Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
Do we know what people sounded like before the invention of recording devices?	Unfortunately the answer given by /u/Ue-MistakeNot is not quite correct. While the linked video does show an alternate pronunciation, it's not actually the pronunciation of Shakespeare. If you see other videos of the same theatre troupe and following the same research, they readily admit that each actor has their own...	[ "The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air (but could not play them back—the purpose was only visual study) was the phonautograph, patented in 1857 by Parisian inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville. The earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordi...
Would you be able to walk on lava, or sink slightly?	IRL, it is not only possible, but occasionally done. Whether it is a safe, or even sane thing to do is an entirely different matter. It boils down to a few things: * The density differential between an average person (1.-somethingish) and most lava flows (3.-ish in general, depending on composition). The viscosity m...	[ "The floor is lava (also known as hot lava) is a game in which players pretend that the floor or ground is made of lava (or any other lethal substance, such as acid or quicksand), and thus must avoid touching the ground, as touching the ground would \"kill\" the player who did so. The players stay off the floor by ...
If light has energy, does it lose that energy over time? For example, the stars we see: does that light lose energy between their point of origin and it reaching Earth?	I think it might be easier to understand the answer if you think of light not as having energy, but actually being a form of energy. Specifically, a photon is the smallest energy to which you can excite the [electromagnetic field](_URL_1_) at a given frequency. Put another way, the energy (E) is an intrinsic proper...	[ "BULLET::::- General relativity predicts that light should lose its energy when traveling away from massive bodies through gravitational redshift. This was verified on earth and in the solar system around 1960.\n", "Tired light theories challenge the common interpretation of Hubble's Law as a sign the universe is...
if water is a great conductor of electricity, why would a lightning stike lose its lethality when covering large bodies of water.	Water in and of itself is actually a poor conductor. What makes a current flow through a medium is the mobility of charged particles called ions. Pure, distilled water has no minerals or dissolved ions while regular old tap/sea water will have some minor amount of salt. The salt is made of ions, which can carry current...	[ "Besides boats and dockside power hookups, several other potential causes exist. Lightning strikes over or near water have caused electric shock drownings. Faulty hydroelectric generators or damaged underwater power lines can cause leakage currents, potentially creating a hazard. In general, anything electrically a...
Do all languages ask a question by raising the pitch of the voice at the end of the sentence? If so, why?	No, not all languages use a final rise in intonation to indicate a question. Ainu, a critically endangered language isolate spoken in the north of Japan, does not seem to distinguish questions from declarative statements. When an utterance is finished, and the speaker intends to continue, they have a flat intonationa...	[ "In non-emphatic yes/no questions the pitch rises at the end of the sentence until the last stressed syllable. If unstressed syllables follow, they often have a falling intonation, but this is not a rule.\n", "In an interrogative sentence which uses a question word, there is a rising and then falling of pitch nea...
why do humans (maybe other animals too?) adopt resting postures that don't appear to offer any relaxation advantage? crossed legs sitting or lying, hands clasped over chest, hands behind head, folded arms that kind of thing.	Just because they don’t appear to be relaxing doesn’t mean they aren’t. In all of the positions we take to rest, while we may still have muscles engaged we are resting the muscles that we were using. The reason a lot of people lay on their arms on a desk is because the top part of the spine does a lot of work to keep...	[ "In Iyengar method, the standing postures are considered invigorating due to their physical benefits such as relief from tension, aches and pains; stimulation of digestion; improvement in circulation; and strength in different body parts, It is advised to perform the standing postures dynamically and with precision...
Why is Hydrogen at the Top of the First Column of the Periodic Table?	Hydrogen has one electron in its outer shell, as do the other elements in the first column. This causes hydrogen and other elements in the first column to behave similarly in certain ways, such as forming similar chemical bonds -- for example, Group 1 and Group 7 elements bond in a one-to-one ratio (H Cl and Na Cl).	[ "Hydrogen is sometimes placed above lithium, above carbon, above fluorine, above both lithium and fluorine (appearing twice), or left floating above the other elements and not assigned to any group in the periodic table.\n", "Hydrogen is found in the first group and first period in the periodic table, i.e. it is ...
Why does the state of Georgia have so many counties?	Georgia has a long tradition of "local rule" in which the State delegates a significant amount of decision-making power to local governments. Aside from the 536 officially chartered cities, Georgia does not have "townships", "towns", "villages", "boroughs", or other significant administrative divisions at the local le...	[ "Georgia has the second largest number of counties of any state in the United States, following Texas, which has 254 counties. One traditional reasoning for the creation and location of so many counties in Georgia was that a country farmer, rancher, or lumberman should be able to travel to the legal county seat tow...
Does the Moon create 'tides' in the orbits of geosynchronous satellites?	Yes, and thus the satellite needs to undertake maneuvers using thruster burns to maintain their orbit, which is called [station keeping](_URL_1_). In general, gravitational effects of the Sun and Moon cause changes in the orbit's inclination, which must be compensated for by thrusting in a direction perpendicular to t...	[ "The theoretical amplitude of oceanic tides caused by the Moon is about at the highest point, which corresponds to the amplitude that would be reached if the ocean possessed a uniform depth, there were no landmasses, and the Earth were rotating in step with the Moon's orbit. The Sun similarly causes tides, of which...
is it better to have bright or dim lights in a crowded room?	If you are wanting a quiet atmosphere leaning toward romance or discussion you want low lighting. If you want a more vibrant atmosphere leaning toward dancing you want it brighter.	[ "BULLET::::- Avoid too-bright security lighting that creates blinding glare and/or deep shadows, hindering the view for potential observers. Eyes adapt to night lighting and have trouble adjusting to severe lighting disparities. Using lower intensity lights often requires more fixtures.\n", "The human eye's respo...
why are high end clothes like gucci intentionally bad looking?	Most high end clothes look great. Gucci is an exception because they are specifically marketing to people who want something that says "Look at me!"	[ "According to Cathy Horyn of \"The New York Times\", \"Mr. Rucci’s clothes have a devotion to elegance that can feel as pitiless as a sermon on a hot summer day,\" while Robin Givhan of \"The Washington Post\" wrote that \"Rucci's clothes are aspirational in every sense of the word. They ooze luxury from 100 paces,...
how long is a second? how heavy is a gram? how far is a meter? who came up with these definitions, and what lead to them being standardised?	Well, standard measurements are needed for both everyday use ("It's 106 miles to Chicago") and scientific use (That person needs exactly 7mg of this stuff here to live.) They're all formally defined as SI base units (_URL_0_) although the precision there is generally more than you need in everyday life.	[ "The inch per second is a unit of speed or velocity. It expresses the distance in inches (\"in\") traveled or displaced, divided by time in seconds (\"s\", or \"sec\"). The equivalent SI unit is the metre per second.\n", "The Bubnoff unit (abbreviated B) is a unit of speed equal to . In other words, 1 B is equal...
i'm in my room, at room temperature, wearing nothing but socks. why the fuck are my feet so cold?	In general, your feet are the last place which your body warms up. If your internal organs and your brain are cold (which is likely, since those parts of your body were naked) then blood will be diverted from the extremities such as hands and feet to keep these parts warm. Even wearing socks won't keep your feet warm i...	[ "Although the odour of smelly socks is often associated with feet, it arises independently of contact with human feet in various foodstuffs such as dairy products, cheeses, sausages and fish sauce, and is naturally present in several plants. The smell has also been noted in building and automotive air treatment sys...
why do we crave sugary and fatty foods and not sugar and fat?	Our cravings are part of our evolutionary history, one in which we didn't generally have piles of sugar to nibble and bowls of fat lying around to slurp on. Oh I just grossed myself out. Anyway, desire to eat things that had what we need rewarded survival. We don't have an innate awareness of 'what' exactly we are af...	[ "Fast food fat-rich meals combined with drinks containing sugar typically possess several characteristics, all of which have independently been linked to IR: they are sugar rich, palatable, and cheap, increasing risk of overeating and leptin resistance; simultaneously, they are high in dietary fat and fructose, and...
how do people who are regularly exposed to bedbugs not constantly infected with them?	Exterminators are going to be wearing protective gear to protect them from the very toxic chemicals they're spraying. Even if the chemicals didn't kill bedbugs, they're going to be extremely difficult to latch on to and it's not like the Exterminator is lying around so bedbugs can crawl on them. Hotel cleaners - in or...	[ "Infestation is rarely caused by a lack of hygiene. Transfer to new places is usually in the personal items of the human they feed upon. Dwellings can become infested with bed bugs in a variety of ways, such as:\n", "Isolation of humans is attempted with numerous devices and methods including zippered bed bug-pro...
back when the indian caste system was stronger, why couldn't people of lower castes just move to a place where no one knew them and lie about which caste they were in?	The same reasons that blacks couldn't move to other whiter areas and hope to escape slavery. There were tell-tale signs that gave away a person's identify - skin tone (lower castes had darker skin tones), name, behaviour and occupation etc.,	[ "The emergence of a caste system in the modern form, during the early British colonial rule in the 18th and 19th century, was not uniform in South Asia. Claude Markovits, a French historian of colonial India, writes that Hindu society in north and west India (Sindh), in late 18th century and much of 19th century, l...
Were there ever white cowboys, or were they invariably black?	Just curious, but where did you read this? A little more context might be useful.	[ "Black cowboys in the American West accounted for up to 25 percent of workers in the range-cattle industry from the 1860s to 1880s, estimated to be between 6,000 and 9,000 workers. Typically former slaves or born into the families of former slaves, many black men had skills in cattle handling and headed West at the...
Why is an Alpha particle denoted as a Helium atom?	An alpha particle is a helium-4 nucleus resulting from the alpha decay of a radioactive nucleus. The typical amount of kinetic energy carried away by an alpha particle after an alpha decay is around 5 MeV. That's why alpha particles are ionizing radiation. Atoms in helium gas at STP have typical kinetic energies on t...	[ "Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. Alpha particle emissions are generally produced in the process of alpha decay, but may also be produced in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α. The...
Can someone please explain to me why this doesn't work?	I'll take a stab at it. It's not that it doesn't work, it's that they seriously glossed over a necessary part for this thing to work: electricity. I would guess that the water isn't actually contributing any energy to this process, it's simply a temporary storage for energy which came from the electricity. Pure hydro...	[ "In a computer or data transmission system, to abort means to , usually in a controlled manner, a processing activity because it is impossible or undesirable for the activity to proceed or in conjunction with an error. Such an action may be accompanied by information on the aborted process.\n", "BULLET::::3. Auto...
How accurate is the statement "Not the Jews but Marxism and Social Democracy served as the prime scapegoats of Nazi propaganda"?	In order to asses and understand this statement it is necessary to know its context both in the specific book and in the larger debate this book belongs to. A Nation on Trial by Norman Finkelstein and Ruth Bettina Birn is a book that specifically deals with the so-called Goldhagen debate of the 90s and the controvers...	[ "The Holocaust was not a topic even for discussion in ministerial meetings; the one time the question was raised it was dismissed as being of no use in propaganda. Even officials in the Propaganda Ministry were told atrocities against Jews were enemy propaganda. But with the Holocaust, aggressive anti-Semitic propa...
Are words stored in specific areas of the brain?	We can't really watch your brain activity at the level of the single neurons yet (unless you're a mouse and we can open up your skull), but here are a couple points to complicate your question. By the way, I'm changing your question to "hearing the word 'cow' ten times," because it's hard to tell what people are *reall...	[ "On the one hand, many researchers and clinicians believe that semantic memory is stored by the same brain systems involved in episodic memory. These include the medial temporal lobes (MTL) and hippocampal formation. In this system, the hippocampal formation \"encodes\" memories, or makes it possible for memories t...
how did the "jews and money" thing start?	The Christian Church used to ban making money off of lending money, so banks were started by Jews.	[ "Philanthropy is an important part of Jewish culture, and many prominent Jews have made large donations to charitable causes. Derek Penslar speculates that the philanthropic tradition in the Jewish community originated in the early nineteenth century because the Jewish middle class were embarrassed by poor Jews, an...
why bugs shrink their legs to the middle when they die?	Sorry for my English. Spiders' legs are moved by their Blood or something close to Blood. They are hydraulic. If u kill spider, hydraulic preasure goes down and then you See described effect.	[ "The odd beetle displays several behaviors as a reaction to stress. When disturbed it may roll into a ball. It may undergo retrogressive molting in stressful conditions; instead of growing larger, it grows smaller with each molt.\n", "Because his human body was destroyed, Bug's mind returns to his bug body on Bug...
Heavy elements are made in the cores of collapsing stars, in huge concentric shells, e.g. one shell for iron, one shell for carbon, etc. So how does the relatively tiny Earth have such a diverse mixture of elements? How do these huge element shells mix so thoroughly?	I think you are confusing what people call "heavy elements", iron and carbon and oxygen and produced fairly abundantly by fusion in all large stars, even those which do not collapse. These not what we call heavy elements. A small amount of heavy (i.e. higher atomic mass than iron) are produced by neutron absorption. ...	[ "The core of a star is kept from collapsing by the heat generated by the fusion of nuclei of lighter elements into heavier ones. At various stages of stellar evolution, the nuclei required for this process are exhausted, and the core collapses, causing it to become denser and hotter. A critical situation arises whe...
why does blue-light strain your eyes more than yellow-light at night?	It does "strain" you in a way, but not your eyes. So the day/night cycle affects your "circadian rhythm" which is your bodies internal clock. Your body uses certain signs (light is one, when you're eating is another...) to determine the timing of your internal clock. It helps determine when you should feel sleepy/hungr...	[ "Blue light, principally around , suppresses melatonin biosynthesis, proportional to the light intensity and length of exposure. Until recent history, humans in temperate climates were exposed to few hours of (blue) daylight in the winter; their fires gave predominantly yellow light. The incandescent light bulb wid...
how do amazon reviews work?	Those aren't reviews. Amazon pester you to answer questions that you might be able to answer. People answer them so that they go away. Amazon should be filtering out the unhelpful answers themselves. In nearly every instance the question is better answered by the seller not another customer.	[ "Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicate the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicate that the re...
Did past civilizations use derogatory expressions similar to modern day racial slurs?	We get the term barbarian because Romans thought thell language of the gauls sounded like bar bar bar	[ "There are many other deliberately insulting terms. Many were in common use (e.g., \"nigger\"), but had become unacceptable in normal discourse before the end of the 20th century. One exception is the use, among the black community, of the slur \"nigger\" rendered as \"nigga\", representing the pronunciation of the...
Can all colors be expressed as wavelengths?	No, 'colors' are not wavelengths and shouldn't be confused with it. A color is a human perceptual thing, and includes mixtures of light in different wavelengths. For instance white, brown and magenta are colors that don't exist in any form as a single wavelength. But most reds, greens or blues aren't monochromatic eith...	[ "A spectral color is a color that is evoked in a normal human by a single wavelength of light in the visible spectrum, or by a relatively narrow band of wavelengths, also known as monochromatic light. Every wavelength of visible light is perceived as a spectral color, in a continuous spectrum; the colors of suffici...
how, while in heavy traffic, the left lane can be at a dead stop while the middle and right lanes are steadily moving.	Because the left lane is the "fast lane" most people instinctively merge towards the left which congest that lane further. And because the right lane is also an exit lane that leave less traffic ultimately in the right lanes since more people will immediately shift to the left lanes once they enter the freeway leaving ...	[ "In the adjacent diagram, while the left/right traffic flows through the main intersection, the left-turn traffic crosses to the opposite side of the oncoming traffic a few hundred feet away. Doing this removes the crossing conflict. When the north/south through traffic is allowed through the main intersection, the...
Have there been historical mirrors to China and India's current gender-imbalanced demographics?	This tends to happen after major wars. An extreme example is Paraguay after the War of the Triple Alliance, where only 12% of the population were men.	[ "On a global scale, gender inequality in China is relatively slight. In 2014, China ranked 91 out of 187 countries on the United Nations Development Programme's Gender Inequality Index (GII). Among the GII components, China's maternal mortality ratio was 32 out of 100,000 live births. In education 58.7 percent of w...
cthulhu and the lovecraft appeal	I made a youtube video about this: _URL_0_	[ "In 2006, Bethesda Softworks together with Ubisoft and 2K Games published a game made by Headfirst Productions called \"\" based on the works of Lovecraft. Cthulhu himself does not appear, as the main antagonists of the game are the Deep Ones from \"The Shadow Over Innsmouth\", and the sea god Dagon, but his presen...
why is it that we can consume substantially more liquid by weight than we can food?	Liquid is absorbed faster. Water fastest of all as it needs 0 digestion. Solid foods start chemical reactions and your body notices it and has to work before it can be advanced to the intestines.	[ "Weight in the form of food can also be reduced by choosing foods that have the highest ratio of calories per weight. Proteins and carbohydrates have approximately 4 kcal per gram whereas fat has 9 kcal per gram, thus carrying foods high in fat content can reduce weight, such as:\n", "The weight loss effects of w...
why does wearing black make people seem slimmer?	Because black absorbs most light, rather than reflecting it like lighter colours, we can't see much detail in dark clothing. When we see someone wearing a light coloured item of clothing, more light reflects: specifically, it reflects differently depending on the shape of the person - lots of shadows, different light ...	[ "Proving that Black is Beautiful has bled into fashion, where the idea is that dressing with sophistication in mind allows for one to command automatic respect from those around them. This is best exemplified in Black Dandyism, a male fashion movement best described through Monica Miller's book \"Slaves to Fashion\...
When our bodies grow, are we just taking atoms from water and food and converting them into biological matter?	Yes and no. One of the essential processes of life is assimilation, which is where the body takes in organic compounds, such as protein, and then breaks these organic materials down into more useable materials. For example, from proteins come amino acids. These amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are then syn...	[ "From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the...
I'm looking for books on the history of Buddhism as state religion. Any recommendations?	I can't say much towards more eastern traditions, if you're interested in how this played out in Tibet I can recommend a few good (non-political) books on the subject. Melvyn C. Goldstein's A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State and *A History of Modern Tibet, volume 2: The Calm Before ...	[ "1984. ‘Buddhism in \"Handbook of Living Religions\", ed. J.R. Hinnells, Harmondsworth, Penguin, New York, Viking, 1984, pp. 273–343. An expanded version of this is in \"A New Handbook of Living Religions,\" ed. J.R. Hinnells, Oxford, Blackwell, 1997, pp. 369–444: perhaps the best concise overview of Buddhism. (Not...
How risky was being a druglord in the late 1700s early 1800s?	There were no druglords at that point. They would have nothing to sell, because all medicines, herbs and alcohol were legal. Synthetic drugs like cocaine, meth and heroin didn't exist yet. Even opium was legal, with the exception of China, which had some trouble with British opium exorts, which led to the opium wars. S...	[ "In 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of Sonoratown in Los Angeles, where police raided two \"dream gardens\" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis. In 1925, possession, which had previously been treated the same as distribution, became punishab...
can a person or group of people citizen arrest a police officer?	It is technically possible, if you witness that officer committing a crime in your presence. However, know that it is very dangerous legally. Even if you assume that other police officers don't try and stop you from making the arrest... * If you arrest someone wrongly, regardless of whether or not they are a law enf...	[ "Police and various other officers have powers of arrest. In some places, a citizen's arrest is permitted; for example in England and Wales, any person can arrest \"anyone whom he has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be committing, have committed or be guilty of committing an indictable offence,\" although cert...
Was Shakespeare's plays controversial at the time	This is a bit of a thorny question. Might get some details wrong cause it's been a long day, so I'll try to double-check tomorrow for any slip-ups, but: In Shakespeare's time, plays were a popular entertainment, but they also were frowned upon by the upper class. For most of his career, Shakespeare belonged to 'The Ki...	[ "During the 1660–1700 period, stage records suggest that Shakespeare, although always a major repertory author, was not as popular on the stage as were the plays of Beaumont and Fletcher. In literary criticism he was nevertheless acknowledged as an untaught genius. In the 18th century, the works of Shakespeare domi...
If a knife cuts your finger, what is stimulating your pain receptors once the knife is gone (after the cut has been made)?	Cell damage is one of the big ones. When a cell pops open, it releases stuff (e.g., endothelin, bradykinins) that shouldn't be outside of the cell. This stuff hangs around and causes pain. Another factor is the arachidonic acid pathways. In response to damage, cells will start to convert membrane lipids into things...	[ "The piercer will check the underside of the tongue for large blood vessels, sometimes with a bright light, and mark a safe placement for the piercing. The tongue is then clamped with forceps and pierced with a needle, usually from top to bottom with a piercing needle or from bottom to top with a cannula needle. In...
how warm ice caves in antarctica do not melt.	The fact that the cave exists shows that ice is removed, either flowing away as liquid water or vapour. Imagine the heat source being very close to the mass of ice. A short distance means that there isn't much isolation between the heat and the ice (air is a great isolation), so more ice will melt and the cave grows....	[ "In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a \"thread\" of ice about wide, prior to its...
What exactly defines a "peasant"? Why don't we refer to people as peasants anymore? When did we stop?	Peasant was a very specific role played in a medieval village, though they were not always referred to by that title (title's the wrong word, since peasants weren't really given "titles", but you know what I'm saying.) In short, they were among the lowest classes of the very structured medieval fief system. Not all p...	[ "The word \"peasant\" is derived from the 15th-century French word \"païsant\" (compare Italian \"paesano\"), meaning one from the \"pays\", or countryside; ultimately from the Latin \"pagus\", or outlying administrative district.\n", "Though \"peasant\" is a word of loose application, once a market economy had t...
why does keeping food sealed away from air help keep it fresh?	Lots of foods either dry out as their moisture escapes into the surrounding air, or absorb moisture from the surrounding air. Either of those will change the texture and potentially the taste of the food. Keeping the air out also prevents any drifting bacteria or fungal/mold spores from colonizing whatever you're stori...	[ "From a culinary viewpoint, the exclusion of air is secondary, but this has practical importance. It allows cooked food to be stored, still sealed and refrigerated, for considerable times, which is especially useful for the catering industry, and it excludes oxygen from food that requires long cooking and is suscep...
What is the use of the horizontal plug of US/CAN electrical outlets?	They are nicknamed "T slot" receptacles that can take either a 15amp or 20amp device. A 20amp device will have a plug with the blade at a right angle being hot with the normally oriented (at least for you) blade being neutral. A 15amp (or less) device will have a "standard" plug. You don't want to plug a 20amp devic...	[ "AC power plugs and sockets connect electric equipment to the alternating current (AC) power supply in buildings and at other sites. Electrical plugs and sockets differ from one another in voltage and current rating, shape, size, and connector type. Different standard systems of plugs and sockets are used around th...
why do electronics need to turn themselves off and back on to update?	I'm not a gamer, but in the "big systems" (IBM) world I work in, there are two types of storage... working storage/memory; and permanent storage/memory. Updates are written to permanent memory, but the copy in working memory has to be refreshed. You don't have to power cycle the unit after an upgrade, but then the new ...	[ "BULLET::::- Malfunction of the verification mechanism can cause vital software to suddenly stop working until re-activated or patched. This can happen in response to detected changes of installed hardware, other software, of the operating system.\n", "When producers face either the financial or physical burden o...
What does "feeling" hot / warm / cold mean?	We have sensory receptors that can detect change in internal and external environment. A receptor detects a change in the environment and transforms the data into a nerve impulse (electro-chemical) that can be transfered to the brain. There are four main types of receptors: chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermorece...	[ "\"Feel the Heat of the Night\" is a song recorded by German musical group Masterboy. It was released in June 1994 and is taken from their album, \"Different Dreams\". The song is Masterboy's fifth charting single and the vocals are performed by Trixi Delgado. It achieved success in many countries, particularly in ...
our knowledge about atoms	Tons of complex experiments. It started of with Rutherfords gold-foil experiment that revealed that atoms are largely empty space, by shooting helium nuclei to a gold foil and measuring how they bounce of. Then Bohr was able to show how it comes that each element has specific spectral lines when heated up enough. The e...	[ "Before this paper, atoms were recognized as a useful concept, but physicists and chemists hotly debated whether atoms were real entities. Einstein's statistical discussion of atomic behavior gave experimentalists a way to count atoms with an ordinary microscope. Wilhelm Ostwald, one of the leaders of the anti-atom...
What is Martian soil like? Is there more than one kind, like on Earth?	Well, clay is mostly defined by the size of its particles, which are extremely tiny and fine. On Earth, it's typically made from tiny particles of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline earths. And it turns out that hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate...	[ "Martian soil is the fine regolith found on the surface of Mars. Its properties can differ significantly from those of terrestrial soil, including its toxicity due to the presence of perchlorates. The term Martian soil typically refers to the finer fraction of regolith. On Earth, the term \"soil\" usually includes ...
what actually makes teeth decay?	Bacteria in a film known as plaque, which you can reduce by brushing, secrete acids when you eat sugary foods. This weakens the structure of your teeth. You can contribute to wearing it down through actions like aggressive brushing (use a soft toothbrush, and brush lightly), especially if you do so immediately after e...	[ "Tooth decay is caused by biofilm (dental plaque) lying on the teeth and maturing to become cariogenic (causing decay). Certain bacteria in the biofilm produce acid in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose.\n", "Tooth decay is caused by certain types of acid-producing ba...
why so many youtube commenters have this as their profile picture	"Oh yeah yeah. Oh yeah yeah. Oh yeah yeah. Oh yeah yeah yea yea. I'm in the litty comitte. You're in the titty comitte. Oh yeah yeah. " It's the profile pic of a youtuber who made an song named Oh yeah yeah.	[ "Aligned comments () is a cultural phenomenon in which users align their comments for special effect. Comment art () is a phenomenon inspired by the 2chAA community, in which lines of comments collectively form a picture. Since comment art is sometimes perceived as waste of system resources, some of the forums proh...
How much do tidal forces affect volcanic and magmatic activity?	As /u/Ocean-Chemist stated, there is no consensus as to whether tidal forces are relevant with respect to volcanic eruptions on Earth. Personally I suspect in my professionnal opinion that if they are relevant at all, they aren't relevant very much. HOWEVER, there is no controversy whatsoever about tidally-driven volc...	[ "Tidal effects become particularly pronounced near small bodies of high mass, such as neutron stars or black holes, where they are responsible for the \"spaghettification\" of infalling matter. Tidal forces create the oceanic tide of Earth's oceans, where the attracting bodies are the Moon and, to a lesser extent, ...
if there is a buyer for every seller, why do the price of stocks go down as people sell?	You're on the playground and just bought 10 cookies for a steal at 1$ a piece! You watch a kid that presumably has the same cookies as you sell his for 1.50$ but you see the buyers all vomit the cookies. Do you sell your cookies before everyone finds out they're bad? Yes. How do you sell cookies fast? Lower the pr...	[ "One can explain this alternately as the price not adjusting down—the price is too high, with supply being too high, or alternatively demand being too low, or by the theory of an equilibrium price not holding—the price at which sellers will sell is higher than the price at which buyers will buy.\n", "The price of...
why can't humans crossbreed with other primates in the same way that (for example) lions and tigers can?	Lions and tigers are both in the same genus, Panthera, while humand and chimps are in different genuses. While these are simply labels we have used to organize these species, lions & tigers are more closely related to each other than humans & chimps. Humans & chimpanzees do not have the same number of chromoso...	[ "Primate hybrids usually arise in captivity, but there have also been examples in the wild. Hybridization occurs where two species' range overlap to form hybrid zones; hybrids may be created by humans when animals are placed in zoos or due to environmental pressures such as predation. Intergeneric hybridizations, h...
When and how did WRITING IN ALL CAPS come to signify "shouting"?	All-caps indicated importance and emphasis for ~~thousands of years~~ centuries, and were occasionally used to indicate shouting as far back as the 1940's (as evidenced in Philippa Schuyler's biography). The practice became widespread in Usenet newsgroups around 1984, when one user summed it up as: > there seem to ...	[ "With the advent of the bulletin board system, or BBS, and later the Internet, typing messages in all caps commonly became closely identified with \"shouting\" or attention-seeking behavior, and may be considered rude. Its equivalence to shouting traces back to at least 1984 and before the Internet, back to printed...
how do wild animals know not to eat poisonous fruits and plants while in the forest?	There was an experiment done with monkeys a while back. They put a bunch of monkeys in a room. In the middle, was a ladder with a banana (prize) on top. But anytime a monkey grabbed for the banana, all the monkeys would get sprayed with a hose. So after a while, anytime a monkey would go for the banana, the others wo...	[ "Other animals usually avoid eating \"Ipomoea\" due to the high alkaloid content which makes it unpalatable. In some cases the amount of alkaloid in the plant can make it toxic. However certain caterpillars are capable of digesting the plant.\n", "The fruit is not poisonous to humans or livestock, but is not pref...
why can't felons own guns if the right to bare arms cannot be infringed?	None of the rights put forward in the constitution are absolute. All are conditional. You have a right to free speech, but the state is allowed to arrest you for speech that incites violence and court cases have repeatedly supported this exemption to free speech. You have a right to bear arms, but the state is allowed ...	[ "In \"United States vs. Barton\" (2011), Hardiman rejected a challenge to the federal law that bans felons from owning firearms. However, in \"Binderup v. Attorney General\" (2016), he held that such a prohibition could cover only dangerous persons who are likely to use firearms for illicit purposes. He wrote \"the...
hezbollah.	I am assuming you ask now because of the recent attack in Syria. Hezbollah's history is rooted in WWII after the Jews came to Israel and formed their own homeland. To the rest of the Arab world, Israel threw out the previous inhabitants and made way for themselves. Although more and more countries have recognized Is...	[ "Hezbollah () is an Iranian movement formed at the time of the Iranian Revolution to assist the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his forces in consolidating power. References in the media or writing are usually made to members of the group—or Hezbollahi—rather than Hezbollah, as Hezbollah is/was not a tightly struct...
Why did Hitler not concentrate all resources on winning WWII, and then exterminate the Jews?	There is the theory that Hitler was a reactionary, 'non-interventionist' dictator, and so the Nuremberg Laws and the Final Solution were largely due to pressure from Nazi supporters and his peers. I'll let you read on the theory itself as you can talk about all kinds of supporting evidence etc! There is no doubt that ...	[ "Journal entries from Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels support the position that Hitler was the driving force behind the destruction of the Jews as well; Goebbels wrote that Hitler followed the subject closely and described the Führer as \"uncompromising\" about eliminating the Jews. As historian David Welch ass...
What was early Medieval daily monastic life like?	What do you consider "early medieval"? We have one main source - the [Rule of St. Benedict](_URL_0_) - for what monastic life was supposed to be like. The Rule begins to be adopted under the papacy of Gregory I (d. 604), and is firmly established as the primary governing rule of western monasticism by the eighth...	[ "Monastic life in the Middle Ages was strictly centered around prayer and manual labor. In the early Middle Ages, there were many attempts to set out an organization and routine for monastic life. Montalembert cites one such sixth-century document, the Rule of Saint Ferréol, as prescribing that \"He who does not tu...
why/how does does the us senate majority leader have more power than any other us senator?	The Majority Leader is not a position defined in the Constitution, it's just a rule of the Senate. The Senate gets to make its own rules for how debates and votes are structured. One of those rules is that the person in charge gets to decide what bills are actually worth debate. The person in charge is chosen by a s...	[ "In the federal Congress, the role of the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and the Majority Leader of the United States Senate differ slightly. In the United States Senate, the majority leader is the chief spokesperson for the majority party, as the president of the Senate is also the V...
To what degree can the 1972 Munich Massacre be attributed to the poor handling of the entire crisis by the German authorities?	A lot of blame for the crisis' eventual outcome is generally laid at the feet of the German authorities (both state and federal.) [Recently declassified documents](_URL_2_) obtained by Der Spiegel suggest, for example, that the German government received intelligence warning of a planned attack during the Olympics we...	[ "The Munich massacre was perpetrated during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. 11 members of the Israeli team were taken hostage by Palestinian terrorists. A botched German rescue attempt led to the death of all 11 Israeli athletes and coaches. Five of the terrorists were shot and three survived unharmed. The thre...
How old is crocheting really?	One may think that crocheting should have been invented sooner, but we simply don't have any evidence dating back to before the 19th century. Crossovers exist, though. Danish nålebinding, dating as far back as 300 BC, which certainly predates crocheting, is a crossover between crocheting and knitting. Research sugge...	[ "The oldest knitted artifacts are socks from Egypt, dating from the 11th century CE. They are a very fine gauge, done with complex colorwork and some have a short row heel, which necessitates the purl stitch. These complexities suggest that knitting is even older than the archeological record can prove.\n", "Croc...
how do radio stations make money?	For the most part by playing advertisements - the more listeners the radio station has the more they can charge out their air time to advertisers.	[ "In the United States, commercial radio stations make most of their revenue by selling airtime to be used for running radio advertisements. These advertisements are the result of a business or a service providing a valuable consideration, usually money, in exchange for the station airing their commercial or mention...
why can't you re-freeze defrosted chicken?	I've never been able to find a source that explains this clearly. The issue is not thawing in the refrigerator and refreezing, although that will somewhat degrade the quality. The problem is thawing at room temperature, which allows bacteria to grow at very high rates. Re-freezing does not kill the bacteria, it just ...	[ "It is safe to freeze chicken directly in its original packaging, but this type of wrap is permeable to air and quality may diminish over time. Therefore, for prolonged storage, it is recommended to overwrap these packages. It is recommended to freeze unopened vacuum packages as is. If a package has accidentally be...
why is the american presidential race always filled with such stupid candidates?	Because there are enough dumb ignorant Americans to vote them into office Source: American	[ "Widely viewed as a very open contest with no clear front-runner, potential candidates fluctuated in the polls for an extended period from late 2012 to the end of 2015. In the year prior to the election season, a total of 17 major candidates campaigned for the nomination, thus making it the single largest president...
Why do Seattle and Vancouver get less snow than cities in New England, despite being at a higher latitude and having colder ocean water?	Because, although the ocean is comparatively colder on the West Coast than the East Coast, it is still [well above freezing](_URL_0_) (40-50F, 5-10C). Prevailing winds during the winter in the mid-latitudes (between 30 and 60 degrees from the equator, where most people live) almost always have a westerly component to t...	[ "The urban heat island temperature difference is not only usually larger at night than during the day, but also larger in winter than in summer. This is especially true in areas where snow is common, as cities tend to hold snow for shorter periods of time than surrounding rural areas (this is due to the higher insu...
why wells fargo won't fail due to their latest (assumed) illegal activity?	Hahaha... Free Market rid itself of profit seeking entities.... you may as well as water to stop being wet. Ok, that came out mean... but it is the truth. The Free Market is working exactly as intended, Well Fargo's employs were acting on market forces to try and turn a profit. It is the lack of Free Market (ie Re...	[ "On February 2, 2018, the US Federal Reserve Bank barred Wells Fargo from growing its nearly US$2 trillion-asset base any further, based upon years of misconduct, until Wells Fargo fixes its internal problems to the satisfaction of the Federal Reserve. In April 2018, \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that the US...
should you wash dishes before putting them into the dishwasher?	Rinse, yes. Wash, no. For the detergent to work properly it needs residues to stick on to and wash off.	[ "When using a dishwasher, the user must select a special detergent for its use. All detergents are designed for use after the user scrapes leftover food from the dishes before washing. To function, the user places dishes in the dishwasher in such fashion that the surface of all dishes is open to the flow of water.\...
Are laser weapons simply beyond our grasp for the time being or impossible/impractical compared to 'conventional' weapons?	Directed energy weapons (DEW) already exist, however they're not what you probably imagine them as. Many people think of the insta-kill blast that causes the target to instantaneously explode; that isn't how it works. The weapons we use today require the beam to be continually focused on the target until desired effe...	[ "Most of these projects have been cancelled, discontinued, never went beyond the prototype or experimental stage, or are only used in niche applications. Effective, high performance laser weapons seem to be difficult to achieve using current or near-future technology.\n", "It is prohibited to employ laser weapons...
Would launching space rockets from higher elevations reduce fuel requirements?	[Wired](_URL_0_) actually explored this in an article. They explain that launching from a mountain only gives you a small amount of gain (about 0.2%), but there are other factors that would work to your advantage, namely that being on top of a mountain would greatly reduce the air pressure on the rocket, which is a hug...	[ "Another advantage to high altitude launches is that it eliminates the need to throttle back the engine when the \"max Q\" limit is attained. Rockets launched in thick atmosphere can go so fast that air resistance may cause structural damage. Engines are throttled back when maxQ is reached, until the rocket is high...
how do fishermen on those large trawlers with nets catch the exact fish they are looking for?	The fishing spots are not randomly chosen. They are chosen because there is a lot of the desired fish there. Different fish will have specialized themselves to feed on different food, swim at different depths and handle different ocean conditions. So if you go to the place that best fits the fish you are after and thro...	[ "The boats cruise along the edge of the continental shelf where billfish can be found down to 200 metres (600 ft), sometimes near weed lines at the surface and submarine canyons and ridges deeper down. Commercial fishermen usually use drift nets or longlines to catch billfish, but recreational fishermen usually dri...
How did the European time zone ended up like that?	IANAH - I'm guessing it's because France does a lot of trading and cultural exchange with its neighbouring countries Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy and Spain trades with France. Both countries probably decided it was too much hassle to be out of sync with their main trading partners or some such. I'm just sp...	[ "In 1940, Francisco Franco changed the time zone by changing 16 March 1940 23:00 Greenwich Mean Time to 17 March 1940 00:00 Central European Time during World War II. This was made permanent in 1942 in order to be in line with German occupied Europe. Several western European countries, including France, Belgium, an...
why do we already start sweating below 30°c if our body temperature is around 36°c?	Your body temperature (which is closer to 37°C IIRC) is the result of an equilibrium. The stuff you do to keep alive generates heat. You also lose heat to the environment. These have to be in a balance to maintain a constant body temperature. The difference between your internal temperature and the external air t...	[ "In humans, sweating is primarily a means of thermoregulation, which is achieved by the water-rich secretion of the eccrine glands. Maximum sweat rates of an adult can be up to 2–4 liters per hour or 10–14 liters per day (10–15 g/min·m), but is less in children prior to puberty. Evaporation of sweat from the skin s...
Why does shaving a husky make it's fur never grow back the same?	Some dogs, especially huskies and german shepherds, are double coated (like most other northern canidae and canines) , meaning they have a undercoat that insulates for colder temperatures and a course outer coat to protect against insects and the sun. This undercoat is shed in the summer, but the outer coat remains. ...	[ " Mink fur is durable. The hairs are rather short, but very thick and soft. The guard hairs do not break readily, and the underfur does not tend to become matted. Sunlight gradually fades its original dark brown color a warmer tone, making it less attractive.\n", "It tends to grow longer in colder climates. The g...
what is the difference between ram and memory?	All RAM is memory. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. In a PC, we use RAM as fairly fast memory that is one of the first places the microprocessor (the "brain") goes to look for information. RAM is relatively expensive (compared to some other kinds of electronic memory devices), and it also has a big drawback: when ...	[ "For simplicity, main memory is called \"RAM\" (an acronym of \"random-access memory\") and secondary storage is called \"disk\" (a shorthand for \"hard disk drive\"), but the concepts do not depend on whether these terms apply literally to a specific computer system.\n", "In contemporary usage, \"memory\" is usu...
gaussian function	Each pixel's value is reset so that it's a weighted average of all the nearby pixels. The weights are highest for the nearby pixels and smallest for distant pixels. The Gaussian function (bell curve) is one way to define how these values fall with distance. It has a number that controls the width, usually called stand...	[ "In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function \"F\"(\"a\",\"b\";\"c\";\"z\") is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases. It is a solution of a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). E...
if we were to replicate the hubble deep field image using the james webb space telescope would we see more galaxies?	Very probably, almost definitely. More resolution equates to more visibility. In telescopes the aperture is king. The Hubble WFC3 has a 2.4 m aperture while the JWST boasts a 6.5 m. With that added resolution very distant galaxies could split to be two or three when we see them more clearly. If you're asking if we co...	[ "Beginning in the 1990s, the Hubble Space Telescope yielded improved observations. Among other things, Hubble data helped establish that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely consist of inherently faint and small stars. The Hubble Deep Field, an extremely long exposure of a relatively empty part of th...
What advantage did the "checkerboard" formation of early Roman maniples provide?	How exactly the phase of contact worked out and how the intervals and how they were reinforced or the intervals closed is not really clear. Livy recounts how it might have happened: > when an army had been marshalled in this fashion, the hastati were the first of all to engage. if the hastati were unable to defeat ...	[ "The traditional Iron Age roundhouse, enclosed by a ditch and revetted bank, was used by the Carvetii during the first half of the Roman period. Sometimes, dry-stone walls were used instead of the bank. In the mid-Roman period, probably in the 3rd-century, a change took place in that the round structures were repla...
how can i move across the united states	Going to college across the country will be difficult. You'll be paying out-of-state tuition, which is often triple or more in-state costs. Can you give a more specific idea of where you want to go and why?	[ "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 40 million United States citizens have moved annually over the last decade. Of those people who have moved in the United States, 84.5% of them have moved within their own state, 12.5% have moved to another state, and 2.3% have moved to another country.\n", "This is a list of ...
Translations of Soviet scientific papers to English?	My understanding is that most of the translation of Russian to English for scientific purposes was done by the Americans, not by the Soviets. The US devoted relatively huge resources to translation projects in order to keep abreast of Soviet work and advancements. This was, interestingly enough, a major motivation for ...	[ "Its scope was domestic and translated special and tutorial literature in various domains of science and engineering: mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, agriculture, transport, energy, etc. Many Soviet scientists and engineers were its contributors. The staff provided translation from original Russian. In ad...
Does mental retardation occur in animals?	Yes it does. However in the wild they don't last very long. Often they are still birthed, or simply die in infancy from lack of nourishment. If they do live longer than that they often die from predators or other dangerous situations that they are not capable of dealing with. Domestic animals are a different story....	[ "Psychomotor retardation is most-commonly seen in people with major depression and in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder; it is also associated with the adverse effects of certain drugs, such as benzodiazepines. Particularly in an inpatient setting, psychomotor retardation may require increased nursing care to...
To what extent did Islamic traditions (rituals, symbolism, etc) derive from pre-Islamic religions? And to what extent were Islamic traditions an active rejection/rebellion against established pre-Islamic religions?	Super interesting question. A quick point of clarification before I dive in: it is true that Muhammad's tribe controlled the pilgrimage and trade, but it's rather unlikely that this was co-opted into Islam for financial reasons. For one, the revelation for Muslims to participate in the pilgrimage to Mecca came while n...	[ "Islamic culture generally includes all the practices which have developed around the religion of Islam. There are variations in the application of Islamic beliefs in different cultures and traditions.\n", "Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions ...
systemic racism	> what is it. So societies create institutions, which are basically the laws and norms that make up how we run society. Systematic racism is the idea that these institutions, which are shaped by the actions of millions of people and are not consciously controlled by anyone, create different outcomes for a person of ...	[ "Institutional racism (also known as systemic racism) is a form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions. It is reflected in disparities regarding wealth, income, criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power and education, among other factors.\n", "Institutio...
How does "mathematical Platonism" fit in the general scientific worldview?	Philosophy of mathematics is pretty much irrelevant to science- why would the abstract existence (or lack thereof) of mathematical constructs affect their use in science?	[ "Mathematical Platonism is the form of realism that suggests that mathematical entities are abstract, have no spatiotemporal or causal properties, and are eternal and unchanging. This is often claimed to be the view most people have of numbers. The term \"Platonism\" is used because such a view is seen to parallel ...
What determines the distribution of energy between an electron and a neutrino in Beta Decay?	> I have found is that it is random but I am not entirely satisfied with that answer. Well unfortunately, that is the answer. There’s a three-body final state, so the phase space for each particle is not discrete. The energy spectrum of each individual one is continuous up to some endpoint. Exactly which value each ...	[ "The neutrinos emitted in beta decay will have a spectrum of energy ranges, because although momentum is conserved, the momentum can be shared in any way between the positron and neutrino, with either emitted at rest and the other taking away the full energy, or anything in between, so long as all the energy from t...
why is talking about politics and governance a "sensitive" thing.	Because it starts arguments, and arguments are uncomfortable. If you want to talk politics, you need to find someone who's not only interested in politics, but either has your opinion on them, or is willing to argue with you without it destroying your friendship. It's generally a bad idea to argue politics with family...	[ "“I do care when my friends are disturbed because of me and even find me offensive. But, it is impossible for me to share their faith in the political process and to believe that anything will be accomplished through politics to change or even to improve temporarily the wretched human condition. I have no faith in ...
how do flies get into surfaces where they don't fit into	I suspect that the body of the fly is smaller then you suspect and it can get deformed.Holes in net to keep insect out is smaller then that for a reason. Look at [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) for a human trough a hole. The limitation for a human is the width of the chest and the width of the head (you can turn it 90 degree). ...	[ "Flies can be controlled, at least to some extent, by physical, chemical, or biological means. Physical controls include screening with small mesh or the use of vertical strips of plastic or strings of beads in doorways to prevent entry of flies into buildings. Fans to create air movement or air barriers in doorway...
nutrition/eating healthily.	I believe the easiest and simplest quote that everybody uses to start is this: "Eat food, not too much, mostly plants." That's a Michael Pollan quote from his book, In Defense of Food. Below is an incredibly short summary and you should use this as a starting point, and then buy his book and read it. So, what is ...	[ "An important way to maintain your personal health is to have a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods that provide nutrients to your body. Such nutrients give you energy and keep your body running. Nutrients help build and strengthen bones, muscles, and tendons and al...
is the periodic table of elements complete?	An element 119 is certainly possible; in fact, it may be possible to create elements (artificially in a lab) with extremely high atomic numbers. More likely, however, is that there is a practical limit after which larger atoms are too unstable to exist for any amount of time. This happens for two reasons: electron orbi...	[ "An extended periodic table theorizes about chemical elements beyond those currently known in the periodic table and proven up through oganesson, which completes the seventh period (row) in the periodic table at atomic number (\"Z\") 118.\n", "The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements, which a...
why people, in youtube comments, feel obliged to justify their presence ?	They seek reverence and praise for being niche and liking (what is socially deemed) more tasteful/sophisticated. They feel a sense of inclusion and worth through cyber-camaraderie, in a world where emotional interaction is largely replaced by screen-related communication.	[ "They feel an obligation to give when they are asked for something. This feeling is reinforced by their belief that to refuse a request can cause super-natural harm to the person \"refused\" and by their knowledge that this will evoke the anger of the community at the offender.\n", "Some women cite the feelings o...
how can people on hgtv shows afford $400k-$900k homes with middle income jobs?	I just bought a $700k home near Toronto. At 25, I saved 25% for a down payment of my first condo valued at $160k. At 32, I sold and moved up to a bigger condo ($225k). At 39, I got married. We sold our two condos and bought a house with over 50% down payment. TL;DR: Saving 25% down payment is easy if your fi...	[ "Thanks to the show's popularity, the homes featured on the show have become desirable to either purchase or rent. At least six of the homes are available to rent through Airbnb or VRBO. Owners are renting them for anywhere from $250 to $350 a night.\n", "The network stated that its audience consisted of 61% men ...
Given the only the DNA of an unknown species, would scientists be able to figure out its traits?	There is no computer that can read a genetic code and simulate growth of an organism if that's what you mean. We could determine its closest relatives and shared ancestors based on genetic similarity. Beyond that, we know how some genes affect appearance in certain species, so we could possibly predict some traits.	[ "Analysis of DNA sequences is becoming increasingly standard for species recognition and may in many cases be the only useful method. Different methods are used to analyse such genetic data, for example molecular phylogenetics or DNA barcoding. Such methods have greatly contributed to the discovery of cryptic speci...
Is there a difference between period blood and the blood in our veins?	Period blood contains a bunch of stuff that isn't found in your veins (specifically the lining of the endometrium that sloughs off during menatruation), but the blood itself comes from your circulatory system. Apologies if I'm wrong, I am a guy and don't have a complete understanding of the female reproductive system.	[ "In 2nd century AD Rome, the Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave ...
what technological advancement led to fast charging cords for smartphones?	The faster you charge a battery, the more it wears down while doing so. Charging it very slowly keeps the battery life up, and makes the electronics involved in it simpler, and therefore less expensive. So as battery technology improved, faster charging cycles became more viable. The other thing is the USB standard, w...	[ "However the fastest growing use is wireless charging pads to recharge mobile and handheld wireless devices such as laptop and tablet computers, cellphones, digital media players, and video game controllers.\n", "The proliferation of portable wireless communication devices such as mobile phones, tablet, and lapto...
why must a user enter “cents” in a bank atm machine if it doesn’t dispense coins?	When they're doing this the bank means to be very explicit about exactly how much money you were expecting to get so as to set expectations.	[ "Automated teller machines (ATMs) enable customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions without attending a branch. This enables, for example, cash to be withdrawn from an account outside normal branch trading hours. However, ATMs usually have quite low limits for cash withdrawals, and there...
Does the energy produced by a solar panel during its lifespan exceed that required for its production?	Yes it does, but the energy payback time is significantly higher than for fossil fuel generators. For PV it is somewhere around 1.5 to 3 years (depending on technology, location, method of measurement), whereas for a diesel generator it's only a couple of hours. Still, PV is much cleaner than fossil fuels, and com...	[ "The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system. For example, a solar panel with 20% efficiency and an area of 1 m will produce 200 W at Standard Test Conditions, but it can produce more when the sun is hig...
What happens to gasses reased on atmosphere-less bodies? Like the moon.	Molecules of gas easily reach escape velocity. They hang around for a short time, but soon dissipate into space.	[ "Outgassing is a possible source of many tenuous atmospheres of terrestrial planets or moons. Many materials are volatile relative to the extreme vacuum of outer space, and may evaporate or even boil at ambient temperature. Materials on the lunar surface have completely outgassed and been blown away by solar winds ...
why does a 300$ phone recognise a fingerprint way faster than most fingerprint scanners that cost the same?	Don't forget to take into account how much of the finger the phone based scanner is actually scanning versus a stand alone finger print scanner which will take a larger picture of the finger for more data points for verification. For instance the scanner on my Iphone is tiny compared to the finger print scanner that w...	[ "After 2009, Fingerprint Cards began to announce multiple press releases, promising future business. However, it was not until 2013 that Fingerprint Cards' first sensor was launched, compatible with Android and Windows. The company started growing fast after its first sensor had been released but the people working...
- chapter 19 in nafta	From MacLeans (Canadian monthly publication if you are unfamiliar with it) “Chapter 19 allows Canada to bypass the U.S. judicial review process when the U.S. government imposes antidumping and/or countervailing duties on Canadian products imported into the United States, as has been the case repeatedly with softwood l...	[ "Chapter 20 provides a procedure for the international resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA. It was modeled after Chapter 69 of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement. The roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges, such as Alice Desjardins, John Maxwell Evan...
Why did medieval pubs and taverns survive into modern times in some European countries but not others?	Could you give us some examples of pubs and taverns you are thinking about?	[ "Pubs proliferated during the 19th century, especially during the gold rush that began in the 1850s, and many fine examples were built in the state capitals and major regional cities and towns. Some of the best colonial-era pubs in Australia's major cities have fallen victim to urban re-development, which has destr...
do animals like birds, squirrels, etc. have fun or are they always in fear of predators?	I know that squirrels have fun. They can often be seen chasing each other around. Other animals, such as rabbits, do this also.	[ "Animals have significantly more predictable behavior than humans. Driven by natural selection, animals develop mating calls, predator warnings, and communicative dances. One example of these engrained behaviors is the Belding's ground squirrel, which developed a specific set of calls that warn nearby squirrels abo...

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