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train · 226k rows

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if data in analog signal travels in form of waves then how does it travel digitally in solid coper wire?	Digital data is still transmitted using waves along the wire, however digital is an encoding. In an analogue system the signal changes by the wave changing amplitude (AM radio, for example), or frequency (FM), or some other variable. The waves vary based on the complexity of the content. If something interferes with t...	[ "Analog recording methods store signals as a continuous signal \"in\" or \"on\" the media. The signal may be stored as a physical texture on a phonograph record, or a fluctuation in the field strength of a magnetic recording. This is different from digital recording where digital signals are quantized and represent...
if heat rises, why do lakes and other bodies of water freeze on the top first?	Due to the black magic of water molecule structure, it's at its most dense around 4'C and less dense at 0'C. This means between 0 and 4'C the coldest water _rises_ and freezes at the surface. If it weren't for this one innocuous quirk life probably would not have evolved past the simple pond life stage as lak...	[ "When meltwater pools on the surface rather than flowing, it forms melt ponds. As the weather gets colder meltwater will often re-freeze. Meltwater can collect or melt under the ice's surface. These pools of water, known as subglacial lakes can form due to geothermal heat and friction.\n", "As the temperature con...
Has natural selection lead to animals having a better ability to cross the road than the animals in the early 1900s?	Better than that Crows used to be primarily a grain eating species (scare crows) but the advent of cars made for roadkill which is an abundant food source. Vultures are no present in much of the country so crows have taken their place. Some ravens have also been observed deliberately placing hard shelled nuts on the...	[ "12% of studies analyzing the effects of roads on animals have found positive effects, indicating that some species benefit from the presence of roads. The predation release hypothesis, suggesting that roads may indirectly cause increases in abundances of animals whose predators are negatively affected by road, is ...
What did scientists in the 1970's get wrong when they predicted Global Cooling?	There was an observation by some scientists that was [blown out of proportion by the media](_URL_3_). The period from the 1940s through the 1970s saw a [cooling trend](_URL_2_) caused by sulphate particles from burning high sulfur coal. Sulphate particles are fairly reflective, and reflected enough sunlight to cool th...	[ "By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases. In the scientific papers which considered climate trends of the 21st century, less than 10% inclined tow...
why haven't biometrics taken the place of passwords/pins in virtually every instance?	The thing is that fingerprints aren't that secret. You can lift a fingerprint off a discarded coffee cup. What's worse, once your fingerprints are out there, there's no way to change them.	[ "Biometric security strengthens user authentication but, until recently, also implied important risks to personal privacy. Indeed, while compromised passwords can be easily replaced and are not personally identifiable information(PII), biometric data is considered highly sensitive due to its personal nature, unique...
greece is on the brink of leaving the euro so why is everyone withdrawing their money from atms?	To understand this you need to understand how a Greek exit from the Euro ("grexit") would work. Greece would order all its banks to close, and to turn off all their ATMs. They would stay closed for a few days, maybe a long weekend. During that time, everyone with a bank account would be informed that any balance the...	[ "The prospect of Greece leaving the euro and dealing with a devalued drachma prompted many people to start withdrawing their euros from the country's banks. In the nine months to March 2012 deposits in Greek banks had already fallen 13% to .\n", "In Greece's case, one additional obstacle presented by analysts is ...
why was ma bell forced to break up, and comcast/tw may be allowed to merge?	Better lawyers. Better lobbyists. Scummier politicians. Besides, you realize that "Ma Bell" has reincorporated itself across the board. They repurchased/merged in all the broken pieces back into AT & T.	[ "The breakup of the Bell System was mandated on January 8, 1982, by an agreed consent decree providing that AT&T Corporation would, as had been initially proposed by AT&T, relinquish control of the Bell Operating Companies that had provided local telephone service in the United States and Canada up until that point...
Were there any major conflicts between Hinduism and Buddhism throughout history?	Conflict falling largely along religious lines (Sinhalese Buddhist and Tamil Hindu) has occurred in Sri Lanka up to the present day.	[ "Buddhism had been almost entirely supplanted. The great philosophers Kumarila and Shankara had re-established the Aryan (\"varnasharam\") religion on firm though new basis, both ritually and spiritually. Islam had not yet appeared on the scene and there was no inter-religious strife. Intra-religious feuds of Hindu...
Europa and Tidal Flexing: Liquid water without the sun?	> Would the heating effect of this tidal flexing allow water to remain liquid even if the Sun were to go out? Yes. It is unconnected to the sun. > Could a rogue planet, cast adrift from its solar system, have a moon with liquid water thanks to this? EDIT: I accidentally answered a different question, see below f...	[ "The energy provided by tidal forces drives active geological processes within Europa's interior, just as they do to a far more obvious degree on its sister moon Io. Although Europa, like the Earth, may possess an internal energy source from radioactive decay, the energy generated by tidal flexing would be several ...
how can the same flaps create lift for takeoff and destroy lift for landing?	They don't destroy lift for landing. They help the aircraft land at a slower speed by adding lift (so that less horizontal velocity is necessary to maintain lift)	[ "For a wing to produce \"lift\", it must be oriented at a suitable angle of attack relative to the flow of air past the wing. When this occurs the wing deflects the airflow downwards, \"turning\" the air as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must exert a fo...
What was life like in a WWII penal battalion?	If you are interested in the penal battalion system, the 36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS is really notorious. Headed by Oskar Dirlewanger, the unit was comprised of serious offenders (Dirlewnger himself was a convicted child rapist). They were used for anti partisan missions on the eastern front, where their l...	[ "Rudolf Joachim Seck (15 July 1908 – 1974) was an SS-\"Oberscharführer\" (staff sergeant) during World War II during the course of which he committed a large numbers of crimes against humanity, for which he was later sentenced to serve life in prison by a West German court.\n", "After World War II. the surviving ...
Why were the Chinese able to invent so many things?	> Did the Chinese invent significantly more technologies than civilizations of comparable size/comparable economic power? Part of the problem here is that there is no comparable civilization. Imperial China was wealthy, large, highly populous, mostly unified and mostly at peace for a large part of its ~2000 year hi...	[ "These four discoveries had a profound impact on the development of civilization throughout the world. However, some modern Chinese scholars have opined that other Chinese inventions were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact on Chinese civilization – the Four Great Inventions serve merely to highligh...
how important a consistent sleep schedule is? why?	For starters you title your ELI5 wrong when sleepy. The real issue is that your body has a natural sleep rhythem an as a result you will feel sleepy at certain times more than others. This sleep rhythm is slow to change, and sleeping at times when you are normally awake will cause your sleep to be lighter and shorter t...	[ "According to a recent study at Brigham Young University, a regular sleep schedule can make an almost immediate difference on the body's ability to metabolize fat cells. In this specific study design, 300 college aged women (19–26 years old) were followed for a week and given an activity tracker which not only moni...
how does moving horizontally prevent satellites from falling towards earth?	Stand on a mountain and throw a ball. It moves horizontally to the surface of the Earth, but gravity pulls out down so it eventually his the ground. Now imagine a really tall mountain and you throw the ball really fast. It moves away from the Earth because you are on the high mountain, but gravity pulls it back towar...	[ "When the satellite's orientation goes out of control, it becomes possible to predict only a trajectory of its pass, at any point of which it can flare up. These satellites are also described as \"tumbling\". This category includes a lot of rotating rocket bodies, some failed Iridium satellites, ALOS satellite (whi...
why does drinking liquid help you feel better from coughing after inhaling something? isn't it a different tube?	Sometimes the reason you’re having a coughing fit is that esophagus muscles are spasming. Something irritated your throat and it overreacted. Drinking liquid gives the muscles something to do any sometimes they calm down after that.	[ "Among children who are at normal risk for normal risk of pulmonary aspiration or vomiting during anaesthesia, there is no evidence showing that denying them oral liquids before surgery improves outcomes but there is evidence showing that giving liquids prevents anxiety.\n", "Staying hydrated and avoiding alcohol...
how are sea creatures that live with little/no sunlight affected by the flashlights of submarines?	[_URL_0_](_URL_0_) It appears that these bright lights do permanently blind some deep sea creatures. At one vent, visited for the first time a month earlier, many shrimp eyes were a healthy pink. However, the eyes of most shrimp from the other site--heavily visited over the years--were a chalky white. Their pigme...	[ "Civilian submarines, such as the or the Russian \"Mir\" submersibles, rely on small active sonar sets and viewing ports to navigate. The human eye cannot detect sunlight below about underwater, so high intensity lights are used to illuminate the viewing area.\n", "Flashlight fish are found in tropical ocean wate...
why does it rain more in the spring (in the us) compared to other seasons?	Cold air still being pushed down from the north meets warm moist air coming up from the Gulf of Mexico. This clashing of fronts causes storms including tornadoes as well as rain. During the summer warm dry air comes down from the north and the hot moist air from the Gulf of Mexico blankets the south in asphyxiating h...	[ "While spring is a result of the warmth caused by the changing orientation of the Earth's axis relative to the Sun, the weather in many parts of the world is affected by other, less predictable events. The rainfall in spring (or any season) follows trends more related to longer cycles—such as the solar cycle—or eve...
How widely-spoken was English in Scotland prior to the Union of Scotland and England?	"English", as it was spoken before, came to the British Isles during the 5th century AD when different Germanic tribes came to the islands. The tribes settled along the eastern shores of Britain, at the same time as another nation was formed in the west, where Ireland is today. The people of the "Irish" part of the isl...	[ "After the Union of Crowns in 1603, the Scottish Court moved with James VI & I to London and English vocabulary began to be used by the Scottish upper classes. With the introduction of the printing press, spellings became standardised. Scottish English, a Scottish variation of southern English English, began to rep...
why do train cars always have so much graffiti on them?	In the late 60s/early 70s in new york and philly kids were painting and writing their names on the streets of their neighborhoods. It didn't take long for the new york kids to realize their names would travel all around the city if they wrote it on the train cars. Back then train security was almost non existent, so th...	[ "The railway commonly has to deal with issues of vandalism, including smashed windows. Damage to the electrical wiring for signals and track circuits. On one occasion graffiti appeared on a platform overnight. The track is occasionally lifted overnight, making it unsuitable for the trains to run on it. Once a burnt...
what happened between now and 30-40 years ago when it was typical not to attend university?	In short it's about the kinds of jobs available. 40 years ago, a great career job was working in a factory making toothpaste tube lids. It was a solid 40 hour work week, you made a liveable wage for a family of 5, you could eventually buy a car and a house and put some money away for retirement. Now that job pays minim...	[ "There were 21 students in the first generation and 17 of them finished the studies. In the first period there were only between 20 and 30 students in each generation. Many students were not able to complete their studies and left because of financial or health problems. After the graduation some of them received g...
Why was there no closer cooperation between Axis forces during World War 2?	Part I Modified from [an earlier answer](_URL_1_) A good part of the often dysfunctional German-Japanese alliance (I went into the other European Axis powers [here](_URL_0_) ) was the great geographic distances between the two powers that made it hard to coordinate grand strategies. Geographic distance, however, ...	[ "At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy and Germany as the Axis Powers. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. The Axis expanded in November 1940 wh...
This Week's Theme: Middle and South America	[Previously](_URL_2_) Current: Middle and South America (Previously run the week of [November 8th 2015](_URL_3_)) Upcoming: Trade and Trade Routes (Previously run the week of [August 23rd 2015](_URL_0_)) In the hole: Siberia Remember to ask theme-related questions in [a new thread!](_URL_1_)	[ "The South American Business Forum, also known as 'SABF', is an annual conference that takes place at the Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The forum aims, through dialogue and the interaction between current leaders and future leaders, to make a contribution to the sustainable devel...
Does Air Emit Blackbody Radiation?	Air emits blackbody radiation, and the blackbody rule only fails when a system is maintained in a non-equilibrium state, such as in a gas discharge tube or flame. For an IR sensor, this does not present a problem, at least ideally, because at equilibrium the air radiates the same simple, featureless blackbody spectrum...	[ "(Radiation) skyshine describes the ionizing radiation emitted by a nuclear technical or medical facility, reaching the facility's surroundings not directly, but indirectly through reflection and scattering at the atmosphere back to earth's surface. This effect can happen when the shielding barrier around the sourc...
Is the net gravitational pull of a planet towards the centre of the planet, even though that is counteracted by the gravitational pull of matter on the opposite side of the planet?	If you're inside a sphere of mass, only the mass that's "below" you (enclosed within a smaller radius) contributes to the gravitational field, while everything that's "above" you, including what's on the other side, cancels out. You can picture the mass on your side being cancelled by a larger but farther segment of ma...	[ "Every planetary body (including the Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field, which can be conceptualized with Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet, the strength of this field at any given point above the surface is proportional to t...
If an airline knew the weight of everyone on a flight, would they be able to save a significant amount of money in fuel costs?	Aircraft balance around the mean aerodynamic chord (MAC) of the wings. The sweet spot for the center of mass within the MAC for best fuel performance varies by aircraft. The closer you get the less trim you need, which means better fuel efficiency. Assuming we do not have control over the passenger and cargo weights (n...	[ "Alternatively, weight saved as a result of limiting free baggage could be traded for reduced fuel consumption on shorter routes well within the BAC One-Eleven's range by making the aircraft lighter, even with a full load of passengers.\n", "Very long non-stop passenger flights suffer from the weight penalty of t...
what is the difference between emitted light and other sources/forms of light?	Are you asking about different types of light in a digital sense (computer modelling, game design, 3d photography, etc)? A film techninque? If you mean chemistry-wise, I might be able to help. You know colour right (well, you might know color instead)? When a substance is hit by white light (white light is composed...	[ "In physics, the term \"light\" sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. In this sense, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are also light. Like all types of EM radiation, visible light propagates as waves. However, the energy imparted by the waves is absor...
Can you really adapt to a poison by gradually taking more (see The Princess Bride), also, can your body develop a use for the poison, like as an immune response?	Some folks have already pointed this out, but I want to reiterate this is only true of some poisons. A variety of dangerous substances (notably [heavy metals](_URL_0_)) do chronic, rather than acute, damage. The efficacy is entirely dependent on the poison's mechanism of action.	[ "Human poisonings are known, including pediatric and adult cases, and in the case of adults, both accidental and intentional poisonings. At lower doses in humans, the inhibitory postsynaptic potential induced by gelsemine action at the glycine receptor can result in nausea, diarrhea and muscle spasms caused by loss...
why is it so much harder to snap with your index finger than with your middle finger?	The snap comes from your finger hitting the palm of your hand. The middle finger has a better angle than the index or ring finger.	[ "The pad-to-pad pinch between the thumb and index finger is made possible because of the human ability to passively hyperextend the distal phalanx of the index finger. Most non-human primates have to flex their long fingers in order for the small thumb to reach them.\n", "\"Since the index finger is mostly on the...
how come when you have gas pains/indigestion drinking hot tea or water makes it feel better?	Ive never heard that it does. Is this common knowledge? I’ve always heard that warm or hot liquids cause your stomach to need to work a little harder to dissipate the heat so it will make a sore tummy feel worse. For gas sometimes you need a trigger to start the gas release so you drink something carbonated to set it o...	[ "Many people believe that steam inhalation reduces cold symptoms. There is no evidence suggesting that steam inhalation is effective for treating the common cold. There have been reports of children being badly burned by accidentally spilling the water used for steam inhalation.\n", "It is not clear exactly what ...
What is live culture yogurt and how does it aid in digestion?	Live culture means that when it was packaged there were live bacteria present within the yogurt. In fact, the reason it's yogurt in the first place is due to bacteria. After mixing together all the ingredients in yogurt (milk, sugar, etc.) it's boiled to kill off all the undesirable bacteria, then specific cultures are...	[ "This is a list of yogurt-based dishes and beverages. Yogurt is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. The bacteria used to make yogurt are known as \"yogurt cultures\". Fermentation of lactose by these bacteria produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to give yogurt its texture and its characte...
How do babies get e. coli in their gut?	Colonization of newborns happens via a few routes. The first one, as Fundus suggests, is via the birth canal itself. And [mode of delivery matters](_URL_4_). However, the vagina is NOTHING like the gut. The vagina tends to be colonized by things like [Lactobacillus](_URL_2_), which is not a prevalent member of th...	[ "\"E. coli\" belongs to a group of bacteria informally known as coliforms that are found in the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. \"E. coli\" normally colonizes an infant's gastrointestinal tract within 40 hours of birth, arriving with food or water or from the individuals handling the child. In the b...
Are animals more prone to get ill/infected during hibernation?	Yes, at least generally speaking. During hibernation, the functions of the immune system are considerably reduced and thus the overall immune response is weakened. For example, white blood cell count drops, along with lowered complement (small proteins that assist in the immune response) and antibody levels. A great (b...	[ "Animals that hibernate are in a state of torpor, differing from sleep. Hibernation markedly reduces the need for sleep, but does not remove it. Some hibernating animals end their hibernation a couple of times during the winter so that they can sleep. Hibernating animals waking up from hibernation often go into reb...
After WWII ended, Stalin allegedly put returning Soviet POWs through "filtration" camps to identify traitors who were then sent to labor camps. What was life like in the filtration camps?	The Russian site "Я Помню" - I Remember - (_URL_0_) has a number of accounts by Red Army veterans which describe the camps. Here's one by Grigory Davidovich Vodyansky: > A: From the first minutes on our home soil we were treated like traitors > Q: How was the state examination at the Murom filtration camp? > A: W...	[ "Multiple sources state that Soviet POWs, on their return to the Soviet Union, were treated as traitors (see Order No. 270). According to some sources, over 1.5 million surviving Red Army soldiers imprisoned by the Germans were sent to the Gulag. However, that is a confusion with two other types of camps. During an...
Why when you swing a rope, the traveling wave is much slower than the speed of sound in the rope?	In a solid material (and the rope can to some extend also fit into this model) you can have several modes of vibration. You can have longitudinal waves, where the density changes along the direction of the movement of the wave, and transverse waves, where the density changes in a direction perpendicular to ...	[ "Sound propagates in the channel by refraction of sound, which makes sound travel near the depth of slowest speed. If a sound wave propagates away from this horizontal channel, the part of the wave furthest from the channel axis travels faster, so the wave turns back toward the channel axis. As a result, the sound ...
why is it you can think of a word and use it properly in a sentence even though you can’t recall what the word means?	Because you've heard or seen it used in that type of context, so you are essentially imitating without understanding. In vocabulary tests, constructing a sentence using a word correctly is taken as a sign that the comprehension of the meaning is there.	[ "In some cases controlled vocabulary can enhance recall as well, because unlike natural language schemes, once the correct authorized term is searched, there is no need to search for other terms that might be synonyms of that term.\n", "In the study of word recall in working memory, multi-syllable words that may ...
why can't cities like nyc and boston create landfill to build on like they did in the past?	Not to be snarky, but why would they want to? That waterfront area is now incredibly valuable, the people/companies owning the land there want to keep it the way it is to maximize their value. And filling in the bay/harbor is expensive- why not build in other directions that might be cheaper? Finally, skyscraper...	[ "New York City solved the problem in an unusual way by actually taking away a block of land that was the 1837 landfill that extended Manhattan to 13th Avenue. The controversial decision included condemning many businesses. The city was unable to condemn the West Washington Street Market and was left to remain landf...
how are large public places like amusement parks and stadiums able to enforce bans? are there not too many people to keep a list going that’s effectively monitored?	They are not designed to block all access, they are designed to give the park grounds for charging them with criminal trespassing if they cause trouble in the future. But some effort is put into blocking access such as posters of banned people being at the ticket booth or gate, and they use facial recognition program...	[ "Cities can implement park exclusion orders (prohibiting individuals from frequenting some or all of the parks in a city for an extended period due to a previous infraction), trespass laws (privatizing areas generally thought of as public so police can to choose which individuals to interrogate), and off-limit orde...
Ocean Conveyor Belt and Global Warming.	The Conveyor Belt is one of the worst simplifications of ocean circulation. It reduces a highly-variable, multi-path circulation into a simple, cartoonish flow. You are correct that impressions based on "the Day after tomorrow" are worthless. The flow won't suddenly stop and their won't be sudden flooding of coastal...	[ "Most recently, Abbott co-wrote and edited Sea Blind , about the sea route opening along the melting Arctic Ocean and the price of shipping our stuff. It screened at the 2015 Paris climate talks and is making the rounds to the ports of Europe projected onto walls of shipping containers.\n", "Launched in June 2008...
what do governments do when an undocumented person literally cannot be identified?	They’re in a pickle. Hopefully their actual government has a system in place to process people clearly born in that country, but as-yet undocumented. Google “stateless person”. There are ways to become somebody that no country will claim as their own. The ramifications can be severe, so rules about giving up citizens...	[ "However, it is important to note that if an alien voluntarily departs at this stage, unlawful presence accrued up to that point is part of the alien's immigration record, and may create bars to re-entry depending on the length of unlawful presence. In particular, if the alien believes that his or her presence was ...
Is soap, water, and grease considered a physical reaction?	It’s not a chemical reaction, as no new chemicals are formed. It is more a chemical interaction. Grease doesn’t dissolve well in water as water interacts so much more strongly with itself, causing the grease remain stuck to whatever surface it is on, or form tiny beads of fat in the water. It’s as if they ”hate” each o...	[ "Soaps are the most common emulsifying agent used, and the selection of the type of soap is determined by the application. Soaps include calcium stearate, sodium stearate, lithium stearate, as well as mixtures of these components. Fatty acids derivatives other than stearates are also used, especially lithium 12-hyd...
why itunes is as bad a program as it is and why apple doesn't create a better one.	Why don't you go to one of their... oh right they have no competitors. Optimizing the app costs money. Fixing things that are annoying but not mission critical to fix costs money. Since people have no choice but to use iTunes... why on earth would they spend a dollar more than they have too on the site. App...	[ "Apple's iTunes has been accused of being bloated by efforts to turn it from a simple media player to an e-commerce and advertising platform, with former \"PC World\" editor Ed Bott accusing the company of hypocrisy in its advertising attacks on Windows for similar practices. In 2019, Apple announced the impending ...
why are addictions so hard to overcome?	[Neurobiology Student] An addiction is more than a habit, such as brushing your teeth. Brushing your teeth is routine, which unless someone has OCD or OCPD pose no physical or mental risk when stopping. If you chose to stop brushing your teeth it is as simple as telling yourself "I'm not going to brush my teeth today"...	[ "Accepted research now shows that some people have vulnerabilities to addiction and has established a three-factor standard for vulnerability to drug addiction: genetic factors, environmental factors, and repeated exposure to drugs of abuse. Being vulnerable to addiction means that there exists some factor which ma...
Can someone help me understand the "beauty" in Maxwell's equations?	The most beautiful way of writing Maxwells equations are in a slightly more mathematically advanced way, using what is called differential forms. Using this, all of the equations can be written as simply d\F=\J, where the object F encodes the E and B fields and J encodes the sources, i.e. the charge density and the ...	[ "BULLET::::- elegant: Also \"beautiful\"; an aesthetic term referring to the ability of an idea to provide insight into mathematics, whether by unifying disparate fields, introducing a new perspective on a single field, or providing a technique of proof which is either particularly simple, or captures the intuition...
How much potential energy could be produced using wind and solar means in the US if we took advantage of all the empty space?	that, combined with geothermal (properly harnessed) would make charging for energy obsolete as it would be so plentiful and ubiquitous. We're talking in the order of Zeta joules (the whole earth only uses about 1/2 a Zeta joule per year.	[ "The U.S. Department of Energy’s report \"20% Wind Energy by 2030\" envisioned that wind power could supply 20% of all the country's electricity, which included a contribution of 4% from offshore wind power. \n", "The U.S. Department of Energy’s 2008 report \"20% Wind Energy by 2030\" envisioned that wind power c...
How was Arab identity formed?	Arab culture, by and large, spread with the Muslim conquests. As you may know, there were several Muslim empires that covered huge expanses of land, from the greater Middle East to swaths of North Africa and into parts of India and Europe (famously Spain, but the cultural influence of the Ottoman Empire also reached in...	[ "Arab nationalism, a movement toward liberating and empowering the Arab peoples of the Middle East, emerged during the latter 19th century, inspired by other independence movements of the 18th and 19th centuries. As the Ottoman Empire declined and the Middle East was carved up by the Great Powers of Europe, Arabs s...
why are some bruises purple blue and green or orange? where does the pigment come from?	There is no new pigment, but just how the blood looks through your skins pigment. Bruises can look different depending on where they are, how deep beneath the skin, and how severe the bruise is. Bruises happen when you bleed without breaking the skin. Sometimes with more forceful trauma, like twisting your ankle, yo...	[ "During this time, larger bruises may change color due to the breakdown of hemoglobin from within escaped red blood cells in the extracellular space. The striking colors of a bruise are caused by the phagocytosis and sequential degradation of hemoglobin to biliverdin to bilirubin to hemosiderin, with hemoglobin its...
What significant scientific, technological, medical or other innovations have come out of Africa?	Well, Africa is big--are you referring to a particular region? For example, Egyptians, Nubians, and Aksumites developed new cross-fertilization processes. The Sahelian empires advanced metallurgy during the "middle ages." Benin was known for sophisticated bronze work in the 16th c. Areas of West Africa had early advan...	[ "Africa has the world's oldest record of human technological achievement: the oldest stone tools in the world have been found in eastern Africa, and later evidence for tool production by our hominin ancestors has been found across Sub-Saharan Africa. The history of science and technology in Africa since then has, h...
if banks currently make transactions digitally, what prevents hackers from creating counterfeit digital currency? in other words how are banks kept accountable for the amount of money they actually have?	Banks owe the amount of money that's in each account — the depositors are free to withdraw it. So they have every incentive to prevent someone fraudulently raising the balance. In addition to normal computer security they use audit trails — complete records of every deposit and where it came from — so that you can...	[ "While the digital gold issuers employ data security experts to protect their systems, the average accountholder's computer is poorly protected against malware (trojans, worms and viruses) that can be used to intercept information used to access the user's DGC account. Therefore, the most common attacks on digital ...
how does kim davis still have her job?	She is an elected official and cannot be fired. She could be impeached when the legislature goes back in session but that is unlikely for political reasons.	[ "Ali Davis is a successful sports agent who is constantly boxed out by her male colleagues. She expected to be made partner at the agency she works at. However, she does not receive the title since someone did not vote for her. After her boss tells her that part of the reason why she didn't make partner is basicall...
why do we have so many national fast food and casual dining chains but no national super fancy restaurant chains?	The franchise model doesn't really work all that well for fine dining. A good restaurant uses fresh ingredients and constantly experiments with new dishes and new ways to make old dishes. The whole idea behind franchise restaurants is consistency. An Olive Garden in Miami is exactly the same as an Olive Garden in Se...	[ "Many fast food operations have more local and regional roots, such as White Castle in the Midwest United States, along with Hardee's (owned by CKE Restaurants, which also owns Carl's Jr., whose locations are primarily on the United States West Coast); Krystal, Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits, Cook Out, and Z...
What would the orbits of the sun and other planets look like if we assume the Earth is the center of the solar system?	[Like this](_URL_1_), [or this](_URL_2_), [or this](_URL_0_).	[ "BULLET::::1. The orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse, with the Sun in one of the focal points of that ellipse. [This focal point is actually the barycenter of the Sun-planet system; for simplicity this explanation assumes the Sun's mass is infinitely larger than that planet's.] The planet's orbit lies i...
What are the primary differences between America's Manifest Destiny and Europe's Colonialism in Africa?	Through out most of Africa European colonists never made up a significant section of the population while in Americas became the majority in conquered areas. An effect of this some European powers were willing to rule the locals through local leaders who were sympathetic to their rule whilst in America the majority of ...	[ "Europe was less than keen on the idea: the great European scramble for Africa had not yet begun. Outside of the Cape of Good Hope and the Mediterranean coast, Europe had no African colonies of any significance. The focus of the great powers was still firmly on the lands that had made Europe's fortune: the Americas...
Why, exactly, has England been so keen to incorporate Scotland into the kingdom? Was it an economic issue? Political?	England hasn’t “always been keen” to incorporate Scotland. It’s been touch-and-go over the centuries. While economic and political questions were at stake, the early steps toward unification were driven by religious considerations. England was in an unfriendly neighborhood in Europe in the early sixteenth century...	[ "England resolved its long-standing problem with Scotland in the Acts of Union 1707, which integrated Scotland into the British political and economic system. The much smaller Scotland kept its traditional political elite, its established Presbyterian church, its superior universities, and its distinctive legal sys...
what's the difference between organized crime and terrorism?	The ultimate goal of organized crime is to make money. The ultimate goal of terrorism is to promote terror. For example, I start growing and selling drugs to make money. I have lots of customers that buy from me, and pretty soon i can't do it all by myself. So I hire a friend to come work for me. I'm in charge of ...	[ "Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals who intend to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for profit. Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, are politically motivated. Sometimes criminal organizations forc...
Could a blue whale become "obese" and how much could it end up weighing if it did have an unlimited food source?	Whales are already super fat. In a [1968 study] (_URL_0_) involving 49 different species of mammal from across the US and Brazil, researchers deduced that the blue whale had the highest percentage of body fat – more than 35%. With the whales weighing in at up to 180 tonnes, that’s easily a record-breaking amount of fat...	[ "An adult blue whale can eat up to 40 million krill in a day. The whales always feed in the areas with the highest concentration of krill, sometimes eating up to of krill in a single day. The daily energy requirement of an adult blue whale is in the region of . Their feeding habits are seasonal. Blue whales gorge o...
Do isotopes have the same absorption spectra?	There are some subtle differences. For the main spectral lines, the energies depend on the effective mass of the electron, which is related to the mass ratio of the electron and nucleus, and if the nucleus has a different mass then the spectral energy changes. For fine and hyperfine splitting, there may be a more direc...	[ "The absorption neutron cross-section of an isotope of a chemical element is the effective cross sectional area that an atom of that isotope presents to absorption, and is a measure of the probability of neutron capture. It is usually measured in barns (b).\n", "Due to the relatively large differences in IR absor...
why is there a need to share experiences that we have with others?	The root is in biology. We want to learn from other peoples mistakes (in order to avoid doing them ourselves). In return, we let other people know about stuff we did, so they can learn from our mistakes or adapt our strategies if they lead to success. Imagine finding a plant and wonder if you could eat it's fruit. Of ...	[ "\"I like the idea of sharing, from each according to their ability, to each according to their need,\" says Fass. \"I want to connect people in one city with people in another. I think information can cure almost anything.\"\n", "Having friends and friendships is a vital piece to human interaction and well-being...
why do so many programs want to change your default browser or search engine?	Ad revenue from the site it sets your default search engine to. It's the same way Google makes their money.	[ "Traditional browser-based search systems require the user to launch a web browser, navigate to a search page, type or paste a query into a search box, review a list of results, and click a hyperlink to view these results. Three characteristic features of a selection-based search system are that the user can invoke...
What happened to the American flag (or any other flag) on the moon? Do we know?	Every Apollo mission that landed on the moon planted a flag and left it there. They are all still standing except for the one from apollo 11 which was planted too close to the lander and blew over when they took off.	[ "As the Moon had no atmosphere that would allow a flag to fly on a traditional flagstaff, NASA had originally planned only to imprint a flag on the lower section of the Apollo Lunar Module, which would be left behind on the Moon as the astronauts returned to the Apollo Command/Service Module to journey back to Eart...
Have there been any major changes to Earth's landmass during recorded history easily spottable from a map?	Here are some processes that can result in changes of the kind you are asking about. Movement of rivers. Where they are not channeled and maintained by people, rivers tend to wander. For this reason, many rivers are surrounded by lakes called "oxbow lakes", which lie in old river channels. And sometimes rivers move a ...	[ "\"Oahspe\" gives details, including maps, about lost lands and new lands, particularly a large sunken continent called Pan or Whaga that once filled much of the Pacific Ocean. It also puts forward explanations on the causes of rapid loss or gain of fertility, the cyclical variations in heat and light upon the eart...
how would space elevators not break?	well the idea is to put a satelite in geosynchronous orbit far outside so the mid point of the stress is somewhere around the middle of the cable. as somebody else said, the theory is sound, we just dont have the materials for it.. yet. also, how do you put the cable in place? lower it down from space? how do you get...	[ "The elevator paradox is a paradox first noted by Marvin Stern and George Gamow, physicists who had offices on different floors of a multi-story building. Gamow, who had an office near the bottom of the building noticed that the first elevator to stop at his floor was most often going down, while Stern, who had an ...
Why the blue part of the flame is blue?	The blue colour of hydrocarbon flames is due to emission by a variety of excited species such as C2 and CH; see for example [this paper](_URL_0_). Orange flames are due to black body radiation by unburnt soot particles arising from incomplete combustion. Flames aren’t necessarily blue. Boron-containing fuels such as t...	[ "In a laboratory under normal gravity conditions and with a closed oxygen valve, a Bunsen burner burns with yellow flame (also called a safety flame) at around . This is due to incandescence of very fine soot particles that are produced in the flame. With increasing oxygen supply, less black body-radiating soot is ...
what did Alexander do with the tribes of the Khyber Pass?	I'd hardly call the Macedonian army that marched through the Hindu Kush a horde. They were spread out, marching in several distinct columns that had little communication with one another, and they were much smaller than they had been when marching through Anatolia. The short answer to your question is that the treatmen...	[ "to understand the sound strategic reasons which caused Alexander, before attacking Aornus, first to turn south to the Peshawar valley. Once he had consolidated his hold there and made his arrangements for crossing the Indus quite secure, he could safely move up to the right bank and attack the mountain retreat of ...
the pussy riot in europe	Pussy Riot are a Russian Punk band. Their music often says rude things about Vladimir Putin and the rest of his government. Now everyone knows 'sticks and stones' but Vladimir got sick of the musıc that said bad things about him so he said that they were not allowed to do that anymore. Pussy Riot then sang their song ...	[ "Pussy Riot is a Russian feminist protest punk rock group based in Moscow. Founded in August 2011, it has had a variable membership of approximately 11 women ranging in age from about 20 to 33 (). The group staged unauthorized provocative guerrilla performances in public places, performances that were filmed as mus...
how our metabolic rates can be wildly different from each other	Lots of things can contribute to different metabolic rates and body composition, including amount of lean muscle mass, age, gender, hormones, genetics, and your microbiome (especially your Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio) just to name a few	[ "According to this relationship, metabolic rate is a function of an organism’s body mass and body temperature. By this equation, large organisms have higher metabolic rates (in Watts) than small organisms, and organisms at high body temperatures have higher metabolic rates than those that exist at low body temperat...
why are there plants without green leaves,which nevertheless flourish in sunlight.?	Green plants contain a lot of the pigment chlorophyll. Because chlorophyll molecules are very good at soaking up blue and red light — but not so good at absorbing green light — plants containing a lot of chlorophyll appear green to the human eye. Pigment is also the reason why plants have different colored leaves. Pla...	[ "A green leaf is green because of the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll, which is inside an organelle called a chloroplast. When abundant in the leaf's cells, as during the growing season, the chlorophyll's green color dominates and masks out the colors of any other pigments that may be present in the leaf...
how does the same temperature feel cold for someone who lives somewhere like phoenix and hot for someone who lives in alaska?	We are not thermometers. We don't measure absolute temperature we only feel it. You don't even need friends from different states to test, you can do all by yourself, alone. Get a bowl of warm water, a bowl of cold water and a bowl of lukewarm water. Place one hand in the hot bowl and the other hand in the cold bow...	[ "Summers are typically mild (although cool compared to the contiguous US and even interior Alaska), though it can rain frequently. Average July low and high temperatures are and the hottest reading ever recorded was on July 4, 2019. The average annual precipitation at the airport is .\n", "The climate of the inte...
why is cunt considered so much worse in the usa then australia/uk	The short answer is, different culture. Any "bad" word is only as bad as the culture agrees that it's bad. Why 'cunt' became particularly bad in the US could be a number of reasons. The word by itself has an ambiguous history which can be read about [here](_URL_0_) but has always been associated with lady bits. So fr...	[ "The term \"safer sex\" in Canada and the United States has gained greater use by health workers, reflecting that risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections in various sexual activities is a continuum. The term \"safe sex\" is still in common use in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.\n", ...
How exactly are astrophysicists able to determine the elemental composure of an object deep in space without having a physical sample to examine?	We examine the [spectrum](_URL_1_) of light coming from the object. The spectrum will show which elements are in abundance and which elements are few or nonexistent. Edit: Think of it as similar to applying a prism to the light from our sun - but having knowledge that certain colors correspond to certain elements. Yo...	[ "and shape. Determining the moment of inertia of a body can help assess whether it has undergone differentiation (separation into rock-ice layers) or not. Shape or gravity measurements can in some cases be used to infer the moment of inertia – if the body is in hydrostatic equilibrium (i.e. behaving like a fluid on...
how does live television get transmitted to tv's across the world?	Here's a general answer for a live, domestic broadcast. 1. The TV cameras are cabled into a local production center; at a sporting event you'll see network trailers where the broadcast is "mixed" locally at the event. 2. The program signal is then transmitted by satellite to the network studios. Here it's merged with n...	[ "During this era, American television programs were either broadcast live to local television stations via microwave relay and AT&T's coaxial cable service or were recorded on kinescope and delivered through the mail to local stations. The live broadcast method was expensive, but was preferred by executives at each...
What was radioactivity called pre-Curie?	The term “radiation” already existed, and as far as I can tell the term “radioactive” (or rather the French radioactif) was coined in 1898, not long after the phenomenon was discovered in 1896 in Becquerel’s paper entitled “Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps phosphorescents” (Of the invisible radiatio...	[ "Treatise on Radioactivity () is a two-volume book from the year 1910 written by the Polish scientist Marie Curie as a survey on the subject of radioactivity. She was awarded her second Nobel Prize in the following year after the publication of the book. The book, which was dedicated to her newly deceased collabora...
Would water form a meniscus in space?	Water most certainly does form a meniscus in micro-gravity. The "inward" force is caused by hydrogen bonding within the bulk water. In free fall, where there is no "down", this would make it form a sphere if it weren't touching a container. All the gravity is doing is making the mass of water not climb *even further...	[ "An analysis of data from the Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer revealed that the western lobe of the Medusae Fossae Formation contains water. This means that this formation contains bulk water ice. During periods of high obliquity (tilt) water ice was stable on the surface.\n", "Liquid water is thought by most a...
At the height of their time, how many Tyrannosaurus-Rexes roamed the Earth at any given time?	I don't have a good answer to this, but here are some things to keep in mind when attempting to answer this question. The world as we know it was quite different during the Cretaceous Period, a lot of the continental drift was still in its early phases and Pangea was just starting to break apart. The Tyrannosaurus Rex...	[ "Alectrosaurus (; meaning \"alone lizard\") is a genus of tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 83 to 74 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Mongolia. It was a medium-sized, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, with a body shape simil...
why does donald trump have so much hatred towards "mainstream" news, in particular cnn?	Every news station in America has a leaning. They either lean right or left, Conservative or Liberal. Donald Trump hates CNN and most other news channels because they lean left and therefore always disagree with what a Republican president does or says. For instance if you hear that Trump signed an executive order on s...	[ "The presidency of Donald Trump has led to many prominent controversies involving CNN. The network was accused by critics of giving disproportionate amounts of coverage to Donald Trump and Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. CNN president Jeff Zucker defended CNN against the criticism, commenting that out of the ...
as someone who's never lived in a city how do apartment buildings work?	Honestly it depends on the apartment. Some have separate entrances for each unit, some have a main lobby with a key or a doorman, some have a common space that’s unlocked.	[ "In South African English, an apartment is usually a single level rental area that is a part of a larger building and can be entered from inside the building through a separate door leading off either a wind tunnel or entrance hall/lobby that is shared with other occupants of the building.\n", "This type of apart...
amendment 14 section 4 of the us constitution.	The idea is that the President basically flips Congress the bird and directs the US Treasury to continue issuing bonds above and beyond what the Debt Ceiling authorizes. When Congress flips, a lawsuit will probably ensue to which the President would go to court arguing that he was upholding the 14th Amendment to the C...	[ "The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution addresses criminal procedure and other aspects of the Constitution. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment applies to every level of the government, including the federal, state, and local levels, as well as any...
Lets say there's a 1/1000 chance of a coin landing on its side when you flip it. How many times would i need to flip the coin for there to be a 50% chance of it landing on it's side?	If you flip the coin 1000 times, the probability that it never lands on its side is (999/1000)^(1000). So the probability that it lands on its side at least once is the complement, (1 - (999/1000)^(1000)). This works out to about 63%. To find the number of flips such that the probability of at least one side lan...	[ "There is no reliable way to use a true coin flip to settle a dispute between two parties if they cannot both see the coin—for example, over the phone. The flipping party could easily lie about the outcome of the toss. In telecommunications and cryptography, the following algorithm can be used:\n", "If we toss a ...
Out of two otherwise identical objects, will the hotter one have more mass?	TL;DR: Yes, the hotter one will have more mass. Yes, this change is, in principle, detectable by a scale. Yes, for typical household or even factory temperatures, the difference is negligible. The detailed math --- (Let's use units where c = 1.) The mass of a system of particles is not just the sum of the masses of...	[ "When two otherwise isolated bodies are connected together by a rigid physical path impermeable to matter, there is spontaneous transfer of energy as heat from the hotter to the colder of them. Eventually, they reach a state of mutual thermal equilibrium, in which heat transfer has ceased, and the bodies' respectiv...
Do Hinduism and the Hellenic faith share a root religion?	I took a class on Germanic mythology, and some others on Viking culture and civilization. The professor regularly referred to [Georges Dumezil](_URL_0_), who wrote about indo European religion. The short answer to your question is yes, the people who spoke the "proto indo-european language" also practiced a "proto in...	[ "Hinduism and Zoroastrianism share a common root in Proto-Indo-Iranian religion. Zoroastrianism in India shares more than a thousand year of history with the culture and people of India. The Zoroastrians of India are called there Parsis.\n", "In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deiti...
why people hate steve jobs	He ignored his daughter, didn't acknowledge his biological parents, rarely donated to charity, and attempted to cheat his partner, Steve Wozniak out of money.	[ "In a Hindustan Times interview, Purohit said Steve Jobs inspires him because of Jobs' \"ability to use technology to change lives for the better. \" His favorite books are The Bhagavad Gita, The Innovator's Dilemma and Future Shock. \n", "Alterman has also criticized Steve Jobs for his avarice and for failing to...
Sports and war	Did this stranger cite a particular example? How many teams are called "revolutions"? I can only think of the New England Revolution soccer team in Major League Soccer here in the US. Anyway, there are some notable intersections between war and sport. I don't have sources with me here at work but soccer has provided a...	[ "Military sports are sports practiced by the military. They are the subject of international competitions, such as the Military World Games, with an objective relating to the physical training of military. Particular sports may be chosen to improve combat readiness, skill, toughness, the development of physical qua...
If we knew the exact age of an atom of radioactive material, would we be able to predict its alpha and beta decays?	Current theory strongly suggests this is absolutely random. This is known as the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum physics. The alternative is the hidden variable explanation, there is some non-random mechanism, we just can't see it. Scientists have been looking for these hidden variables ever since Copenhagen,...	[ "From many decay modes with half-lives and branching ratios relative to alpha decay predicted with the analytical superasymmetric fission (ASAF) model, the following 11 have been experimentally confirmed: C, O, F, Ne, Mg, and Si. The experimental data are in good agreement with predicted values. A strong shell effe...
Why did Newton have three laws of motion, and not two?	Newton's laws are somewhat sequential. The first law can still make sense in a universe where the second law fails, like in the case of F=ma^(2). More deeply however, Newton probably (speculation!) codified the first law as its own entity (instead of a special case of the second) to directly refute Aristotle's ideas w...	[ "Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers ...
why seats on planes and buses aren't lined up	They are generally laid out to maximize space, using whatever definition the operator has. Buses are often concerned about things like bumps in the floor taking space, so seats are placed over them, and near doors, and the rest are laid out to evenly use up the space they have. Doors may be on one side, and wheelchair ...	[ "BULLET::::- In some vehicles intended for commuter services, seats are positioned with their backs to the side walls, either on one side or more commonly on both, facing each other across the aisle. This gives a wide accessway and allows room for standing passengers at peak times, as well as improving loading and ...
I think I understand the difference between aleph-null and aleph-one as countable and uncountable infinities, but what is aleph-two?	By the [General Continuum Hypothesis](_URL_2_), we have that Aleph(a+1)=2^(Aleph a). This is either the set of sets of something of size Aleph-a, or the functions from something of size Aleph-a to {0,1}. But, at this point, it's best to abandon trying to get some kind of visualization or intuitive feel for these thing...	[ "ANF is a normal form, which means that two equivalent formulas will convert to the same ANF, easily showing whether two formulas are equivalent for automated theorem proving. Unlike other normal forms, it can be represented as a simple list of lists of variable names. Conjunctive and disjunctive normal forms also ...
How did armoured troops in hot climates cope with the heat?	Keegan talks about some of these issues in The Face of Battle. Contrary to Hollywood and fantasy books, armor wasn't worn all day, but it was donned just prior to battle. Of course there were baggage and supply trains with water to keep soldiers hydrated. Check out this post from /u/abt137 2 years ago: _URL_0_ However...	[ "HEAT had posed a serious threat to armoured vehicles since its introduction in World War II. Lightweight and small, HEAT projectiles could nevertheless penetrate hundreds of millimetres of the hardest steel armours. The capability of most materials for defeating HEAT follows the \"density law\", which states that ...
When the Roman Empire split, how did each side view one another? Were there border tensions?	I'm going to argue the opposite to the answers already here and instead suggest that there was a continual sense of unity throughout the fourth and fifth centuries. Although there were multiple emperors, I think that contemporaries still saw the Roman empire as a single indivisible one. To answer this question, it is ...	[ "BULLET::::- In 395 the Roman Empire was split for good, but in two halves: West and East, each under a sovereign emperor, in charge of two praetorian prefectures, each with or without a partner in government.\n", "In 395, the death of the last sole Roman emperor, Theodosius I (r. 379-95), led to the final split ...
the rico act of 1970, and how it changed prosecutors' ability to tackle organized crime.	Imagine your stereotypical mob boss. He personally does not kill people, steal, sell drugs, run numbers, or operate brothels. He orders people to do those things, and since it can be very difficult to prove he issued the orders, he is largely insulated from guilt. What RICO did is make operating a criminal enterpris...	[ "Initially, prosecutors were skeptical of using RICO, mainly because it was unproven. The RICO Act was first used by the US Attorney's Office in the Southern District of New York on September 18, 1979, in the United States v. Scotto. Scotto, who was convicted on charges of racketeering, accepting unlawful labor pay...
How true are the claims that “the Kulaks burned large amounts crops and killed their livestock in order to resist collectivization, and these actions were what led to the famines in the Soviet Union in the 1930s”?	PART I Did Soviet peasants destroy food supplies and slaughter livestock to resist collectivization? Absolutely. Did this resistance cause the famines in the USSR in the early 1930s? This is a bit more of a complicated question. It helps to back up a bit and provide a timeline of events around collectivization an...	[ "By 1936, about 90% of Soviet agriculture had been collectivized. In many cases, peasants bitterly opposed this process and often slaughtered their animals rather than give them to collective farms, even though the government only wanted the grain. Kulaks, prosperous peasants, were forcibly resettled to Kazakhstan,...
why people still use a dealer/middleman ?	Because middlemen have enough money to buy in bulk, to be able to sell to the consumer. Big companies don't want to have to deal with individual items, they would rather have one order of 1000 items than 1000 orders for the same item. This also means the big companies get one big lump sum for an order, as opposed to 10...	[ "Elimination (by the online sources) of the traditional middleman the intermediary between the seller and the buyer (such as an agent, broker, or reseller), or between the source and the recipient of information (such as an agency, official, or gate keeper).\n", "Jobber, in merchandising, can be synonymous with \...
When does it make sense to turn off a computer instead of putting it in sleep mode?	The most likely component to fail from power cycles would be the hard drive. However, the most definitive work I know of has this to say: > Power Cycles. The power cycles indicator counts the number of times a drive is powered up and down. In a server-class deployment, in which drives are powered continuously, we do ...	[ "Sleep mode has gone by various names, including \"Stand By\", \"Suspend\" and \"Suspend to RAM\" . Machine state is held in RAM and, when placed in sleep mode, the computer cuts power to unneeded subsystems and places the RAM into a minimum power state, just sufficient to retain its data. Because of the large powe...
Were there vacations for the average worker in the USSR? If so, how much was given/where did they go?	The entire concept of vacation (as in, mandated paid leave from work) in Russia is largely a product of the October Revolution. The [decree](_URL_4_) (apologies for the source, and the fact that it's in Russian, but most of these haven't been digitized in any way) was passed in July of 1918, and mandated that workers...	[ "The rising standard of living under socialism led to a steady decrease in the workday and an increase in leisure. In 1974, the average workweek for Soviet industrial workers was 40 hours. Paid vacations in 1968 reached a minimum of 15 workdays. In the mid-1970s the number of free days per year-days off, holidays a...
if salmon salt water fish, how are they able to survive their famous final journey up rivers to spawn?	Fish do what is called "osmoregulation", and in fact it's something all living things do. It means maintaining the appropriate concentrations of salts and salt ions inside your cells. Those ions are vital to the chemistry of life, so the concentrations have to be maintained pretty carefully. The problem is that when...	[ "Juvenile salmon spend a prolonged period of time (weeks to months) in estuaries in order to help ease their bodies adapt to the transition from fresh water to salt water. In a process called “Smoltification”, salmon are able to make the next step in preparing their bodies for the transition from freshwater to salt...
It seems like Zhukov did a lot for Berlin after the war and was fair to them saying "Hate the Nazism but respect the German people" So how was Zhukov seen by the German population after the war? Did they hate him for winning or respect him?	> It seems like Zhukov did a lot for Berlin after the war and was fair to them saying "Hate the Nazism but respect the German people" Can you provide source of that? Sounds like a folk tale.	[ "On 23 July 1942, Hitler personally rewrote the operational objectives for the 1942 campaign, greatly expanding them to include the occupation of the city of Stalingrad. Both sides began to attach propaganda value to the city, based on it bearing the name of the leader of the Soviet Union. Hitler proclaimed that af...
Where did the Greek gods and myths come from?	So, before diving into this, a little background that at first may not seem particularly relevant, but bear with me. Modern English stems from Old English, which systems from a language we nowadays call Proto-Germanic. Languages like Swedish, German, Norwegian, and dead languages like Gothic all extend from Proto-Germa...	[ "The numerous gods of the ancient Greek religion as well as the mythical heroes and events of the ancient Greek epics (\"The Odyssey\" and \"The Iliad\") and other pieces of art and literature from the time make up what is nowadays colloquially referred to as Greek mythology. Apart from serving a religious function...
How common was it for a person of colour to live in medieval europe, and how were they treated by both white commoners and nobles?	Not quite medieval but there are records of black people living in London since the 16th century (there are also records of black people living in Roman Britain). They seem to of made their way to Britain from Andalusia as their arrival occurred at the same time as Catherine of Aragon's marriage to Henry VIII and St Bo...	[ "In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the color of clothing showed a person's social rank and profession. Red could only be worn by the nobility, brown and gray by peasants, and green by merchants, bankers and the gentry and their families. The Mona Lisa wears green in her portrait, as does the bride in the Arnolfin...
why are we restricted by airport customs in the amount of cash we carry?	There is no such limit. Above $10,000 you have to declare it to them and fill out a form. It is to fight money laundering; same as the reporting requirements for large cash transactions at banks.	[ "BULLET::::- \"The Washington Post\" reports that a United States Department of Homeland Security Inspector General's report has accused United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) of wasting up to $41 million by sending illegal immigrants home on charter flights that are often only 40 to 80 percent ful...
How liberal was FDR when it came to civil rights?	Political Science major, might as well spit out some info that has been taught to us. Would be interesting to see what historians here think of it's historical validity. FDR was President during a turbulent time with the war, depression, and the dust bowl. Although it was also a turbulent politically as FDR had crea...	[ "In 1980, Republican presidential candidate Ronald Reagan announced that he supported states rights. Lee Atwater, who served Reagan's chief strategist in the Southern states, claimed that by 1968, a vast majority of southern whites had learned to accept that racial slurs like \"nigger\" were offensive and that ment...
During WW2 why was the RAAF not withdrawn from Europe along with the Australian Army?	The squadrons were mostly formed in the UK from personnel from the Empire Air Training Scheme. While they were called RAAF squadrons they were technically part of the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom with their crew coming from all over the Commonwealth. If Australia had ordered them back to Australia I would im...	[ "By early 1944, the flow of RAAF replacement personnel to Europe had begun to outstrip demand and – following a request by British government – was wound back significantly. Australian involvement was effectively terminated in October 1944.\n", "Throughout the Pacific War, Australia remained an important base of ...
Does every trait of an organism ultimately serve to promote survival and reproduction?	No, every trait is not adaptive. New traits are introduced by mutation. Any mutation can be bad for fitness (survival and reproduction), good for fitness, or neutral for fitness. Bad traits should become less frequent in the population and good traits should become more frequent in the population. The neutral traits ca...	[ "From the point of view of natural selection, biological functions exist to contribute to fitness, increasing the chance that an organism will survive to reproduce. For example, the function of chlorophyll in a plant is to capture the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis, which contributes to evolutionary success....

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