only men who understand the job?"
Hofstadter is still quoted frequently on this topic, but there are a lot of things he missed discussing, as Nicholas Lemann points out [in a wonderful 50th anniversary retrospective review](_URL_0_).
Hofstadter (and plenty of people today) think of anti-intellectualism as solely the domain of the political right. But Hofstadter missed people like Donald Kagan, Robert Bork, Jeane Kirkpatrick and Allan Bloom, who wrote *The Closing of the American Mind.*
He also tended to describe business as anti-intellectual, when we know that today, business is one of the most intellectual-friendly branches of American society. America today hosts designers and inventors, innovators and trend-makers, rather than industrialists and manufacturers as it did in 1963, when Hofstadter was writing.
He also missed the rise of the Civil Rights movement for women and minorities in the United States.
That's getting a little off track, however. The bottom line is that there is (and has been) a constant push-pull between appeals to the "mob" and the "elite" in American society.
In *Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic,* Gordon Wood contends that the first 30 years of the United States resulted in a switch from the desires of the nation's founders ─ who were the elite of the nation ─ to the will of the middling people, those involved in commerce and enterprise.
The founders of the United States had envisioned a Congress and President who were already wealthy and thus immune from corruption. The thought went that they would be self-sacrificing and put aside their businesses to serve the national good for a period, then return to their own interests afterward.
Joyce Appleby and Wood contend that the middle classes, who enriched themselves through industry and enterprise, developed a belief that the self-made man was the ideal politician, not someone who had been born wealthy, was educated, and thus theoretically could be trusted to make a decision without being swayed by public opinion.
And so we have a push and pull, dating back to the roots of the United States.
Hofstadter also makes the case that evangelical Protestantism in the United States, particularly in the South, strongly contributed to anti-intellectualism in the latter half of the 19th century and the 20th century. Mark Noll's *The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind* is a more in-depth analysis of this aspect.
Noll has done some excellent work on American religious history (I highly recommend his *The Civil War as a Theological Crisis*) and he explains that a lot of the American evangelical anti-intellectualism can be traced back to the development of a "literalist" interpretation of the Bible as a response to the anti-slavery movement of the 19th century. Before the 19th century, and particularly before the French Revolution, churches and religious organizations tended to be pro-science if they were anything.
In the United States, this began to change as the arguments about slavery intensified. As Noll points out, the Civil War caused many churches to fission into southern and northern branches, based upon their beliefs in slavery. Northern churches tended to favor an interpretation-based view of the Bible, while Southern churches stuck with a much more literal interpretation of the Bible. Forex, since the Bible refers to slavery and the proper treatment of slaves, it must be appropriate to have slavery in the United States, they argued.
This literalist philosophy was later applied to things as varied as racial segregation, abortion, and global warming. Because of its reliance upon scripture as the absolute (literally Gospel) truth, anything that took a different viewpoint was seen in a dim light. | [
"Anti-intellectualism in American Life is a book by Richard Hofstadter published in 1963 that won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. In this book, Hofstadter set out to trace the social movements that altered the role of intellect in American society. In so doing, he explored questions regarding the p... |
how in the heck is edward snowden "living" in the russian airport without being seen? | He's not in the standard passenger area. He is in a hotel at the airport and in some back/employee type areas of the airport. | [
"Edward Snowden's asylum in Russia is part of the aftermath from the global surveillance disclosures made by Edward Snowden. On June 23, 2013, Snowden flew from Hong Kong to Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport. Noting that his U.S. passport had been cancelled, Russian authorities restricted him to the airport terminal. O... |
in the us, why do nurses get paid considerably more than paramedics? | (As someone who is a paramedic, knows more than a few people that did the jump up to RN) Nurses have a lot more A & P and clinical knowledge than paramedics. Also relevant is the relative youth of EMS as a field. There are still people working who were around for when EMT and paramedic training became a standardized thing. Nurses have been doing there thing for a lot longer, so of course it's a more established career path. | [
"In the United Kingdom, there are two sources of supplementary nurses - nurse banks and nursing agencies. The former provides nurses paid on as \"hours as required\" basis and is often contracted to fill planned or unplanned shortfalls in staffing. Agency nurses, on the other hand, are employed through third-party ... |
when you choke drinking water, does the water actually go down into your lungs? if yes, what happens to it next? | to add something with less detail and specifically about drinking water: if it's a small amount (such as a gulp while drinking), you'd normally have your cough reflex kick in and drive that water out. I'll persist as long as there's still enough water irritating down there, which can lead to instead of just one or two coughs, coughing fits.
if you actually swallow a lot, well, it's pretty much what the other being said, you end up with aspiration (which can be water, any other fluid, sometimes even stomach contents which is very dirty and lead to aspiration pneumonia).
Edit: I'm a nurse :/ | [
"If water enters the airways of a conscious person, the person will try to cough up the water or swallow it, often inhaling more water involuntarily. When water enters the larynx or trachea, both conscious and unconscious persons experience laryngospasm, in which the vocal cords constrict, sealing the airway. This ... |
do insects get food poisoning? | One reason insects react so differently to many toxins is because their digestive tract is alkaline in contrast to the acidic environment of the vertebrate intestines. A different pH may render some toxins less harmful and others more so. A common "food contaminant" for insects is *Bacillus thuringiensis*, a species of bacteria which lives in the soil (and on leaves) and basically produces a crystalline toxin that can only be dissolved in the alkaline digestive tract of insects. However, it's non-toxic to humans because the crystals pass our digestive system undissolved. This is why *B. thuringiensis* is sprayed on crops to prevent damage caused by larvae.
TL;DR: Their digestive system makes insects vulnerable to different bacterial toxins. Yes, they can suffer from certain food poisonings. | [
"Many insects are distasteful to predators and excrete irritants or secrete poisonous compounds that cause illness or death when ingested. Secondary metabolites obtained from plant food may also be sequestered by insects and used in the production of their own toxins. One of the more well-known examples of this is ... |
how did japan successfully land two rovers on an asteroid | Math, lots and lots of complex math.
You know its orbit, you know our orbit. Provide the right amount of thrust in the right direction. | [
"Following the approval of the asteroid sample-return project MUSES-C, a rover was proposed to be mounted on the asteroid explorer, and development of MINERVA began in 1997. Completed in February 2003, MINERVA was Japan's first space rover, and the first asteroid rover in the world.\n",
"The first Japanese astero... |
why do people listen to music with earbuds in while driving a vehicle that most likely has a stereo in it? | They could be listening to music from an audio player which can't connect to the car stereo (for example if the car doesn't have an aux input).
Or they could just be using their headphones to talk to someone on the phone.
And where I'm from it's very illegal. | [
"It can be used for personal audio, either to have sounds audible to only one person, or that which a group wants to listen to. The navigation instructions for example are only interesting for the driver in a car, not for the passengers. Another possibility are future applications for true stereo sound, where one e... |
When classical music was published in the 18th century, how did the music circulate? | The only media available for the recording of classical music in 18th century was print, of course, and that business is essentially the same now, with a few minor changes. The printing of music parallels the printing of words, with the earliest examples being carved on wooden plates, then engraved on metal plates, which eventually changed to movable music type, and has now moved to digital. Then it would have been printed, arranged into a book, and sold to the public in music shops. The first publishers began to appear in the 18th century in the major German cities, and by the late 18th century they were also in the United States. They would often look for exclusive rights from a composer for European distribution, but Beethoven was known to have sold the "exclusive" rights to a single work to several competing publishers. He did the same thing with commissions and world premieres as well, but that's a different story for another time.
Eventually an orchestral works would make it around the continent and be performed by the local orchestras, which could be of varying quality. Some people might live too far away to go to a concert, and in any case there might only be a single performance, or at best a handful of performances. In order for more people to learn and enjoy a work, orchestral pieces were often reduced to a piano version, which were the bread-and-butter of publishers, along with solo piano works and chamber works which could be performed at home. Sometimes these reductions were arranged by the composer, but often they were done by someone else. Liszt famously transcribed all of Beethoven's Symphonies, with the Ninth Symphony requiring two pianos. These transcriptions/ reductions are still popular today.
Music was as popular with people then as it is now, so it was a major industry, and the concept of copyright went hand in hand with the printing of music. The first major copyright law was the Statute of Anne in 1709, which made the printing of music exclusive to the original publisher for 14 years, which was later amended to 21 years. This is important because while a publisher might have the exclusive rights for a while, eventually they would lose exclusivity and any publishing house could then print and sell that music (public domain). As the fame of composers grew throughout the 19th century, this was a huge windfall for publishers who could print the best-selling works of composers like Beethoven and Mozart without having to pay out royalties, making them very profitable. Today the exclusive term of copyrights has been extended greatly, due to heavy lobbying by the Disney corporation and the Gershwin estate. | [
"BULLET::::- Musical publishing and distribution methods were very lax in 18th century Europe, with manuscript versions of music being freely circulated. This could easily lead to confusion about authorship, and frequent misattribution.\n",
"During the Medieval period the foundation was laid for the music notatio... |
What did nomadic horse archers use to make their arrows? | Hi, this is not to discourage other answers but you might be interested in [this post](_URL_0_) by u/krishaperkins | [
"A horse archer is a cavalryman armed with a bow, able to shoot while riding from horseback. Archery has occasionally been used from the backs of other riding animals. In large open areas, it was a highly successful technique for hunting, for protecting the herds, and for war. It was a defining characteristic of th... |
where does the "water" portion of beverages go when dumped down the drain? | It depends :)
In a modern, civilised and industrialised region the water goes through pipes to a water treatment station. This water follows the same path as the water from the bathtub, kitchen sink or toilet. The treatment station tries to purify the water through several organic methods (plants, algae, etc..) and inorganic methods (filters, UV exposure, etc..), as well as specific chemicals to neutralize the waste or to facilitate extraction of residues. The "purified" waste water can be evaporated, sent to a lake, river, or the ocean. Sometimes this waste water can be used for farming, but not always. The remaining chemicals and solid matter extracted from the water are dried up and used as fertiliser, compost, incinerated or simply stored in specialised waste dumps.
In the rest of the world it goes directly, or with little filtering, to the nearest river, lake or the ocean. | [
"It is essentially a grate, which allows excess and waste liquids to be drained away, and either collected in a pan under the grate, or drained away through a hose that carries the waste water and tea to a bucket or other drain. \n",
"Water is typically drawn from the pool via a rectangular aperture in the wall, ... |
how are some people addicted to work? | Psychologists have linked it as a means of coping with depression/lonliness, satisfying a craving for competition, or simply greed. This is a case-by-case type of addiction. | [
"Addicts often believe that being in control of others is how to achieve success and happiness in life. People who follow this rule use it as a survival skill, having usually learned it in childhood. As long as they make the rules, no one can back them into a corner with their feelings.\n",
"People who suffer fro... |
How do calculators deal with imaginary numbers? | Complex numbers are operated on arithmetically exactly the same way as normal numbers. Your calculator just knows how to keep the two separate. There's really nothing special about the process, other than having the capability of storing different number types and understanding how to display them in an appropriate way. Unless you have a more specific question that I'm not seeing. | [
"With some exceptions, most calculators do not operate on real numbers. Instead, they work with finite-precision approximations called floating-point numbers. In fact, most scientific computation uses floating-point arithmetic. Real numbers satisfy the usual rules of arithmetic, but floating-point numbers do not.\n... |
given densities are well understood,what prevents geologists from predicting where minerals are,rather than prospecting?also since the heavy ,valuable metals sink,what prevents a rush to volcanic sites to mine these metals? | Because it's way, way more complicated than that.
Rocks move. Yes, the heavier elements might sink lower as the lava cools, but cooling lava isn't the only way rocks are made. Sedimentary rocks don't really care about density, but the order things fell on them as they were formed. Even the igneous rocks will get shifted around by tectonic forces, making once-flat layers crunch up or go completely vertical. You can see some of that in the Grand Canyon, if you know what you're looking at, actually. | [
"Peak minerals marks the point in time when the largest production of a mineral will occur in an area, with production declining in subsequent years. While most mineral resources will not be exhausted in the near future, global extraction and production is becoming more challenging. Miners have found ways over time... |
Are there any historical precedents to a socialist/communist government before the 20th century?? | Sorry, we don't allow [throughout history questions](_URL_0_). These tend to produce threads which are collections of trivia, not the in-depth discussions about a particular topic we're looking for. If you have a specific question about a historical event or period or person, please feel free to re-compose your question and submit it again. Alternatively, questions of this type can be directed to more appropriate subreddits, such as /r/history or /r/askhistory. | [
"In the United Kingdom, the democratic socialist tradition was represented in particular by William Morris's Socialist League and in the 1880s by the Fabian Society and later the Independent Labour Party founded by Keir Hardie in the 1890s, of which writer George Orwell would later be a prominent member. In the ear... |
how do professional songwriters write hit songs? | ask them r/music and related subs | [
"Songwriters can be employed to write either the lyrics or the music directly for or alongside a performing artist, or they present songs to A&R, publishers, agents and managers for consideration. Song pitching can be done on a songwriter's behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like \"RowFax\"... |
Gorbachev and Dissolution of USSR | I will point you to this [answer](_URL_3_) I wrote on the role of Gorbachev in the dissolution of the USSR. In essence, Gorbachev, after becoming General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985, undertook a series of structural political and economic reforms that unleashed forces that were ultimately outside of his control. Thus while the formal dissolution of the USSR is taken to be the Supreme Soviet voting for its own abolition and the resignation of Gorbachev as Soviet president and the lowering of the Soviet flag over the Kremlin on December 25, 1991, this was largely the remnants of the Soviet government recognizing the already-existing state of the Union's dissolution (and it should be noted that some Soviet institutions, notably its [military](_URL_0_), actually persisted after this date).
In answer to your side-question - the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was stripped of its constitutional legal monopoly in March 1990, and was more or less [dissolved](_URL_1_) and outlawed following the failed August 1991 coup. Lower level elements of the party reconsituted themselves into various political parties across the former USSR, and the largest since 1993 has been the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The CPRF has contested elections since 1993, winning a majority of deputies to the Russian legislature (Duma) in 1995, and its leader Gennady Zyuganov almost won the 1996 presidential [election](_URL_2_) against Boris Yeltsin. Despite all this, and despite being a pro-government party, it hasn't actually controlled any part of the Russian government above the regional level in the post Soviet period. | [
"On 8 December 1991, the presidents of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine formally dissolved the USSR, and then constituted the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Soviet President Gorbachev resigned on 25 December 1991; the next day, the Supreme Soviet dissolved itself, officially dissolving the USSR on 26 Decembe... |
why do daily vitamins for seniors contain less or no iron? | Too much iron for people over 50 raises the occurrence of heart disease. | [
"It is designed for children 2 years of age and older. Flintstones Complete has a high supplementation of iron, iodine, vitamin D and vitamin E. Vitamin D is necessary for the maintenance and growth of bones in children. Vitamin D deficiency is a concern for infants, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. This is b... |
Why did European firearms technology become superior to that of other continent's? | For a very good recent book on the subject I highly recommend *The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West* by Tonio Andrade. He sums up a lot of the information and theories available as far as china goes and concludes that the main cause does seem to be a relative lack of major wars.
Essentially, Chinese military technology underwent two different divergences compared to Europe. Prior to the mid 15th century Chinese gunpowder technology was on par with or better than that of the west. Chinese cannon was following European ones in the trend of longer barrels relative to bore size and the Ming army employed a larger proportion of handgunners than European armies would up until around 1500. By 1450 however the Ming had achieved a level of relative stability with no major opponents and military development stopped. Meanwhile in Europe over the next half century the "classic" cannon was developed and the matchlock arquebus started becoming widespread. As a result when the Portuguese first arrived in the 1520s both sides agreed that European guns and cannon were far superior.
This didn't last though, by the end of the 16th century and over the course of the 17th century warfare picked up again in china and European gun technologies were quickly adapted first by the Ming and later by the Qing as well. China developed complex drills and countermarch-style volley fire techniques even earlier than the Dutch did, and by the end of the 17th century they had defeated two Renaissance-style artillery forts. They even had plans to build their own but once the Qing had firmly established their dominance there was no longer any real need. Thus, Andrade argues, China had again reached a level of relative military parity with Europe. It was then over the course of the 18th century that again a lack of warfare combined with the relatively isolationist policies of the Qing dynasty led to a lack of military innovation and serious decline in the quality of the army leading up to a decisive defeat by the British during the Opium Wars. | [
"Central to the success of the Europeans was the use of firearms. However, the advantages afforded by firearms have often been overstated. Prior to the late 19th century, firearms were often cumbersome muzzle-loading, smooth-bore, single shot muskets with flint-lock mechanisms. Such weapons produced a low rate of f... |
how does the wifi bridge work on my phone? | Hey that’s a neat feature!
I’m not intimately familiar with the specifics of your phone, but I do have a fair knowledge of networks. What’s most likely going on is exactly the same process that 4G hotspot uses, but only involving wifi.
Basically the laptop is connected to the phone via some means (hotspot wifi, Bluetooth or USB cable), on a private network just between those two devices.
Any traffic from the laptop destined for the inter webs hits the phone and the phone performs some address translation (NAT) before forwarding it on via the hotel wifi. As far as the hotel can see you’ve only got one device (phone) using their connection.
The phone keeps track of the data it forwards on so that when the response comes back, it knows to send it on through to the laptop.
As for the battery life - wifi uses a lot less power than 4G does because the base stations are much much closer | [
"Bridge is an accessory to connect an Ethernet network to MoCA. It supports Ethernet (10/100/Gbit) and MoCA 2.0 (up to 450Mbit/s) connections. The Bridge is most often used to connect a whole-home TiVo DVR + Mini network to the household WAN/LAN router. It can also be used to add MoCA networking to TiVo DVRs that d... |
why are fire extingushers placed in a glass case with a handle, yet in case of fire the glass has to be broken | Because some idiot would open it and play with it. Having to break the glass means that you're only going get the extinguisher if it's a real emergency | [
"Fire glass leaves no trace of ash, soot, grease or discernible odor when used as a medium. Flames produced using natural gas do not produce any smoke, produce less toxic gases and leave no trace of residual pollutants such as tar within the home. The combination is considered an eco-friendly burning solution. Addi... |
how can encryption methods be open source? | It is a generally accepted security precept that "The enemy knows the system." That is, when you are designing an encryption algorithm (or any security measure) that you assume the enemy knows its design. You assume that, eventually, an adversary will get a hold of the algorithm and therefore A) you cannot rely on the secrecy of the algorithm for security; and B) your algorithm should be secure despite general awareness of it.
The strength of encryption methods lies in the keys (and, for asymmetric methods, the inherent mathematical difficulty of reversing the encryption process).
For example, the most secure encryption method, the One Time Pad (OTP) has an extremely simplistic algorithm. ALL of the security is invested in how the key is created, used, and kept secret. | [
"Attribute-based encryption (ABE) can be used for log encryption. Instead of encrypting each part of a log with the keys of all recipients, it is possible to encrypt the log only with attributes which match recipients' attributes. This primitive can also be used for broadcast encryption in order to decrease the num... |
Was Philippe Pétain unjustly criticized by the new French Republic? | It wasn't just about the fact that he had surrendered to the Germans that the French were pissed off about. Pétain and his government, shortly after the surrender, took a vote to reorganise the Third Republic into the French State, an authoritarian (and more importantly an extremely collaborationist) regime which is better known nowadays by the name of Vichy France.
This government aided in the rounding up of Jews and other "Undesirables", and within its colonies it actively resisted Allied forces. Fascist elements within that selfsame government then began attempting to turn France into a much more conservative country than the Third Republic had ever been. They wanted a much less secular and liberal society, preferring instead a more authoritarian catholic society. Pétain himself supported the movement, but said he didn't like the name it was using, which was "National Revolution."
Censorship was imposed within France, and freedom of speech and thought repressed with the reinstatement of "Felony of Opinion". Pétain himself said that: "The new France will be a social hierarchy... rejecting the false idea of the natural equality of men".
Pétain went on to allow the creation of a Vichy organised militia known as the "Milice" to suppress the Maquis, in particular its Communist factions.
After the occupation of southern France, Pétain became a mere figurehead for what was no longer even a pretense of an independent government in Vichy. When the liberation of France came about in the September of 1944, the Vichy government was relocated to Germany, where it became a government in exile. By this point however, Pétain refused to take part in it any longer, and the running of it was taken over by Fernand de Brinon.
On the 26th of April 1945 Pétain returned to France via Switzerland to face his accusers. The trial ran from the 23rd of July to the 15th of August 1945, the main charge being treason.
In short, while he may not have merited a death sentence (Which was only not carried out due to his age), Pétain was far from an innocent man. He had run an authoritarian, collaborationist regime that had sought to overturn a lot of the values that the French have held dear since their revolution in 1789. He was not on trial for the surrender, but for everything that came after it. | [
"Philippe is best known for his role in the 2004 Haiti Rebellion which overthrew the government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide due to, in part, allegations of election fraud in the 2000 parliamentary elections and other issues. Philippe's involvement can be traced back to 2000 when he was forced to flee to the Dominican... |
How come in Physics we can round off numbers willy nilly? | Someone asked a very similar question the other day and it got a lot of good answers, so I'd recommend you [read those answers](_URL_0_) (I linked directly to my favorite response). But here's my quick take on it. Numbers in math are ideal. If I ask you to solve the equation x^2 = 2, the answer is exactly sqrt(2), even though that has an infinite number of decimals - it's 1.41421356... where the ... means it keeps going on forever. If you round, it's usually because you don't have enough space for the full answer (in the case of sqrt(2), it's because you don't have an infinitely long sheet of paper).
In physics or other experimental sciences, you can only ever measure a quantity to some finite accuracy. So if a measurement you make is only accurate to the third decimal place, then if it comes out with the number 1.414, you can't just write 1.4140000, because the real answer might be 1.41414131, or 1.41402492, or anything else. When you manipulate that number - multiplying it by something else, for instance - then you can only keep up to 3 decimal places, because your measurement was only ever good for that many to begin with, and it wouldn't be honest to pretend that you can get a more accurate answer. | [
"One early way of producing random numbers was by a variation of the same machines used to play keno or select lottery numbers. These mixed numbered ping-pong balls with blown air, perhaps combined with mechanical agitation, and used some method to withdraw balls from the mixing chamber (). This method gives reason... |
Is Stephen Hawking still relevant? | His work on black hole thermodynamics and his effort to merge quantum mechanics and gravity, though maybe done more convincingly by Unruh, are still relevant and very important.
He's a very bright man and, in addition to doing some very good research, dedicated his life to becoming one of the greatest public educators in the history of science. You do him a great disservice by underestimating the importance of this contribution.
| [
"Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. His book \"A Brief History of Time\" appeared on the British \"Sunday Times\" best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS),... |
what are the implications of america leaving the iran deal? | A lot of oil companies who were in the process of investing in Iran for production purposes won't be able to continue if the sanctions go back in.
Iran will be free to restart progress toward its goal of making a nuclear weapon.
Our allies in the deal will not be able to trust us to keep up our end of any new deal that's made.
Basically, the original deal may not have been the greatest, but it is a hell of a lot better than having no deal in place. | [
"On 8 May 2018 the United States officially withdrew from the agreement after Trump signed a Presidential Memorandum ordering the reinstatement of harsher sanctions. In his May 8 speech Trump called the Iran deal \"horrible\" and said the United States would \"work with our allies to find a real, comprehensive, and... |
how was gamma radiation discovered to be a photon, not neutron? | The Gamma ray was discovered by Rutherford in 1900 when studying radioactive elements. It was indeed neutral, but was reflected by crystalline matter, while a neutron would be absorbed by the barrier. | [
"Photon radiation is called gamma rays if produced by a nuclear reaction, subatomic particle decay, or radioactive decay within the nucleus. It is otherwise called x-rays if produced outside the nucleus. The generic term photon is therefore used to describe both.\n",
"Gamma (γ) radiation consists of photons with ... |
Could anything man-made trigger the Yellowstone super volcano? | All these answers assume there is eruptable magma down there currently anyway. While there is certainly magma, we don't know what the connectivity of it is like, the viscosity, or the internal pressure. | [
"Supervolcano is a 2005 British-Canadian disaster television film that originally aired on 13 March 2005 on BBC One, and released by the BBC on 10 April 2005 on the Discovery Channel. It is centered on the speculated and potential eruption of the volcanic caldera of Yellowstone National Park. Its tagline is \"Scien... |
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