Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why is it that when the inside of my ear itches, swallowing seems like the best option to scratch it?	Your nose, throat and inner ear are all connected by a series of tubes, this is to keep the pressure of your inner ear the same as the outside, the act of swallowing creates a pressure change in your ear before it goes back to 'outside pressure' the pressure difference is what makes you feel like you're scratching. In...	[ "In dentistry, embrasures are V-shaped valleys between adjacent teeth. They provide a spill way for food to escape during chewing which essentially aids in the self-cleansing process. They also prevent food from being forced through the contact area which might cause food packing and periodontal pain and permit a s...
explain greece abandoning the euro like i'm 5 – using disney dollars	Assuming the Disney employees aren't spending anything outside Disneyland, it'll work just fine. It's all about the perceived value of fiat money. If this Disney dollar in your hand will buy you just as much bread from the shop as the euro you previously used, why would you complain? It also allows the government (Di...	[ "An error frequently made in press reports is the confusion of the discussion regarding Greece’s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals with US banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to hide their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed ...
why is our calendar set up the way it is?	Depends upon what you mean exactly. The calendar we use today is known as the Gregorian Calendar. However, the Gregorian Calendar is simply an "update" to the Julian Calendar, which was itself an "update" to the Roman Calendar, which was probably based off of Greek Hellenic Calendars, which were more or less all based...	[ "The modern calendar, as well as regulating the immediate year, is part of a system of chronology that allows events to be dated far into the future and the past so a given date includes day, month and year.\n", "In the North American tradition, a \"calendar\" generally implies a briefer and more summary list or ...
I know nothing about WWI warfare.	A lot of great questions here. Here some relatively broad answers. I don't want to get as much into grand strategy, but this will add a little detail to your interpetation of the soldiers experience. * Although trench warfare is a defining characteristic of the war, it did not start in trenches. There was quite a bi...	[ "List of military engagements of World War I encompasses land, naval, and air engagements as well as campaigns, operations, defensive lines and sieges. Campaigns generally refer to broader strategic operations conducted over a large bit of territory and over a long period of time. Battles generally refer to short p...
How does the speed of light being the "universal speed limit" apply in relation to non-vacuum contexts?	The electrons traveling through water faster than light in water gives a neat effect called [Cherenkov radiation](_URL_0_). There is something called the Hartman effect where quantum tunneling seemingly leads to a [violation of special relativity](_URL_1_). These, however, are just virtual particles and the signal ve...	[ "Special relativity postulates that the speed of light in vacuum is invariant in inertial frames. That is, it will be the same from any frame of reference moving at a constant speed. The equations do not specify any particular value for the speed of the light, which is an experimentally determined quantity for a fi...
what causes different frequencies of light?	Frequency is color. First a small excourse to atoms: As you probably know, atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons. The electrons swirl around the nucleus, and they do so on fixed orbits. For a given nucleus (defined by the number of protons and neutrons) there is only a limited, and well defined number of possible o...	[ "An important aspect of light's nature is its frequency. The frequency of a wave is its rate of oscillation and is measured in hertz, the SI unit of frequency, where one hertz is equal to one oscillation per second. Light usually has multiple frequencies that sum to form the resultant wave. Different frequencies un...
Did Gavrilo Princip ever comment on how his actions caused WWI, the bloodiest conflict in human history at the time?	He didn't live long enough to know the outcome of WWI and he was very sick during his captivity, however, in 1916 a military psychologist named Pappenheim interviewed Princip several times over a period of four months, and recorded the conversations. This is what he had to say: > In solitary confinement very bad, wi...	[ "Gavrilo Princip (, ; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb member of Young Bosnia, a Yugoslavist organization seeking an end to Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the age of 19, he assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Ferdinand's wife, Sophie, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, i...
what did rick perry actually do?	He told a person that she should resign. She said, no, she didn't want to resign. He said that if she didn't resign, he would veto all funding to her office. She didn't. He did. He was indicted for using his veto power inappropriately and coercively.	[ "Rick Perry is an American politician who served as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015. He was a candidate for the nomination of the Republican Party for President of the United States in 2012 and 2016, and currently serves as the United States Secretary of Energy.\n", "Perry's most notable NFL accompli...
Where does the electron go when it does a quantum leap?	The video is very apocryphal--this section is one of my main complaints of the series. Electron orbitals can take on all sorts of [interesting shapes](_URL_0_), they dont' look like points dancing around some strange marble surface. Though to be fair, it's probably one of the better visualizations of the Bohr model I...	[ "Atomic electron transition is a change of an electron from one energy level to another within an atom or artificial atom. It appears discontinuous as the electron \"jumps\" from one energy level to another, typically in a few nanoseconds or less. It is also known as an electronic (de-)excitation or atomic transiti...
How significant was the Night of the Long Knives, really?	It was really significant, but not necessarily in the way you've read thus far. It's important first to understand what the Night of the Long Knives (NLK) was and the effect it had on Hitler's leadership over Germany. The NLK was the move by Hitler to eliminate his most important political enemies. However, whereas th...	[ "In British politics, the \"Night of the Long Knives\" was a major Cabinet reshuffle that took place on 13 July 1962. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismissed seven members of his Cabinet, one-third of the total. The speed and scale of the reshuffle caused it to be associated by its critics with the 1934 Night of ...
Is there an upper limit to the rate of evolution? If mutation can be based on radiation, could a star with significant radiation output accelerate evolution?	rate of evolution is not the same as rate of mutations. Rate of evolution will depend on your generation time. You also have to consider the effect of environment (radiation in your example) on fitness (ability to produce fertile offspring in a first approximation). So, if radiation does not kill you and does not decre...	[ "Modelling the evolution of the stars gives ages of about , with current masses of about and respectively, and initial masses of and respectively. These are similar to the masses deduced from observation. The stars are expected to have a hydrogen-burning lifetime of about 2.2 Myr, and are not expected to experience...
Is it possible to capture energy from the pressure deep in the ocean?	Any energy gained from the pressure would need to be invested in the first place to get the thing to that depth, sorry.	[ "Pressure is the greatest environmental factor acting on deep-sea organisms. In the deep sea, although most of the deep sea is under pressures between 200 and 600 atm, the range of pressure is from 20 to 1,000 atm. Pressure exhibits a great role in the distribution of deep sea organisms. Until recently, people lack...
let's say the euro collapses tonight. how will this affect the average household within the eurozone tomorrow morning?	The experts are also unclear on what would happen, because this really hasn't happened before: * It's weird for countries with healthy economies to experience currency collapse. * It's weird to have a large number of countries all fail at the same time. * The amount of money these countries and the US all owe each ot...	[ "The European sovereign debt crisis that unfolded in 2010 sent the euro falling to a four-year low of $1.1877 on June 7, as investors considered the risk that certain Eurozone members may default on their government debt. The euro's decline in 2008-2010 had erased half of its 2000-2008 rally.\n", "Figures release...
how does one way power transmission through gears work?	I'm not sure if there's a general term for that kind of gear setup. Some setups like what you're describing - bicycles, for example - use something called a freewheel gear. On the inside, a freewheel gear looks like [this](_URL_0_). The blue part can spin clockwise without affecting the green part, because the red hi...	[ "A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device.\n", "Often, a transmissi...
Would Mars have a temperate zone if it was in orbital lock with the sun?	Also keep in mind the effect this would have on the Martian climate. Having cold air on one side and warm air on another is a recipe for storms.	[ "If Mars had an Earth-like orbit, its seasons would be similar to Earth's because its axial tilt is similar to Earth's. The comparatively large eccentricity of the Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near perihelion when it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the north, and near aphelion ...
the danger of feeding a dog human food?	The first danger is that some human foods are lethal to dogs. For example, avocados and chocolate both contain chemicals that dogs can't handle and eating enough can kill them. Second, the balance of nutrients that is healthy for a human is not the same as what's healthy for a dog. They could get fat because they are ...	[ "A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulfate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins (cause kidney failure in dogs), milk (some dogs are lactose intolerant and suffer diarrhea; goats' mil...
Are there viruses that infect, reproduce, and spread without causing any ill effects in their hosts?	Of course. There are probably even more benign viruses than pathological ones. It's just that they are seldom identified and rarely studied. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)	[ "Although viruses and other pathogens can be transmitted to cimicids, they rarely transmit them to their hosts. \"O. vicarius\" is a vector of several arboviruses, but is not killed by these viruses. \"Trypanosoma cruzi\", the trypanosome that causes Chagas disease, is rarely transmitted from cimicids to bats, but ...
Keen to learn more about how Germany successfully addressed its WW2 past in the years afterwards, and include it in their education.	For a deeper look at the situation after German unification and in addition to the info provided by /u/BeondTheGrave I suggest you check out my post here: * [How do German schools teach about WW2 and the Holocaust?](_URL_0_)	[ "\"At the time of the first world war – - – a considerable amount of ‘Allied’ propaganda material, sent to Norway and intended to inform Norwegian opinion about the war, proved ill-adapted to enlist the understanding sympathy of those who had previously had cultural or business contacts with the nations in conflict...
why does my throat feel almost painfully dry when i'm out jogging or cycling?	Your body is reacting to you slowly becoming dehydrated, a process that is accelerating when you exercise due to your body sweating in order to cool you down. If you breath in with your mouth when you exercise, you might also be experiencing dry oral tissues.	[ "When the environment is dry especially in winter, it can create a sensation of dryness and a scratchy feeling in the throat. This is most commonly observed in the morning. Other individuals who also develop throat irritation are those breathing through their mouth because of a congested nose.\n", "Respiratory sy...
How do astronauts protect themselves from high energy cosmic radiation in space?	Astronauts in the ISS receive about 1/4 of the radiation dose that they would get in deep space. [MSL during its transit to Mars measured about 1.8 mSv/day](_URL_1_). _URL_3_ Most of the other comments are mentioning the magnetic field as the main protecting factor. This is not entirely correct, Earth's magnetic fiel...	[ "Space radiation consists of high energy particles such as protons, alpha and heavier particles originating from such sources as galactic cosmic rays, energetic solar particles from solar flares and trapped radiation belts. Space station crew exposures will be much higher than those on Earth and unshielded astronau...
If every living thing on earth is eating and converting mass to energy, does that mean the Earth is constantly losing mass?	As a total system, no, not from eating and such. That's just moving energy from one form to another. Internal interactions don't change the total energy of a system. If the total energy is the same, so is the mass. If you want to see how the mass of the Earth and such are changing, you want to look at the energy recei...	[ "It is a well known fact that the earth is constantly acquiring mass through accumulation of rocks and dust from space, as are all other planetary bodies in our system. According to NASA, \"Every day about 100 tons of meteoroids -- fragments of dust and gravel and sometimes even big rocks – enter the Earth's atmosp...
what makes the touchscreens of smartphones feel different from the touchscreens of nintendo ds's/3ds's and older mobile devices ?	Your phone uses a capacitive touch screen which uses the capacitive properties of your finger to detect where you are interacting with the screen. Resistive touch screens have a flexible surface that when flexed allows two conductive surfaces to interact Resistive screens need to flex under pressure so they will fe...	[ "Touch screens like those found on some tablet computers, iPads, and the Nintendo DS are operated in similar ways, but they usually use either optical grids or a pressure-sensitive film instead, and therefore they do not need a special pointing device.\n", "Touchscreens would not be popularly used for video games...
Failure of the Ottoman's call for Jihad in WWI	The Arab revolt was actually, in itself, a large part of the failure of this to gain momentum. The British empire, with Egypt, Sudan, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, had a much larger Muslim population than the Ottoman Empire did and they were very concerned about losing that support as it would make the empire untenab...	[ "On November 14, 1914 the Ottoman sultan proclaimed a jihad to mark the official entry of the Ottoman Empire into World War I. The proclamation was supported by a fatwa issued by the Shaykh al-Islam. Contrary to the German hopes that the proclamation would trigger Muslim revolts in British and French colonies, it w...
Vitamin Sources	Vitamins can be extracted from natural products or (easily) synthesized. There should be no difference between natural and "artificial" vitamins, as some people freak out about things like this. A riboflavin (B2) molecule is just like any other. And how companies know how much is needed? Research has been done on the...	[ "BULLET::::- Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble compound that fulfills several roles in living systems. Sources include citrus fruits (such as oranges, sweet lime, etc.), green peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, black currants, strawberries, blueberries, seabuckthorn, raw cabbage and tomatoes.\n",...
why do period cramps get slightly less bad if you take your tampon out?	what you are asking is why your cramps get less. You may well be extrapolating from your experience to others, and that's wrong. Just doing a quick poll inside my family (and getting a few raised eyebrows), that doesn't happen. It may be that that happened to you and you expect it to happen, confirmation bias.	[ "The pain is especially severe during a 'flare-up', these can be unpredictable, exhausting and last anywhere from a few hours to several weeks. This is a common occurrence for several CED patients, often causing myopathy and extensive sleep deprivation from the chronic, severe and disabling pain. Patients may even ...
how does 3g/4g get the internet to my phone?	These people suck at explaining this. Radio is just flashing light. You can stand on a mountain with a flashlight and your friend can stand on the bottom of that mountain also with a flashlight. If you both know, say, Morse code, then you can communicate with each other just using the flashlight, right? That's all a ...	[ "The 3G wireless Internet is available in all major cities as well as cities with significant tourism. 2.5G EDGE wireless Internet is available through mobile network operators, SyriaTel and MTN. Wireless Internet is accessed using a USB stick purchased from the mobile operators. In addition, 3G SIM cards for use o...
What is Helium-3 and what can it be used for?	If you had some it would be exactly like regular helium except 3/4ths the weight because it has one neutron and two protons while helium-4 (regular helium) has two neutrons and two protons. You could fill expensive party balloons with it. He3-D fusion also produces no stray neutron radiation and quite a lot of energy....	[ "Helium-3 is a most important isotope in instrumentation for neutron detection. It has a high absorption cross section for thermal neutron beams and is used as a converter gas in neutron detectors. The neutron is converted through the nuclear reaction\n", "Production, sales and distribution of helium-3 in the Uni...
Has any country accepted a large number of immigrants without benefitting economically in the long term?	Seeing the forest of deleted comments I'm not sure if this passes muster, but this is really an economics question, not a history question (plus that statement is pretty much impossible to prove, we don't have good economic data much past the latest century or two and it's generally hard to prove that something has *ne...	[ "Some countries offer financial support to refugees and immigrants in order to facilitate the process of starting a new life in their country of origin. Examples of 21st century voluntary return include the Danish government, which began in 2009, offering £12,000 each to immigrants to return, Switzerland offering a...
If you mounted a baseball pitching machine in the back of a pickup truck and set its speed to 50MPH facing backwards, and then placed a baseball into the machine while driving forwards at 50MPH, would the ball appear to someone watching from the street to fall straight down in a vertical line ?	> ...would the ball appear to someone watching from the street to fall straight down in a vertical line? Yes. At low speeds (everday speeds), the speeds of objects simply add linearly: v_ball_ground = v_truck + v_ball_truck In your example: v_ball_ground = 50 - 50 = 0 Is there a particular reason that you or you...	[ "In baseball, the pitcher's release point could be about depending on his delivery style, but the batter also tends to stand back or \"deep\" in the batter's box, to maximise his time to \"look the ball over\", up to further from the pitching rubber than the point of home plate is. Thus the horizontal distance, fro...
Why is our life expectancy... our life expectancy?	It depends on who you ask. Cellular biologists will have one answer, physicians will have another answer, and evolutionary biologists will have yet another answer. I suspect there's nearly as many answers as there are fields of biology. From an evolutionary perspective (warning: I'm not an expert or even really an e...	[ "As discussed above, on an individual basis, a number of factors correlate with a longer life. Factors that are associated with variations in life expectancy include family history, marital status, economic status, physique, exercise, diet, drug use including smoking and alcohol consumption, disposition, education,...
Why isn't our Galactic Center brighter?	We see our galactic centre through 27'000 light years of interstellar dust. Dust is very effective to absorb light in the optical wavelenght	[ "For example, the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is very bright in far infrared images because the dense concentration of stars there heats the surrounding dust and causes it to emit radiation in this part of the spectrum. Disregarding the center of our own galaxy, the brightest far infrared object in the sky is th...
what is the rules for using words "sex" and "gender" in non-human organisms (like animals and plants)?	I think this [infographic](_URL_1_) will help you understand what I am going to try and explain (probably rather crudely). * Gender: a persons subjective inner experience of who they identify as. May be masculine, feminine, neither or somewhere in between. * Sex: As in biological sex, typically male or femal...	[ "In other contexts, including some areas of the social sciences, \"gender\" includes \"sex\" or replaces it. For instance, in non-human animal research, \"gender\" is commonly used to refer to the biological sex of the animals. This change in the meaning of gender can be traced to the 1980s. In 1993, the US Food an...
In ancient Greek and Roman sculpture, head and facial is represented but body hair is usually not. Did these people shave, or was this just artistic license or something they did to models to better see the human form?	Greco-Roman male statuary definitely [depicts pubic hair](_URL_1_). For the other issues, there is a section in the [FAQ](_URL_0_).	[ "The main subject of Ancient Greek sculpture from its earliest days was the human figure, usually male and nude (or nearly so). Apart from the heads of portrait sculptures, the bodies were highly idealized, but achieved an unprecedented degree of naturalism. In addition to free standing statues, the term classical ...
10% of an iceberg is above water.	Displacement and buoyancy. When an object floats, it displaces an amount of water equal to it's own mass. So, if you have a piece of wood that weighs 100 lbs, it will sink until the part of it below water has "pushed aside" 100lbs of water. Ice is only slightly less dense than water, so an Ice-berg sinks 90% of the wa...	[ "Laws of physics dictate that 11% of an iceberg will extend above the water level (in salt water), while the remainder will be submerged. In the case of Pobeda Ice Island, whose flat surface is roughly above sea level, this means that the iceberg extends to a depth of roughly below sea level, and its total height i...
History Writers, How Do You Stay Sharp?	You haven't lost your mojo, it just takes time to think of an idea and get it back. I felt the same way after not doing any historical studies for a year. You just need to do two things. Pick your favorite topic and then read a good collect of essays in an monograph about that topic. This is what I did for the Ancient ...	[ "By and large your writing is clean and sharp. But not always. And there are still laggards among you.brSo— Short words. Anglo-Saxon words. The King James version has some fine ones. So does A. Lincoln. Let’s make it little Latin and less Greek.br Short sentences. Old J.P. Harding, the restaurant man, told his meat...
How do you exactly calculate things like the speed of light, the speed we travel around the sun and the speed the milkyway is travelling in the universe?	The speed of light can be measured directly without too much difficulty. Scientists can fire a laser pulse and measure how long it takes to travel a known distance. The speed we travel around the Sun requires an accurate knowledge of the circumference. First, the distance to the sun can be measured using geometric...	[ "The first experimental determination of the speed of light was made by Ole Christensen Rømer. It may seem that this experiment measures the time for light to traverse part of the Earth's orbit and thus determines its one-way speed, however, this experiment was carefully re-analysed by Zhang, who showed that the me...
do download tests show how fast your actually downloading?	Download speed tests work by downloading a big file from a fast nearby server, and measuring how fast it's downloading. So yes. However, there are factors that can limit your download speed that the download test will not show. Also, I've heard rumours that ISPs will prioritize traffic that looks like it's from a spe...	[ "Using this method, the acquisition speed is limited only by the integration time of the spectrometer and can be as short at 20 ms. The same data that initially required tens of minutes to acquire can be acquired ~10 times faster.\n", "The Ookla Speed Test also has a tool called “My Results” which lets you graphi...
how are companies such as spectrum not considered a monopoly?	So many reasons. But even if they were a monopoly, a monopoly isn't necessarily illegal. First, Spectrum has a lot of competition: Time Warner, XFinity, Cox, and so on. However, generally you don't get to choose different cable providers. Your city will have granted a monopoly to one of those companies, and if you wan...	[ "There may also be some large-scale owners in an industry that are not the causes of monopoly or oligopoly. Clear Channel Communications, especially since the Telecommunications Act of 1996, acquired many radio stations across the United States, and came to own more than 1,200 stations. However, the radio broadcast...
What are the benefits of inflammation? And would Ibuprofen reduce thee benefits?	The function of inflammation is to act as a cleanup crew, and to call in the repair guys when they are done. The problem is that they really like their jobs. Imagine you are in your bedroom, and a tree limb crashes through the wall. Your first step to fixing the situation is to clean up the mess. Get the tree limb ...	[ "Ibuprofen helps decrease pain in children with migraines. Paracetamol does not appear to be effective in providing pain relief. Triptans are effective, though there is a risk of causing minor side effects like taste disturbance, nasal symptoms, dizziness, fatigue, low energy, nausea, or vomiting.\n", "Like aspir...
how do pinhole cameras work?	If you can imagine the camera in the shape of an hourglass, with the pinhole being the center of the hourglass, it's a lot easier to visualize. You can think of light rays traveling in a straight line, and every light ray that passes through the pinhole gets projected onto a surface, only it's in the opposite position ...	[ "A pinspeck camera is the optical reverse of a pinhole camera: a small (point-like) obstruction (the speck) is placed in front of the film where the (pin) hole would be in a pinhole camera. (The dark screen is “replaced” by the transparent nothing around the speck.)\n", "Pinhole cameras can be handmade by the pho...
what does it mean in layman's terms for the birth control nexplanon to be 99.9% effective?	It is a get out clause just in case a pregnancy happens. They can't say 100% as that way lies lawyers	[ "BULLET::::- May 9 – The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announces that it will approve birth control as an additional indication for G. D. Searle's Enovid, making it the world's first approved combined oral contraceptive pill.\n", "BULLET::::- May 9 – The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announces that it wil...
Why exactly is 1 = √1 = √(-1)(-1) = √(-1) √(-1) = i² = -1 Impossible?	Caution: To all those criticizing me for the apparently unnecessarily long and complicated response... The answer to the question is not as simple as "there are two square roots for 1" and is it also not as simple as "√(zw) = √(z)√(w) holds only for positive z and w", although the second explanation is getting clo...	[ "The root symbol √ is traditionally prolongated by a bar (called vinculum) over the radicand (this allows avoiding parentheses for eliminating the radicand). Other functions use parentheses around the input to avoid ambiguity. The parentheses are sometimes omitted if the input is a monomial. Thus, , but , because i...
how does glass absorb uv radiation. why can't quartz glass absorb uv radiation?	Glass scientist here. Silica glass actually does allow 99%+ UV light to transmit down to about 160nm, which is well into the UV part of the spectrum. In order for it to do this though the glass has to be very, very pure. In most glass that you and I come across on a daily basis there is a large amount of impurity ions...	[ "Light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation impact glass in unique ways. While visible light can cause colorful glass to fade, ultraviolet radiation is identified as an non-problematic entity. Infrared radiation does not have a direct effect but can be a cause of heating and therefore subject the glass to problems r...
why did new york city experience a huge dramatic drop in crime rate in recent decades, while other cities like st. louis, gary, new orleans have stubbornly high crime rates?	Most cities have experienced a huge dramatic drop in crime rates in recent decades. Only a few have not dropped as much as others. The cause is unknown - it can't be policing, because the crime rate is dropping all over the world, even in places that don't police like we do. There's a suggestion that it might be t...	[ "In the 1980s, the city economy was booming. Wall Street was fueling an economic surge in the real estate market. Despite this, crime was still an issue. Beginning in the 1990s, however, crime dropped substantially. Crime in New York City has continued to decline through the 21st century.\n", "In the 1970s, job l...
What determines whether or not a soda/pop/coke has caffeine, when they're all essentially carbonated water, HFCS, and flavorings? Do they add it? And if yes, where do they get it from?	In nature caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants For most beverages it comes with the flavorings, like in some types of cola (and other similarly flavoured beverages) the caffeine as well as the taste derive from the [kola nut](_URL_3_). Other sources of caffeine (some u...	[ "BULLET::::- The U.S. is largely divided about the \"generic term for a sweetened carbonated beverage\". Nearly 53% of the surveyed sample preferred \"soda\", particularly in the Northeast, eastern Wisconsin, Greater St. Louis, the far West, and some of South Florida, with it also called \"tonic\" in some parts of ...
ftl travel	You are probably talking about Alcubierre Metric or Alcubierre Drive, it's a mathematical model that in theory work within Einstein theory. By contracting spacetime infront of your ship and expanding space behind your ship it's like riding a wave, but it's a wave of spacetime. The math work with Einstein equation, but ...	[ "\"Visiting Friends and Relatives\" (VFR tourism / VFR travel) is a substantial form of travel worldwide. Scholarly interest into VFR travel developed in the mid 1990s after Jackson’s (1990) seminal article suggested that this type of tourism was much larger than official estimates suggested. Most official data col...
If I dropped a jar filled with water into the ocean, would the pressure eventually crack it open?	Assumping the jar is incompressible (ceramic or glass or some such), and assuming the weight of the jar is of order the weight of the water inside it, then the jar will sink down through the water column and eventually the pressure difference between outside and inside will be such that the jar will be crushed. Water ...	[ "With increasing depth, the effects of pressure start to occur. The pressure is due to the weight of water above pushing down. The approximate rate of pressure increase in the ocean is 10Mega-pascals (MPa) for every kilometre that is traveled towards the seafloor. This means that hydrostatic pressure can reach up t...
How do they know the appendix evolved 30 times?	basically because there are interposing, appendixless ancestors between each of the 32 animals, in their phylogeny. At least that is what the sentence "They found that the 50 species are scattered so widely across the tree that the structure must have evolved independently at least 32 times" suggests. It is possible, ...	[ "In a more recent paper, the appendix was found to have evolved at least 32 times (and perhaps as many as 38 times) and to have been lost no more than six times. This suggests that the cecal appendix has a selective advantage in many situations and argues strongly against its vestigial nature. This complex evolutio...
what is the difference between weeds and other plants? do they negatively affect the growth of other plants somehow, or is it a matter of aesthetics?	"Weed" isn't a specific category of plants. It is simply a plant that is not wanted in a particular situation. Plants that are not weeds in some circumstances may be weeds in others. As an example, grass in a flower bed vs grass in a yard. Reasons they are considered weeds can be aesthetics and/or competition, as you ...	[ "While the term \"weed\" generally has a negative connotation, many plants known as weeds can have beneficial properties. A number of weeds, such as the dandelion (\"Taraxacum\") and lamb's quarter, are edible, and their leaves or roots may be used for food or herbal medicine. Burdock is common over much of the wor...
why do people with traumatic injuries often die from shock rather than from their injuries?	Shock doesnt mean you feel shocked emotionally. In the medical sense, shock means that your organs aren’t getting enough oxygen. If your brain doesn’t get enough oxygen, you die. There are four main types of shock: - Hypovolemic ie low blood volume often due to blood loss - this causes low blood pressure and not eno...	[ "Injuries may be caused by any combination of external forces that act physically against the body. The leading causes of traumatic death are blunt trauma, motor vehicle collisions, and falls, followed by penetrating trauma such as stab wounds or impaled objects. Subsets of blunt trauma are both the number one and ...
why do so many hetero females peruse /r/gonewild?	Comparing themselves to the competition, posting their own pictures, offering moral support to other posters in the community, checking out the naked guys, getting a thrill from going someplace slightly forbidden, and enjoying the (I assume) positive attention. I realize that's an older than 5 explanation, but you wo...	[ "The affected individuals are virtually always male, because males only have one X chromosome, received from their mothers. Their mothers are not symptomatic, even though they are carriers of the allele, because the trait is recessive. Male offspring of these women have a 50% chance of inheriting their mother's mut...
The white supremacist film Birth of a Nation (1915) has several minor characters/extras played by black actors. How did these actors feel working on this movie? How much were they paid relative to their white counterparts? Was there any controversy in the South over having black actors in a film?	As many are likely aware, blackface was employed in the film for the major, and many minor, African-American characters. [Mary Alden](_URL_3_), [George Siegmann](_URL_2_), and [Walter Long](_URL_5_), who played the roles of [Lydia Brown](_URL_4_), [Silas Lynch](_URL_1_), and [Gus](_URL_0_), would apply burnt cork to th...	[ "Over half of his film appearances were uncredited and, consistent with casting mores prevalent during the era, his roles consisted of shoeshine men, servants, porters, janitors, stablehands and slaves. He was, however, continually employed, averaging from six to eleven films per year. A story in a 1933 issue of th...
is the price of a company's stock a direct representation of its total value? for example when google has a share value of $500 is that because the company itself is valuable or just because it has a fewer amount of shares?	First, we must understand that value is a wholly subjective concept. A company does not have a true value; its value is whatever someone is willing to pay for it. Second, there are several ways to represent value. Stock price is not a good one, because it is very dependant on the number of shares available. That is w...	[ "For example, if the stock price for two companies is $25 per share and one company has a cash flow of $5 per share (25/5=5) and the other company has a cash flow of $10 per share (25/10=2.5), then if all else is equal, the company with the higher cash flow (lower ratio, P/CF=2.5) has the better value.\n", "For e...
can someone break down to me the costs of making/running a website	Let's start from the bottom: To be able to host a website, you need a website to host. User expectations are high nowadays, so unless you already are a professional webdesigner, you probably need to hire somebody. The median wage for web designers is 35$ an hour according to a quick google search. Let's say the design...	[ "BULLET::::- Can be expensive - a company might need a ghostwriter to help them write a great article that would lead customers into their website. Hiring a freelancer can cost the company some money especially if they want to hire a really good one.\n", "Setting up a web site doesn't can be done for very little ...
what's the difference between stand-your-ground and self defense?	Under traditional self-defense, you can use lethal force to defend youself from death or serious bodily harm only if you can't retreat from the situation. This is known as the "duty to retreat." There are some instances where there is no duty to retreat. Most commonly, there's no duty to retreat in your home, so yo...	[ "A stand-your-ground law (sometimes called \"line in the sand\" or \"no duty to retreat\" law) establishes a right by which a person may defend one's self or others (right of self-defense) against threats or perceived threats, even to the point of applying lethal force, regardless of whether safely retreating from ...
why do drugs like mdma not work while on ssris?	Careful, the interaction of these can also cause serotonin syndrome, which is where there’s too much serotonin accumulating in places there shouldn’t be too much of it and it is really dangerous, at BEST you will feel like absolute shit for a few days and wanna die, at worst you could die. Unless you’re super sensitiv...	[ "MDAI and other similar drugs have been widely used in scientific research, as they are able to replicate many of the effects of MDMA, but without causing the neurotoxicity which may be associated with MDMA and some related drugs. No tests have been performed on cardiovascular toxicity.\n", "MDMA has been shown t...
How well connected were disparate Jewish communities in Europe in the Middle Ages and how did they communicate with each other?	They were plenty connected! A major source of employment for Medieval Jews was trading. Jews would travel long distances to trade various goods, sometimes for long periods of time. These trade networks spanned huge distances. One of the best records of Medieval Jewish trade is in the documents of the Cairo Genizah,...	[ "Jewish communities with different colloquial languages had used Hebrew to communicate with each other across Europe and the Near East since the Middle Ages. As Jews in Palestine spoke a variety of languages such as Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, and French, inter-communal affairs that required verbal communication were ...
how does international postage work since each country has their own postal system?	The countries in the Universal Postal Union have agreed on common standards. If I pay the proper international postage rate in the United States, then any postal service will deliver to the proper address in their country after receiving the letter from the U.S. Postal Service, regardless of the local postage rates. Si...	[ "Official mail is mail sent from, or by, an authorized department of government, governmental agency or international organization and normally has some indication that it is official; a certifying cachet, return address or other means of identity, indicating its user. In some countries, postage stamps have been is...
why are multi-stage rockets better than single-stage ones?	The amount of fuel you have to burn to lift a rocket depends on its mass. So by throwing off parts of the rocket when they're not needed anymore, you can decrease its fuel needs.	[ "Multi-stage rockets are much more complicated. They involve two or more rockets stacked on top of each other, designed to launch while in the air, much like the multi-stage rockets that are used to send payloads into space.\n", "The reason multi-stage rockets are required is the limitation the laws of physics pl...
Rail gun technology for space travel...	Would it be possible to? Sure. Not with the current ISS, though. The issue is Newton's third law: it takes a lot of energy to get something to the Moon, and the launch platform is going to lose that much energy in the process (because of the way orbits work, you can't fire it so that the ISS would gain energy, either)....	[ "In addition to being considered for destroying ballistic missile threats, railguns were also being planned for service in space platform (sensor and battle station) defense. This potential role reflected defense planner expectations that the railguns of the future would be capable of not only rapid fire, but also ...
pre-nups, divorce settlements	In most states, the courts recognize that if one partner works and the other partner is a stay-at-home parent/spouse, then the income of the working partner is considered to be the total "family" income. The logic is that in a marriage, the non-working spouse is contributing her/his time to the family, while the other...	[ "Despite civil marriage being introduced in 1975, no provision was made for divorce except for the recognition of divorces granted by foreign courts. Legislation introducing divorce came into effect in October 2011 following the result of a referendum on the subject earlier in the year. It provides for no-fault div...
AskScience, Walk me through the Challenger explosion.	_URL_0_ SEQUENCE OF MAJOR EVENTS OF THE CHALLENGER ACCIDENT Mission Time Elapsed (GMT, in hr:min:sec) Event Time (secs.) Source 16:37:53.444 ME-3 Ignition Command -6.566 GPC 37:53.564 ME-2 Ignition Command -6.446 G...	[ "The Challenger (US title: The Challenger Disaster) is a 2013 TV movie starring William Hurt about Richard Feynman's investigation into the 1986 Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" disaster. The film was co-produced by the BBC, the Science Channel, and Open University, and it premiered on 12 May 2013 on BBC2.\n", "Chall...
how have we discovered many exoplanets but not the hypothesized planet x in our own solar system?	Think of a marbel in a field at night, you know it is somewhere on the field but you just cannot make it out. Now imagine it's moving. On the other hand, imagine a street light with a fly buzzing around it. You cannot see the fly but if you look at the light long enough you can just make out something changing in the ...	[ "On 6 January 2015, NASA announced the 1000th confirmed exoplanet discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope. Three of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within habitable zones of their related stars: two of the three, Kepler-438b and Kepler-442b, are near-Earth-size and likely rocky; the third, Keple...
what's wrong with performance enhancing drugs? why can't we all use them to be better?	Well, many of them have very real negative side effects. Look at [this page](_URL_0_) for a long list of bad things that can happen from anabolic steroid use. The reason they're banned in competitive sports is that they have made a decision that they want to test how well an athlete can perform simply with their own s...	[ "The use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport has become an increasing problem across a wide range of sports. It is defined as any substance or drug that, when taken, gives an athlete an unfair advantage relative to a \"clean\" athlete. The banning of these drugs promotes a level playing field and equality among...
why do conservatives seem to dominate the radio?	It's pretty simple really, aside from music stations in traffic the main demographic which listens to (talk) radio is seniors. This same demographic tends to vote conservatively and wishes to hear conservative opinions. Thus its a demand for the service, and people who wish to reach the demographic seek that out.	[ "Conservatives gained a major new communications medium with the resurgence of talk radio in the late 1980s. William G. Mayer, reports that \"conservatives dominate talk radio to an overwhelming, remarkable degree.\" This dominance enabled them to spread their message much more effectively to the general public, wh...
why does it seem you either believe in creationism or evolution?	Because evolutionary processes are a matter of scientific fact. It's been observed in the lab, in the field, and we have 4.5 billion years of fossil history that support it. Not a single piece of biological research in 150 years has contradicted it. Creationism (particularly Young Earth variants) specifically denies e...	[ "Religious beliefs may prompt an individual to deny the validity of the scientific theory of evolution. Evolution is still considered an undisputed fact within the scientific community and in academia, where the level of support for evolution is essentially universal, yet this view is often met with opposition by b...
Could redox reactions happen using positions?	To prevent annihilation, all players in the redox reaction would have to be made out of antimatter. In this case, the reaction would be chemically indistinguishable from it's normal matter counterpart. Antimatter is cool, but from a chemical standpoint, it's pretty boring.	[ "In redox processes, the reductant transfers electrons to the oxidant. Thus, in the reaction, the reductant or \"reducing agent\" loses electrons and is oxidized, and the oxidant or \"oxidizing agent\" gains electrons and is reduced. The pair of an oxidizing and reducing agent that are involved in a particular reac...
why is the vietnam war mostly used to refer to ptsd?	Vietnam was a war characterized by wandering around in the woods/jungle getting ambushed. Combine that with a large number of conscripts and a country finally getting ready to talk about mental illness without calling people pussies or pansies, and you've got a LOT of people talking about what we've always known: "War ...	[ "The addition of the term to the DSM-III was greatly influenced by the experiences and conditions of U.S. military veterans of the Vietnam War. Due to its association with the war in Vietnam, PTSD has become synonymous with many historical war-time diagnoses such as railway spine, stress syndrome, nostalgia, soldie...
In the Schism of 1054, which church diverged from the early Christian church: Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism?	Both, neither, it's more complicated (of course!) If you ask a RCC apologist, they'll tell you that the RCC is the one true church and the EOC veered off; and vice versa. But really, the early Christian movement from its very inception was a group that was subject to historical change and development. There's no, "fr...	[ "The Christian Church experienced internal conflict between the 7th and 13th centuries that resulted in a schism between the so-called Latin or Western Christian branch (the Catholic Church), and an Eastern, largely Greek, branch (the Eastern Orthodox Church). The two sides disagreed on a number of administrative, ...
why does my (android) phone care if i use the original charger?	Some devices require more charging CURRENT, not voltage, than others. An iPad, for instance, will not charge at a sensible pace with an iPhone charger because the iPhone charger is only supplying 1000mA of current, as opposed to the 2100mA the iPad's charger supplies. The HTC One M8's charger is a 1200mA example, and i...	[ "The main intended benefit for the end-user is that one battery charger can be used for batteries of different manufacturers and different chemistries. This is similar in intent to the common external power supply for mobile phones within Europe, by standardising on USB-A and micro usb cables and the use of the Typ...
How is seafood, i.e. ceviche, "cooked" by lime juice?	Proteins have a range of temperatures (and acid levels and salt concentration) that is ideal and allows them to be functional. Go outside that ideal range and the protein's structure starts to change. The protein chains can unfold and/or stick together, and after this we say that the protein has been denatured. Usuall...	[ "Smothering meat, seafood or vegetables is a cooking technique used in both Cajun and Creole cuisines of Louisiana. The technique involves cooking in a covered pan over low heat with a moderate amount of liquid, and can be regarded as a form of stove-top braising. The meat dishes cooked in this fashion are typicall...
How do we know the percentages of life that were wiped out in mass extinctions?	I recommend this book [The Ends of the World](_URL_0_) TL;DR since the fossil record is incomplete, you have to extrapolate from areas where samples are available before and after extinctions and support that data with modern populations and genetic information.	[ "The impact of mass extinction events varied widely. After a major extinction event, usually only weedy species survive due to their ability to live in diverse habitats. Later, species diversify and occupy empty niches. Generally, biodiversity recovers 5 to 10 million years after the extinction event. In the most s...
dht (trackerless torrents)	They don't, effectively what occurs is rather then have one tracker per torrent that contains every node(participant) for a particular torrent, you join a sort of mesh node in which you only need one node to join the rest. By finding one node you gain access to the torrent tracker list, however once on that list you ge...	[ "Mainline DHT is based on the popular Kademlia DHT design. Previous to usage of a DHT for distributing peers, trackers were the only method of finding peers. The key feature of using the DHT over trackers is that the decentralized approach favours the nature of the BitTorrent protocol. The DHT operates by distribut...
What was it like to train as an RAF pilot? I’m looking for information on RAF training protocol both in the interwar period just before WWII, and also during WWII	A brief overview, from [a previous post] (_URL_2_): Initial training, covering basic military training and ground instruction, could last from a few weeks to a couple of months. Successful candidates progressed to Elementary Flying Training where they would be taught by an instructor in a simple biplane such as the Ti...	[ "During World War II, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) established several operational training units to convert recently graduated pilots from advanced trainers to combat aircraft, and to add fighting ability to the flying skills they had already learned. No. 1 Operational Training Unit (No. 1 OTU) was formed...
Has Israel ever tested nuclear weapons?	The short answer is that they probably haven't conducted a test of a nuclear weapon. The reasoning behind this is that the detonation of a nuclear device is distinct and leave a number of obvious signs and signals. -For example, there is a distinctive flash of light (which lead to the possibility that the [South Afri...	[ "Israel is alleged to possess thermonuclear weapons of the Teller–Ulam design, but it is not known to have tested any nuclear devices, although it is widely speculated that the Vela Incident of 1979 may have been a joint Israeli–South African nuclear test.\n", "BULLET::::- American inspectors were allowed to make...
Historians, do you think you should look at history more objectively or more emotionally?	I think both have their merits, one more so than the other. Looking at history emotionally is what a lot of left-wing historians do, and are quick to pass moral judgement on what they discover. For example, it might be easy to be emotionally moved by a story of sex between men and boys in the early 1900s and talk abo...	[ "Since the internal thought processes of historical persons cannot be perceived with the physical senses and past historical events cannot be directly observed, history must be methodologically different from natural sciences. History, being a study of the human mind, is interested in the thoughts and motivations o...
How do space probes "slingshot" using the gravity of a planet or moon? Isn't the energy gained by gravity pulling it towards the planet cancelled out by gravity pulling it back as it leaves?	The total mechanical energy is conserved throughout the process. What happens is that the smaller body ends up stealing some kinetic energy from the larger body. Since the masses are typically very different, the changes in speed are very different as well. The speed of the smaller body changes drastically, but the spe...	[ "A gravitational slingshot can carry a space probe onward to other destinations without the expense of reaction mass. By harnessing the gravitational energy of other celestial objects, the spacecraft can pick up kinetic energy. However, even more energy can be obtained from the gravity assist if rockets are used.\n...
how does the lid of a brita filter know when the actual filter needs to be replaced?	Yes, it's just on a timer. The timer is based on normal use. If you use something sparsely, you can mostly slack off and just replace the filter when you get around to it. If you use it actively, you might consider changing it right on time.	[ "BULLET::::- The filter can be controlled by either of the two envelope generators, an ADSR (attack, decay, sustain, release) and a simple AR (attack, release) and modulated by the LFO, sample-and-hold, the keyboard, or a separate CV (pedal) input on the back panel.\n", "A disc filter is a type of water filter us...
What year was it 2,014 years ago in Rome and elsewhere?	While the ab urbe condita (AUC) era is often referenced today in historical contexts, ancient Romans themselves didn't often use it, so they would rarely if ever have called it the year 753 two thousand and fourteen years ago. They most often used consular dating, correlating each individual year with the current c...	[ "This would move the starting date back three years to 8 BC, and from the lunar synchronism back to 26 January (Julian). But since the corresponding Roman date in the inscription is 24 January, this must be according to the incorrect calendar which in 8 BC Augustus had ordered to be corrected by the omission of lea...
Help me verify a Stalin quote, please?	“The German invaders want a war of extermination against the peoples of the U.S.S.R. Well, if the Germans want a war of extermination, they will, get it. (Loud and prolonged applause)" [J. Stalin: On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (Moscow 1946), p. 31](_URL_1_) The identical quote also appears in the Ger...	[ "In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus, and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as \"the outstanding nation\" and \"leading force\" within the Soviet Union, the first ti...
how "hackers" can find all of somebodys personal information so easily, with nothing to go off of but a reddit account, or something similar.	Look through a person entire comment history. Most likely they have given out tons of information like their age, location, educational history, name, etc over time. Any photos uploaded from a digital camera will have EXIF data which contains information like location so thats always a valuable source of information. F...	[ "Hackers will uncover the IP address of the targeted person through interception software. They can also uncover personal information by discovering the Internet Services Provider of the IP address. Installing spyware and virus to the computer could misappropriate personal information either easily.\n", "Research...
from a scientific points of view, what's going on when someone "feels the presence of god" (or any other deity for that matter)?	To be fair, there could be an almost infinite amount of answers to this. Depends entirely on the circumstances/person.	[ "It is the energies of God that enable us to experience something of the Divine, at first through sensory perception and then later intuitively or noetically. As St John Damascene states, \"all that we say positively of God manifests not his nature but the things about his nature.\"\n", "God is unique, nothing is...
Is there a simple way to measure arsenic in apples or other plants?	The best way would probably be atomic absorbance spectroscopy or atomic mass spectrometry. While these are "basic" in the science community, I'm going to assume you don't have access to these methods. [Here](_URL_0_) is an outline of how to force aqueous arsenic to precipitate, which you could then weigh to determine t...	[ "Beyond the Long Ashton or English system and French system for classifying cider apples, there are other considerations for characterisation. Other measurements taken of apple varieties towards use in cider classification include pH, polyphenol composition, Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen (YAN), and soluble solid conce...
how is it that old japanese houses seem to be made mostly of paper, but don't seem to experience any problems during rain seasons?	Traditional japanese buildings are built primarily of wood and wood products, the use of stone being reserved for special buildings such as pagodas. The large roofs, usually made of tile or thatch, we're built to over lap the furthest extremities of the base, providing excellent protection from the elements.	[ "In a domestic situation, traditional Japanese houses had limited storage space. Frequently the sliding fusuma used to divide up rooms were used for the same purpose to create storage space, otherwise there was limited storage under the kitchen and sometimes an attic space was formed in the roof. Although a few imp...
how do brainfreezes from cold beverages work?	The cold beverage hits your palate, and causes the capillaries around your sinuses to rapidly contract, because capillaries contract when extreme cold is applied. Then this stimulates some pain receptors, which tell your brain something is fucked. The brain isn't used to taking shit from your sinuses, so it gets its ...	[ "Concentrated solutions when drunk have resulted in adult respiratory distress syndrome or swelling of the airway. Recommended measures for those who have ingested potassium permanganate include gastroscopy. Activated charcoal or medications to cause vomiting are not recommended. While medications like ranitidine a...
Is there a limit to how big a plane can get and still be able to fly?	There is a limit, but it is a larger limit than is likely to ever be attempted. Assuming we are able to increase the thrust in the needed proportions, the problems become primarily weight, integrity, lift and form. Weight becomes an issue because one must have sufficient fuel to power sufficient engines to move the pl...	[ "Member states are allowed to modify the low flying rule to suit their jurisdiction, for instance in the UK, the \"500 ft Rule\" allows pilots to fly below 500 ft as long as they are no closer than 500 ft to any person, vessel, vehicle, building or structure. \n", "A runway of at least in length is usually adequa...
How do autopilot cars know when it's safe to make turns?	Googling around [gave an interesting article on it](_URL_0_). It doesn't really answer the question though. It sounds like left turns are just dangerous. They either have to raise the amount of acceptable risk, or pull a Derek Zoolander and not be ambi-turners. But as Zebrahead says, two wrongs don't make a right, but ...	[ "Another flaw with automated driving systems is that in situations where unpredictable events such as weather or the driving behavior of others may cause fatal accidents due to sensors that monitor the surroundings of the vehicle not being able to provide corrective action.\n", "New drivers learn to use reference...
spf (sun protection factor) what is it exactly and how does the rating work?	SPF is "relative measure of how long a sunscreen will protect you from ultraviolet (UV) B rays." [source](_URL_0_) For example, if you normally take 1 minute to burn in the sun and you applied SPF 15, it should theoretically take you 15 minutes to burn. Additionally, you typically do not need more than SPF 30 or 50 d...	[ "The sun protection factor (SPF rating, introduced in 1974) is a measure of the fraction of sunburn-producing UV rays that reach the skin. For example, \"SPF 15\" means that of the burning radiation will reach the skin, assuming sunscreen is applied evenly at a thick dosage of 2 milligrams per square centimeter (mg...
what makes gasoline so special that it can power engines and why is it so difficult to find an alternative fuel source?	it's flammable, high energy output, easy to transport, and stays liquid in decently wide variety of temperatures. lots of things can power an internal combustion engine. diesel, peanut oil, alcohol to name a few.	[ "Propane as an automotive fuel shares many of the physical attributes of gasoline while reducing tailpipe emissions and well to wheel emissions overall. Propane is the number one alternative fuel in the world and offers an abundance of supply, liquid storage at low pressure, an excellent safety record and large cos...
how super expensive lawyers can get people off from serious charges.	They can spend more time on a case, for one. A public defender, for example, may have dozens of cases running at a time, but a law firm for a wealthy defendant may have multiple lawyers and clerks working on this single case. So, having more time, they can gather more information, research case law more thoroughly, and...	[ "The contingent fee has been described as the ‘poor man’s key to the courthouse\". Whereas, corporations or wealthy individuals can afford to hire attorneys to pursue their legal interests, the contingency fee affords any injury victim the opportunity, regardless of ability to pay, to hire the best attorney in his ...
why do people care so much about protecting coal mining jobs when only about 70,000 people are employed by coal?	It's not so much that people care about the 70,000 coal jobs, it's that they care about coal towns. Specifically there are many rural towns and cities that exist because at one point a coal mine was there. The loss of the coal mine means no more mining jobs, and since the entire town exists to support the coal mine, th...	[ "Mining has contributed to many of the air pollutions being released into the air. When mining for these resources, inexperienced employees are creating many detrimental outcomes when mining in the wrong areas or hitting gas leaks. In specifics to coal mines, communities have no choice but to leave their land behin...
How does one become a great or the terrible or such a title? There was Alexander the Great and Ivan the terrible but what exactly gave them these titles?	I can speak to Ivan the Terrible, at least, but there are a handful of ways to gain these titles. Epithets either arise during the ruler's lifetime (as is the case with Peter the Great, as following the Great Northern War the noble Gavriil Golovkin pronounced him 'the Great') or after their death, based on reflection o...	[ "In Persia, the title \"the Great\" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title \"Great King\". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia. The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet \"Great...
Did the Vikings ever use Latin as a primary language?	No. But I suppose you'll want more than that. At the height of the "Viking Age", Latin literary was restricted to the upper echelons of Christian society, namely the Clergy and Nobility, and even in those cases it was not universal. King Alfred for example laments the state of Latin (and English) teaching in his d...	[ "The lifetime of the Younger Futhark corresponds roughly to the Viking Age. Their use declined after the Christianization of Scandinavia; most writing in Scandinavia from the 12th century was in the Latin alphabet, but the runic scripts survived in marginal use in the form of the medieval runes (in use ca. 1100–150...
why are eli5 responses auto moderated such that short answers are excluded? when explaining something to a five year old its best to not be too verbose.	I just got pinged on one of these short responses... The rationale is that questions with such short an answer aren't really asking for something to be explained. They're usually fact-checking answers, something that would pop up with a google search. If a question really doesn't deserve more than a short answer, ...	[ "A feature of the Scholar's Challenge implemented in 2015, named the certainty factor, allows participants to select multiple answers per question. Though each question has only one correct answer, choosing multiple answers allows the participant to earn points inversely proportional to the number of answers chosen...
what all the verbal exchanges going on in a soccer pitch are and how international players seem to dialogue	Most players and refs are multilingual, especially the refs. Only designated captains, the ones with the armbands, are allowed to come argue with the ref, all the other players are risking a card. They have to be polite or risk getting a card for dissension. The ref will usually speak to them in common language, often ...	[ "In-game chat is the most popular of arena for interaction. Players can communicate between other players on the same team through a system supported by Voice Over IP using a microphone and headset. Players use this time for a number of types of talk: \n", "Current language exchange programs include the countries...
fasting before general anaesthetic.	If something happens (a reaction to the anaesthetic, some other drug, or some physical stimulus) and you happen to throw up while you're fully anaesthetized, you can choke on it just like someone who's passed out due to alcohol or street drugs. And while in an operating room they DO have the equipment available to suct...	[ "Preoperative fasting is the practice of a patient abstaining from oral food and fluid intake for a time before an operation is performed. This is intended to prevent pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents during general anesthesia.\n", "In addition to fasting, antacids are administered the night before (or in ...
why do laptops struggle while phones are so capable?	Phones are intended to do one task usually one which isn't very resource intensive. Your phone will happily thermal throttle (reduce performance due to heat) to prevent it from overheating. Computers are intended for complex multitasking while running powerful applications which are expected to be running at peak perfo...	[ "Laptop computers, conversely, offer portability that desktop systems (including small form factor and all-in-one desktops) can not due to their compact size and clamshell design. The laptop's all-in-one design provides a built-in keyboard and a pointing device (such as a trackpad) for its user, and can draw on pow...
why can some people eat vast amounts of food but do not appear to gain weight, tenfold to the people that do gain weight from bulk amounts of food?	They don't exist. It's all false equivalence, and anyone who says otherwise is simply wrong, as it violates the laws of thermodynamics. Energy in - energy out = weight gain/loss. It's literally impossible for someone to consume more than their bodies burn and still lose/maintain weight. There are plenty of people who...	[ "Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their healthy-weight counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.\n", "Evidence does not support the c...
In a completely dark room, how does my brain still know where my limbs are?	This is called [proprioreception](_URL_0_). Special sensory neurons within your muscles and joints report back to your brain their status and current configuration. As it's straight from your muscles other forms of sense (sight for example) are not required. Typically though this system is working along with your inner...	[ "Living Brain has the ability to analyze any situation and determine how best to achieve its goals. Like any computer, Living Brain can process and collate large amounts of information. Living Brain can find any weaknesses in a being or structure as well as determining the best situation to overcome this obstacle. ...
Did Muhammad exist, and can we know anything about him?	[This post in the FAQ covers some of what you are asking](_URL_0_)	[ "According to Welch these revelations were accompanied by mysterious seizures, and the reports are unlikely to have been forged by later Muslims. Muhammad was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages.\n", "However the idea of Muhammad's pre-existence was also a controversial one an...

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