Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
How do hackers exploit 'weak' passwords for online accounts?	Enforcing a password length and locking accounts are separate countermeasures to prevent brute force attacks. In older bits of code, for instance, you often get functions that leak length information about the password during the database comparison. All brute force countermeasures are essentially about increasing the ...	[ "It is typical to make at least one of these mistakes. This makes it very easy for hackers, crackers, malware and cyber thieves to break into individual accounts, corporations of all sizes, government agencies, institutions, etc. It is protecting against these vulnerabilities that makes password managers so importa...
Were Native Americans multilingual?	Many, many tribes in the northwest were multilingual. Northern California was one of the most linguistically diverse areas on the continent. Not only were there many languages, but the languages were from widely different languages stock. In one drainage, there were languages from the Hokan, Algonquin, and Athabaskan l...	[ "While the concerted effort to assimilate Native Americans into American culture was abandoned officially, integration of Native American tribes and individuals continues to the present day. Often Native Americans are perceived as having been assimilated. However, some Native Americans feel a particular sense of be...
If temperature is a measure of energy in a system, why is Kelvin a base SI unit and not a derived one?	Because temperature is not, strictly speaking, a measure of the amount of energy in the system. The concept that E = 1/2\k\T is only true for ideal gases, and more complex systems require more complex equations for temperature. The definition of temperature is actually 1/T = dS/dE where S is the entropy of the system...	[ "The kelvin is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol K. It is named after the Belfast-born, Glasgow University engineer and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907).\n", "The Kelvin scale is called absolute for two reasons. One is that its fo...
Does your body actually chemically process every calorie you eat?	Certainly not. A back of an envelope type calculation leads to roughly 10% energy transfer per trophic level. That includes all the energy you have to expend hunting if you're a tiger or foraging if you're a cow and so on. If you're just looking at calories/energy stores you actually eat, then it's not 100% efficien...	[ "The human body contains chemical compounds such as water, carbohydrates, amino acids (found in proteins), fatty acids (found in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds are composed of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus. Any study done to determine nutritional status m...
If an alien civilisation at the same level of technological advancement as our own was to discover earth in the same way as we are now discovering exoplanets, would they be able to tell there was life here? If so, how?	If an alien civilization was looking at the sun, measuring its brightness and its spectrum over a very long time, they'd notice that it oscillates every 12 years or so. They could then conclude that Jupiter exists. If they measure the spectrum as Jupiter passes in front of the sun, they might be able to figure out what...	[ "Dennis Feldman had the idea for \"Species\" in 1987, as he worked on another film about an alien invasion, \"Real Men\". Having read an article by Arthur C. Clarke about the insurmountable odds against an extraterrestrial craft ever locating and visiting Earth, given that stellar distances are great, and faster-th...
why does pepsi lose it's fizz/carbonation so much faster than coke?	Because the carbonation is different. Less CO2 dissolved in Pepsi than in Coke. The bottle size can play a role too, usually big bottles are less carbonated.	[ "Pepsi-Cola took advantage of the situation, running ads in which a first-time Pepsi drinker exclaimed, \"Now I know why Coke did it!\" Even amidst consumer anger and several Pepsi ads mocking Coca-Cola's debacle, Pepsi actually gained very few long-term converts over Coke's switch, despite a 14% sales increase ove...
what is the paris agreement, and why is it an issue with that the us is out of it?	The Paris Agreement was an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016. The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pr...	[ "The Paris Agreement was an international legal agreement implemented December 2015, for states to take collective action against climate change by working towards decreasing the globe's average temperature and make countries financing consistent with that goal. The United States - under the Obama Administration - ...
explain a leveraged buyout. also, talk about private equity in general.	In reverse order. Equity equals ownership in the world of finance. If you want to sell your ownership in a business by offering pieces of it (stock) to hundreds (or thousands or millions) of people in an open market like the New York Stock Exchange, then you are subject to very strict rules on the information you nee...	[ "Leveraged buyout, LBO or Buyout refers to a strategy of making equity investments as part of a transaction in which a company, business unit or business assets is acquired from the current shareholders typically with the use of financial leverage. The companies involved in these transactions are typically mature a...
what make the razor of a disposable razor disposable as opposed to another high-priced razor that you can use seemingly months on end? is there any scientific reasons as to why one should always discard a disposable razor after each use?	You're not supposed to discard a disposable razor after one use. You're supposed to discard it when the blades wear out. The difference is that they are not designed to have replaceable blade cartridges, have less technology in them (vibration motors, fancy weighted handles with pivot joints, etc.).	[ "As compared to the disposable and cartridge razors, straight razors are more economical, despite a higher initial cost due to the fact that if properly cared for, no additional cost is incurred, as compared to disposable razors where new cartridges must be periodically procured.\n", "Finally, a well-kept razor c...
what are the differences in consuming vitamins before, during, or after meals?	It depends a lot on the type of vitamins you are taking. Iron and b complex tend to be better on an empty stomach due to their low absorption and the need for a lower ph to be absorbed, A, D and E are lipossoluble vitamins so they will be a better absorbed if there is some fat in your stomach already. Vitamin C for i...	[ "Vitamin B cannot be produced by the human body, and must be obtained from the diet. When foods containing B are eaten, the vitamin is usually bound to protein and is released by proteases released by the pancreas in the small bowel. Following its release, most B is absorbed by the body in the small bowel (ileum) a...
Why do people change the tone of their voice depending on who their talking to?	Most likely, she just has different kinds of relationships / emotions for different people, and is communicating that in her tone. I.e. pretty much what you're suggesting. I'm not sure why you conclude there would be "no reason" for that: communicating emotions is pretty important, and if that can successfully be done ...	[ "Particular tones of voice are linked with particular types of body language. For example, if someone’s tone of voice conveys the impression that they are happy, then their body language will ordinarily convey a similar impression. One of the reasons for this is that when a person’s mood changes so does their breat...
What happened to Nazi defectors (civilian and military) and/or people who refused to serve in the military of Nazi Germany?	Hitlers ideal of men was for them to be manly and should either be servers or suppliers, that means that men either had to go and serve time in the forces or to supply for their country e.g factory work. 18 years olds had to go to camps where they would do manual labour for things that benefited their country, the most...	[ "Some Soviet prisoners of war who survived German captivity during World War II were accused by the Soviet authorities of collaboration with the Nazis or branded as traitors under Order No. 270, which prohibited any soldier from surrendering.\n", "BULLET::::- November and December 1944: more than 200,000 Danube S...
How/why was King Henry II of England a vassal of King Louis VII of France. How did this work in practice?	The Angevin Empire was not a country in the way that we view countries today. The modern notion of a country didn't begin until after the medieval era had ended. It's easier to understand the organisation of medieval kingdoms if you view them as companies instead of countries, and view the feudal system as a monetary ...	[ "Henry VII's policy was both to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Up to a point, he succeeded. He was not a military man and had no interest in trying to regain French territories lost during the reigns of his predecessors; he was therefore ready to conclude a treaty with France at Etaples that brou...
I am a blue-collar worker living in Berlin, 1941. I have just murdered a Jewish man during a drunken bar fight. What legal proceedings do I have to go through? What is my eventual punishment? What is the community response to my actions?	Here's the problem: they were barred by Nuremberg Laws from entering places already, a bar would probably refuse to serve them, and most of them would have been deported to concentration camps. They wouldn't be walking around on the streets and would probably avoid any sort of interaction with you.	[ "Berlin in 1945 after Germany's defeat in the war. The former military surgeon Dr. Hans Mertens (Ernst Wilhelm Borchert) stumbles down the street, drunk. He suffers from flashbacks of the war and has an aversion to people in pain, which prevents him from practising medicine. Instead, he spends his days drinking. An...
why do men get that funny feeling in their genitals on certain rides at the fair?	It's actually the gravitational force on your body in relation to your insides. Think about holding a bucket of water while going over a hill in a car, and then descending the hill very quickly. The water will rise out of the bucket because the water was just moving upward and is still carrying some upward momentum, bu...	[ "BULLET::::- Masturbation: A male horse, either a stallion or a gelding, will use his abdominal muscles to rhythmically bounce his penis against his belly. Previously believed to be a vice caused by boredom, confinement, or discomfort, masturbation by stallions and geldings is now viewed as a normal behavior.\n", ...
why can't you donate directly to disease research, and instead must donate to charities who do not donate all funding to research?	You can, you just have to track down who is doing the research and where. Charities usually just do this leg work for you.	[ "The charity is dedicated to preventing, diagnosing and treating cancer more effectively by forming powerful partnerships with researchers, scientists and clinicians, other charities, the NHS and Public Health and care organisations.\n", "Around 40% of the charity's research expenditure goes on basic laboratory r...
how does fermentation work?	Basically "rotting" is when little tiny microbes - bacteria and little ~~animals~~ fungi like yeasts - eat stuff and shit it out. We happened to discover a particular type of yeast that shits out alcohol, which we like to drink. If you're going to make beer or wine, you take some stuff you'd like to use as a base, an...	[ "Fermentation is a process used by certain kinds of microorganisms to break down essential nutrients. In a process called acetoclastic methanogenesis, microorganisms from the classification domain archaea produce methane by fermenting acetate and H-CO into methane and carbon dioxide.\n", "Fermentation is a metabo...
how did/do wooden ships, even from hundreds of years ago, stay water tight?	They didn't. They used rope/caulk/tar to seal the hull as much as possible, but there was still limited leaking. They would have pumps (or people with buckets) to remove this excess water	[ "Hundred-year-old wooden boats need continuous maintenance. The planking and the flooring become soft, indicating a lack of strength, or even rot. Those components are easily replaced with other planks of pitch pine, though the wood in elements of the frame remains hidden, and requires stripping back to inspect and...
what is biologically happening in a bipolar person's brain?	Short answer: it's not that well understood and probably extremely complicated. Longer answer: Our current understanding of the brain is very limited. One of my Neuro teachers once told us that at the moment, the way we treat the brain is like a big bag of chemicals, where you just throw in more of something if there ...	[ "Bipolar disorder is an affective disorder characterized by periods of elevated and depressed mood. The cause and mechanism of bipolar disorder is unknown, and the study of its biological origins is ongoing. Although no single gene causes the disorder, a number of genes are linked to increase risk of the disorder, ...
if someone's net worth is 5 million, do they have 5 million? is that how it works?	You have 6 cookies but you owe me 2 cookies. Your net worth is 4 cookies. However, you have a milk that any given person would trade ~1 cookie for. Therefore your true networth is ~5 cookies.	[ "As of Q4 2017, total household net worth in the United States was a record $99 trillion, an increase of $5.2 trillion from 2016. This increase reflects both stock market and housing price gains. This measure has been setting records since Q4 2012. If divided evenly, the $99 trillion represents an average of $782,0...
If I were a Nazi soldier, or even an SS officer, during WWII, would it be possible to have had zero knowledge of the extermination camps?	This question is impossible to answer as it is because it could always be possible that a German soldier stuck his head into the dirt or was otherwise ignorant of affairs. For instance, some of the members of the Osttruppen (military units composed of personnel from the "East," from Cossacks to Koreans) did not speak ...	[ "Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945 and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames \"Wolke A-I\" (Cloud A-1) a...
As historians, what would you want today's populations to record in diaries, blogs/vlogs, etc. to better assist historians of the future?	Everyday events not related to big news stories, but more local and personal. The sources could include a digital "diary," social media, video, or old-fashioned paper.	[ "In 1997 Kahle explained that apart from the value for historians' use of these digital archives, they might also help resolve some common infrastructure complaints about the Internet, such as adding reliability to \"404 Document not found\" errors, contextualizing information to make it more trustworthy, and maint...
[Physics] How can a singularity be possible given the Pauli exclusion principle?	Singularities are not thought to be physical. They are (literally and figuratively) holes in the general theory of relativity. Hopefully a quantum theory of gravity will tell us what's really going on at the center of a black hole.	[ "there is a singularity at 0 and the antiderivative becomes infinite there. If the integral above were to be used to compute a definite integral between −1 and 1, one would get the wrong answer 0. This however is the Cauchy principal value of the integral around the singularity. If the integration is done in the co...
What caused the Bible to go from oral to written word?	The transition of the Biblical narratives from oral traditions to written documents is complicated and the process is highly debatable, both with the New Testament but especially with the Hebrew Bible. The preservation of the Israelites' national myths, and later on the life of Jesus for his followers, had an obvious p...	[ "These are the first words spoken by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew. Though it wasn't the first Gospel written, the Gospel of Matthew is traditionally placed as the first book of the New Testament, so these are textually the first words spoken by Jesus in the entire Bible. However they are not very well known or mu...
why do people follow zodiac signs?	It's the same reason as for why people believe in God(s). It's entirely up to your belief system and your faith in what zodiac signs say. I have a friend whose family despises zodiac signs, they think its satanic. On the other end of the spectrum, I have a friend whose family hangs up zodiac things around the house bec...	[ "The reason the animal signs are referred to as \"zodiacal\" is because a person's personality is said to be influenced by the animal sign(s) ruling the time of birth, together with elemental aspect of that animal sign within the sexegenary (60 year) cycle. Similarly, the year governed by a particular animal sign i...
how did translation work in situations of contact between far-flung cultures work?	When you mention Mandarin (well, Chinese, really, since Mandarin is a spoken form of the consistent, written form of Chinese), you were probably thinking of Niccolo, Maffeo, and Marco Polo's trips to China as well as the later contact between people like Matteo Ricci with China. When the Polos were traveling to China,...	[ "Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. More recently, the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitate...
What would happen if two identical atomic bombs were to detonate next to one another at the exact same time?	They would both just detonate as normal. Now there may be a bit bigger blast (in that there are two bombs creating heat, expanding gasses, horrific radiation, etc.), but the actual detonation of each bomb would be normal.	[ "Each time a bomb hits 0, two more pairs will turn into skulls until one pair of gems is left. The Disarm Spinner doesn't appear in Blitz mode, so if a bomb hits 0, it instantly explodes and the game ends.\n", "A bomb explodes when it is hit from more than one square away by a fish, a chicken, or another bomb. Th...
what causes the itchy irritation on your butt from feces?	You see, when poop gets a bit old, it becomes crusty. So if you don’t clean your ass after you shat, the poop that remains on your butt remains there and becomes crusty, kind of like blood. The reason it’s itchy would be because of friction. When. You walk the crust moves as well, tickling your butt as you move. So...	[ "One of the most common areas of the body associated with irritation is the vagina. Many women complain of an itch, dryness, or discharge in the perineum at some point in their lives. There are several causes of vaginal irritation including fungal vaginitis (like candida) or trichomoniasis. Often, herpes simplex in...
brainfreezes, and other types of pain from consuming cold products	The pain comes, not from the cold - as many think - but from the spasms of the muscles fighting to open the blood vessels again once the cold reflex causes them to constrict.	[ "Some Turks believe that cold foods, such as ice cream, will cause illnesses – such as sore throats and the common cold; it is held that consumption of warm liquid while consuming ice cream will counteract these effects.\n", "BULLET::::- Brain: The brain, command center for the human nervous system, is cold and w...
why is it common to hear some people from the african american culture to say "axed" instead of "asked"?	You'll be interested to learn that it's not just African Americans. I'm from the English Westcountry, and "ax" for "ask" is quite a common thing in the dialect of that area. This swapping of sounds ("ask"/"aks") is called "metathesis", and another example in Westcountry is "wopsies", which means "wasps". And it's also...	[ "Because some African-Americans speak a particular non-standard variety of English which is often seen as substandard, African-Americans are frequently the targets of linguicism. African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is often perceived by members of mainstream American society as indicative of low intelligence...
Why do dogs love to stick their heads out of car windows?	Dogs' strongest sense is scent - With their noses out of the window, in the breeze, they get so many more fresh exciting smells than if they were shut up in the car.	[ "Dogs are very straightforward, he says. They bark at people they do not like and people are afraid of dogs that do not like them. However, the murderer would have no fear of a witness who could not talk. Moreover, dogs pursue with everything they have in themselves. So the whine for not having found the walking st...
can the space shuttle make the trip to the moon and back?	The first reason is because our space shuttle fleet does not exist anymore. That's a bit of a hurdle. Secondly, the shuttle is not designed to be equipped with boosters of the necessary power to get out of low earth orbit. Getting to the moon requires a TON of thrust. Much more than the shuttle was ever intended to pr...	[ "The Space Shuttle orbiter is the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the Space Shuttle program. Operated by NASA, the U.S. space agency, this vehicle could carry astronauts and payloads into low Earth orbit, perform in-space operations, then re...
Why do brambles have thorns AND delicious fruit? Surely the fruit is there so animals will eat it and spread the seeds, so why guard it and discourage them from eating the fruit with sharp thorns?	Most plants with fruit are adapted to have a particular kind of animal eat it, not just any animal. Blackberries are adapted to be eaten by birds, IIRC. Birds carry the seed a long distance and shit it out somewhere new. Small animals aren't as bothered by the thorns as we are. Without the thorns, it's more likely th...	[ "Other animals, such as ants, are not helpful, as they destroy the seeds while consuming the fruit. Most fruits are infested by bruchid beetles, but scolytid beetles are more effective seed predators on the plant.\n", "Although they specialize on the seeds from maple, boxelder and ash, they may pierce other parts...
auction strategy	You can't think of it as just you vs 1 person bidding on 1 item. I mean there could be strategy there, but the real strategy game opens up when you have many things to bid on. You can try to bid prices up to make people spend more money so they don't have as much later. Its a gamble though because you could get stuck ...	[ "The term \"auction algorithm\" applies to several variations of a combinatorial optimization algorithm which solves assignment problems, and network optimization problems with linear and convex/nonlinear cost. An \"auction algorithm\" has been used in a business setting to determine the best prices on a set of pro...
why do animals and birds behave strangely during eclipse but not when sun is blocked by clouds?	The difference in light intensity is significant between a cloud or the moon covering the sun. Despite the fact that you can't see through clouds, they still let through a lot of light. The moon however is a solid rock and casts a far darker shadow over the earth. Animals are able to pick this sudden change up and co...	[ "Some of these beliefs are rooted in reality. Cats are able to detect slight changes in the weather, as a result of their very sensitive inner ears, which also allow them to land upright when falling. Low atmospheric pressure, a common precursor of stormy weather, often makes cats nervous and restless.\n", "Night...
what does mark zuckerbergs donation actually mean to his bank account?	He's giving away stock, not liquid assets in a bank account. He's giving up stock worth 45bn but he never had immediate access to that amount of money in the first place, that was part of his net worth.	[ "On December 19, 2013, Zuckerberg announced a donation of 18 million Facebook shares to the Silicon Valley Community Foundation, to be executed by the end of the month—based on Facebook's valuation as of then, the shares totaled $990 million in value. On December 31, 2013, the donation was recognized as the largest...
Can a celestial object have liquids on its surface and no atmosphere at all?	Most liquids, no. Almost all substances have a triple point - a temperature and pressure that is the crossing point between liquid, solid, and gas. At pressures lower than that, liquids cannot exist; solids sublimate directly to gas when heated. So any substance with a non-zero triple point cannot be a liquid in a per...	[ "Earth is the only astronomical object known to have bodies of \"liquid\" water on its surface, although several exoplanets have been found with the right conditions to support liquid water. For exoplanets, current technology cannot directly observe liquid surface water, so atmospheric water vapor\n", "The smalle...
Is there a good source for understanding Nazi ideology without focussing on the racist aspects?	I wouldn't call a source that claims to help you understand Nazi ideology without focusing on the racist, antisemitic aspects good. National Socialism is at its core a biologist ideology (a former professor of mine liked to call it a "political biologism"). 'Rassenlehre' or race theory was one of the core principles of...	[ "The Nazi Party and its sympathizers published many books on scientific racism, seizing on the eugenicist and antisemitic ideas with which they were widely associated, although these ideas had been in circulation since the 19th century. Books such as \"Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes\" (\"Ethnology of the German P...
If curlier hair retains heat better than straight hair, how come Africans tend to have curly hair, while most Europeans have straight hair?	People with darker skin have coarser hair because of the higher amount of [melanin](_URL_0_) in their hair. It isn't retaining the heat - the melanin is protecting the body from the UV rays of the sun. Also check out [this](_URL_1_) link from wikipedia.	[ "Some conversely believe that tightly coiled hair that grows into a typical Afro-like formation would have greatly reduced the ability of the head and brain to cool because although African people's hair is much less dense than its European counterpart's, in the intense sun the effective 'woolly hat' that such hair...
why a planet would be too large to support life	Pressure and gravity basically you might only be able to exist as a tiny bacteria, also water planets may have difficulty with sunlight penetrating deep enough into the water to generate any light where the potential living organisms are - _URL_0_	[ "Rare Earth proponents argue that a planetary system capable of sustaining complex life must be structured more or less like the Solar System, with small and rocky inner planets and outer gas giants. Without the protection of 'celestial vacuum cleaner' planets with strong gravitational pull, a planet would be subje...
when lightning or thunder strikes large bodies of water (ocean, lake) why does it not electricute the whole body of water?	It does, but there is not enough electricity to cause real damage once it all spreads around.	[ "Besides boats and dockside power hookups, several other potential causes exist. Lightning strikes over or near water have caused electric shock drownings. Faulty hydroelectric generators or damaged underwater power lines can cause leakage currents, potentially creating a hazard. In general, anything electrically a...
why popular auto makers that have been around for decades such as ford and gm have low stock prices well under 50 and tesla motors, a relatively new company has a much higher stock price of over 120 a share?	Two reasons: 1) The number of units of stock is not constant between traded companies. Company A may have 10 times more units of stock getting traded around than Company B 2) Tesla Motors is new and has a highly public new product entering the market. This means that they may explode if the product catches on, meanin...	[ "Competition from the \"Big Three,\" the rise of Asian import automobiles, new safety regulations, the 1973 oil crisis, and 1979 energy crisis left American Motors in a weak position in the U.S. marketplace. The company had three product lines: a profitable line of government vehicles, Jeeps, and passenger cars. Ho...
Is the Peasants' Revolt an example of early class warfare as some Marxist historians believe?	I assume you mean the German peasant's revolt in 1524/5? If so, I can give a quick and dirty answer, but others here might have more firsthand knowledge of the subject. I've only read about it in a non-academic sense. In any case, the German Peasant's War was sharply contrasted in the social classes at the time. The...	[ "Ideological instrumentalizations of the peasant war occurred even in the 20th century. Hans Mühlestein, a Swiss Marxist historian, interpreted the events of 1653 in the 1940s and 1950s as an early bourgeois revolution of a progressive bourgeoisie, fitting the Marxist concept of \"class struggle\"; a view considere...
Panbabylonism is the belief that the Old Testament, (among other Near Eastern religions) were either variations of Ancient Mesopotamian myths and beliefs, or heavily influenced by them. Is panbabylonism still in favor with modern assyriologists/religious scholars/theologians?	TL;DR- pretty much every biblical scholar accepts these similarities as links to the past, and use them to establish a base of context. > Are these parallels thought to be mere coincidence? No. These people lived in a tiny world, usually travelling no further than 20 miles from home in their lifetime. A big the...	[ "According to Panbabylonism, a school of thought founded by Hugo Winckler and held in the early 20th century among primarily German Assyriologists, there was a common cultural system extending over the Ancient Near East which was overwhelmingly influenced by the Babylonians. According to this theory the religions o...
Are there any animal species living on the seabed that are unable to swim?	Yes. Such species are described as benthic. Examples include sessile (non-moving) animals such as corals and limpets, burrowing animals like sand dollars, and animals that walk on the seabed such as most crabs. Such a lifestyle requires less energy than actively swimming. Many sessile marine animals are filter feede...	[ "The ecology of nostoceratids is the subject of continued speculation, as the bizarrely coiled shells have no streamlining, strongly suggesting that the living animals had extraordinarily poor swimming ability, if any ability at all. As such, experts and ammonite enthusiasts presume that the nostoceratids either fl...
Pre-Historic Life in the Americas (~4000 BC)	Hi there -- while the historians here may be able to help you with this question, keep in mind that 4,000 BC (6,000 BP) predates written history. You may well find some interesting perspectives if you cross-post this at our sister sub, r/AskAnthropology. Also, not to burst your bubble about Cahokia, but that culture ...	[ "While the exact date of the peopling of the Americas is of major debate among archaeologists it is widely accepted that the first occupation occurred at least 13,500 – 14,000 years ago. Currently, the oldest known widespread Paleoindian culture in North America is the Clovis culture. It is believed that the Clovis...
how do the military build missiles so strong (bunker busters) that are able to punch through many feet of concrete keeping their shape before exploding?	I read somewhere that the US used / uses tank gun barrels for some of the bomb casing. They are so strong that they penetrate then explode. Fascinating	[ "The bomb is not intended to replace larger munitions, but be used as a smaller and cheaper alternative to self-propelled missiles, with three bombs able to fit on a single Hellfire missile rail. It is 70 cm (28 in) long, weighs 5.8 kg (12.7 lb), and uses a dual-effect shaped charge and pre-fragmented blast warhead...
why do most of us find certain animals cute (cats, koalas) but some repulsive (snakes, spiders)?	I believe it's because the mostly cute, cuddly animals are mammals. They're more like ourselves than snakes or lizards, etc. Also, because mammals are warm blooded they actually _like_ to cuddle (in general) because that's what mammalian mothers do with their own off-spring. Plus, they're just so damn cute!	[ "In the opposite direction several animals who have a non-threatening appearance and actually look cute, cuddly, graceful and playful are often portrayed as adorable: rabbits, dogs, mice, kittens, sheep, seals, dolphins, chipmunks, monkeys, ladybugs, butterflies. Various pet owners tend to treat their pets almost a...
How did Canada stop the violent nature of the American Wild West from spilling over into the Prairie Provinces? Was the Canadian Wild West anything like its American Counterpart?	Canadian history has its own "Wild West" episodes, although they did play out on a different canvas than the American frontier. One of the most notable differences was the existence of a "national" police force, the North West Mounted Police, forerunner of the RCMP, which could implement and enforce a coherent law and ...	[ "After the big discoveries of the 1940s and 1950s, the U.S. noticed that Alberta was protected from invasion by the wall of the Rocky Mountains to the west, the vast boreal forest to the north, and the bottomless swamps of the Canadian shield to the east, but was highly accessible from the vast industrial areas of ...
Can cancer cells develop drug resistance similar to bacterias?	Although many types of cancers are initially susceptible to chemotherapy, over time they can develop resistance through these and other mechanisms, such as DNA mutations and metabolic changes that promote drug inhibition and degradation. In this review, we outline how drug resistance via drug inactivation, drug target ...	[ "Cancer cells can become resistant to multiple drugs by altered membrane transport, enhanced DNA repair, apoptotic pathway defects, alteration of target molecules, protein and pathway mechanisms, such as enzymatic deactivation.\n", "In the process of the treatment, cancer cells are most likely to evolve some form...
What if a supervolcano erupted sometime in the next ten years?	A geology (glaciology) masters student here, and I recently did some field work in Icleand. The biggest next eruption will likely be Katla in Icleand. Based on the recent devastation caused by Eyjafjallajokul in terms of air transit, Katla will be about 10 times worse -- massive volcanic ash, and devastating flooding...	[ "Surveys by KOBEC (Kobe Ocean-Bottom Exploration Center) confirmed that a giant lava dome of 23 cubic kilometers formed after the Kikai Caldera erupted in 4,300 BC. There's a 1% chance of a giant caldera eruption in the Japanese archipelago within the next 100 years. Appropriately 40 cubic kilometers of magma would...
Did Mussolini have sole power or was that more of an image created during the fascist period?	I've said here many times that the idea of Mussolini as an oafish fool was created by Allied propaganda. There are a number of good biographies of him, most notably Denis Mack Smith's. In short, Mussolini was absolutely not a figurehead. He had a stranglehold on the Italian government, eliminating his opponents ruth...	[ "BULLET::::- Benito Mussolini was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943. The founder of fascism, Mussolini made Italy the first fascist state, using the ideas of nationalism, militarism, anti-communism and anti-socialism combined with state propaganda. In 1925, he assumed dictatorial powers as...
how are "generations" divided into meaningful chunks of people to be studied? if people are born fairly consistently instead of in "bursts" aren't any groupings arbitrary?	You don't. Nobody can agree what chunk belongs to which generation. Take 90s kids for example. Is it people born in the 90s, people who were between 5-15 in the 90s, teens of the 90s, 20y/os of the 90s, or literally everyone who remembers the 90s? There have been many arguments and possibly actual fights over this.	[ "Strauss and Howe define a social generation as the aggregate of all people born over a span of roughly twenty years or about the length of one phase of life: childhood, young adulthood, midlife, and old age. Generations are identified (from first birthyear to last) by looking for cohort groups of this length that ...
why do we not put commas when we write the year?	Cause it looks weird, and isn't needed.	[ "The month-day-year sequence is the most common method of writing the full date in English, but formal letters, academic papers, and reports often prefer the day-month-year sequence. Even in the United States, where the month-day-year sequence is even more prevalent, the \"Chicago Manual of Style\" recommends the d...
Where were Hispanics and other races (immigrants and such) during times such as slavery or the Civil War?	Loreta Velazquez was a Cuban immigrant from a wealthy family who was raised in New Orleans, which for much of its history has been a city at the meeting of several cultures (French-speaking, Native Americans such as the Choktah, Spanish, African descended slaves and their freeman counterparts, and Anglos. ) She marrie...	[ "Hispanics in the American Civil War fought on both the Union and Confederate sides of the conflict. Not all the Hispanics who fought in the American Civil War were \"Hispanic-Americans\", in other words citizens of the United States. Many of them were Spanish subjects or nationals from countries in the Caribbean, ...
why are bass and treble frequencies more deafening than midranges?	They aren't. In fact, it's the opposite. Our ears are most sensitive to sound frequencies around the range of the human voice.	[ "This relative lack of loud bass is often remedied with a hybrid design using a dynamic loudspeaker, e.g. a subwoofer, to handle lower frequencies, with the electrostatic diaphragm handling middle and high frequencies. Many feel that the best low frequency unit for hybrids are cone drivers mounted on open baffles a...
How does prescription altitude medicine work to get rid of altitude sickness?	First off, diamox and acetazolamide are the same drug. Diamox is the brand name and acetazolamide is the generic name. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Without going into too much pharmacology, acetazolamide makes your blood more acidic. Your body responds to this by making you hyperventilate (breathe f...	[ "A single randomized controlled trial found that sumatriptan may help prevent altitude sickness. Despite their popularity, antioxidant treatments have not been found to be effective medications for prevention of AMS. Interest in phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil has been limited by the possibility tha...
How has Québec and Montréal came to develop different ethnic makeup and identities within the wider provincial and federal context?	Québec and Montréal came to develop different identities overtime. But to give you an idea of the change, in the early days of confederation, Québec city was about 40% English-speaking. Nowadays? 97% is French-speaking! Montréal was similar trend-wise although I don't have the estimates for the 19th century in terms of...	[ "Those cities, and many other industrial cities of that part of the region, contrast with the rest of the region, and even generally with the other country regions of Quebec. As the mining industry was mainly led by owners coming from the anglosphere in the early 20th century, industrial towns even show more simila...
why it is hard to reach -273 celsius but easy to reach 273?	You can't make cold, you can only move heat. As you get colder, it gets increasingly difficult to remove heat because the removal process itself must generate heat and heat spontaneously flows towards cold regions. As you approach -273, you're reaching the limit where you're removing every last joule of available h...	[ "due to the absence of an atmosphere and a steep temperature gradient between the equator and the poles. The subsolar point reaches about 700 K during perihelion (0°W or 180°W), but only 550 K at aphelion (90° or 270°W).\n", "optimistic. For instance, because ambient temperature remains constant above 11,000 m (3...
how does a computer send signals out on the internet so fast	> I get it electricity is fast but can it really travel hundreds of miles in seconds Electrical signals (and light) in copper or glass travels roughly 200000km per second, almost 5 times the circumference of Earth. > how does a computer send out signal so fast. However, in the time it takes a high end CPU made ...	[ "This type of network holds several advantages. Information can travel long distances, even if the sender and receiver are far apart. It also speeds up data transmission by choosing the best path to travel between nodes to the receiver's computer. If one node is too busy, the information is simply routed to a diffe...
What was it like in German cities when the concentration camps were liberated? Were the citizens horrified? Did the prisoners just go back to their homes?	I'll take on the second part of your question. It varied wildly. First of all, tens of thousands of inmates continued dying because of the truly appalling state they had been in at liberation, due to the fact that the Germans had assembled prisoners from all over into a few large camps in central Germany as the all...	[ "Immediately upon the liberation of the concentration camps, many German civilians were forced to see the conditions in the camps, bury rotting corpses and exhume mass graves. In some instances, civilians were also made to provide items for former concentration camp inmates.\n", "During World War II, the city cam...
Why was the sale of opium banned in the late 19th/early 20th Century, but alcohol allowed to continue?	Maybe you haven't noticed all the different ways alcohol is embedded in western traditions and ceremonies because you take them for granted. Priests ceremonially serve consecrated wine at mass, Jesus converted water to wine. Maibock Bier is special made for Lenten fasting. This is only scratching the surface. It's par...	[ "Opium was prohibited in many countries during the early 20th century, leading to the modern pattern of opium production as a precursor for illegal recreational drugs or tightly regulated legal prescription drugs. In 1980, 2,000 tons of opium supplied all legal and illegal uses. Worldwide production in 2006 was 661...
what noticeable difference (if any) will i notice with 5g on my phone? is it that much of a difference from lte?	Its just another name for 4G LTE. It is not faster. It means nothing. It is a gimmick from AT & T	[ "LTE (Long Term Evolution) is commonly marketed as 4G LTE & Advance 4G, but it did not initially meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for LTE Advanced. Consequently, LTE is also commonly known as 3.95G, but given the competitive pressures of ...
How does gravity work on the quantum scale ? Is it any different than the gravity we experience ourselves ?	Gravity and quantum mechanics don’t mesh well. On that scale, gravity is essentially non-existent and acts differently than other fundamental forces which all have particles associated with their interaction: the Strong force uses the gluon, EM uses electrons, and the Weak force uses various kinds of bosons. Gravity, h...	[ "Quantum gravity effects are notoriously difficult to measure because the Planck length is so incredibly small. However recently physicists have started to consider the possibility of measuring quantum gravity effects mostly from astrophysical observations and gravitational wave detectors. The energy of those fluct...
why is it that a lot of animals need their tails to balance but we as tailless creatures can usually balance ourselves just fine?	They don't need it. Look at bobtail cats for example. I just raised a litter with 2 bobtails in it and they learned to walk and balance faster than the others. The tail just helps. Like anything on animals it exists because it gave them enough of a competitive advantage that their genetics were more likely to be pa...	[ "Animal tails are used in a variety of ways. They provide a source of locomotion for fish and some other forms of marine life. Many land animals use their tails to brush away flies and other biting insects. Some species, including cats and kangaroos, use their tails for balance; and some, such as New World monkeys ...
what’s the difference between the domestication and taming of animals. are the terms interchangeable?	So taming an animal involves convincing one or a few of a species to follow you. Domestication involves having a majority of the species live with an likely depend on you. Think dog vs. wolf because a wolf is a type of dog that can be tamed, while s dog is basically born ready to be part of your family. Dogs have even ...	[ "In other languages, such as Spanish, the word for taming is the same as the word for domestication. However, in the English language, the two words refer to two partially overlapping but distinct concepts. For example feral animals are domesticated, but not tamed. Similarly, taming is not the same as animal traini...
what keeps oceans and seas from spreading viruses and many other contagious illnesses?	Nothing really. If you have an open wound in ocean water, you'd better clean it out very well to avoid bacterial infections. But since humans and primates don't normally live in the ocean, there's not a lot of ocean born diseases and viruses adapted to infect us. Plenty of nastiness going around for sea life though.	[ "Microorganisms constitute more than 90% of the biomass in the sea. It is estimated that viruses kill approximately 20% of this biomass each day and that there are fifteen times as many viruses in the oceans as there are bacteria and archaea. Viruses are mainly responsible for the rapid destruction of harmful algal...
are people legally allowed to protest in the street and hold up traffic?	If you mean "can 80 of my buddies block mainstreet traffic"... no. The cops will show up and move you along/arrest you. My understanding is that cities/towns etc. have specific forms that basically schedule a protest. For example, if you want to march on Washington DC to protest SOPA, you can fill out a form and get ...	[ "The government routinely granted permits for marches and demonstrations, occasionally refusing permission for certain routes, citing a concern for public safety. Police used tear gas and water cannons and forcibly removed or detained some protesters when participants vandalized property.\n", "On 9 April 2013, po...
Books on Italian unification that start in the early 19th century	I can point you to some of my favorite reads on the subject. [The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples](_URL_1_) by David Gilmour explores the development of Italian identity versus regionalist sentiments before, during, and after the Risorgimento with emphasis on Italian Unification. ...	[ "Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the ...
Is leaded aviation fuel as big a health risk as leaded gasoline?	Lead is tolerated because it's more important to keep the airplanes safe while they are flying than to mitigate the small effects of the lead being burned. Leaded fuel can help prevent knock, which can destroy an engine, which is bad if you are in an airplane. Jets don't use leaded avgas they use fuel that's basicall...	[ "Due to lead pollution risks, the use of leaded auto gas began to be phased out in the mid-1970s. But most small airplanes, including piston-engine aircraft and some smaller jets, still run on leaded fuel, known as \"avgas.\" In December 2014, CEH reached legal agreements with 26 avgas providers in California requi...
How does a compressed spring have more weight than an uncompressed one?	Because you're storing energy in the spring system, the whole system gains mass by the mass-energy equivalence.	[ "As seen above, the effective mass of a spring does not depend upon \"external\" factors such as the acceleration of gravity along it. In fact, for a non-uniform spring, the effective mass solely depends on its linear density formula_31 along its length:\n", "A spring type accumulator is similar in operation to t...
what is the difference between a remix, a rework, and a flip?	IMO a flip is taking a sample of the original and making a completely different instrumental out of it, usually by chopping the original up into small segements and re arranging it. Popular in hiphop. A rework is the original remastered or the structure altered slightly, perhaps with different / new instruments but sti...	[ "A remix may also refer to a non-linear re-interpretation of a given work or media other than audio such as a hybridizing process combining fragments of various works. The process of combining and re-contextualizing will often produce unique results independent of the intentions and vision of the original designer/...
Do wind turbines need any starting propulsion to get them going?	The only type I know of that needs 'external power' for startup is the [Darrieus](_URL_1_), either using the generator as motor or adding a [Savonius](_URL_0_).	[ "Braking of a small wind turbine can be done by dumping energy from the generator into a resistor bank, converting the kinetic energy of the turbine rotation into heat. This method is useful if the kinetic load on the generator is suddenly reduced or is too small to keep the turbine speed within its allowed limit.\...
why does football not use series play during playoffs?	The game is much too physical. You can only play 1 game per week, and even then the length of the season already leads to a substantial number of injuries. There simply is not enough time to allow for healing and still get those games in.	[ "The regular season is constructed from series. Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games, pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other (except in the instance of making up a postponed game); instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark. Most ofte...
why is the phrase "used to" as in "i used to do that" grammatically correct? what exactly does it mean?	So, the phrase isn't "used to" - it's "used" + the infinitive "to do." Why is that important? Because the noun "use" once meant "habit," and the verb "to use" meant "to habitually do." The majority of that definition has fallen out of favor in modern English and the simplification of tenses and moods, but it lingers...	[ "The literal translation of the phrase \"\"de dicto\"\" is \"about what is said\", whereas \"de re\" translates as \"about the thing\". The original meaning of the Latin locutions may help to elucidate the living meaning of the phrases, in the distinctions they mark. The distinction can be understood by examples of...
if a placebo works by the brain telling the body it works, can visualizing something working do the same thing? why or why not?	Yes, it can. New age medicines, even things like 'energy healing' are all able to produce the placaebo effect. If you believe it works, it will have an effect. It should be noted however that any medical practice has to noticeably exceed the placaebo effect to become a standard practice, so these visualizations are in...	[ "A placebo control group can be used to support a double-blind study, in which some subjects are given an ineffective treatment (in medical studies typically a sugar pill) to minimize differences in the experiences of subjects in the different groups; this is done in a way that ensures no participant in the experim...
What are some books like "Zealot" which are accessible to the average person but have better historical accuracy?	Well, I'll step up and recommend the general corpus of Bart Ehrman. His introduction to the New Testament is the go-to textbook for undergrad intro classes (and is on the AH booklist). But in addition to his actual scholarship (he is at UNC), he's published a variety of eminently readable books on Jesus, the Bible,...	[ "BULLET::::- Other books mentioned: \"Don Quixote\", \"The Hundred and One Dalmatians\", \"Henrietta's House\" (by Elizabeth Goudge), \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\", \"Black Beauty\", \"Sherlock Holmes\", \"Tom's Midnight Garden\", \"Kim\", \"The War of the Worlds\", \"Twelfth Night\", \"Perelandra\", \"The Man Who Was Thur...
Is there an estimate of human general body performance for the last 1000 or 5000 years ago? How far would our ancestors go?	In the American colonial period, Russian, French and English fur trappers and traders often covered twenty miles a day or more on foot for weeks at a time, on broken terrain in the American Northwest. Then at the end of it make camp, hunt, prepare food, sleep, and wake up and do it again. They generally lived off the l...	[ "Additionally they estimated the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees to be ~100,000. This was somewhat surprising since the present day effective population size of humans is estimated to be only ~10,000. If true that means that the human lineage would have experienced an imme...
Running a magnet along a copper coil. Does the strength of the magnet affect how much current is produced? As well as a few more questions.	1. A device like your diagram wouldn't produce a current because the magnetic field isn't cutting across the conductor. 2. The strength of the current is directly proportional to the strength of the magnet, assuming it's in the correct configuration. 3. Generated electricity is usually stored in a battery and distribut...	[ "The larger the current passed through the wire coil, the more the domains align, and the stronger the magnetic field is. Finally, all the domains are lined up, and further increases in current only cause slight increases in the magnetic field: this phenomenon is called saturation.\n", "The current to the coil wi...
i don't know anything about shark poop.	Shark poop forms watery clouds, not strings. Sharks are quite different from bony fish like goldfish, especially regarding their super wacky digestive system (corkscrew intestines and flotation device livers)! Anything nutritious from the poop will be used by plankton, and anything without nutrition or that gets misse...	[ "Surf scoter usually captures its food underwater and consumes it whole. They have been observed to select smaller bivalves than those available, probably because of the energy cost of processing shell matter. They also seem to select slow-swimming epifaunal crustaceans.\n", "Best known for biting neat round chun...
Do dogs understand pictures of their owners?	From this article I found, the answer is [sometimes](_URL_0_). They're kind of bad at it, as dogs rely much more heavily on smell/hearing than sight, so they may or may not recognize particular photos. Some are easily confused by things like haircuts and camera angles. The study was pretty small with only 12 dogs an...	[ "Elias Weiss Friedman aka @thedogist walks around in New York city asking dog owners if he can take pictures of their canine. By playing and connecting with them, he is able to capture the perfect shot to exhibit their personality and style, sometimes adding the bottom half of their owner to show the relationship b...
If I move something, e.g a metal rod, does the other end move near instantaneously?	You are right, the other end cannot move instantaneously since this would violate special relativity. The reason this does not happen is easy to see if you think of the problem microscopically. When you press on the rod, your hand only comes into contact with the atoms making up its surface. Those atoms in turn will pu...	[ "It follows that if a rod is accelerated by some external force applied anywhere along its length, the elements of matter in various different places in the rod cannot all feel the same magnitude of acceleration if the rod is not to extend without bound and ultimately break. In other words, an accelerated rod which...
Can Negative Mass exist?	There are no known elementary particles that have negative mass. However, with a large number of particles like in fluids and solids, you can observe some peculiar emergent effects that look like negative mass.	[ "Negative mass would possess some strange properties, such as accelerating in the direction opposite of applied force. Despite being inconsistent with the expected behavior of \"normal\" matter, negative mass is mathematically consistent and introduces no violation of conservation of momentum or energy. It is used ...
Are there any modern history examples of a monarchy changing houses?	The Serbian Monarchy went from Obrenovic to Karadjordjevic in 1903. Then they were deposed by Josip Broz Tito and the Yugoslav Communists during/after WWII.	[ "An early example of the abolition of a monarchy in modern times occurred in 1649 with the overthrow of the English monarchy by the Parliament of England and its armed forces under leaders such as Oliver Cromwell. 1660 saw a monarchical restoration - though in a more limited form moderated by a more independent Par...
what happens if a person with multiple personalities commit a crime?	This depends on the state whether they can claim insanity. In DC for example the test is whether the mental disorder caused the crime. In most of the country, the test is whether they were unaware the crime that they committed due to the disorder. Even if the person is found insane by multiple personalities they don'...	[ "People with a diagnosis of a personality disorder, particularly borderline, antisocial or narcissistic personality disorders, are at a high risk of suicide. In this group, elevated suicide risk is associated with younger age, comorbid drug addiction and major mood disorders, a history of childhood sexual abuse, im...
With out religion what year would it be?	The Romans counted years from the founding of Rome, which the Romans believed occurred in 753 BC though the site of Rome had been settled by humans much earlier. Possibly if Christianity never caught on, we might still be counting from that year. Thus, it would now be the year 2767.	[ "World Religion Day is an observance initiated in 1950 by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States, celebrated worldwide on the third Sunday in January each year. Though initiated in the United States, World Religion Day has come to be celebrated internationally.\n", "The year one is th...
Why does water between a stove and a pot simmer instead of vaporize?	I'm not sure what you mean by "between a stove and a pot", but I think I can answer your question anyway. Water (in any reasonable quantity) can't vaporize instantaneously. Actually, nothing in the real world is instantaneous, but that's another topic. The water that is vaporizing takes energy with it, keeping the l...	[ "Simmering is a food preparation technique in which foods are cooked in hot liquids kept just below the boiling point of water (which is 100 °C or 212 °F at average sea level air pressure), but higher than poaching temperature (higher than 71–82 °C or 160-180°F). To keep a pot simmering, one brings it to a boil and...
How is it that radiation suits protect people?	The radiation suits you typically see don't block a lot of radiation. To understand their purpose, you first need to know what happens in a nuclear incident or any other situation where radiation exposure is a risk. Essentially, radiation is emitted by unstable particles that decay (the radioactive material). Normally...	[ "Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) includes all clothing and accessories which can be worn to prevent severe illness and injury as a result of exposure to radioactive material. Because radiation can affect humans through internal and external contamination, various protection strategies have been developed to pro...
why does the "we took too long to make this page for you" page pop up? why for some pages or subs more than others?	I'd much rather reddit just took an extra 5 seconds to make the page, without telling me "sorry" and making me click refresh.	[ "BULLET::::- If a page redirects too quickly (less than 2-3 seconds), using the \"Back\" button on the next page may cause some browsers to move back to the redirecting page, whereupon the redirect will occur again. This is bad for usability, as this may cause a reader to be \"stuck\" on the last website.\n", "To...
how does compression clothing work?	It compresses the small capillaries and vessels near the surface, forcing/diverting more blood through muscles and organs where it is needed. You don't circulate more overall, but you are circulating more where it's needed.	[ "Compression garments are pieces of clothing that fit tightly around the skin. In medical contexts, compression garments provide support for people who have to stand for long periods or have poor circulation. These come in varying degrees of compression, and higher degree compression sleeves, such as sleeves that p...
will internet bandwidth ever be as ubiquitous and cheap as electricity is?	That depends more on how you compare quantities than anything else. By some comparisons we're already there. The technology is already there, but sometimes artificial scarcity is more profitable. It's more a politics/economics issue. People won't pay more for internet unless they're unsatisfied with what they have.	[ "The bandwidth made possible by optical networking technologies enabled the rapid growth of the Internet and will allow it to continue to grow. The demand for bandwidth is driven primarily by Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, which includes video services, telemedicine, social networking, Web 2.0 applications that ar...
the fifth amendment	ELI5: You cannot be forced to incriminate yourself: even if you are under oath. Pleading the fifth thus equates to "I do not wish to answer the questions presented due to the fear that in the process I might reveal information that make it look like I did unlawful or incriminating things regardless of the truthfulness ...	[ "The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution addresses criminal procedure and other aspects of the Constitution. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment applies to every level of the government, including the federal, state, and local levels, as well as any...
How aware were Native American populations of the general goings on during the American Civil War? And did they ever attempt to take advantage of the situation?	I'll quote a post I made about a month ago in a thread that didn't get much attention: Some, like the Cherokee, fought in the Civil War. A majority of the Cherokee sided with the Confederacy. Principal Chief John Ross, however, supported the Union. Despite his Union sympathies, Ross was imprisoned by the Union because...	[ "Historians agree that the Native Americans were the main losers of the war. The British dropped plans to create a neutral Indian state in the Midwest, and the coalition that Tecumseh had built fell apart with his death in 1813. The Natives no longer represented a major threat to westward expansion of the American ...
everyone loved ronda rousey before she lost a fight and now everyone seems to have hated her all along, why is this?	It is easy to like a dominant fighter, and Ronda Rousey used her Olympic level judo to beat all of her opponents to great effect. The statistics speak for themselves. She won her first three amateur fights by armbar in the first round. Then she proceeded to win her first seven professional fights in the exact same fash...	[ "Tate declared that most of the media attention surrounding Rousey was due to Rousey being \"pretty.\" She also claimed that Rousey hadn't been truly tested in her career, stating, \"She's been carefully matched, she’s been pampered and she’s been protected. The truth is, going into this world title fight with me, ...
why are some foods high in sodium but they don't taste particularly salty?	Not all sodium is in the form of salt (sodium chloride). Baking soda, for example, doesn't taste nearly as salty as the same amount as salt. MSG has sodium and isn't salty (though it's generally used in small quantities). Also, other tastes, especially sweetness, can hide the taste of salt.	[ "Since only some plants need sodium and those in small quantities, a completely plant-based diet will generally be very low in sodium. This requires some herbivores to obtain their sodium from salt licks and other mineral sources. The animal need for sodium is probably the reason for the highly conserved ability to...
Why do I see faint flashes of light when I roll my eyes around with my eyelids closed?	Slight pressure against your retina from the intraocular fluid (leading to sensory input as light) caused by the muscles pulling the eye around.	[ "Eyelid fluttering artifacts of a characteristic type were previously called Kappa rhythm (or Kappa waves). It is usually seen in the prefrontal leads, that is, just over the eyes. Sometimes they are seen with mental activity. They are usually in the Theta (4–7 Hz) or Alpha (7–14 Hz) range. They were named because ...
How would the super dense material from a neutron star act if there was much less of it? Let's say mass equal to our moon.	Yes, it would explode. People often say that if you took a spoonful of neutron star to earth, it would weigh 100 million tons or something to that effect. But the gravity of the neutron star itself is what's keeping the matter so densely packed, so it would explode if you somehow managed to remove it from the gravity o...	[ "Despite their small diameters—about 12.5 miles (20 kilometers)—neutron stars boast nearly 1.5 times the mass of our sun, and are thus incredibly dense. Just a sugar cube of neutron star matter would weigh about one hundred million tons on Earth.\n", "Neutron stars have overall densities of to ( to times the dens...
If we could slow time down enough to be able to watch the light envelope a room after turning a light bulb on what would it look like?	This is no longer an IF question. There is a camera which can do this. The TED video was AMAZING. _URL_0_	[ "In the Emmert experiment, we keep a book in front of us within normal reading distance, with good light conditions. Fixate our look into the middle of the object for 1 minute and look to a wall further away. We can see the post-images of the two circles that seem to be bigger than the stimulus. Now let’s look at a...
Do historians who perform in-depth research on depressing topics for an extended period of time ever experience a decrease in their mental health or well-being?	Not a precise answer but I once asked a historian considered to be the most prominent scholar associated with the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia a very similar question. His response was more along the lines of ‘it kept me away from my family for extended periods of time’, I didn’t take it to be particularly taxing o...	[ "Life-review therapy using Autobiographical Retrieval Practice for older adults with depressive symptoms, in a study carried out by Serrano JP, Latorre JM, Gatz M, and Montanes J, Department of Psychology at Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, demonstrated that, with increased specificity of memories, individuals sh...
How much wasted animal was there after the Buffalo Jumps done by Native Americans?	Given that there is a rich history of bison jumps spanning at least 10,000 years - see the [Olsen-Chubbuck site](_URL_0_), and covering an area from Mexico to Alberta, considerable variability is to be expected in the patterns of meat extraction. Speth (1983) notes that a common pattern throughout the plains is that co...	[ "The site was used as a \"buffalo jump,\" a place where American bison could be driven up a hill and over a cliff. Prior to 1700 CE, Native Americans lacked horses. Because they utilized dogs as hunting companions and for transportation, this time period is known as the \"Dog Days\" by many tribes. Bison served as ...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.