Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
How effective is CPR for the immediate treatment of cardiac arrest?	First of all: It's the best we've got. Best as in the only thing. There is no alternative. Either you perform CPR and give the patient a shot or you don't and he/she dies. The outcome depends on the underlying condition that lead to the cardiopulmonary arrest. If you have cardial disorders your chances of leaving the ...	[ "For bystanders, CPR which involves only chest compressions results in better outcomes as compared to standard CPR for those who have gone into cardiac arrest due to heart issues. Mechanical chest compressions (as performed by a machine) are no better than chest compressions performed by hand. It is unclear if a fe...
from a hydration standpoint, is there any difference between how sparkling water and flat water are processed in the body?	Nope there isn't. Other than a bit of burping (and perhaps some small reduction in stomach acid secretion since sparkling water is mildly acidic), there's no difference in physiological response to the two at all.	[ "Different hydrates are produced by crystallizing in different conditions. When a solution is very dilute, the nitrate is hydrolysed. Although various hydrates have been reported over the years, and some suppliers even claim to stock them, only the tetrahydrate and pentahydrate actually exist. What is called a hexa...
Did the German Empire field colonial troops during WWI?	The Germans certainly had colonial units throughout the war. As only one example, they had in Cameroon by 1914 a colonial troop, the Schutztruppe, that had 200 German officers and NCOs, and 1550 African Soldiers. Though these forces were designed for internal control, not fighting major campaigns, they are an example...	[ "The German Colonial Army (\"Schutztruppe\") of the German Empire employed native troops with European officers and NCOs in its colonies. The main concentration of such locally recruited troops was in German East Africa (now Tanzania), formed in 1881 after the transfer of the \"Wissmanntruppe\" (raised in 1889 to s...
How do we judge time on any other scale other than movement? A year on Earth is one rotation around the sun. Is time simply the movement of matter through space?	Time is a convinent way to define the series of events with which the universe unfolds, to us at least. Time historically was nothing more than the division of a day and year into parts which allowed us to keep track of the cycles modern times we derive time from the oscillation of atoms which give us a constant clo...	[ "Universal time (UT1) tracks the Earth's rotation in time, which performs one revolution in about 24 hours. The Earth's rotation is uneven, so UT is not linear with respect to atomic time. It is practically proportional to the sidereal time, which is also a direct measure of Earth rotation. The excess revolution ti...
how animals seems to have the sense from birth that fire is bad but humans often have to get burned before realising?	Humans have made a sort of evolutionary tradeoff: we are born with our brains much less-thoroughly developed compared to their adult state than other animals, with the result that we are more adaptable, but must learn all sorts of things that most animals are born knowing, such as how to walk.	[ "Most animals have sufficient mobility to successfully evade fires. Vertebrates such as large mammals and adult birds are usually capable of escaping from fires. However, young animals which lack mobility may suffer from fires and have high mortality. Ground-dwelling invertebrates are less impacted by fires (due to...
What happens to the molecules containing radioactive isotopes when the atoms decay?	It depends on the decay type. * Alpha decays give the remaining nuclei a large kinetic energy - typically in the range of tens of keV. Way too much for chemical bonds to matter, so the atom gets ejected. Same for proton and neutron emission. * Gamma decays typically give the atom less than 1 eV, not enough to break ch...	[ "The electron that is captured is one of the atom's own electrons, and not a new, incoming electron, as might be suggested by the way the above reactions are written. Radioactive isotopes that decay by pure electron capture can be inhibited from radioactive decay if they are fully ionized (\"stripped\" is sometimes...
With loud music, why can I "feel" the lower frequencies (the bass) and not the higher pitched ones?	Because the low frequencies are at or very close to the resonating frequency of parts of your body. Sound at frequencies much higher (or much lower, as a matter of fact) will shake your body a tiny bit, but when you hit a resonating frequency [shit gets going](_URL_0_). Resonating frequency is the frequency at which ...	[ "Whenever two different pitches are played at the same time, their sound waves interact with each other – the highs and lows in the air pressure reinforce each other to produce a different sound wave. Any repeating sound wave that is not a sine wave can be modeled by many different sine waves of the appropriate fre...
What is a qubit?	Quantum information person here! A qubit is a bit that can be in both 0 and 1 state at the same time, sometimes called a "Schroedinger's cat" state. This isn't completely accurate though - everything can technically (or theoretically) be in two states at once. What is special about qubits is that they are very good a...	[ "A qubit (or quantum bit) is a unit of information that can be in a superposition of two states, denoted as formula_1 and formula_2. The general superposition can be written as formula_3where formula_4 and formula_5. If one measures the state of the qubit in the orthonormal basis composed of formula_1 and formula_2...
Could the temperature of electric current effect a computer?	Electric current doesn't have a temperature? What are you seeing that makes you think something is 9000 degrees? That doesn't make sense. Nothing in a computer is 9000 degrees.	[ "In operation, the temperature of a computer's components will rise until the heat transferred to the surroundings is equal to the heat produced by the component, that is, when thermal equilibrium is reached. For reliable operation, the temperature must never exceed a specified maximum permissible value unique to e...
Where did the quintessential hexagonal coffin design come from?	The hexagonal shape - with a wider breadth where the shoulders and torso of the corpse were placed - seems to be motivated by the shape of the human body in its natural burial position. We can see even in Ancient Egyptian [sarcophagi](_URL_0_), that when a person is placed lying down with his hands crossed around his c...	[ "During the Egyptian Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom, coffins were rectangular. The first coffins in anthropoid (human) shape only appear in the 12th Dynasty. These designs copied mummies showing a human head and the body without arms and legs as if they are wrapped in linen. The coffins were always in several sets ...
What was the relationship like between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Bolshevik leadership like?	I can't really give you the kind of detailed rundown that makes this sub great, but since no one has responded yet I thought I could at least point you in the right direction. [Gregory Freeze](_URL_0_) is a historian who has written about the Russian Orthodox Church in the late Imperial/early Soviet periods. I'd start ...	[ "The orthodox church must have thought that the Bolsheviks would lose power, because after Tikhon's election it declared that the Russian Orthodox Church was the national church of Russia, that the state needed church approval to legislate on church matters, that blasphemy should remain illegal, that church schools...
what's the difference between self worth, self esteem, and self concept?	Sell esteem is what you think about your self and your qualities, more of an observation than an evaluation. It tends change with circumstance, you are going to feel better about your bowling after your roll a strike than after a gutterball. Self-worth is your evaluation of yourself and your qualities. You might kno...	[ "In many situations and cultures, feelings of self-worth are promoted by thinking of oneself as highly capable or \"better\" than one's peers. However, in some situations and cultures, feelings of self-worth are promoted by thinking of oneself as \"average\" or even \"worse\" than others. In both cases, thoughts ab...
cognitive dissonance	What you linked is not a proper use of the term. It gets misused a lot. Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling you experience when two of your beliefs are in conflict. It often happens when deeply held beliefs are challenged. Let's say you were raised to believe that people who drink alcohol are bad people....	[ "Cognitive dissonance, a theory originally developed by Festinger (1957), is the idea that people experience a sense of guilt or uneasiness when two linked cognitions are inconsistent, such as when there are two conflicting attitudes about a topic, or inconsistencies between one's attitude and behavior on a certain...
why do solo cups have ridges in the neck? is this for structural rigidity in the plastic?	Fun fact, they're actually used for [measuring drinks](_URL_0_)!	[ "Sixty to seventy per cent of bras sold in the UK and US have underwired cups. The underwire is made of metal, plastic, or resin. Underwire is built around the perimeter of the cup where it attaches to the band, increasing its rigidity to improve support, lift, and separation.\n", "The flex spline is shaped like ...
My car has a button that puts into “Eco” mode to save fuel. What does it really do?	It slows the amount of gas given to your engine and also regulates your air conditioner to a more reasonable amount. Sorta a stop block. It is more efficient but does make your car throttle a little slower and your air conditioner work slower. Basically it is in safe mode, stuff still works but with limited power and ...	[ "This course teaches drivers about eco-driving. Eco-driving is a set of simple driving habits that result in using less fuel, generating fewer emissions, and increasing safety. The course first explains the science behind eco-driving, as well as the environmental and mechanical benefits of doing so. Drivers are tau...
why is it illegal in some areas to back up into a parking spot instead of going in head first	One time the Indiana state legislature tried to legislate the value of pi to 3.2. True story. Never count on laws to make sense.	[ "Often, in car parking lots using perpendicular parking, two rows of parking spaces may be arranged front to front, with aisles in between. If no other cars are blocking, a driver may perform a \"pullthrough\" by driving through one parking space into the connecting space to avoid having to reverse out of a parking...
Do black holes at the centres of spiral galaxies have an axis of rotation that's perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy itself?	We do not know. We do know that a large number of these black holes are spinning (that is something that can be found, e.g., by looking at emission lines in the X-rays). But the orientation between the spins and the surrounding galaxy is unknown. Now, a subset of accreting black holes in gaaxies have so-called "jets"....	[ "A black hole, surrounded by a ring of dust, is thought to exist at the heart of the spiral. The dust ring stands almost perpendicular to the relatively flat spiral nebula. A secondary ring crosses the primary ring on a different axis, a phenomenon that is contrary to expectations. A pair of ionization cones extend...
Can you cool an object hotter than fire with fire?	Yes, you can use fire to cool something that is hotter than fire, but the fire cannot cool it below the temperature of the fire (assuming that the room isn't cooling the object further). When two things are put together that are at different temperatures, heat flows from the hot body to the cold body until they reach ...	[ "Metal fires represent a unique hazard because people are often not aware of the characteristics of these fires and are not properly prepared to fight them. Therefore, even a small metal fire can spread and become a larger fire in the surrounding ordinary combustible materials. Certain metals burn in contact with a...
where does the money from failed fundraisers go?	Typically they either return the money to the donees (usually when a few give large amounts) or give it to a similar cause or something else in line with the group's mission statement. Of course that's assuming the fundraiser is for a registered charity organization. If it's just Joe Schmoe collecting money for somet...	[ "As a form of incentivized giving, supporters are rewarded, which makes it more likely to draw donations from those who may not have otherwise. Furthermore, charities can add these donators to their database and reach out to them in other fundraising capacities. Philanthropists like this method of fundraising becau...
Colors used in the Middle Ages	People of all classes would be using the same church, and church paintings were often very, very bright. The [Episcopal Museum](_URL_0_) in Vic, Catalonia, holds some medieval paintings that have incredibly bright colors. We take pretty bright lighting for granted, but normal natural light is often pretty low. As a...	[ "In the Middle Ages, those who dyed blue fabric and red fabric were members of different guilds, and were forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild. Most purple fabric was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined ...
what is the process professional animator use when making movies?	Pixar uses their own RenderMan software to make movies. For 3D productions like their films, the process is a sort of hybrid of live action and traditional animation production since it's creating virtual 3D sets. That means in addition to regular animators, there are people who make textures, do lighting, move the cam...	[ "Animators sit in virtual stereoscopic theaters and, using a specialized \"wand,\" draw in space to create individual frames and then animate their creations using the interactive capabilities of the wand to create shots, sequences, and complete movies.\n", "The film's animators had little experience with compute...
After the Armistice and Treaty of Versailles in 1918-1919, much blame was assigned to Germany for starting the war. But what did Germany think?	Holger Herwig has an excellent article (you can find it online), called Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War. He does an excellent job of detailing the efforts of the German government to spread propaganda for the War Guilt cause. Also consult Annika Mombauer's *Origins of the First...	[ "Renouvin wrote that the act of signing an armistice with Germany meant that the German government was going to be the Allied partner for peace, even as an unequal partner. Once the fighting stopped on 11 November 1918, the pressure of public opinion, which did not want to see the war resumed, meant that the Allied...
if it is better to be entirely relaxed on impact (ie ragdoll effect) why is our instinct to tense up?	It is definetely not better to entirely relax on impact. This is a myth and I have no idea where it actually comes from. For example in a car crash where you drive straight into something (the most common one), if you relax entirely your head will be whipping forward and back again really fast like a whiplash (you c...	[ "Specifically, dynamic tension is a technique very commonly used within martial arts. It refers to the \"dynamic tension\" literally applied using a person’s movements. Tightening core muscles and applying dynamic tension allows a person to change the tempo of his or her movement. The reconstruction of such movemen...
people who are exposed to the cold more build a tolerance. is this a physically built resistant, or is it all mental?	Edit as my previous answer was only partially correct. All info being sourced from here in addition to prior lectures during pre-med. _URL_0_ There are 2 primary ways we generate heat: 1. Increased metabolism and heat generation via burning of brown fat (heat generating fat) 2. The changing of how your fatty acids...	[ "To some degree, g-tolerance can be trainable, and there is also considerable variation in innate ability between individuals. In addition, some illnesses, particularly cardiovascular problems, reduce g-tolerance.\n", "Even children who get confronted for the first time with the idea of evanescence, finite health...
Would a cool drink warm more quickly in high humidity (where there is more condensation)?	Yes. When condensation forms, water in a gaseous state undergoes a phase change from gas to liquid as it forms on the surface of the bottle. The energy liberated by this phase transition is actually quite large in comparison to the energy that results from the water changing temperature before and after the phase tra...	[ "Quite a number of successful explanations can be, and were, made from these hypotheses alone. We can explain the cooling of a cup of tea in room temperature: caloric is self-repelling, and thus slowly flows from regions dense in caloric (the hot water) to regions less dense in caloric (the cooler air in the room)....
Could animals evolve nuclear power?	Following on from Neato's latter clarification of the question 'or to simply take advantage of nuclear decay energy?' The area around Chernobyl has evolved life that feeds on radiation Example - _URL_0_ It gets its energy from gamma radiation released from the area	[ "Compared to nuclear power, hydroelectricity construction requires altering large areas of the environment while a nuclear power station has a small footprint, and hydro-powerstation failures have caused tens of thousands of more deaths than any nuclear station failure. The creation of Garrison Dam, for example, re...
how do painkillers know where the pain is when the pill is ingested? or are they evenly spread throughout the body?	The majority of pain medications are opium based. These bind to the opioid receptors influencing how they exchange guanosine triphosphate and guanosine diphosphate. These are responsible for the regulations of neuron signals in your brain. One being pain. What makes these types of medications dangerous is these recepto...	[ "BULLET::::- Opiates contain the narcotics morphine, codeine, and papaverine which provide pain relief. Opiates activate μ-opioid receptors in the brain which alter the brain's perception of sensory input, alleviating pain and sometimes inducing pleasure for a short time period. When intravenously administered, opi...
Are there any objective sources for the history of the Israel-Palestine conflict that historians can generally agree on?	The books that represent the gold standard are Mark Tessler's "A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" and Ruben and Lacquer's "The Arab-Israeli Reader." Tessler's book is a secondary source (in other words, a narrative history) and it is as evenhanded and thoroughly researched as a book can possibly get. Ther...	[ "Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine () is a history of the roots of the Arab–Israeli conflict by Shmuel Katz. The book analyzes the roots of the conflict and what he sees as the inseparable connection between modern and biblical Israel.\n", "Image and Reality of the Israel–Palestine Conflict is a 1995 bo...
why are the senkaku/diaoyu island's so important to japan and china?	There is one error here, the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands are very habitable, they're not very worth inhabiting, but they are inhabitable. Two big things are going on here, one is really simple: they have valuable resources in the sea around them. The other is massively complicated: Basically China believes that they sho...	[ "The Senkaku Islands, known in Chinese as the \"Diaoyu Islands\", are a group of islands in the East China Sea with an area of 7 km². Japan currently has control over the islands, but both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China government on Taiwan claim them. Tensions over the islands have surfac...
how long does it take my skin to "reset" from sun exposure and what's going on during that time?	Sunburn is the result of the body reacting to ultraviolet light damaging your DNA. Your body has the ability to repair DNA damage, with little molecules that scan your DNA looking for errors and patching them up (not perfectly, but they find and repair almost all errors). People with fair skin in direct sunlight in the...	[ "After the exposure, skin may turn red in as little as 30 minutes but most often takes 2 to 6 hours. Pain is usually strongest 6 to 48 hours after exposure. The burn continues to develop for 1 to 3 days, occasionally followed by peeling skin in 3 to 8 days. Some peeling and itching may continue for several weeks.\n...
Question inspired by Game of Thrones - how effective would the phalanx be against a Western European army from the High Middle Ages?	Which kind of phalanx? The classical Hoplite or the Macedonian formations?	[ "In the 2nd century BC the army of Agron and Teuta is no more represented in phalanxes but in smaller troops, armored well and fast moving. These tactics also used in Roman times were ready for independent operations and so were more effective than earlier phalanxes. These exact tactics were agile for quick and sur...
when to use the word revolt,rebels,resistance,seperatist,riot,strike if a country has internal conflict?	revolution - a group of people fighting against the government for some kind of constitutional change, or a change of leadership. Often their aim is a complete overthrow of the government. Rebellion - same thing really, just sounds more negative. Separatists - people who are fighting for independence of a region from...	[ "Not all rebellions are insurgencies. There have been many cases of non-violent rebellions, using civil resistance, as in the People Power Revolution in the Philippines in the 1980s that ousted President Marcos and the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Where a revolt takes the form of armed rebellion, it may not be view...
Are photons taking longer to travel due to expansion of universe?	Yes, definitely. The idea that the universe is expanding is not a metaphor, but is a very real physical process. The distance between faraway clumps of the universe really is getting larger with time. For example, we define the observable universe by the furthest objects we could observe because their light would hav...	[ "BULLET::::- Extra energetic photons: Photons travelling through galaxy clusters should gain energy and then lose it again on the way out. The accelerating expansion of the Universe should stop the photons returning all the energy, but even taking this into account photons from the cosmic microwave background radia...
My roommate pretty much can't see a thing until she puts her glasses on in the morning. Today, she wondered aloud: "How did they deal with this in the Medieval era?"	An average person would just suffer poorer eyesight - but there are two important things to note regarding this: ~~Modern North Americans and Europeans have much worse eyesight than historical peoples would because of consistently focusing on things relatively close to their face - computer screens, books, etc.~~ EDIT...	[ "It has also been used throughout Europe since the 15th century, appearing in paintings, furniture, drinking glasses and similar vessels and jewellery. It is also often seen in the form of decorative panels of mirrors, clock faces, and in more recent history, as window signs and advertising mirrors.\n", "That tri...
How were health disorders that are commonly treated today handled in the Past? (e.g. things like Asthma)	A striking thing about the history of medicine is the shifting differentials between three things: biomedical understanding of illness; ability to treat an illness and so provide some comfort; and ability to actually cure an illness. When we think about medicine today, we tend to not really distinguish between them, bu...	[ "Prior to the 19th century hospital reforms, the well-being of the child was thought to be in the hands of the mother; therefore, there was little discussion of children's medicine, and as a result next to no widespread formal institutions which focused on healing children. There were however centres which focused ...
Can paradox's physically exist or are they a sign of a not fully understood subject?	You should define what you mean by paradox and/or give an example.	[ "A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true premises, leads to an apparently-self-contradictory or logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time.\n", "Generally speaking, the paradox in...
What were Stalin's views of U.S. military capability after WW2? Did they genuinely believe they could win, if the Cold War turned hot?	> I ask because he seemed extremely reluctant to get involved in any military action that might lead to engagement with the US To further answer this question it would be good to know what exactly you mean by this. Are you asking if Stalin didn't invade Western Europe because of the US military? Specifically, what m...	[ "In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. Tensions among these former Allies grew, resulting in the Cold War. Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive, he thought it unlikely that a war wit...
why people think the twin towers didn't fall as a result of the plane collisions. serious, educated answers only please.	It boils down to a lack of or misunderstanding of materials science. They think that in order for the towers to collapse the steel beams would need to melt. Except jet fuel doesn't burn hot enough to melt steel (they're right about this part). But people who know materials science know that a material does not need to...	[ "The Twin Towers fell straight down in sudden collapse at speeds so fast that their bottom sections must have started to fall at the same time as the tops. Physicists claim that the buildings could not have fallen in this way because of airplane impact and fires alone, and that they must have been carefully prepare...
why are humans drawn to slow down and look at car wrecks, click links on wtf and generally have a morbid fascination with horrible events?	There was a similar question in AskReddit recently, may as well regurgitate my answer here: This is completely speculative. Perhaps the ability to cope with, or even revel in, carnage and violence provided an evolutionary advantage. The ability to be violent when the need arises provides evolutionary advantage. Perha...	[ "Conversely, a location that does not look dangerous may have a high crash frequency. This is, in part, because if drivers perceive a location as hazardous, they take more care. Collisions may be more likely to happen when hazardous road or traffic conditions are not obvious at a glance, or where the conditions are...
why is there an instinct to preserve the species when it often forces creatures to completely ignore the instinct for survival?	It doesn't give a shit about the species. It can't even conceive of the idea. Evolution selects for strategies that are effective at passing on genetic information. That octopus seems to have a highly effective strategy. If the most vulnerable period in the species' life cycle is egg and hatchling then it makes perfec...	[ "One such phenomenon is known as biological altruism. This is a situation in which an organism appears to act in a way that benefits other organisms and is detrimental to itself. This is distinct from traditional notions of altruism because such actions are not conscious, but appear to be evolutionary adaptations t...
During the Cold War, how much exchange was there between the academics of Russia and the West? Did the economists of each respective 'side' ever debate publicly?	I’m not qualified to comment on academics. However, a very prominent public relations event were the Kitchen Debates in the Eisenhower/Khrushchev administrations, where Vice President Nixon visited the USSR and debated with Khrushchev about the relative merits of capitalism and communism. It was part of an American Exh...	[ "In 1985 and 1986, trade with the West was suppressed because of heightened East-West political tensions, successful Soviet grain harvests, high Soviet oil production costs, a devalued United States dollar, and falling oil prices. Despite increases in oil and natural gas exports, the Soviet Union's primary hard-cur...
Some of my favorite online scientific podcasts/lectures - please also share yours!	[CBC's Quirks & Quarks](_URL_0_) is a great radio show/podcast. They cover a range of topics by interviewing researchers and discussing their findings. A great way to spend a Saturday lunch; it airs Saturdays at noon (EST) - maybe all timezones at noon, I don't know.	[ "The podcast focuses on current scientific news. Occasionally it explores different facets of relevant media, including the host's comedy careers, as well as the large array of careers and hobbies held by the guests.\n", "When asked about the purpose of the podcast Novella said, We deal primarily with controversi...
Recommended literature Sea Peoples - Hittite Empire/Egypt relations	The most recent overview for what you want is _The Philistines and Other Sea Peoples in Texts and Archaeology_, ed. Ann E. Killebrew and Gunnar Lannan, which includes a number of excellent essays on the "Sea Peoples" and what they were and were not as well as a useful compedium of references to them in primary sources...	[ "The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their empire, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Egypt and the Middle East.\n", "BULLET::::- Spalinger, Anthony J. \"Egyptian-Hittite Relations at the Close of the Amarna ...
If a bat was on the phone, could it perceive the room on the other end using echolocation?	There are a plethora of reasons the answer is NO for. Right off the bat I can come up with: - Ultrasounds emitted by bats are way higher pitched than phone lines cutoff frequencies - Echolocation is largely based on triangulation, and you cannot do that with a single sensor receiving the return signal (i'm talking ab...	[ "The term \"echolocation\" was coined by the American zoologist Donald Griffin, whose work with Robert Galambos was the first to convincingly demonstrate its existence in bats in 1938. As Griffin described in his book, the 18th century Italian scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani had, by means of a series of elaborate exp...
why are nebulae colorful?	Emission nebulae are red. Reflection nebulae are blue. You might find this poem silly But it is in fact true. [Check this out for more details](_URL_0_) of how Hubble pictures and other astronomical photos are colored. * Emission nebula work sort of like neon lights. They are just ionized gas. (Remember that ...	[ "The nebula's color depends on its chemical composition and degree of ionization. Due to the prevalence of hydrogen in interstellar gas, and its relatively low energy of ionization, many emission nebulae appear red due to the strong emissions of the Balmer series. If more energy is available, other elements will be...
wouldn't it be more fuel efficient if rockets took off like planes?	It would and is. Carrying the wings into space would be extremely fuel inefficient, so the only successful design I know of that takes off that way then detaches from it's airplane stage when it reaches a certain speed and altitude. So far we haven't had any success with actually getting into orbit in this way, tha...	[ "Rocket engines are not used for most aircraft as the energy and propellant efficiency is very poor, but have been employed for short bursts of speed and takeoff. Where fuel/propellant efficiency is of lesser concern, rocket engines can be useful because they produce very large amounts of thrust and weigh very litt...
Are there black holes that feed on galaxies?	Not really. It's actually quite hard to get something into a black hole. Their gravity is strong, but they're very small in radius for how massive they are. Stuff will generally just swing by a black hole, unless it's really really close. Even then, it'll get torn apart into a disc of matter around the black hole - an ...	[ "In January 2016, BBC science reporter Jonathan Webb said, \"Astronomers have spotted two huge waves of gas being 'burped' by the black hole at the heart of a nearby galaxy. The swathes of hot gas, detected in X-ray images from NASA's Chandra space telescope, appear to be sweeping cooler hydrogen gas ahead of them....
My baby daughter puts anything and everything in her mouth...how is this behaviour so common when it seems like such a massive evolutionary disadvantage?	Evidence is showing that exposing a baby to the environment (putting things in their mouths) allows the baby's immune system to develop appropriate to the environment. Putting the baby in a germ free environment [seems to cause allergies in later life](_URL_0_) This is going to hurt most parents, but studies are show...	[ "Many advantages to mouthbrooding exist as opposed to other forms of parental care, such as bubble nesting. Mouthbreeders are able to freely move with the eggs in their mouths, thus can move as necessary to protect both themselves and the broods. Though mouthbrooding requires more energy by the male, the chance of ...
is "separation of church and state" a law?	I'm still a little confused about this. A lot of the Constitution is written in language that is unclear, or open to interpretation, but the first amendment seems pretty straightforward... "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". It explicitly sta...	[ "The separation of church and state is a philosophic and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the nation state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular state (with or without legally explicit church–state separation) and t...
why do those who lack empathy murder?	I'm sure you too get so angry that you feel like killing someone at times. They do too, and without empathy or a regard for rules, there is nothing stopping them. Think of it like when you feel like drinking water, and there is nothing stopping you from drinking it, so you do. (Wow, I just compared murder to drinking...	[ "Lack of empathy occurs in several conditions including autism, schizophrenia, sadistic personality disorder, psychopathy, and sociopathy. One recent view is that an improper ratio of cortical excitability to inhibition causes empathy defects. Brain stimulation is being investigated for its potential to alter motor...
why don't more companies enter into the cpu and gpu business	The industry has extreme [barrier to entry](_URL_0_). Put simply, you need tons and tons and tons of experience and research and money to even get started making CPUs, let alone catching up to Intel and AMD. Lots of companies have looked into it and determined it to be unfeasible. There's also the poaching scenario....	[ "Recently, through international collaborations with other institutions in different countries has made CPU to offer like undergraduate degree in Business Administration and Accountancy programs especially at the Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration in Vietnam.\n", "CPU is notable for i...
what is the hajj and how does a stampede occur?	All Muslims are required to take at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in their lifetimes. Mecca is the center of Islam and its holiest city. I think the day the stampede happened was a holy day so that's why there were so many people there but I'm not sure. There were roughly 2 million people there and there is very litt...	[ "The 2004 Hajj stampede resulted in the deaths of at least 251 pilgrims on 1 February 2004 during the Hajj in Mecca. The incident took place during the ritual stoning of three pillars in the Mina valley, close to Mecca, on the final day of Hajj ceremonies. More than 200 people were injured, and the incident became ...
An alternate way of reaching the speed of light?	This is actually a classic thought experiment in special relativity. There are a few variations on it, but the core thing is that if you have some long rigid stick, you can seemingly break special relativity. The solution here is that it's actually impossible to have a perfectly rigid stick (or clock hand, in this cas...	[ "Many experiments intended to measure the one-way speed of light, or its variation with direction, have been (and occasionally still are) performed in which light follows a unidirectional path. Claims have been made that those experiments have measured the one-way speed of light independently of any clock synchroni...
Why can noise cancelling headphones only cancel at low freqs?	It's a problem with electronics. To cancel a wave you need to be able to synthesize an identical but opposite one. If you have a 100 Hz wave the Whole wave is 10 ms long. So, if you sample the signal, invert it and reproduce it with a lag of less than 1 ms or so you're almost set. If you have a 1 kHz wave (which is "mi...	[ "Active noise-cancelling headphones use a microphone, amplifier, and speaker to pick up, amplify, and play ambient noise in phase-reversed form; this to some extent cancels out unwanted noise from the environment without affecting the desired sound source, which is not picked up and reversed by the microphone. They...
why does your lip feel so much fatter when it’s numbed, at the dentist for instance?	Have you ever played that game where you close your eyes and have someone run their finger down your arm? Or, again with closed eyes, tried to touch the tips of your fingers in front of you (try doing this without moving symetrically)? It's supposed to be difficult, since you're relying only on proprioception. Proprio...	[ "Like many other joints throughout the human body, facets can experience natural degeneration from normal aging. Over time, the cartilage within the joints can naturally begin to wear out, allowing it to become thin or disappear entirely which, in turn, allows the conjoining vertebrae to rub directly against one an...
How was homosexuality handled in the Vietnam War military draft? Could one obtain an exemption (or a non-combat assignment) by claiming to be gay?	Army personnel with homosexual tendencies (claiming to be homosexual), would have fallen under regulation 635-89, which covered "Personnel Separations - Homosexuality", and were referred to as "89 Cases". This regulation clearly stated that homosexuals were not permitted to serve in the Army and could be discharged at ...	[ "Homosexuals were not permitted to join the Australian armed forces until 1992. Gay and lesbian personnel who evaded this ban ran the risk of being dismissed from the military if their sexual orientation was discovered; this tended to be more strictly enforced during peacetime than wartime. Nevertheless, many homos...
why is radian measure used?	It's just a very "natural" way of measuring angles. One radian is defined to be the angle made when the section of arc length swept out on a circle equals its radius, and this is really what an angle is: arc length over radius. A degree, on the other hand, is just what you get from dividing a circle into 360 pieces, ...	[ "The concept of radian measure, as opposed to the degree of an angle, is normally credited to Roger Cotes in 1714. He described the radian in everything but name, and he recognized its naturalness as a unit of angular measure. Prior to the term \"radian\" becoming widespread, the unit was commonly called \"circular...
how does cross-eyed 3d work?	All 3D "technologies" work the same way. In real life, you see depth because your two eyes see things from two slightly different positions. 3D imagery mimics that by using two different pictures taken from slightly different positions (e.g.: two cameras side-by-side). One of those pictures is presented to only one...	[ "Unlike conventional 3D stereoscopy, which simulates a 3D scene by displaying only two different views of it, each visible to only one of the viewer's eyes, 3D multiscopy displays more than two images, representing the subject as viewed from a series of locations, and allows each image to be visible only from a ran...
AskScience AMA Series: We are Drs. Roger Hanlon, Mike Vecchione, and Louise Allcock, and we research octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and other cephalopods. Ask us anything!	Since they're so intelligent, do you ever feel like you're getting into ethical grey areas when studying them?	[ "William Keith Emerson (May 1, 1925 – October, 19 2016), usually known as Bill Emerson, was an American malacologist, a biologist who studied mollusks. He was a Curator Emeritus at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City where he had been a curator since 1955. He was also Chairman of the Department ...
Assuming that everything stays the same, how long will it take for the Earth to stop spinning on its axis?	I thought that the Earth might eventually become tidally locked to the Sun, but it turns out that this has already been asked: _URL_0_ Basically the tidal forces from the moon are stronger than those from the sun, so once we get tidal locked to the moon we'll basically maintain that rotational speed from that point o...	[ "Earth's rotation is not a simple rotation around an axis that would always remain parallel to itself. Earth's rotational axis itself rotates about a second axis, orthogonal to Earth's orbit, taking about 25,800 years to perform a complete rotation. This phenomenon is called the precession of the equinoxes. Because...
how do plants get enough sun through a window for photosynthesis but we don’t get enough to get a sunburn?	Plants use visible light for photosynthesis, whereas ultraviolet light is what causes sunburns. Typical window glass is transparent to visible light but mostly opaque to ultraviolet light, so the frequencies of light that are useful for photosynthesis come through but the ones that cause sunburns are blocked.	[ "Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of leaf area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants is a major limitation of photosynthesis), rate at which carbon dioxide can be supplied to the chloroplasts to support photo...
how come an ocean fish that's been marinating in salty water its entire life doesn't taste very salty?	Fish are much better at processing salt from their body, and can excrete it efficiently. Their body processes keep their body much less salty than their surroundings.	[ "Since the oceans are salty, this process is important in nature. Salt rejected by the forming sea ice drains into the surrounding seawater, creating saltier, denser brine. The denser brine sinks, influencing ocean circulation.\n", "Important saltwater fish include the red sea bream (\"Pagrus major\"). Mudskipper...
in america, why is obscenity not protected under the first amendment?	For the same reason why Holocaust denial is not protected in many European counties with their own constitutional right to freedom of speech, or why crying fire in a crowded theatre is not protected, or why the right to life is not protected from capital punishment. None of the enumerated rights can be absolutely prot...	[ "In the United States, the suppression or limitation of what is claimed to be an obscenity raises issues of rights to freedom of speech and of the press protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The Supreme Court has ruled that obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment, but ...
why does co2 increase world temperature but a big enough volcanic eruption lowers it?	CO2 acts like an invisible blanket, or more accurately like the glass in a greenhouse. It's a "greenhouse gas", which traps radiant heat close to the planet. A huge cloud of dust and smoke from a volcano isn't invisible. While it will also insulate, it's also quite reflective, bouncing sunlight back into space *before...	[ "Plimer has said that volcanic eruptions release more carbon dioxide (CO) than human activity; in particular that submarine volcanoes emit large amounts of CO and that the influence of the gases from these volcanoes on the Earth's climate is under-represented in climate models. The United States Geological Survey h...
How organized was the early US militia?	The short answer is that it varied widely by time and place, with some polities taking their militia duties very seriously and others trying to shift the burden onto others. It would not have been uncommon to see a very organized, very professional-looking militia in the northern or north-western states prior to the ...	[ "During colonial America, all able-bodied men of certain ages were members of the militia, depending on the respective states rule. Individual towns formed local independent militias for their own defense. The year before the US Constitution was ratified, \"The Federalist Papers\" detailed the founders' paramount v...
What role did the SA play in the final stages of World War Two?	To my understanding, most members were transferred to the Wehrmacht, and what was left of it was primarily a subset of the SS and served as administrative and training support of sorts. They did have a small military presence, mostly as naval auxiliary, and the Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle (not really a part of the SA p...	[ "During World War II, the IAF played an instrumental role in halting the advance of the Japanese army in Burma, where the first IAF air strike was executed. The target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in Arakan, after which IAF strike missions continued against the Japanese airbases at Mae Hong...
Why is Auschwitz more well known than other concentration/death camps?	Auschwitz was the single biggest camp. More Jews died at Auschwitz than at any other single camp. Auschwitz operated when the Nazis had gotten the bureaucratic and industrial systems of the Holocaust at their most effective. But the main reason that we remember Auschwitz so prominently is, in my opinion, is that peopl...	[ "The Auschwitz concentration camp complex was a system of concentration camps run by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland from 1940–1945. The main camp (German: \"Stammlager\") was Auschwitz I. Auschwitz II, or Birkenau, was a concentration and extermination camp, and became the most notorious of the camps. Auschwitz II...
Is washing fruits and vegetables enough to get rid of listeria contamination?	Washing greatly decreases the bacterial load, but doesn't sterilize it at all. Sources: _URL_1_ _URL_0_ Listeria hangs out in the soil. Since you're physically removing soil with just water, you'll pull the Listeria along with it. However, you aren't at a huge risk from Listeria anyway. It's kind of a crappy pathoge...	[ "Pickled vegetables are immersed in brine, vinegar or vinaigrette for extended periods of time, where they undergo anaerobic fermentation which affects their texture and flavor. Pickling can preserve perishable foods for months. Antimicrobial herbs and spices, such as mustard seed, garlic, cinnamon or cloves, are o...
why do modern home theater media centers use bare wires and spring loaded clips for speakers instead of a plug?	Possibly because this allows you to cut the wire to perfect length yourself and not worry about having to use special tools to attach plugs. Also makes things easily fixable.	[ "Western Electric's audio equipment from the 1920s and 30s, designed to be used in movie theaters, is now prized by collectors and audiophiles due to its quality construction and sound reproduction. This includes its massive horn loudspeakers designed to fill a large theater with sound from a relatively low-powered...
why did the the navajo have such a complex language	It wasn't complexity. It simply used sounds that people can make (phonemes) that aren't part of other languages. Your brain processes sound, so that you can understand people who are making different sounds as saying the same words with an unusual accent. To do this, it specializes on the phonemes that are used in y...	[ "Because Navajo has a complex grammar, it is not mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na-Dene family to provide meaningful information. At the time, it was still an unwritten language, and Johnston believed Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code. ...
What was religion in Japan like through the 20th century?	Throughout the 20th century fewer and fewer Japanese people began associating themselves with a specific religion. However, religion in the country was especially interesting during World War 2. The Japanese government forced people to be Shinto and not Buddhist because Shinto was purely Japanese while Buddhism was a m...	[ "\"Religious\" practice, in its Western sense, was unknown in Japan prior to the Meiji restoration. \"Religion\" was understood to encompass a series of beliefs about faith and the afterlife, but also closely associated with Western power. The Meiji restoration had re-established the Emperor, a \"religious\" figure...
How much of an effect if any does all the cement and asphalt have on climate change?	Both asphalt (specifically the tar) and concrete are derived from carbon containing materials. Tar, of course, is a product of petroleum refining, and concrete requires calcium oxide, more commonly known as lime. CaO is produced from hearing calcium carbonate until CO2 is released. So, greenhouse gasses are released to...	[ "BULLET::::- The primary embrittlement mechanism of asphalt is by oxidation, which is most severe in warmer climates. Asphalt pavement embrittlement can lead to various forms of cracking patterns, including longitudinal, transverse, and block (hexagonal). Asphalt oxidation is related to polymer degradation, as thes...
I have a open ended history project and need help brainstorming?	"The Myth of the Flat Earth"-- Most people knew the Earth was spherical during the medieval era. Start off by saying..."Did you know your third-grade teacher lied to you?"	[ "Open History Project is an international community of writers, oral historians and digital activists that translate and gather interviews on global and historical topics. The organization was founded by Justin Shenk and Lena Dorfschmidt. In 2017, it became an independent non-profit incorporated in Osnabrück, Germa...
Post Waterloo British Soldiers in France	This is a very conveniently timed question; just a few days ago I received my copy of Christine Haynes' just-released book, Our Friends the Enemies: The Occupation of France After Napoleon, which addresses your every point and from which I have sourced the following answer. If you wish to learn more I recommend you p...	[ "The French army was forced to march through rain and black coal-dust mud to reach Waterloo, and then to contend with mud and rain as it slept in the open. Little food was available for the soldiers, but nevertheless the veteran French soldiers were fiercely loyal to Napoleon.\n", "Victory at Waterloo brought an ...
how do tv reality/(cooking) competitions do those scenes where the contestants/actors go off scene and make a private comment to the audience?	Those are shot afterward. They basically air the footage for them off screen and ask them to narrate, describe what was going on, what they were feeling, to provide the commentary.	[ "At least twice during each episode (to cover set-up and costuming for the live audience), footage is shown of each of the four participants performing a challenge, often on location, which was filmed earlier in the week. These include a commentary booth where the contestants have to comment on an unfamiliar subjec...
why are tech giants vastly overcharging aussie's for their software?	Considering how many people in Australia aren't flying to the U.S., buying software and going back makes me go on to the side of they aren't overcharging them. The transaction costs of dealing with the situation to leave the country and return to make a purchase are very high, it seems these may be priced appropriately...	[ "Instead, Madnick offered a revealing look into—as described by the Accidental Tech Podcast—the company's shortcomings, management's apparent feeling that they should make \"[their] problems your problems,\" and the \"severe technical debt\" Final Draft has ignored for far too long, resulting in out of date, diffic...
How effective was the Royal Navy's blockade of Germany during WWI?	So when you think about the blockade dont think about British ships sitting right off German harbors in the Jade and Elb estuaries. Britain opted for a "Distant Blockade" where she would seal off the Scotland to Norway gap in the North Sea and the English Channel. That meant she just had to have ships controlling w...	[ "Britain considered naval blockade to be a completely legitimate method of war, having previously deployed the strategy in the early nineteenth century to prevent Napoleon's fleet from leaving its harbours to attempt an invasion of England—Napoleon had also blockaded Britain. Germany in particular was heavily relia...
if you get sued and have no money to defend/litigate, do you automatically lose?	You'll lose because they have a lawyer and you don't. You can show up to court and plead your case to the judge, but without a lawyer the opposing lawyer will rip you to shreds.	[ "BULLET::::- Limits individual's right to sue by allowing private enforcement of unfair business competition laws only if that individual was injured by, and suffered financial/property loss because of, an unfair business practice.\n", "If a plaintiff can demonstrate that the government's action was done in bad f...
What were the demographics of Christianity before it was decriminalized in the Roman Empire, and how did it affect families?	I think this question is actually quite difficult to answer because of the paucity of available records. That said, Rodney Stark's The Rise of Christianity has quite a bit on the demographics of early Christianity. I think it would probably answer most of the questions that you have, although I'm not the biggest fa...	[ "The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once, also includes the practice of converting pagan practices, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar to Christian uses. After Roman Empire was declared a Christ...
How much did Alfred Kinsey know or believe in the works of Freud?	On the whole, little. Remember that Kinsey's expertise was as an entomologist who specialized in gall wasps, and so his work on human sexuality was informed more by the biology, zoology, and botany. Freud had little bearing on Kinsey's studies of female/male sexuality--whereas Freud derived his studies from deep analys...	[ "Though Freud was reluctant to associate his psychoanalytic insights with prior philosophical theories, attention has been drawn to analogies between his work and that of both Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, both of whom he claimed not to have read until late in life. One historian concluded, based on Freud's correspon...
Is celiac disease more prevalent in the U.S. now than it has been historically?	I too would like to know. Of the 6 people I know who claim to have it all but one were self diagnosed. The remaining yada doctor put 'samples' on her stomach and then they measured the muscle response.....	[ "Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, multiple-organ autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the small intestine caused by the ingestion of wheat, barley, rye, oats, and derivatives, that appears in genetically predisposed people of all ages. CD is not only a gastrointestinal disease, because it may involve several or...
Did inbreeding constituted a factor in the short-span of Egyptian Dynasties?	Be careful with your definition of dynasties. Many of the illustrious ones lasted a very long time while many were only one or two pharaohs long. There were also many overlapping dynasties during the intermediate periods.	[ "The continuity of inbreeding is often either by choice or unavoidably due to the limitations of the geographical area. When by choice, the rate of consanguinity is highly dependent on religion and culture. In the Western world some Anabaptist groups are highly inbred because they originate from small founder popul...
When did the term "Anarchy" develop a negative connotation?	I think your view of the history of the word is a bit off. The use of the term "anarchy" -- and indeed even "anarchism" -- predates actual anarchism as a political movement substantially (much like the term 'atheism'), and it was intended in a negative sense almost from the very beginning. The Classical Greek 'anarkhia...	[ "Some convictions and ideas deeply held by modern Anarchists were first expressed in ancient Greece. The first known political usage of the word \"anarchy\" appears in the play \"Seven Against Thebes\" by Aeschylus, dated at 467 BC. There, Antigone openly refuses to abide by the rulers' decree to leave her brother ...
Roman Historians -- Why were archers not extensively utilized during the Punic Wars by either side? When did they begin to become a common permenant fixture in the Roman legion, if ever?	Carthage relied heavily on Mercenaries for their army. They got most of them from Spain, Crete, and The Balearic Islands. Crete, while they did have archers were famous for their slingers which Carthage gobbled up. Balearic Slingers were also very effective and valubale also. As for Spain/Iberia they didn't use bows at...	[ "By the outbreak of the Second Punic War, the Romans were remedying the legions' other deficiencies by using non-Italian specialised troops. Livy reports Hiero of Syracuse offering to supply Rome with archers and slingers in 217 BC. From 200 BC onwards, specialist troops were hired as mercenaries on a regular basis...
Perhaps the wrong place to ask - did ancient mythologies have a ruleset and a central text like modern religions do?	I can answer specifically for Norse/Germanic Pre-Christian religion. It's a resounding no. They didn't really have paper and writing, not in the sense of, say, the Greeks and Romans. They had runes, but those were for stone and wood and, at least in the period, for lasting funerary monuments and perhaps magical us...	[ "Scholars have difficulty defining which ancient Egyptian beliefs are myths. The basic definition of myth suggested by the Egyptologist John Baines is \"a sacred or culturally central narrative\". In Egypt, the narratives that are central to culture and religion are almost entirely about events among the gods. Actu...
what had chris christy done for the state of new jersey that would earn him a presidential nomination?	He balanced the budget for New Jersey and put together a number of charter schools for the state. Not to mention he is the governor of a populous state that saw extensive damage from Hurricane Sandy, and has done a relatively good job at rebuilding in the aftermath. Finally, he's relatively moderate in comparison to th...	[ "On May 11, 2017, Sherrill launched her campaign for New Jersey's 11th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. The seat had been held by 12-term Republican incumbent Rodney Frelinghuysen, the chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, who in January 2018 announced he would not see...
What was the most recent major paradigm shift in you're field?	My field is Ancient Greek warfare. Since the 19th century, scholars have held that, around the late 8th or early 7th century BC, Greek warfare took on a very peculiar form. The Greeks supposedly saw war as an agon, a contest, that had to be restricted by rules so it could be decided fairly. They despised trickery and...	[ "The origins of the field in the 1970s and 1980s were a result of the development of development geography and cultural ecology., particularly the work of Piers Blaikie on the sociopolitical origins of soil erosion. Historically, political ecology has focused on phenomena in and affecting the developing world; sinc...
how does witness protection work with education/certificates?	You will be issued a equal or greater certification from an institution that fits the narrative created for you. If you grew up in the UK, but the new your grew up in Utah. Your new degree would likely before from BYU or the like. Anyone who checks at the college would be able to pull your records and verify you degree...	[ "Witness protection is protection of a threatened witness involved in the justice system, including defendants and other clients, before, during, and after a trial, usually by police. While a witness may only require protection until the conclusion of a trial, some witnesses are provided with a new identity and may...
What is the highest temperature any given volume of water can be heated to before all the water evaporates?	As long as there is still liquid water left in the pot, the temperature inside will stay at 100 °C (roughly, since the exact boiling point of water depends on the ambient pressure). Let's go through the process in detail. You start with water at room temperature and begin heating your teapot. The temperature will ris...	[ "The total evaporation in all the stages is up to approximately 15% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. With increasing temperature there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 120 °C appears to be a maximum, although scale avoidance may require ...
how does shifting a bike gear make it more difficult to pedal? why does pedaling once in 5th gear give more speed than pedaling once in 1st?	By switching gears, you are changing the ratio between how much your foot moves and how much the tire moves. In 1st gear, your foot moves a lot and the bike moves a little. In 5th gear, your foot moves a little, and the bike moves a lot. It takes energy to move, so the more the bike moves the harder it will be to peddl...	[ "The pedal goes one step–both up and down–from the center, before it reaches its limit and has to be allowed to move back to the center position. Thus, changing multiple gears in one direction is accomplished by repeatedly pumping the pedal, either up or down. Although neutral is listed as being between first and s...
Do other species have warfare?	[This article](_URL_0_) in Scientific American is about ants and defines warfare as: "the concentrated engagement of group against group in which both sides risk wholesale destruction". There's also a well-documented [chimpanzee war](_URL_1_). So in short, the answer to your question is yes, and it does not need to in...	[ "The latter school argues that since warlike behavior patterns are found in many primate species such as chimpanzees, as well as in many ant species, group conflict may be a general feature of animal social behavior. Some proponents of the idea argue that war, while innate, has been intensified greatly by developme...
When cosmologists say, "one second after the big bang..." isn't that ambiguous since time is relative?	We use the frame of the cosmic microwave background by convention. But in practice it doesn't matter very much outside of extreme environments - most things are moving slow enough in weak enough gravity fields that they are close to simultaneous. It only matters if you care about your "one second after the big band" be...	[ "Some cosmologists and physicists argue that a challenge to the cosmological argument is the nature of time: \"One finds that time just disappears from the Wheeler–DeWitt equation\" (Carlo Rovelli). The Big Bang theory states that it is the point in which all dimensions came into existence, the start of both space ...
If the Nazis were trying to kill off the Semitic peoples, why did they allow Arabs to join the Waffen-ss?	They weren't trying to kill of Semitic peoples, they were trying to commit genocide against the Jews. While "Semitic" is and was a term describing some more middle eastern peoples, "Anti-Semitism" has been a term specifically for anti-jewish prejudice and hatred. As early as in 1865, the term Anti-Semitismus was des...	[ "Some Arabs found common cause with Nazi Germany against colonial regimes in the region. The influence of the Nazis in the Arab world grew during the 1930s. Egypt, Syria, and Iran are claimed to have harbored Nazi war criminals, though they have rejected the charge. With the recruiting help of the Grand Mufti al-Hu...
Why did Eisenhower ( a military man) feel it was necessary to warn of the military industrial complex in his farewell speech?	It wasnt so much that he was against the general defense industry per-se. He recognized the need for close cooperation between the government and industry to meet evolving defense needs. See this passage, he above all was concerned that such a ramshackle and up and down mobilization as had been required in and leading...	[ "BULLET::::- 1961: Eisenhower's farewell address, a speech at the end of the term of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in which he warned of the rise of the \"military–industrial complex\" in the United States.\n", "On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office....
immunotherapy	Immunology is fun. Let's see if we can teach you about immunotherapy by explaining it through the context of the 1988 cult classic, "They Live." Premise: Aliens (cancer) has invaded earth (your body), but the general populace (your immune system) are completely unaware of this fact because they (cancer) look like us ...	[ "Immunotherapy is the strategy of using the body's own immune system to fight cancer. It usually involves “training” or “tweaking” the immune system so that it can better recognize and reject cancer cells. Different immunotherapies can include manipulation of the body's T-cells, NK cells, or Dendritic cells so they...
When ancient people named the planets after their gods, did they really believe that what they saw in the sky was that god, or did they know it was just an object named after them?	They were named after the characteristics of their gods. Some examples: * Mercury for its speed. * Venus for its brightness and beauty. * Mars for its bloodlike red colour. There are some interesting factors in the naming of the objects. Jupiter's satellites have naming conventions which consider their orbit - for ex...	[ "As well as certain constellations and the Sun itself, individual stars have their own myths. To the Ancient Greeks, some \"stars\", known as planets (Greek πλανήτης (planētēs), meaning \"wanderer\"), represented various important deities, from which the names of the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn...
how do they create bullet holes and make glass shatter for movies? to my knowledge some are real and not cgi?	There are "squibs" which simulate bullet hits on people or surfaces. They don't fire live ammunition for movies. Safety glass can be made to shatter - often it is made out of materials other than glass.	[ "Security films are applied to glass so when the glass is broken it holds together, preventing dangerous shards from flying about, or to make it more difficult for an intruder to gain entry. Typically applied to commercial glass, these films are made of heavy-gauge plastic and are intended to maintain the integrity...
All of the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions	For those wondering what in hell this is referring to, but are too lazy to google it yourself, it's population genetics: [Hardy-Weinberg Principle](_URL_0_) And a google search also finds only 7 assumptions: The Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions 1. Mutation is not occuring 2. Natural selection is not occuring 3...	[ "Hardy is also known for formulating the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a basic principle of population genetics, independently from Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908. He played cricket with the geneticist Reginald Punnett who introduced the problem to him, and Hardy thus became the somewhat unwitting founder of a branch of appl...
Could the relationship between mass and gravity be similar to that between time and space?	Your question is a bit vague, but if I can interpret a certain way I'd say they are one and the same. Einstein's equation tells us that the curvature of spacetime ("the relationship between time and space") is proportional to the stress energy tensor ("the relationship between mass and gravity"), taking very liberal in...	[ "Newton considered time and space to be absolute. This allowed him to consider concepts as true position and true velocity. Newton also recognized that weight as measured by the action of weighing was affected by environmental factors such as buoyancy. He considered this a false weight induced by imperfect measurem...
Was the lorica segmentata ever used by Roman legionaries in battle, or was it mostly decorative armor?	Your post is kind of garbled, but to answer your main question about the lorica segmentata it was worn in battle. Keep in mind it was very expensive to craft and even after the Marius Reforms the majority of legionaries would be wearing lorica squamata or less commonly lorica hamata. Lorica segmentata would be worn by ...	[ "\"Lorica hamata\" was a type of mail armour used during the Roman Republic continuing throughout the Roman Empire as a standard-issue armour for the primary heavy infantry legionaries and secondary troops (\"auxilia\"). They were mostly manufactured out of iron, though sometimes bronze was used instead. The rings ...

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