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The Jewish community are divided in two ethnic groups: Ashkenazi and Sephardic. Were there ever conflicts between these like with, for example, the Muslim Sunnis and Shiites? | In short the answer is no.
To be more specific, the split happened at the end of the "genonic" period in the late 900s.
Since Talmudic erac.100bc-400ad, (for Pharisee, or mainline Jewish today), which solidified Jewish practice, it was established an informal and formal way of creating and establishing traditions a... | [
"In Israel, the term \"Ashkenazi\" is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning, often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic. Jews of any non-Ashkenazi background, including Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish and others who have no... |
the differences between the types of welding and their uses. | This is not something easily answered here. The real answer would fill a book. There are many techniques depending on what and where you are welding and what the weld needs to accomplish. The most common techniques for metals are spot, stick and TIG and MIG wire feed. There are also weld techniques for other mater... | [
"Welding is a process where different pieces of metal are fused together to create different shapes and designs. There are many different forms of welding, such as Oxy-fuel welding, Stick welding, MIG welding, and TIG welding. Oxy-fuel is probably the most common method of welding when it comes to creating steel sc... |
Were all humans pigmented the same way "out of Africa"? Or differently? Did climate and location dictate skin color? | If you consider our common ancestors then it is most likely that variation in skin pigmentation existed before we separated from chimpanzees. Chimpanzees exist with a wide variety of skin coloration, from very light to very dark. | [
"Convergent evolution in humans includes blue eye colour and light skin colour. When humans migrated out of Africa, they moved to more northern latitudes with less intense sunlight. It was beneficial to them to reduce their skin pigmentation. It appears certain that there was some lightening of skin colour \"before... |
what causes some people to have a sweet tooth, while others do not? | About the kids: I read about the research that kids, who are not restricted in sweets, do not treat them as something very good and do not overeat no binge on them, even later in life.
At the same time using sweets as a reward, creates connections in the brain, essentially associating sweets with positive behaviour.... | [
"As a group, sugar alcohols are not as sweet as sucrose, and they have slightly less food energy than sucrose. Their flavor is like sucrose, and they can be used to mask the unpleasant aftertastes of some high intensity sweeteners. Sugar alcohols are not metabolized by oral bacteria, and so they do not contribute t... |
if all the clocks that measure date and time would stop working, how would humanity find out what exact time it is again? | We have good definitions for the exact length of a second (and therefore minute, hour, day...) that do not rely on already knowing the time.
We'd just check against noon at a location where the exact local noon is known. We would have the date (if everyone forgot to count days, we can work that out from the positions ... | [
"Many of the usual units displayed on clocks, such as hours and calendar dates, may have little meaning after 10,000 years. However, every human culture counts days, months (in some form), and years, all of which are based on lunar and solar cycles. There are also longer natural cycles, such as the 25,765-year prec... |
Can you move light, with light? | You can get constructive and destructive interference from coherent waves of light, but at the quantum level light doesn't interact with itself. | [
"In special relativity, it is impossible to accelerate an object the speed of light, or for a massive object to move the speed of light. However, it might be possible for an object to exist which moves faster than light. The hypothetical elementary particles with this property are called tachyonic particles. Attemp... |
If you were to die of a bacterial infection, would the bacteria continue to grow and feed on your dead body? | This probably depends on the bacteria that cause the infection, since some may have more stringent growth requirements. However, in general bacteria can grow at a variety of temperatures, so unless your body became very cold (say you were outside on a winter day), the bacteria would continue to grow. In addition, other... | [
"As few as five bacteria can lead to clinical disease. When they enter the host, the bacteria colonise the heart and hepatopancreas. They may be engulfed by phagocytosis into the lobster's blood cells, but continue to survive within the blood cells, feeding on the cytoplasm. The lobster's blood cell count drops, an... |
Besides Athens and Sparta, what were the forms of government used by the other city states during Classical Greece? | Aristotle provided a model for judging the constitutions of various Greek states against one another. This is just one model, and it is not without its ambiguities. But I think you might find it helpful in this case.
Radical democracy and monarchy were seen by Aristotle to be the two extreme forms of constitution, wit... | [
"The basic unit of politics in Ancient Greece was the polis, sometimes translated as city-state. \"Politics\" literally means \"the things of the polis\" where each city-state was independent, at least in theory. Some city-states might be subordinate to others (a colony traditionally deferred to its mother city), s... |
why haven't we evolved to breathe underwater or fly? | Because those have never been evolutionary advantages for humans.
Evolution rewards traits that improve survival. Humans have done just fine without needing to fly or breathe underwater.
At this point in time, we're so far down the "breathing oxygen" and "not needing to fly" route that there's very little chance tha... | [
"The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air-breathing would have been an advantage: leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them; they would have been attra... |
how can audiophiles tell the difference between an max quality mp3 and a flac file just by their ears? | They can't is the short answer. But people like to convince themselves they can if they have bought a bunch of expensive audio equipment and spent time converting their audio to flac.
Saying that hard drive space is so cheap you may as well use flac and transcode it if needed on your portable player. | [
"BULLET::::- \"the main claimed benefit of high-resolution audio files is superior sound quality [...] 24-bit/96 kHz or 24-bit/192 kHz files should therefore more closely replicate the sound quality that the musicians and engineers were working with in the studio. [..] As always, though, there are some people who c... |
Is the cell that we first started as (sperm and egg) still in our body somewhere? | It is every cell in our body.
When the original zygote begins dividing, it first divides into two cells. *Both of the resulting cells were the original cell.* Then each of those divides in two. Then each of those. Wash. Rinse. Repeat.
So the end result is that every single cell in your body was once the origina... | [
"One hypothesis is that the first nucleated cell arose from two distinctly different ancient prokaryotic (non-nucleated) species that had formed a symbiotic relationship with one another to carry out different aspects of metabolism. One partner of this symbiosis is proposed to be a bacterial cell, and the other an ... |
why do some people describe ukip as bigoted? | Basic rundown of why people would claim them as bigoted:
-They propose implementing a 5-year "freeze" on **permanent** immigration (i.e. not long term work residences, student visas, etc.). Generally speaking any anti-immigration position is labeled racist these days.
-They've criticized the current proposals for imp... | [
"UKIP is situated on the right wing of the left–right political spectrum. More specifically, academic political scientists and political commentators have described UKIP as a right-wing populist party, and as part of Europe's wider radical right. The term \"populism\" refers to political groups which ideologically ... |
paralegal v. lawyer: what are the differences? | My understanding is that it's the difference, in the realm of legal jobs, equivalent to nurse vs. doctor in the medical profession.
A doctor needs a license to practice medicine. A lawyer needs a license of sorts to practice law.
However, there are people in either field who lack those licenses, yet still have a very... | [
"BULLET::::- In the United States, the term generally refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals. In fact, there are statutory and regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law.\n",
"A paralegal is an individual who is employed or ret... |
why when you weigh in you suck in air to weigh less. | You don't, unless you're superstitious.
They're full of hot air. | [
"Again, unlike the effect that low-gravity environments have on weight, buoyancy does not make a portion of an object's weight vanish; the missing weight is instead being borne by the ground, which leaves less force (weight) being applied to any scale theoretically placed underneath the object in question (though o... |
Was there more or less death by violence, between humans, after the advent of agriculture? | I would imagine this would be a better question for r/askanthropology. | [
"The world population in the 20th century experienced a large amount of death due to two major world wars. World War II was responsible for the most war related deaths in the 1900s with a death toll between 40,000,000 and 85,000,000 deaths. Other predominate wars in the 1900s include World War I with up to 65,000,0... |
if an ant crawled into my nose/ear, how far into my body could the ant get? | Your eardrum is not far into your external auditory meatus. Maybe an inch and a half? In your nose you would likely sneeze pr caught it up pretty quickly but hypothetically it could crawl into your lungs or stomach from there. | [
"This ant ventures far from its burrow in the Sahara Desert, which has almost no identifiable features. While venturing out it periodically takes measurements of its angle in respect to the Sun. By doing this the ant can venture far from its nest in search of food. Because of the blistering heat, it can only do thi... |
how the "magic eye" eye puzzles are created. | I assume by "Magic eye puzzle" you mean [Autostereograms](_URL_0_).
They're created by special software, which takes a depth map and an arbitrary texture or pattern to generate the final autostereogram image. The depth map is greyscale ([example](_URL_1_)) and indicates how far away each pixel is from the viewer; ligh... | [
"Magic Eye is a series of books published by N.E. Thing Enterprises (renamed in 1996 to Magic Eye Inc.). The books feature autostereograms, which allow some people to see 3D images by focusing on 2D patterns. The viewer must diverge their eyes in order to see a hidden three-dimensional image within the pattern. A \... |
why is/was google+ such a flop? | Because it offered no real advantage over Facebook. So, people would have to transfer to using a new service and convince all their friends to also transfer. I also don't think Google could compare to Facebook's suggested friends/accounts. | [
"Due to low user engagement and disclosed software design flaws that potentially allowed outside developers access to personal information of its users, the Google+ developer API was discontinued on March 7, 2019 and Google+ was shut down for business use and consumers on April 2, 2019.\n",
"On 16 May 2013, Marga... |
If the earth rotated to always have one side facing the sun, how hot would the side facing the sun get? | If you skip to the bottom where I said "quick review" in bold, I linked to a pretty neat plot and gave a quick answer.
Let's walk through a simple model and see what we find. I've got to skip a lot of physics and just give you some pretty simple equations.
First let's see what we get just from looking at the Earth cu... | [
"From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth, Earth would appear to revolve in a counterclockwise direction around the Sun. From the same vantage point, both the Earth and the Sun would appear to rotate also in a counterclockwise direction about their respective axes.\n",
"If a straight l... |
what does a mayor do in a county system? | In Toronto's case...crack and heroin | [
"A city's local government is headed by a mayor elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the presiding officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council), which serves as the city's legislative body. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to better s... |
how did "friends" do so well in terms of ratings compared to today's television? | In the time of Friends, being on air. Viewers content was limited basically to the cinema, for new release, home movies or renting at Blockbuster or Hollywood video ect.. and then of course the mainstream everyday stuff of cable TV.
Today the population has such a wide array of available content to view.
Redbox, Netf... | [
"Readers of \"TV Guide\" voted the cast of \"Friends\" their Best Comedy cast of all time, ranking at 29% of the votes, beating \"Seinfeld\", which registered 18%. A poll undertaken by \"60 Minutes\" and \"Vanity Fair\" named \"Friends\" the third greatest sitcom of all time. In 2014, the series was ranked by \"Mun... |
with thousands of workers producing new iphones, how come not way more information about them is leaked? | They guy who oversees the shoe sole making machine does not necessarily understand how the rest of the shoe is made. There are not a whole lot who actually understand the whole thing, and those who do are probably under a close eye and NDAs. | [
"With regard to leaked information about new Apple products, Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources, has filed lawsuits against unknown persons, \"John Does\", to find out how their product information has been leaked and has been chastised by the courts for doing so as an abuse o... |
the primary voting systems connection to federal polling places | You have been misinformed. The USA does not provide federal polling places. Elections are conducted separately by each state, under the state budget. | [
"In the United States of America, a vote center, sometimes known as a \"super precinct\", is a polling place that combines multiple precincts allowing voters to choose at which location to vote. Voter centers can be used to allow voters to choose from any polling place within a larger jurisdiction, commonly county.... |
how come we never hear animals howling in pain when giving birth? | Yes our bodies are terribly designed for child birth, but animals still do experience pain during labor, and may even make sounds.
The main reason animals are usually quiet is because giving birth makes the animal entirely vulnerable to predators, so being as quiet as possible is important to survival. So being quiet... | [
"Bears produce a number of vocal and non-vocal sounds. Tongue-clicking, grunting or chuffing many be made in cordial situations, such as between mothers and cubs or courting couples, while moaning, huffing, sorting or blowing air is made when an individual is stressed. Barking is produced during times of alarm, exc... |
what is the difference between a civilian grade rifle and a military one? was watching a second amendment debate and i’m confused | Veteran here:
Really nothing.
Military rifles are select-fire which means they have burst or fully-automatic modes.
Civilian rifles only have semi-automatic modes.
Otherwise they are exactly the same.
(Technically civilians can own automatic weapons, too, but they require extremely expensive tax stamps and backgro... | [
"A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have s... |
Is it possible for a black hole to spin fast enough to overcome it's own gravity? | Just naively, if we treat a black hole as a uniform rotating sphere and find the velocity at which centrifugal acceleration at the equator matches the gravitational field, we find that the velocity for this to happen 71% the speed of light at the equator, independent of mass.
However, black holes are more complex than... | [
"A rotating black hole might provide additional assistance, if its spin axis is aligned the right way. General relativity predicts that a large spinning frame-dragging—close to the object, space itself is dragged around in the direction of the spin. Any ordinary rotating object produces this effect. Although attemp... |
why is mormon so big in utah | The state of Utah was essentially founded by Mormons. The group felt persecuted on the east coast and began what they describe as a pilgrimage to the promised land, where they could live, grow, and worship in their own way. Their final point of rest was Salt Lake, Utah, a relatively nice place to do all of those things... | [
"The construction of the Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies, better known locally as the Mormon University, owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) near the valley separating the Mount of Olives from Mount Scopus, initially sparked controversy beca... |
Looking for help here. What are some good questions I can ask my WWII Veteran great-grandfather about that time period to learn as much as possible? | My advice? Leave the big picture stuff alone. Don't ask about generals or campaigns or the kind of stuff you read about in your high school textbook. As a young enlisted man, he probably wasn't privy to the details, and there's a good chance he won't remember that sort of stuff. Asking what he thought about Roosevelt o... | [
"BULLET::::- \"No Mission Too Difficult! Old Buddies of the 1st Division Tell All About World War II\", Blythe Foot Finke, ed., Cantigny Military History Series. An anthology of stories and wartime experiences related by 14 World War II veterans of the 1st Infantry Division. Eight of the 14 were former 16th Infantr... |
Why is a smallpox vaccine so different compared to most vaccines? | From the CDC website, it seems like multiple delivery sites give the best chance of the vaccine "taking." The vaccine is a live virus similar to smallpox, and seems to require deposition on the dermis, rather than entering subcutaneous tissue. It seems that it is tricky to get the virus to the right site to take hold, ... | [
"Vaccination is a cheap and effective way of preventing infections by viruses. Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of the actual viruses. Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) associated with viral infections such as polio, mea... |
why do a lot of celebrities choose weird names for their kids? | I think a lot of it has to do with their chosen profession as well. Actors and musicians are performers and in a lot of ways, everything they do is an expression because of the creative nature of their profession.
That and drugs..... loooooooots of drugs | [
"Many nicknames are bestowed by parents or other elders on children while they are still toddlers. Examples are the numerous \"Boy\", \"Toto/Totoy\" (young boy), \"Girlie\", \"Nene\" (young girl), \"Baby\" and similar types of pet names given to people who received them as kids and carried them into adult life and ... |
how do 3g/4g wireless networks work? | A cell tower shoots radiation at your phone that carry's information packets (like with regular wire internet) which can only be read by your phone (A Sim card is basically like a decoder ring/homing beacon) Then your phone shoots radiation back saying what you want and it goes round and round in that circle.
It's id... | [
"A wireless router is a device that performs the functions of a router and also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is used to provide access to the Internet or a private computer network. Depending on the manufacturer and model, it can function in a wired local area network, in a wireless-only LA... |
When did the commissioning of artistic works start? | As long as there has been portraiture, there has been commissioned art. While not directly related to your question, Michael Baxandall's Painting and Experience provides an insightful account regarding the relationship between the artist and the patron during the fifteenth century in its first chapter. Pretty cheap on ... | [
"Florence was the birthplace of the High Renaissance, but in the early 16th century the most important artists were attracted to Rome, where the largest commissions began to be. In part this was following the Medici, some of whom became cardinals and even the pope.\n",
"The crowning of the French Philip V the gra... |
why are there so many different medications on the market right now for "moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis"? | Because that’s not all that it treats. A LOT of these drugs treat basically what are side effects of an overactive immune system. Rheumatoid arthritis, plaque psoriasis, Crohn’s disease ulcerative Colitis, Ankylosing Spondylitis Etc. most are injections, so the few that are coming out are tablets or capsules because so... | [
"Even though List I substances are officially classified as hard drugs, several of them are often prescribed by licensed doctors. For example, nearly all opioids are List I drugs, but they are commonly prescribed to cancer and HIV patients, as well as sufferers of chronic pain, although prescriptions for opioids ar... |
what happens to guitar strings over time and use which makes them sound dull and need to be changed? | The strings begin to fade because of the dirt and oils on your fingers when you play.
I may be wrong, but I would guess that since most strings are "wound", the dirt and oils get into places that you can't clean completely, affecting the vibration and tone of the strings, making you have to drop cash on more.
| [
"Stringed instruments, particularly guitars, have a tendency to get out of tune during playing, especially if strings are bent. In the late 1980s, Gibson developed a system called the Gibson Robot Guitar which used an onboard computer, motors, and a battery to keep the instrument in tune, but the system was complex... |
is there scientific evidence that 'intuition' is something that is real on a subconscious level? | I have no real qualifications to answer this, but I did read Blink by Malcomb Gladwell and I think you should too.
From what I gathered in the book, our brains are always thinking at a subconscious level. It is what allows us to react if we, for example, step in front of traffic. If a car is approaching us, we try to ... | [
"Intuition is an assumed truth with an unknown, or possibly unexamined, source. It is a judgment that is not dependent on a rational examination of the facts. It is usually experienced as a sudden sensation and/or rush of thoughts that feel \"right\". Many persons experience intuitive epiphanies which later prove t... |
do productions really crash expensive sports cars for a single shot in films? | I doubt they buy full actual sports cars to crash. The most likely scenario is they build a replica model of the body and put it on a 'normal' car chassis.
I know a few of the cars blown up in Skyfall were relatively cheap 3D printed replicas. | [
"Also in 2013, Universal Studios ordered twelve Lykan HyperSport stunt cars to appear in the film \"Furious 7\", one of which is available for public viewing at Car Vault in Dubai. It is the most expensive car ever featured in the \"Fast and the Furious\" films, though the vehicles seen on screen do not have the ca... |
Given gurrent techniques for detecting extrasolar planets, how close would you have to be to detect Earth | I'll try to make an estimate because I don't have the exact data. Kepler-22 is 600 lightyears away and the same size as the sun; its planet is 2.4 times the size of the Earth and 15% closer, meaning it blocks 2.8 times as much light as Earth would. With the sensitivity to detect Kepler 22-b from Earth, you could detect... | [
"Until around 2012, the radial-velocity method (also known as Doppler spectroscopy) was by far the most productive technique used by planet hunters. (After 2012, the transit method from the Kepler spacecraft overtook it in number.) The radial velocity signal is distance independent, but requires high signal-to-nois... |
Lagrange Points on the surface of a planet? | That's not really possible based off of how gravity actually works when you're not treating bodies as point masses. The location of Lagrange points is dependent on the masses of the bodies in the system. Even if you get your masses and orbital radii so that your, say, L2 point is inside the atmosphere of your object, s... | [
"In celestial mechanics, the Lagrangian points ( also Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points) are the points near two large bodies in orbit where a smaller object will maintain its position relative to the large orbiting bodies. At other locations, a small object would go into its own orbit around one of th... |
Is the process of aging considered a disease? | This isn't a scientific question but an etymological (pertaining to words and language) one.
From _URL_0_
> noun
> 1. a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imb... | [
"Examples of aging-associated diseases are atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease. The incidence of all of these diseases increases rapidly with aging (increases exponentially with age, in the case of cancer). \n"... |
Do Ferrite Cores have any real effect on electronics, and if so what exactly is the effect? | Ferrite beads will work to filter out high frequency noise, of course, if the cable isn't picking up any high frequency noise then they won't do anything.
They work because the core increases the inductance of the wire, higher inductance results in a higher impedence for high frequency signals. | [
"Ferrite cores are used in electronic inductors, transformers, and electromagnets where the high electrical resistance of the ferrite leads to very low eddy current losses. They are commonly seen as a lump in a computer cable, called a ferrite bead, which helps to prevent high frequency electrical noise (radio freq... |
Reading Medieval History | I'm assuming you're reading modern translations of these texts, which means there should be introductory sections. READ THOSE. The editors and translators use these introductory sections to explain those things your assignment requires. Look at the footnotes in these editions for articles and other sources that might h... | [
"History Alive! The Medieval World and Beyond is a history textbook published by Teachers' Curriculum Institute (TCI) – an organization created by teachers – that is used primarily by 7th grade students. The textbook and supporting materials cover the Medieval era in Europe, and also examines other world cultures d... |
Is there a way to obtain a perfectly random natural number between 1 and ∞? If so, if you take the average of 10.000 purely random numbers, what result do you get? | No. There is no uniform probability distribution on a countably infinite set. Such a distribution would have to satisfy p(x) = p for each *x*. Hence p+p+p+... = 1, which is impossible. | [
"Even so, this is a quite satisfactory method, considering that even the best known algorithms have exponential time growth. For \"a\" chosen uniformly at random from integers of a given length, there is a 50% chance that 2 is a factor of \"a\", and a 33% chance that 3 is a factor of \"a\", and so on. It can be sho... |
Were there any slaves on the Mayflower? | There were no slaves on the Mayflower though settlers did practice slavery. There are no records of black slaves living in Plymouth colony until 1643, though there is records of one passing through. [Source: Scroll all the way to the bottom] (_URL_0_) | [
"The Henrietta Marie was a slave ship that carried captive Africans to the West Indies, where they were sold as slaves. The ship wrecked at the southern tip of Florida on its way home to England, and is one of only a few wrecks of slave ships that have been identified.\n",
"Slave voyage: Captain D. Smith sailed f... |
why is it acceptable to form something like a women's only coding competition or club, but to do that with men would be considered sexist and backwards? | This is because those spaces are already considered male dominated, so woman-centric spaces attempt to offset that inequality. Men do not need those spaces because in a sense, they already have them. | [
"An example of gender stereotypes assumes those of the male gender are more 'tech savvy' and happier working online, however, a study done by Hargittai & Shafer, shows that many women also typically have lower self-perceived abilities when it comes to use of the World Wide Web and online navigation skills. Because ... |
when a corporation makes a profit, where does that money go? | Some profits may go into the bank (or investments), to be used later.
Some profits may go into expanding the business over the next fiscal period (thus going to pay for future expenses).
Some profits may go into repurchasing shares.
Some profits may go directly to shareholders as dividends. | [
"A profit company is a category of company which includes a number of sub-categories. First and foremost, a profit company is incorporated for the purpose of financial gain to its shareholders. It may be incorporated by one or more persons, or by an organ of state.\n",
"Some companies receive revenue from interes... |
racism vs prejudice | Prejudice simply refers to discriminating against someone based on whatever you choose -- age, gender, sexual orientation, race, height, weight, hair color, what music they like, what food they like, etc. It doesn't matter which characteristic you're choosing to focus on, it's all under the general umbrella of "prejudi... | [
"Prejudice is often associated with discrimination, which, in the colloquial sense, means the active and explicit exclusion and derogation of minority groups based on preconceived and unfounded judgments. This type of discrimination certainly exists, but it is in no way justified by the presence of evolved prejudic... |
a lot of gasoline producers claim that their gas is somehow better than that of other companies; is this ever a legitimate claim? | High quality gas has detergents in it that can improve performance and engine lifespan.
Low quality gas has poorer quality control and can lead to poor performance.
Whether advertiser's claims match up to these, that's anyone's guess. But it is not impossible for one brand of gasoline to be better than another. | [
"E85 promoters and the Society of Automotive Engineers contend that automotive manufacturers currently fail to equal the fuel consumption of gasoline because they fail to take advantages of characteristics which are superior in ethanol-based fuel blends. They claim that some ethanol engines have already produced 22... |
How do red hot or white hot metals, stones emit light? | The electrons of a hot substance are constantly being excited. They then release a photon when they relax back into a lower energy state.
Light is just an oscillation of the electromagnetic field. You don't need to lose mass to emit light. | [
"Gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and a number of other elements do not produce a characteristic flame color, although some may produce sparks (as do metallic titanium and iron); salts of beryllium and gold reportedly deposit pure metal on cooling.\n",
"Of course, the visual sensation usually associated with th... |
What was the reasoning behind the reforms in governance of Roman provinces, and what was the advantage of using Proconsuls as opposed to Praetors? | I have explained how proconsulships first came about in [this post](_URL_0_) (under my previous handle). In the Late Republic though the proconsulships were changed from ad-hoc occurrences to something more structured. It is that change which I was referring to in the post you linked in your question. I do hope someone... | [
"The principate did not totally do away with the system of selecting proconsuls and propraetors. In provinces with one legion, a legate bearing praetorian imperium, thus being a \"propraetor\", not only governed the province in the Emperor's name, but also controlled the legion himself. However, in provinces with m... |
why hasn't a vice president run for president against their own president. | Because the nature of the party system means they wouldn't win.
Its very rare for a political party to swap candidates when the candidate still has 4 years left. In 2012, the Democrats were going to run Obama (barring any serious scandals) regardless of who tried to get the nomination. Obama was working so far, they... | [
"The vice presidential candidate might also be chosen on the basis of traits the presidential candidate is perceived to lack, or on the basis of name recognition. To foster party unity, popular runners-up in the presidential nomination process are commonly considered. While this selection process may enhance the ch... |
Do animals really die from old age or is there some other reason that they die more frequently with age? And why don't plants do this? | Unfortunately, nothing dies of old age. Illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, etc become more common with age and it is this that kills you.
It is interesting to note that "old age" or "natural causes" is not supposed to be recorded as the sole cause of death on a death certificate... | [
"If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. Many examples exist of plants and animals for which the mortality rate actually decreases with age, for all or part of the lifecycle.\n",
"The growth depends upon the extent of a... |
Was there a point in societal history where the utility of water was considered a requisite necessity? | For most of history, yes, water was relatively free.
You walked yourself down to the river or lake and scooped up some buckets, or drew water from the well you dug on your property. Only later when mass urbanization began did you have community water. They would dig well for districts and the whole town would go to ... | [
"Water is required for all life, but since ancient times, mankind has also employed this natural resource for other specifically human productive uses. Millennia ago man learned to navigate on water, learned to dam and divert it for irrigation and build aqueducts and canals to carry it where possible, and learned t... |
cia and what do they do | The CIA is the modern US Intelligence agency. During World War II, President Roosevelt was getting his intelligence (information, essentially) from the British and Russians, and saw that he was not good at getting it himself, which makes the US look a bit weak. Sun Tsu wrote about the importance of intelligence, and a ... | [
"The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world.\n",
"The CIA acts as the primary US HUMINT and general analytic agency, under the Directo... |
Why were animals put on trial? | You’ll find a very discerning discussion of animal trials in Joyce E. Salisbury’s *The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages* (2nd ed. 2011), p. 108 ff. You can read/download the classic work on the subject for free online: E. P. Evans’ 1906 [*The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals*] (_URL_0_).
... | [
"In legal history, an animal trial was the criminal trial of a non-human animal. Such trials are recorded as having taken place in Europe from the thirteenth century until the eighteenth. In modern times, it is considered in most criminal justice systems that non-human creatures lack moral agency and so cannot be h... |
wouldn't the carbon footprint of shipping used goods to be recycled largely offset the benefits of recycling? | It would probably depend on what the goal is. The benefit from recycling paper is you need to cut down fewer trees. The goal of recycling aluminum cans is to save on mining more aluminum. The other goal of both is also the main goal of recycling k-cups: keeping them out of landfills.
Carbon footprints are a secondary... | [
"Recycling goods through the secondhand market reduces use of resources in manufacturing new goods, and diminishes waste which must be disposed of, both of which are significant environmental benefits. However, manufacturers who profit from sales of new goods lose corresponding sales. Scientific research shows that... |
How do dogs not get alkalotic and die from panting? | Because dogs have a more effective respiratory system, basically. If it makes you feel any better that any given working breed of dog is going to be able to run our weak human asses into the ground with equivalent conditioning, they also tend to be more sensitive to air pollutants.
Where are all the vets and biologis... | [
"Unlike dogs, panting is a rare occurrence in cats, except in warm weather environments. Some cats may pant in response to anxiety, fear or excitement. It can also be caused by play, exercise, or stress from things like car rides. However, if panting is excessive or the cat appears in distress, it may be a symptom ... |
how do app's like earnin, which have no fees or interests (and rely on tips) actually make money? | It is a payday loan so they can link it to a specific person’s paycheck. They have a good claim on seizing it, so they either go after the employer for payment or sell it to a collections agency for nearly full price.
They are funded by venture capital which means they likely operate at a loss anyway. | [
"On release, many reviewers found the app's lack of monetary rewards unusual, due to the fact that Google has a similar app, Google Opinion Rewards, which offers Google Play store credits after completing short surveys. An August 2016 review from Android Pit noted that \"this reliance on altruism [is] a little stra... |
how can baking soda be safe to consume if it's made from ammonia? | How can salt be safe to consume when it's made from sodium and chloride? Go look up someone dropping sodium in water on youtube, surely THAT can't be safe to put inside your body, right?
See, thing is, **chemical compounds** are different from simple mixtures or ingredients. So when you say "x is made from y" does tha... | [
"Industry legend has it that Drackett researchers, while trying to find a cold oven cleaner, found that ammonia would plasticize food spills, making them easier to remove. This took hours, however, during which period the ammonia would evaporate, halting the process. Looking for a less volatile chemical with the ge... |
if we could make giant ants, would they be just as strong as small ants? | You can't just scale organisms up and down like that. Say that you made every dimension of an ant 1000 times bigger. That will make the surface area of the ant 1000^2 times bigger and its volume/weight 1000^3 times bigger. It's bodily systems probably wouldn't function. | [
"\"T. gigantea\" is the largest giant ant ever found, larger than the biggest extant giant ants, which are the driver ants of the genus \"Dorylus\", found in Central and East Africa. The fossils indicate that the males grew up to and the queens grew to . It had a wingspan of about .\n",
"The giant anteater can be... |
when manufacturers make a toy, clock, etc. how do they decide which battery is needed assuming size is not an issue? | Size is a major issue, but also voltage.
Normal batteries (AA's, C's, D's, etc) all have the same voltage, roughly 1.5V per cell. As they get bigger, they get more capacity, but as a rule you want to pack as much capacity into the space as possible while still providing the voltage you need.
As an example: a boombox ... | [
"Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries in vehicles, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency p... |
what types of meat are considered prime, choice, select, etc and is it just a marketing technique/scam? | These gradations are defined by the United States Department of Agriculture. It is based on the amount of "marbling" (fat within the muscle) of the meat and the age of the meat (older means less tender). There is a formula to determine what the meat can be labeled as.
You can find out a lot more information at [t... | [
"BULLET::::- a better \"variety\" of foods, e.g.: organic foods, pasture-raised meats, free-range eggs and poultry, handmade farmstead cheeses, heirloom produce heritage breeds of meat and many less transport-immune cultivars disfavored by large grocers\n",
"This is a list of meat substitutes. A meat substitute, ... |
Mathematicians of reddit, How does one prove that something cannot be with rigor? | A famous example is the proof that the square root of 2 cannot be written as a ratio whole numbers, i.e., that the square root of 2 is an irrational number. The classic proof here is a proof by contradiction: one assumes that there is such an expression, and show that it leads to a contradiction.
BTW, you can see thi... | [
"Mathematical proof is fundamentally a matter of rigor. Mathematicians want their theorems to follow from axioms by means of systematic reasoning. This is to avoid mistaken \"theorems\", based on fallible intuitions, of which many instances have occurred in the history of the subject. The level of rigor expected in... |
how a nuclear war would destroy the planet | JakeSteam's points are not entirely true.
The reason why life could easily die on the surface of the earth after a nuclear war is twofold.
The first is dust/ash. This is called 'nuclear Winter.' There is ample available evidence that even small volcanos, and the smoke and dust they kick up can cause freezing, ... | [
"The second, a full-scale nuclear war, could consist of large numbers of nuclear weapons used in an attack aimed at an entire country, including military, economic, and civilian targets. Such an attack would almost certainly destroy the entire economic, social, and military infrastructure of the target nation, and ... |
[META] Does anybody here have a degree in museum studies or work for a museum? | You can join us over in /r/MuseumPros. When you get there, look in the sidebar. We have some education information there. Regarding what it's like to be a curator, you might want to get some more specific questions about it.
Heads up, you are probably going to have to do more than one internship. I'm about to graduat... | [
"Museology or museum studies is the study of museums. It explores the history of museums and their role in society, as well as the activities they engage in, including curating, preservation, public programming, and education.\n",
"List of museums in Colorado identifies museums (defined for this context as instit... |
how opened water bottles “go bad” | What do you mean by "opened water bottles 'go bad'"?
Generically speaking, anything previously sealed has an increased chance of going bad after you break the seal because you introduce more contaminants than may have been in the item while it was sealed.
Take chip bags for example, they sit on the shelf for awhi... | [
"Reusable bottles can hold bacteria. Drinking from a reusable bottle can transfer bacteria from a person's mouth to the beverage it contains, which can contaminate both bottle and water. Contamination can cause bacterial or fungal growth in the liquid while it's stored. It is recommend that users clean reusable dri... |
Why does peanut butter spark in the microwave oven? | Ok, I just tested this twice, and sparks happened about 5 seconds after I started it, like you said. What I noticed was the metallic cover on the bottom, which had small pieces still stuck to the lid, sparked and burned up. My hypothesis is that whatever the material on the lid is was metallic enough to carry a current... | [
"Peanut butter is a food paste or spread made from ground dry roasted peanuts. It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners or emulsifiers. Peanut butter is served as a spread on bread, toast or crackers, and used to make sandwiches (notably the peanut butter a... |
Correlation between cosmic microwave background and "snow flurry" on TV? | We call it "noise". It is when every pixel on the screen of an analog tv is a random grayscale colour between black and white, and this happens when there is no television signal being picked up.
Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is faint radiation left over from the big bang when our universe was created. ... | [
"A cosmic microwave background was predicted in 1948 by George Gamow and Ralph Alpher, and by Alpher and Robert Herman as due to the hot Big Bang model. Moreover, Alpher and Herman were able to estimate the temperature, but their results were not widely discussed in the community. Their prediction was rediscovered ... |
how is the reclassification of broadband internet is going to change the service that isps provide? | > So they reclassified broadband internet to a min of 25 down and 3 up, how is that going to change anything at all? Can the ISPs just give the same shitty internet and just not call it broadband?
ISPs generally are concerned with reclassification of the term broadband because they do like to advertise their service... | [
"In February 2009, the second Merkel cabinet approved a \"broadband strategy\" with stated aims of accelerating telecommunication and internet connectivity, closing gaps in underserved areas by the end of 2010, and ensuring nationwide access to high speed internet by 2014. Policy actions include upgrades to existin... |
Theory of everything/ Unified Theory? | We know these things exist, but we want to have a working *model* of them that can be used to make predictions and, in principle, lead to applications. Just saying "Yep, there's gravity" doesn't get a rocket to the moon, and just saying "electromagnetism's a thing" won't tell you how a given circuit will behave. For th... | [
"\"An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything\" is a physics preprint proposing a basis for a unified field theory, often referred to as \"E Theory\", which attempts to describe all known fundamental interactions in physics and to stand as a possible theory of everything. The paper was posted to the physics arXiv... |
is there something in pumpkin nutritionally speaking that makes people crave it when it becomes widely available in the fall? | Just so you know, most pumpkin flavored things just have nutmeg in them. | [
"When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, steamed, or roasted. In its native North America, pumpkins are a very important, traditional part of the autumn harvest, eaten mashed and making its way into soups and purées. Often, it is made into pie, various kinds of which are a traditional staple of the Canadian and Ameri... |
why are whole-grain foods healthy for you but processed grains not as much? | "Processing" a grain means **removing the bran and the germ from a grain**. This is generally **done by an industrial process of grinding or selective sifting**. The **bran and the germ are where the vast majority of the nutrients of a grain are stored.**
We do this because **the germ and the bran spoil much, much fas... | [
"Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored, measured, and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers. The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to the creation of the first p... |
Why didn't Rome have any famous scientists? | I'd challenge that notion. Rome had several writers who made major contributions to science, notably Vitruvius and Frontinus, who did, admittedly focus more on the application of science than scientific discovery. If you want someone more in line with the Greek natural philosophers, Lucretius is a better example. He wr... | [
"Romans believed the genius of somebody was an entity that embodied his essential character, personality, and also originally his vital, generative force and \"raison d' être\". However the genius had no direct relationship with sex, at least in classical time conceptions, even though the nuptial bed was named \"le... |
AskHistorians Podcast 134 - The Adjunctification of Academic Life w/Professor Daniel Bessner | Hey, thanks a lot for this episode. I think Daniel Bessner hit a lot of nails on their heads here. There are deep structural problems that need to be overturned to make academia even a remotely liveable field in the US - and in other places. In my experience, as a non-American, the systems overseas are better in some w... | [
"The podcast is hosted by Jack Stewart, who is also responsible for the technical and editing duties. Philip Sharman takes responsibility for reading out the articles, while Chris Wallace provides interjections. The tone is generally humorous, but the show also covers serious articles, such as the 2011 San Fernando... |
why should we even bother with adjusting for a leap second? | automated financial markets trade kajillions of dollars in one second. If the clocks don't all sync up, one computer would have an advantage over another and bad stuff would happen in the stock market.
If you're investing money, or your parents are investing money, or you don't want earth to look like mad max, you sho... | [
"The scheduling of leap seconds was initially delegated to the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH), but passed to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) on January 1, 1988. IERS usually decides to apply a leap second whenever the difference between UTC and UT1 approaches 0.6 s, in o... |
do modern fax machines make that screechy dial up noise out of necessity or is it something it is programmed to do for consistency/familiarity? | No, they do it because it is still the protocol for talking over the telephone line to the other fax machine. The tones are actually what is being transmitted over the line and being able to hear them might help with diagnosing a problem with the fax. | [
"BULLET::::- Autodialers may be used for a number of dishonest purposes, including telemarketing fraud or even as War dialing. War dialers take their name from a scene in the 1983 movie WarGames in which a 'cracker' programs a home computer to dial every number in an exchange, searching for lines with auto-answer d... |
How does someone get a PhD, and what does it mean? | > What they do after their Masters?
They often enroll in some classes, teach other classes, and perform research which will make up their thesis.
> Do you apply to a university to "do a PhD"?
Yes. You need not just a university but an adviser with whom you will work closely.
Another thing is that some programs h... | [
"The PhD trains future professors, researchers and consultants at the highest international level. The goal is to prepare students not only to master methodologies, but also to advance knowledge and play an active role in the international academic community. Before starting their dissertation work, students must f... |
how can mobile service carriers (at & t, verizon, sprint) get away with charging fees for things you're not even buying from them? | Because the fees are written into the contract that he signed. | [
"Sometimes, pay-as-you-go customers pay more for their calls, SMS and data traffic. In some cases they are limited in what they can do with their phone – calls to international or premium-rate telephone numbers may be blocked, and they may not be able to roam. These limitations are usually the results of deficienci... |
Bear domestication. | See [my thread from last year](_URL_0_) for a discussion. | [
"However, there is disagreement over the definition of the term \"domestication\". One interpretation of \"domestication\" is that it must include physiological changes associated with being selectively bred in captivity, and not merely \"tamed.\" It has been noted that traditional peoples worldwide (both hunter-ga... |
why do we "need" fun? | “If life — the craving for which is the very essence of our being — were possessed of any positive intrinsic value, there would be no such thing as boredom at all: mere existence would satisfy us in itself, and we should want for nothing.” | [
"Fun is the enjoyment of pleasure, particularly in leisure activities. Fun is an experience often unexpected, informal or purposeless. It is an enjoyable distraction, diverting the mind and body from any serious task or contributing an extra dimension to it. Although particularly associated with recreation and play... |
Which is brighter, Venus as seen from Earth, or Earth as seen from Venus? | You're not going to see shit from the surface of Venus. | [
"In contrast to Mercury the maximal apparent brightness of Venus as seen from Earth does not occur at phase angle zero. Since the phase curve of Venus is relatively flat while its distance from the Earth can vary greatly, maximum brightness occurs when the planet is a crescent, at phase angle 125°, at which time Ve... |
Neutrons have no charge, yet they have a magnetic moment. What's up with that? (Lots more questions inside!) | Quarks are charged, and they contain spin as well, so that's where the magnetic moments arise.
Ferromagnetism is due to unpaired electrons, whose spins are not cancelled out. In the case of iron, depending on whether it's high-spin or low-spin, you can have anywhere from 0 to 4 unpaired electrons. In addition, the mos... | [
"The neutron has no measurable electric charge. With its positive electric charge, the proton is directly influenced by electric fields, whereas the neutron is unaffected by electric fields. The neutron has a magnetic moment, however, so the neutron is influenced by magnetic fields. The neutron's magnetic moment ha... |
Were the Templar Knights particularly tough bad-asses? | Knights Templar received no particularly special martial training. Their position had a couple of basis, firstly there is the ideological position of knights fighting to protect the Holy Land. Secondly, the Kights Templar underwent an evolution which resulted in them being highly involved in matters of high finance and... | [
"The Knights Templar were the elite fighting force of their day, highly trained, well-equipped and highly motivated; one of the tenets of their religious order was that they were forbidden from retreating in battle, unless outnumbered three to one, and even then only by order of their commander, or if the Templar f... |
What was the view Nazi Germany held of the Greeks and Greece? | Hitler considered himself a military man and as a result he tended to admire and identify with the great military men of history and he held a great respect for people like Petain and Leon Degrell. Hitler absolutely adores the ancient Spartans. In mein Kampf he compares the Germans in world war 1 who died in France and... | [
"Greece was invaded by Italy in October 1940, but not occupied until after the German invasion in April 1941. Greece was occupied and divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian zones and a Greek puppet government was created. Greek Resistance emerged rapidly. The left-leaning National Liberation Front (\"Ethniko Ap... |
why does 36°c as our average internal temperature not feel as warm as an external 36°c? | Because you feel temperature with your skin, which isn't 36°, the internal of your body is (blood, organs, etc) | [
"In the Earth's atmosphere, temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth's surface. The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause, an area approximately 80 km above the surface. In contrast, some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the thermosphere, which receives strong ionizing ... |
If you were trapped on an island with only sea water how would you hydrate yourself? | Well, you could of course take the water, evatorate it, collect the distilled water, remix it with a bit of seawater and drink it.
EDIT: I just read that you could probable drink the destilled water withour remixing it with seawater, provided you eat enough, so the water gets mixed with minerals again, so your cells d... | [
"Active drowning: People, such as non-swimmers and the exhausted or hypothermic at the surface, who are unable to hold their mouth above water and are suffocating due to lack of air. Instinctively, people in such cases perform well-known behaviors in the last 20–60 seconds before being submerged, representing the b... |
how are condoms "electronically tested"? (says so in the bag) | They are filled with water and then dipped in water that has a charge going through it to ensure that electricity does not pass through the latex (which would indicate there is a hole). | [
"A condom machine is a vending machine for the sale of condoms. Condom machines are often placed in public toilets, subway stations, railway stations and airports as a public health measure to promote safe sex. Many pharmacies also keep one outside, for after-hours access. Rare examples exist that dispense female c... |
why does the north star never move but all the other stars do? | The others appear to move because the earth is spinning on its axis. Directly above either of the poles of that axis, a star will appear to barely move at all, but other stars will trace circles around it through the night.
You can take some cool long exposure photographs by pointing your camera at celestial north an... | [
"As Earth rotates daily on its axis, the stars appear to move in circular paths around one of the celestial poles (the north celestial pole for observers in the Northern Hemisphere, or the south celestial pole for observers in the Southern Hemisphere). Stars far from a celestial pole appear to rotate in large circl... |
During WW2 which nation had the best Ground forces and Air Force? | Prior to Nazi Germany's occupation of Europe (especially France)? Italy's air force, and France's ground force.
This might sound ridiculous, but give it some thought: The Italians were the first to embrace a structured air force, and were the pioneers when it came to strategical and tactical bombing. They were also th... | [
"During World War II, the field served as a flying school for not just Army pilots, but for British (under the Arnold Scheme), French and Canadians as well. By 1944, there were nearly four hundred aircraft assigned to Gunter Field. The primary aircraft used for Basic Training, by both the Army and the Navy, during ... |
why does 6’ seem so much taller to us than 5’9” when the 6’ man is less than 5% taller than the 5’9” man? | It's all perspective. If the person looking at you is 5'6 and you're 3 inches taller, that will look much shorter than someone a half foot taller. Angles of vision, yo. | [
"On the Guinness World Records website, Fingleton says:I am one of three siblings – my sister who is 6'3\" is the eldest at 30, my brother is 6'8\" who is 29 and I am 7'7\" at 26 ... my mother is 6 foot and my father was also. My great grandfather was 6'8\". I have always been taller than everyone since I can remem... |
why do overseas flights arc towards the north pole instead of going in a straight line to their destination? | You are looking at the route on a flat map. You must think three dimensional (use a globe). You will see that the most direct route is over the arctic circle. | [
"Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole. For example, the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89° N, though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait. In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air (land... |
I've heard that grapefuits ingested with medicine and/or vitamin supplements can inhibit [or at least negatively influence] the absorption of said pills - is there any truth to this? | [Wikipedia has the answer](_URL_0_). | [
"Under normal circumstances, the grapefruit juice effect is considered to be a negative interaction, and patients are often warned not to consume grapefruit or its juice when taking medication. However, some current research is focused on the potential benefits of cytochrome P450 inhibition. Bergamottin, dihydroxyb... |
why is it that only in australia that overnight gas jumps in price over 20% even though there are no fluctuations in the crude price nor the exchange rate? | These jumps you describe are part of the price cycles, or Edgeworth cycles, (see [here](_URL_1_) for the current cycles in each major city). They are the result of the retailers attempting to undercutting one another until they can't go any lower, and then as soon as one major retailer takes the lead and raises their p... | [
"On May 21, 2010, the price of oil had dropped in two weeks from $88 to $70 mainly due to concerns over how European countries would reduce budget deficits; if the European economy slowed down, this would mean less demand for crude oil. Also, if the European economic crisis caused the American economy to have probl... |
What is the relationship of Rocket speed vs the exhaust gas speed? Basically at what point does an method of propulsion stop being able to accelerate the vehicle in space? | There is no relationship, the maximum speed of a rocket depends only on the percentage of you spacecraft that is made of propellant and the efficiency of you engine. The thing is that the "fuel efficiency" of the engine is directly related to the exhaust speed. So an ion engine, which can accelerate its propellant 5 to... | [
"However, a variable exhaust speed can be more energy efficient still. For example, if a rocket is accelerated from some positive initial speed using an exhaust speed equal to the speed of the rocket no energy is lost as kinetic energy of reaction mass, since it becomes stationary. (Theoretically, by making this in... |
how milk becomes so many different types of cheese. | Virtually all cheesemaking follows the same basic process. First, you have to culture your milk, which means you have to bring it into conditions that promote the growth of bacteria that break down the lactose into lactic acid. Then, when you have enough bacteria/lactic acid, you add a coagulating agent, like rennet or... | [
"Cheese is another product made from milk. Whole milk is reacted to form curds that can be compressed, processed and stored to form cheese. In countries where milk is legally allowed to be processed without pasteurization, a wide range of cheeses can be made using the bacteria found naturally in the milk. In most o... |
how can 3000 extra calories equal a pound of fat? | **TL;DR: Your example is not possible.**
Let's use pure bacon fat as your "calorie dense food" and pop a vitamin too so we don't die of scurvy. One cup of bacon fat, about as dense of an energy source that you can digest, contains 1800 calories and weighs about two-thirds of a pound or about eleven ounces.
So you're... | [
"The assumption that a pound of human fat tissue represents about 3500 calories in the context of weight loss or gain is based on a review of previous observations and experiments by Max Wishnofsky published in 1958. He noted that previous research suggested that a pound of human adipose tissue is 87% fat, which eq... |
how can hugely popular sites like craigslist, wikipedia, and reddit operate without sales or ads? | Reddit has ads. Craigslist charges for certain kinds of job postings. Wikipedia operates on donations. | [
"Some webmasters create websites tailored to lure searchers from Google and other engines onto their AdSense website to make money from clicks. Such websites often contain nothing but a large amount of interconnected, automated content (e.g., a directory with content from the Open Directory Project, or \"scraper\" ... |
how does one determine if an organism is self-aware? | We can't tell for sure really, but some ways we use are tests to see how they react to certain things.
A common one is the mirror test.
Basicly, you put a dot on the animal and show it a mirror so it can see itself with the dot. Many animals will look at the mirror as if it is another animal and react that way, but... | [
"Organisms that are highly complex execute the function of telling self from other with the brain and the immune system. To fulfill the function of recognizing self from other, the brain uses past experiences and genetic inheritance (e.g. survival, reproduction). The self is defined by these functions that distingu... |
How did Indonesia unite so many different ethnicities under one country? | Do you want to know why so many ethnicities with their own cultures and languages can unite under one country or do you want to know how and when exactly this one particular kingdom in Indonesia conquered other kingdoms along the archipelago which finally formed the basic of Indonesia? | [
"The classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases unclear due to migrations, cultural and linguistic influences; for example some may consider Bantenese and Cirebonese to be members of Javanese people, however some others argue that they are different ethnic groups altogether since th... |
What is the impact of air travel on weather patterns? | I know Air travel and contrail contribution to cloud clover definitely changes surface temperature in cities. In the 3 day stand down of (almost) all air traffic in the days following the 9/11 attacks, there were measurable decreases in surface temperature . I can only assume the effect would contribute in other measur... | [
"Because the aviation industry is especially sensitive to the weather, accurate weather forecasting is essential. Fog or exceptionally low ceilings can prevent many aircraft from landing and taking off. Turbulence and icing are also significant in-flight hazards. Thunderstorms are a problem for all aircraft because... |
how is free will an illusion? | Free will may be considered an illusion in different contexts. One context is if you believe that the universe is determinist, that is: everything that happens is the only possible consequence of the initial situation. Nothing is random. For example, a die gives an unpredictable number but it isn't really random: it... | [
"I think that yesterday was a crisis in my life. I finished the first part of Renouvier's second Essais and see no reason why his definition of free will—\"the sustaining of a thought because I choose to when I might have other thoughts\"—need be the definition of an illusion. At any rate, I will assume for the pre... |
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