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the pirate bay's switch to magnet links instead of torrent files and what it changes in the big picture. | To offer a bit more detail, the difference between magnet links and torrent files is that the information in that long link tells the torrent client the same thing that the .torrent files did. While the change in function truly is trivial, because it actually removes a step from loading a torrent in your torrent client... | [
"The Pirate Bay allows users to search for Magnet links. These are used to reference resources available for download via peer-to-peer networks which, when opened in a BitTorrent client, begin downloading the desired content. (Originally, The Pirate Bay allowed users to download BitTorrent files (torrents), small f... |
who is winning the syrian civil war? | There is no clear winner and there probably won't be one. Also the war in Syria and Northern Iraq are basically one war now. It's even unclear whether Syria as a country still exists considering that different areas are controlled by different groups. IS controls parts of Syria and Iraq and basically removed the boarde... | [
"The Syrian Civil War is a multi-sided unconventional conflict fought in the Syria region, being the largest-scale war of the 21st century. As of March 2019, after nearly 8 years of war, the Syrian Armed Forces of the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic held 60.2% of Syrian territories; SDF of the Rojava held 28.9%; reb... |
brands used to be kept at almost all cost, why are big companies now changing their brand (like finish and charmin for example after so many years)? | Product life cycle (introduction, growth, maturity, decline). A typical product introduced will increase sales to a peak then slowly decline.
This is why Gillette comes out with new razors every few years. They're the classic, business school example.
By re-imagining a brand marketers hope to increase to a peak ag... | [
"A wave of failures and consolidations in the 1990s has led to many companies to be bought by much larger holding companies and to operate as \"brands\" within larger corporations, much as a large automobile company holding several makes of cars. Brands exist partly because of repeat customer loyalty, and also to o... |
Is the strand of DNA that was photographed in a compressed chromatin state? | I think the article mentioned that because of the nature of the surface it was on, it had adopted a configuration of seven strands wrapped around a central eighth strand. So not really a configuration it would ever adopt in aqueous solution. | [
"The photograph provided key information that was essential for developing a model of DNA. The diffraction pattern determined the helical nature of the double helix strands (antiparallel). The outside of the DNA chain has a backbone of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate moieties, and the base pairs, the order of... |
why do americans get to choose from among a dozen or so republicans for president, and *one* democrat? | Sitting Presidents have been challenged in primaries. Ted Kennedy ran against Carter in 1980 and Ronald Reagan against Ford in 1976. Both challengers didn't win (and both Presidents weren't reelected). | [
"Many American commentators have decried the tendency of most House seats to become safe seats, decreasing the number of contested seats in every cycle. This is due in part to the fact that most congressional districts are drawn by state legislatures to be all but unwinnable for the district's minority party (with ... |
what is the difference between software, a program and an application ? | The differences are mostly contextual.
"Software" can refer to the entire field, or in the specific to the general part of something that isn't hardware or to a collection of things that aren't necessarily part of the same program/app.
"Application" is a complete unit that may consist of more than one module in more ... | [
"BULLET::::- Application software which is software that uses the computer system to perform special functions or provide entertainment functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. There are many different types of application software, because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern... |
How overcast must it be for photosynthesis to stop? | Photosynthesis will occur with just about any amount of light. Full midday sun is around 2000 umol per m^2 per second in the wavelengths plants use. Moonlight is about 0.02 umol per m^2 per second, so 100,000 times less radiation, but plants are still able to photosynthesize in moonlight.
The important question, thoug... | [
"Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants use light energy to drive chemical reactions which convert CO into sugars. As such, all plants require access to both light and carbon dioxide to produce energy, grow and reproduce.\n",
"The inequality is balanced by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis emits oxygen with th... |
When and more importantly why did the change occur from referring to Native Americans by their name in their language (Powhatan, Sacagewa, Tisquantum, etc) to referring to them by English translations (Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Red Cloud)? | I have a related question: In my parts of the NW (WA & OR) a noticeable amount of the traditional names of American Indian families aren't translated, only Anglicized (ex:Tyayas = Teeias/Teias/etc.) when compared to Plains Indians, why is that? | [
"In the 20th and 21st centuries, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, t... |
russian foreign policy | There is no way someone can explain the entirety of the foreign policy of any great power in a single reddit post. Russian foreign policy where, regarding what? Russia has a "foreign policy" that regards 190 states individually. Ask a more specific question. | [
"The Foreign policy of the Russian Empire covers Russian foreign relations down to 1917. All the main decisions in the Russian Empire were made by the tsar (tsarist autocracy), so there was a uniformity of policy and a forcefulness during the long regimes of powerful leaders such as Peter the Great and Catherine th... |
Why can't astronauts see Ceres' bright spots clear and/or close enough but I can use Google earth and see the top of my house? | Because Ceres is really far away and not very big. Astronauts are really close to Earth. | [
"Scott's main problem was that there was very little detail on the surface. The best images of the site only had 66 ft (20 m) resolution and photoanalysers had overenhanced the images. The main problem was overestimating the depth of craters, so as to make them have shadows at higher sun angles. Fortunately he was ... |
Were there laws about the confidentiality of communications during the time of the telegram? Was this ever a problem? | I have here, a period [book by Morris Gray, A Treatise on Communication by Telegraph](_URL_0_) citing telegraph privacy laws and rules. It is very dry stuff, and full of lawyerese, of which I am not a skilled interpreter.
From what I have read, and understood, the answer to your question is "Sort of". There are cle... | [
"Direct telegraph transmission of the telegram was not possible because the British had cut the German international cables at the outbreak of war. However, the United States allowed limited use of its diplomatic cables with Germany to communicate with its ambassador in Washington. The facility was supposed to be u... |
what are idealism and realism? what are the differences between the two? | They're actually complete opposites! They're both specific outlooks on life.
If you're an idealist, you live your life based on the ideals you have - how you think a perfect world should be. For example: you support the idea that it should rain candy. You spend your days dreaming about it and wishing for it to happen. ... | [
"Idealism, in terms of metaphysics, is the philosophical view that the mind or spirit constitutes the fundamental reality. It has taken several distinct but related forms. Among them are objective and subjective idealism. Objective idealism accepts common sense realism (the view that material objects exist) but rej... |
What steps do doctors take to determine when someone has a new disease? | Depends on the disease. Simplest answer: symptoms, labs, and imaging. Frequently big things like tumors are found without symptoms when a patient complains of something unrelated like a persistent cough or sinus infection and imaging leads to the discovery of a mass which is then biopsied and diagnosed. LOTS of thin... | [
"For example, if a patient presents to a primary care provider with symptoms of a given illness, by taking a thorough history, performing assessments (such as auscultation and palpation), and, in some cases, ordering diagnostic tests the primary care provider can make a reasonable conclusion about the cause of the ... |
Do fish know how deep underwater they are? | Yes, fish can sense and respond to pressure, this is vital for allowing them to keep their swimbladders inflated to the proper amount to balance out their position in the water.
Many oceanic fish make big vertical migrations through the water column every day to feed, so many fish can indeed go from the surface to v... | [
"Deep-sea fish are fish that live in the darkness below the sunlit surface waters, that is below the epipelagic or photic zone of the sea. The lanternfish is, by far, the most common deep-sea fish. Other deep sea fishes include the flashlight fish, cookiecutter shark, bristlemouths, anglerfish, viperfish, and some ... |
how can scientist view the atoms of something with an electron microscope without seeing the atoms that make up the lenses of the microscope? | Electron microscopes do not see things in the same sense as a microscope; it's an incredibly sensitive machine that detects the wavelengths of things with sensors. Think like echolocation or cat\fish whiskers. Electron microscopes don't have lenses. | [
"The idea of imaging with atoms instead of light is widely discussed in the literature since the past century. Atom optics using neutral atoms instead of light could provide resolution as good as the electron microscope and be completely non-destructive, because short wavelengths on the order of a nanometer can be ... |
Why do so many countries have coats of arms featuring birds holding their wings up and out? | The shield that you see in the center of a national coat of arms is called an *escutcheon*, and it shows the heraldic device that represents that country. In the full coat of arms, the escutcheon is usually surrounded by heraldic animals, called *supporters*. For example, in the [coat of arms of the United Kingdom](_UR... | [
"Many European countries have an eagle as the main charge of the heraldic shields of their respective monarchies: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and pre-revolutionary Russia all used some derivative of this bird in their badge. Poland did too, and even kept its badge under Communist rule, because Poland did not have a k... |
why are laptop speakers commonly found on the bottom of the computer? | If the computer sits off of a hard surface, like a table or desk, it allows the music to bounce off of the hard table giving it a fuller sound. | [
"A PC speaker is a loudspeaker built into some IBM PC compatible computers. The first IBM Personal Computer, model 5150, employed a standard 2.25 inch magnetic driven (dynamic) speaker. More recent computers use a piezoelectric speaker instead. The speaker allows software and firmware to provide auditory feedback t... |
why do injured people cough up blood? | They don't unless there's some lung damage.
But if you show how real injuries look, viewers whose minds haven't been warped by the far edges of the internet get grossed out.
Even then, making practical, believable injuries for the camera is expensive and takes a ton of time to set and reset. Plus, if you don't get... | [
"Anemia and other problems related to blood loss may occur. Sometimes a person with a gastric erosion will experience severe bleeding all at once; red (bloody) vomiting and/or black bowel movements may occur.\n",
"Bleeding from the cuts is minimal, or non-existent, because the pull of gravity is producing the onl... |
What's the difference between training for strength, endurance or hypertrophy? | You have two different 'types' of muscle, red and white. This is really a gradient as opposed to a category, but it's useful for the definition.
Training for 'strength' encourages your muscles to take on white characteristics. They become larger and begin to burn sugar instead of fat. They're anaerobic, so they don... | [
"Examples of increased muscle hypertrophy are seen in various professional sports, mainly strength related sports such as boxing, olympic weightlifting, mixed martial arts, rugby, professional wrestling and various forms of gymnastics. Athletes in other more skill-based sports such as basketball, baseball, ice hock... |
what happened with the dot com bubble in 2000? | TL;DR The Wallstreet Journal published an article indicating that the Internet was highly unprofitable and no one should invest in it. Everyone follows the advice and companies go bankrupt.
In 1997 the "speculative market" speculated that the Internet was a bottomless pit of cash. Internet start ups required very li... | [
"The dot-com bubble burst in March 2000, with the technology heavy NASDAQ Composite index peaking at 5,048.62 on March 10 (5,132.52 intraday), more than double its value just a year before. By 2001, the bubble's deflation was running full speed. A majority of the dot-coms had ceased trading, after having burnt thro... |
how ram in mobile phones differs from ram in pc's. are they interchangeable?? | The technology is the same, but that's about where it ends. Laptops and desktop computers usually use removable cards with the chips soldered on top of, whereas every mobile phone has the chips soldered directly on the motherboard. | [
"In many modern personal computers, the RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called memory modules or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can quickly be replaced should they become damaged or when changing needs demand more storage capacity. As suggested above, smaller amoun... |
Does the windchill factor affect the ambient temperature enough to freeze water? | Wind chill is a measure of what temperature it "feels like" for humans (it is actually specifically designed [for the human face](_URL_0_)). In calm weather, your body will warm the layer of air directly around your skin, slowing the rate at which you cool down, and making you feel less cold than you would otherwise. W... | [
"Therefore, the case we have been considering is a marginal case; if the relative humidity of the ambient air were even a bit higher (with the total pressure and temperature remaining as above), then the local dew point inside the vortices would rise, while the local temperature would remain the same as what we hav... |
had any of the coal in Britain been used by 1212BC? |
Noone else has answered this question after about 6 hours of it being here, so I figured I'd have a go. I did some internet research, and stumbled across this sentence in a few places:
> Outcrop coal was used in Britain during the Bronze Age (3000–2000 BC), where it has been detected as forming part of the composit... | [
"After the Romans left Britain, in AD 410, there are few records of coal being used in the country until the end of the 12th century. One that does occur is in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 852 when a rent including 12 loads of coal is mentioned. In 1183 a smith was given land for his work, and was require... |
why do men in samurai movies have that haircut? | The shaved pate,in combination with the chonmage (basicly an ancient manbun) was a traditional hairstyle which apparantly was indeed supposed to make wearing a helmet less hot. It became so iconic that they kept it even when not donning a helmet.
One thing to remember aswell is that its easier to treat headwounds when... | [
"Outside Japan, so-called \"samurai buns\" have been worn by a minority of young British, Australian, Canadian, European, and American men during the mid-2010s. Unlike the traditional chonmage, the hair on top of the head is kept long, and the back and sides are shaven This hairstyle, reminiscent of the samurai top... |
why do states educations vary so wildly? and how? | A lot has to do with money. NY spends $22.5k per year per student, ID spends $7.4k ([Census data](_URL_0_)). School spending is associated with better outcomes for poor students much more so than non-poor students. Really the best predictor of anyone's success is the environment they grow up in, and some states have a ... | [
"Apart from the numerous State schools there are several variations on the Tomorrow's Schools model, the largest of which is state-integrated schools. State-integrated schools are parochial schools or private schools that have been \"integrated\" into the state school system under the Private Schools Conditional In... |
What were diplomatic relations between Norway and Nazi Germany before the invasion of Norway? Was it possible for Norway to secure Sweden-style "neutrality"? | No, to secure neutrality you have to be able to balance the interests of foreign governments so that they have no reason to invade or you need to have sufficient military force to deter invasion.
On the first point there was no compromise that both the British and Germans would find acceptable.
Both countries were st... | [
"It was originally thought by the German High Command that having Norway remain neutral was in its interest. As long as the Allies did not enter Norwegian waters, there would be safe passage for merchant vessels travelling along the Norwegian coast to ship the ore that Germany was importing.\n",
"Norway was neutr... |
How did the Middle East and North Africa become majority Muslim a few centuries after being conquered, but India was able to remain majority Hindu despite being ruled by Muslim empires for similar amounts of time? | Follow up question: what beliefs/religions were being practised in those countries at the time of invasion? | [
"The Muslims who came to the subcontinent during the 12th century Muslim conquest of India were already divided into social classes such as priests, nobles and others. Further, a racial segregation demarcated the local Muslim converts from those of foreign origin. The foreigners claimed a superior status as they we... |
how are movies, music, etc. available for nomination in an annual award ceremony over a year after commercial release? | It's not so much about the year an album was released but about the year it achieved prominence. It's just that most of the nominated work achieves prominence the year it is released.
Kanye released Yeezus in June 2013 but Bound 2 only got kinda big after the video came out, which was in November.
Yeah, my username... | [
"At the end of the year comes the holiday movie season, when the studios release both tentpole movies, such as the latest installments in popular franchises that are expected to be highly successful and \"Oscar bait\" movies that are seen as likely to earn critical praise and, more importantly, nominations for majo... |
why do some words end in -or instead of -er? | Taken from literally the first link when you google "or vs er":
> Generally speaking, -er is much more common in English (which should come as no surprise since it has deep Germanic roots, see the link) and can be easily attached to any English verb to form the corresponding noun (drive — driver, run — runner, drink ... | [
"In British English, some words from French, Latin or Greek end with a consonant followed by an unstressed \"-re\" (pronounced ). In American English, most of these words have the ending \"-er\". The difference is most common for words ending \"-bre\" or \"-tre\": British spellings all have \"-er\" in American spel... |
Why were the Germans so cavalier towards the US in the years leading up to our involvement in WW1? Did they really think the US were so weak that the them joining the fight on the ground against them wasn't that big a deal? | In hindsight the risk that the telegram would be decoded seems obvious. But at the time there would be no way to calculate such a risk. And keep in mind that in releasing the Zimmerman telegram British intelligence put a number of their own secrets at risk.
The telegram also had nothing to do with underestimating US m... | [
"The United States government also feared the consequences to North America of a German victory in Europe. Because of the Monroe Doctrine the American military had long considered any foreign attack on Canada as the same as attacking the United States. American isolationists who criticized Roosevelt administration ... |
How has the role of the First Lady changed over time? | While I am sure there is more to be said, check out this post.
_URL_0_
Credit to user: u/bobboboran.
Edited. | [
"Since the 1790s, the role of first lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Because first ladies now typically publish their memoi... |
how did insane conspiracies spread before the internet? | People rote pamphlets and passed them out. People are still doing this. People wrote books, e.g. saying Space Aliens built the Pyramids, and sold a bunch of copies. | [
"Rob Brotherton, a lecturer in psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London, wrote that conspiracy theories emerge immediately after any catastrophe occurs and conclusive information about why they do so remains unavailable. Andrew Leonard wrote that conspiracy theorists were bolstered by the revelation of new sa... |
How did the Mensheviks lose to the Bolsheviks? | The short answer is that **the continuing war caused support for the government to erode, opening the door for a second revolution.**
For the long answer, you need to understand that in 1917, there were actually several overlapping revolutions: over land, over working conditions, over political rights, against the war... | [
"In late 1919, the Bolsheviks began gaining the upper hand in the Russian Civil War. Alexander Kolchak's White Movement and its allies faced an upsurge of partisan activity, as the Bolsheviks initiated a large scale offensive on the Eastern Front. A coalition of Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and Left SRs formed a united p... |
The Fukushima butterfly post got me thinking. Could a exposure to radiation from a nuclear accident speed up or have an effect on evolution due to cause mass mutation in a region? | The mutant butterflies research [may be questionable](_URL_0_); I'd recommend waiting for the scientific community to investigate this a little further rather than taking something to be true from a single study. Further studies will be done and these effects will be verified or falsified, as is normal in all of scienc... | [
"About a year after the nuclear disaster some Japanese scientists found what they regarded was an increased number of mutated butterflies. In their paper, they said, this was an unexpected finding, as \"insects are very resistant to radiation.\" Since these are recent findings, the study suggests that these mutatio... |
Does observing an eclipse contribute to astronomy? | Perhaps the most famous astronomical discovery from an eclipse is Arthur Eddington's observation that the light of distant stars is bent by the gravity of the sun, as predicted by Einstein.
They're also useful for seeing the spectrum of the solar corona, which is normally hard to see over the sun. | [
"Before the advent of modern science, solar eclipses were often viewed with superstitious dread. However, eclipses are also of interest to science due to the various phenomena that can be observed when they occur. The corona is normally invisible due to the brightness of the solar disc, but becomes visible from Ear... |
why did french suppress other languages like occitan to become the national language? | This is somehow "normal" when it comes to nation building. Many countries as we know them today had to push their national language from varieties spoken in the capital city, which was usually considered the educated language of the elites. If they hadn't done this, maybe that country wouldn't have become a single enti... | [
"The French administration managed to make the Occitan speakers think of their own language as a patois, i.e. as a corrupted form of French used only by the ignorant and uneducated. This alienating process is known as \"la vergonha\" (\"the shame\").\n",
"Militants at that time were in favour of the \"Belgian con... |
Why do each booster from the Falcon Heavy cause 3 sonic booms? | Each boom is produced by a part of the rocket that disrupts the surrounding air flow sharply enough to create shockwaves during transonic flight. The first boom is from the engines. The second is caused by the landing struts. The third is caused by the grid fins. [That's according to SpaceX's communications directo... | [
"the rocket's largest payload yet targeting a highly-energetic geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). Consequently, the Falcon 9 first stage followed a ballistic trajectory after separation and re-entered the atmosphere at high velocity with very little fuel to mitigate potential aerodynamic damage.\n",
"The maiden... |
what would the physical process of gene editing through such things as crispr look like? | Well, gene editing in a grown person is still not really a well-developed technology. Things like CRISPR are usually done on cell cultures in petri dishes. A common procedure, lipfection, mostly looks like mixing clear liquids together with using a [pipette](_URL_1_) and [microcentrifuge tubes](_URL_0_) and adding it t... | [
"CRISPR gene editing is a method by which the genomes of living organisms may be edited. It is based on a simplified version of the bacterial CRISPR/Cas (CRISPR-Cas9) antiviral defense system. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a ... |
what is the actual reason for why stupid decisions and mistakes in our lives suddenly replay in our minds as we are trying to fall asleep? | I think we think about them and assess them to learn from it to make sure we dont do it again | [
"While most important decisions are made over a longer period of time involving more in-depth cognitive analysis, usually we have limited time in which to assimilate a large amount of information into an informed decision. Lack of sleep appears to negatively affect our ability to appreciate and respond to increasin... |
In 18th c. Europe, how did the use of cosmetics differ for upper-class men and women? | This was surprisingly difficult to find much information on - modern writers frequently note in passing that women and men both wore heavier makeup than we would consider normal today, but primary sources are mostly men complaining about women's "deceitful" cosmetics. Neutral mentions of cosmetics (recipes, advertiseme... | [
"The use of cosmetics in Egypt varied slightly between social classes, where more make-up was worn by higher class individuals as wealthier individuals could afford more cosmetics. Although there was no prominent difference between the make-up styles of the upper and lower class, noble women were known to pale thei... |
while big internet websites have hundreds of servers,how the website has one ip address ? | There's something called a [load balancer](_URL_0_) that does nothing but take traffic from one IP address and sends it out to all of the servers associated with it.
So each of the servers will have their own IP address (likely only visible to the load balancer), but the way you get to them is through the one IP addre... | [
"Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client–server model. High-level root nameservers, DNS, and routers direct the traffic on the internet. There are millions of servers connected to the Internet, running continuously throughout the world and virtually every action taken by an ordinary Inter... |
How dangerous is second hand smoke? | There was a huge thread on this about a year ago. I doubt much has changed:
_URL_0_ | [
"The current US Surgeon General's Report concludes that there is no established risk-free level of exposure to second-hand smoke. Short exposures to second-hand smoke are believed to cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce he... |
Are there any notable peace movements in ancient or medieval history during times of conquest? | The most well-known medieval peace movement would probably be the Peace and Truce of God (Pax Dei). This was a movement begun in the 10th century, that lasted in a variety of forms (and in various locations) through to the 13th century. The main components were the Peace of God, which was an attempt to safeguard the li... | [
"Ancient sources refer to a major military alliance between the Kingdom of Kush and one of its allies, the Kingdom of Punt, against the armies of Ancient Egypt. In the early Middle Ages, the Ajuran Empire expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare, trade li... |
what causes evaporation rings in a cup? | The water evaporates, the suspended solids don't.
Coffee has small coffee ground particles, and whatever dissolved out of the coffee, various minerals in the water, sugar, etc. When you take away the water, all those things form precipitates and crystals at the edge of the waterline making those concentric rings. | [
"Cup lump is the coagulated material found in the collection cup when the tapper next visits the tree to tap it again. It arises from latex clinging to the walls of the cup after the latex was last poured into the bucket, and from late-dripping latex exuded before the latex-carrying vessels of the tree become block... |
article 1 section 8 of the us constitution? | All the federal taxes will be the same for everyone. No taxing one place or group more just because of who they are. That's how I understand it, anyway. Could be wrong. | [
"The 117 articles of the Constitution are divided into nine chapters. Chapters 2-5 concern Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (chapter 2), the President of the Republic (chapter 3), the National Assembly (chapter 4), the Government (chapter 5), and the Judicial Power (chapter 6). Their main provisions are summarized h... |
Every summer in NYC, the mosquitoes are surprisingly prevalent. Every winter, obviously, they die off. How do they repopulate? | They are like flies. They have four stages of life egg, larva, pupae, and adult. Mostly the cycle only lasts for a few weeks, but in cold climates the stages can last for months. Some stages can even be frozen and thawed later. | [
"In the summer of 2011, an invasion of \"Culex molestus\" appeared on the Upper West Side in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The mosquito is well known for being commonly found in sewers of New York and thriving throughout the year feeding on humans. Residents of older brownstones found the mosquitoes comi... |
How long would it take a person to freeze to death in space? | Well, it depends.
Normally, the human body acts as a ~100W heat generation device. Roughly 50% of that is lost to infrared radiation at room temperature, leaving the other 50W to convection. To be fair, however, loss of heat by radiation is likely to be higher in outer space. However, if you have no surrounding fluid ... | [
"Ma Dong-chan (Ji Chang-wook) and Go Mi-ran (Won Jin-ah) are both frozen during an experiment. They wake up 20 years later instead of 24 hours later and must keep their body temperature above 30°C in order to survive.\n",
"Anna Elisabeth Johansson Bågenholm (born 1970) is a Swedish radiologist from Vänersborg, wh... |
I biked home in the rain tonight. Would I have got just as wet from walking? | Consider purely vertical rain.
When standing or biking horizontally you're traveling *vertically* through the rain field at the speed v_rain. The amount of water that hits you is the rain density D_rain times the volume you sweep out. That volume is just your vertical cross-section times the speed the rain is fallin... | [
"According to Roll, \"I am sure Lance had probably never met a bike racer like me...a person who could still find some joy and happiness in such weather misery. We had eight hours a day, for eight straight days, of continuous riding in the pouring rain - rain in Biblical proportions! I think Lance would've turned t... |
In chromosomal crossing over, how does the DNA know it's exchanging DNA information with the same gene, and not some other gene? | Complementary base pairing assures crossing over only happens with genes of very similar sequence. [Wikipedia's homologous recombination page has a very good picture of what happens.](_URL_0_) Red strands can pair with blue strands because the sequences are so similar. When a blue strand swaps with a red strand, someth... | [
"When two genes are located on the same chromosome, the chance of a crossover producing recombination between the genes is related to the distance between the two genes. Thus, the use of recombination frequencies has been used to develop linkage maps or genetic maps.\n",
"The information in DNA is held in the seq... |
How is it that menstruation is the best way to handle a woman's reproductive system? Evolutionarily, why is menstruation effective? | I think it is important to realize that evolution doesn't create perfection or the best of anything. I think people sometimes fall into the trap of thinking of evolution as something that has a plan and it really doesn't. As F. Jacob said evolution is a tinkerer not an engineer. Where an engineer has novel parts at h... | [
"The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of oocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. The menstrual cycle occurs due to the rise a... |
Were there any Civil War battles fought in which one side fought guerrilla style or laid prostrate while firing? | It sounds like you're generally referring to what's known in the era as Light Infantry tactics. Cover was used when available, and in many places light infantry tactics absolutely were relied upon. There's plenty of other posts out there that have explained the rationale of the Napoleonic line infantry tactics (mainly ... | [
"Regular Confederate troops staged several large-scale raids into Missouri, but most of the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted of guerrilla warfare. The guerrillas were primarily Southern partisans, including William Quantrill, Frank and Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and William T. Anders... |
What is the real color of the sky on Mars? I have heard two different stories of blue and red. | [Here](_URL_0_) is a true-color picture of the Mars sky taken from the Viking lander. As you can tell, the color of Mars' sky is an orange-ish red. | [
"Approximately true-colour \"in situ\" images from the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover missions indicate that the Martian sky may also appear reddish to humans. Absorption of sunlight in the 0.4-0.6 µm range by dust particles may be the primary reason for the redness of the sky. An additional contributio... |
do magnets work in space? are they the same as they are on earth? | Yes they work in space the same as the work on earth. Compasses work the same way as well but not at first glance. Magnetism isn’t dependent on gravity or our particular planet. | [
"\"Permanent magnets\" are objects that produce their own persistent magnetic fields. They are made of ferromagnetic materials, such as iron and nickel, that have been magnetized, and they have both a north and a south pole.\n",
"A magnetosphere is produced by the interaction of a stream of charged particles, suc... |
Why do sycamore trees lose their bark? | Your are American, yes? So what you think of as a "sycamore" is [*platanus occidentalis*](_URL_0_) which like all Plane trees sheds its outer layer of bark as the layer below grows.
I love, love, love that there is a Plane tree that looks like a maple, *platanus acerifolia* and a maple that looks like a Plane tree (an... | [
"\"Armillaria tabescens\" causes separation of the bark from the wood by the production of mycelial fans in the trunk, a common sign of \"Armillaria\" root rot. It also causes gummosis, patches of gummy material on the surface of plants, which occurs in response to an external stimulus which causes the plant to ooz... |
How is battery capacity calculated? | A Watt-hour is a unit of energy equivalent to 3600 Joules. An Amp-hour is a unit if electric charge equivalent to 3600 Coulombs. The two units measure different things, one the total energy that can be supplied by the battery and the other the total charge that can be supplied by the battery. A rough convention is to m... | [
"A battery's \"capacity\" is the amount of electric charge it can deliver at the rated voltage. The more electrode material contained in the cell the greater its capacity. A small cell has less capacity than a larger cell with the same chemistry, although they develop the same open-circuit voltage. Capacity is meas... |
there are pot farms and meth labs in the us. why aren't there cocaine farms or heroine farms? | Pot can be produced by growing plants and harvesting their buds, and the plants grow well in the US climate. They grow even better when cared for and with the right growing equipment (lights, temperature control, watering equipment, and so on).
Marijuana plants have even been found growing wild. It's a very resilient ... | [
"Most of the world's cocaine is produced in South America, particularly in the Andean region. The environmental destruction caused by the production of cocaine has been well documented, with reports made the UN and other government bodies. Due to the illegal nature of coca production, farmers make little effort in ... |
what is actually happening to the sound we hear coming from something moving faster than sound? | [From Wikipedia:](_URL_0_)
When an aircraft passes through the air it creates a series of pressure waves in front of it and behind it, similar to the bow and stern waves created by a boat. These waves travel at the speed of sound, and as the speed of the object increases, the waves are forced together, or compressed, ... | [
"BULLET::::- Motion of the medium itself. If the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed of the wind if the sound and win... |
Why is it so traumatic to witness death and mutilation both during and afterwards (PTSD)? | Most healthy people have a strong sense of empathy towards other people (or animals, for that matter). Most don't like seeing other people hurt just out of empathy, but also tend to imagine being in the situation themselves, and facing your mortality with such a sense of powerlessness is hard to accept. | [
"Perpetrator trauma, also known as perpetration- or participation-induced traumatic stress (both abbreviated PITS), occurs when the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are caused by an act or acts of killing or similar horrific violence.\n",
"PTSD became first evident due to those individuals who suf... |
what use is it using antidepressants since the brain chemistry goes back to its pretreatment level on stopping medication? | Because they can help you function while you take them. And sometimes that means you will be on them the rest of your life. Sometimes they are a way to support you while you incorporate other techniques that can help you deal with your depression / get away from elements in your life causing that depression.
Your que... | [
"Another problem was the time lag between antidepressant biological action and therapeutic benefit. Studies showed the neurotransmitter changes occurred within hours, yet therapeutic benefit took weeks.\n",
"In 2013, the Vollum Institute research gave a new insight on how anti-depressants work in the brain by pub... |
why have we yet found evidence of extraterrestrial life? | Space is vast and technology evolution is super fast. Lift of earth is 4.54 billion years, homo sapiens are 200,000 years, but we are using radio wage for only the last 120 years. The Milky way, our galaxy, is 200,000 light year in diameter, which mean that our radio waves travelled 0.000144% of our milky way. So the c... | [
"Although evidence of alien life has never been proven, scientists such as Carl Sagan have postulated that the existence of extraterrestrial life is very likely. In 1969, the \"Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law\" was added to the United States Code of Federal Regulations (Title 14, Section 1211) in response to the pos... |
do planes travel "faster" when they fly against the earth's rotation? are the air and ground speed the same? | No, because the air is moving with the earth. Jetstreams and winds are the reason it can be faster going one way on a flight than the return trip.
The Earth's rotation does, however, come into play when it comes to rockets. That's why they're launched East (in the direction of the Earth's rotation). | [
"Modern jet airliners also include ground speed (GS) and Machmeter. Ground speed shows the actual speed that the aircraft uses compared to the ground. This is usually connected to a GPS or similar system. Ground speed is just a pilot aid to estimate if the flight is on time, behind or ahead of schedule. It is not u... |
what the going on in a router/server? | 1. Router = mail dispatcher or post office worker.
2. IP address = address.
3. Subnet (mask) = zip code (you are pretending to be 5... so this is roughly correct).
4. Gateway = nearest post office.
5. Packet = mail.
You take your mail, put a destination address on it. You then take the mail to your nearest post offic... | [
"Server-sent events (SSEs) is a technique whereby servers can initiate data transmission to browser clients. Once an initial connection has been established, an event stream remains open until closed by the client. SSEs are sent over traditional HTTP and have a variety of features that WebSockets lack by design suc... |
how can pandas survive on a diet of 99% bamboo while humans have to eat a diverse range of food?. | Pandas are peculiar animals because they're anatomically carnivores, but they act like herbivores. The reason they're able to do this is because pandas have *symbiotic bacteria* in their digestive systems that allow them to digest something called *cellulose.* Cellulose is a chemical made up of many thousands of *gluco... | [
"Like the giant panda, they cannot digest cellulose, so they must consume a large volume of bamboo to survive. Their diets consist of about two-thirds bamboo, but they also eat mushrooms, roots, acorns, lichens, and grasses. Occasionally, they supplement their diets with fish and insects. They do little more than e... |
what happens during an employee background check? | Drug test, crime history, previous employment, family, personality, credit check, level of education, and a few other big things. The rest are minor things and differ from person to person. | [
"Background checks are often requested by employers on job candidates for employment screening, especially on candidates seeking a position that requires high security or a position of trust, such as in a school, courthouse, hospital, financial institution, airport, and government. These checks are traditionally ad... |
Why don't we have a cure for athletes foot? | We DO have a cure for athlete's foot--[several of them](_URL_0_) in point of fact. However, effecting a complete cure usually requires continuing the treatment for *four weeks after symptoms subside*. Most people stop treating athlete's foot long before then, so the fungus is not eliminated, and eventually the symptom... | [
"Supportive orthotics in the shoe is a method commonly implemented to treat many common running injuries associated with excessive pronation. Orthotics are the most effective treatment for symptoms that develop from biomechanics within the body such as overpronation, resulting in either great improvement or complet... |
Is there any possibility that there has been an intelligent culture on Earth before? | > And there is no current evidence of it, of course.
Isn't that limiting everything anyone can answer to pure speculation, then? | [
"To skeptics, the fact that in the history of life on the Earth only one species has developed a civilization to the point of being capable of spaceflight and radio technology lends more credence to the idea that technologically advanced civilizations are rare in the universe.\n",
"If plant life or some subhuman ... |
Were there battles in which the amount of dead bodies became an obstacle? | At Pavlov's House on the Eastern Front during the Second World War the German dead piled up so high at times (no, I don't know how high was considered too high) that the Soviet defenders would push over the mounds of the dead. The obstacle here was that the piles of the dead could be used by the Germans as cover/conce... | [
"It is possible that some of the combatants who took part of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC went missing in action. Certainly, the numerous wars which followed over successive centuries created many MIAs. The list is long and includes most battles which have ever been fought by any nation. The usual problems o... |
why are there random times when everything looks very detailed and surreal? | For me those moments always seem related to either wind (moving certain types of leaves or plants in an interesting way) or something strange which has changed the color of sunlight (such as smoke from a distant fire making light more red or the greenish light before a tornado/severe thunderstorm). | [
"Gilovich was an early author in the clustering illusion, which is closely related to the \"hot hand\" fallacy, and is the tendency to see \"clusters\" of data in a random sequence of data as nonrandom. In \"How We Know What Isn't So\", Gilovich explains how people want to see a sequences such as xoooxoooxooxxxoxxo... |
How smoothe is the surface of a droplet of water as compared to the surface of a planet like Earth? | Neutron stars are one of the smoothest bodies in the universe. The highest mountains on them are just about 5mm tall. Without the disturbance of air, the water drop would be near perfect sphere due to surface tension. But if you consider in relation to its body size, the Neutron star would be more spherical. This is ho... | [
"Thermodynamically, a smooth surface is the lowest ever configuration, which has the smallest surface area. However, it requires a kinetic process such as surface and bulk diffusion to create a perfectly flat surface.\n",
"When a water droplet is on a surface that is not flat and the surface topographical feature... |
Biology Ear-Nose-Throat question. | From NPR, January 2009
"Dr. LANE: Well, it's really a combination of two things. It's part respiratory biology and part of it is physics, or thermodynamics. One of the main functions of the nose is to warm and humidify the air that we breathe so that when it reaches your lungs, it's nice and conditioned. And in order ... | [
"In 2000 an article in the Journal of Ear Nose and Throat by AD Meyers from the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, announced the unveiling of the ENT textbook online at emedicine.com.\n",
"A nostril (or naris , plural \"nares\" ) is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where the... |
why does resign v fired make a difference, either way you're out right? | Resigning is leaving of your own volition. Fired is being unwillingly removed.
Although for people like Gorka (I assume that's what brought on the question) the difference may be immaterial; it is traditional to fire White House staff by asking them to resign.
But for regular schlubs like you and me, quitting vs. bei... | [
"Cameron determined that the mere fact that an employee had resigned because his work had become intolerable was not enough to make it a constructive dismissal. The critical circumstances had to have been of the employer's making; in addition, the employer had to be to blame, culpably responsible in some way, for t... |
if an inmate on death row wants a very specific and elaborately detailed meal prepared, who cooks it? | There's no right to get whatever you want for your last meal. If you make a ridiculous request, I'm pretty sure most prison wardens will just tell you to try again. | [
"Before 2011, the condemned was given an opportunity to have a last meal based on what the unit's cafeteria could prepare from its stock. Robert Perkinson, author of \"\", said in 2010 that most condemned prisoners ordered \"standard American fare in heaping portions, the sorts of meals that recall a childhood Sund... |
when a bilingual person is speaking in a non-english language, why to they pronounce the english words with such accent? | Well...everyone is speaking with an accent. These individuals are selecting the use of the accent to maximize communication with a specific audience. If you're speaking spanish the word "mastercard" is rarely said the way an english speaker would say it because those sounds are "foreign", and hard to understand. So, ... | [
"Like hearing oral-language bilinguals, Deaf bimodal bilinguals generally \"do not judge themselves to be bilingual\". Whether because they do not believe the sign language to be a legitimate and separate language from the majority oral language, or because they don't consider themselves sufficiently fluent in one ... |
why do some commercials get interrupted by some number tones? | These are signals from the cable network to the local cable TV company that it's time to play a commercial. You aren't actually supposed to hear them.
[source.](_URL_0_) | [
"RingBack Tone Advertising, or RBT-Ads (also known as RingBack Advertising, Ad RingBack, Ad-RBT, AdRBT, Voice Ads, or Biz-Ring), replaces the Ringback tone period, or standard acoustic signal a caller hears that indicates the called phone is ringing, with advertisements or other promotional messages. \n",
"Hundre... |
I'm the wife of a slaveowner in the southern US in the 1850s. If my husband decided to have his way with a female slave, would I consider it cheating/adultery? | Edit: I know it is tacky to acknowledge the gilding of your own post and all, but while first off "Thanks!", I have a bazillion years of Reddit Premium already and don't need more, so if anyone else is feeling that impulse, please instead consider making a donation of that amount to a charity that helps sexual assault ... | [
"Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, \"Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty\", Jeffer... |
How does light emitted inside of a black hole turn around to make it so we can't see the black hole? | As I understand it, the intense gravity of a black hole warps space so much that a straight line away from the singularity cannot leave the event horizon, and light travels along this path at c, never altering its speed but never making it away form the gravity well. | [
"An optical black hole is a phenomenon in which slow light is passed through a Bose–Einstein condensate that is itself spinning faster than the local speed of light within to create a vortex capable of trapping the light behind an event horizon just as a gravitational black hole would.\n",
"Black holes are diffic... |
How do Halogen bulbs work? | In a normal filament lamp the tungsten is constantly evaporating and being deposited on the cooler inner surface of the bulb. Over time, this builds up causing a distinct darkening of the light bulb as the tungsten blocks light from the filament.
What halogen lamps do is that as the tungsten evaporates it reacts with ... | [
"The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb... |
Are morning people/night owls created or developed? | Basic rule: If it exists in a biological system, there is a genetic component.
___
Bonus, a study last year showed that 'night owls' are generally smarter, while morning people or 'larks' are the ones who tend to run our society | [
"The opposite of a night owl is an early bird – a lark as opposed to an owl – which is someone who tends to begin sleeping at a time that is considered early and also wakes early. Researchers traditionally use the terms \"morningness\" and \"eveningness\" for the two chronotypes or diurnality and nocturnality in an... |
why do people have so much pride or feel embarrassment when their favorite sports team wins or loses a game that they themselves haven't contributed to the outcome? | As a Bills fan who regularly has his weekend ruined by the predictable loss of his favorite team...I wish you godspeed in finding the answer to this question. The pride part I haven't felt in awhile. | [
"Sports can be played as a leisure activity or within a competition. According to sociologist Norbert Elias; it is an important part of \"civilization process\". Victory and defeat in sports can also influence one's emotions to a point where everything else seems so irrelevant. Sport fans can also imagine what it f... |
Neolithic Revolution: good readings for a beginner? | I had a similar question a while ago, some recommended books where mentionned in the thread :
_URL_0_ | [
"In 1936 a champion came forward who would advance the Neolithic Revolution into the mainstream view: Vere Gordon Childe. After giving the Neolithic Revolution scant mention in his first notable work, the 1928 edition of \"New Light on the Most Ancient East\", Childe made a major presentation in the first edition o... |
Marcher lords in England | A march (*march(i)a*) is a militarised frontier, and was used in this sense in Europe from the late eighth-century onwards, so under the Norman (ie. William the Conqueror onwards) and Angevin (ie. Henry II onwards) rule numerous marches had appeared. The first and earliest was the Welsh Marches (there is a semantic dis... | [
"The Marcher Lords were progressively tied to the English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England, where control was stricter, and where many marcher lords spent most of their time, and through the English kings' dynastic alliances with the great magnates. It was less easy to work in the opposite way,... |
why does electricity appear blue but sparks from electricity are yellow-ish orange | None of the answers so far have correctly mentioned the reason why electricity often appears blue. Electrical sparks are a result of ionizing the nitrogen in the air, which glows violet. It’s the same phenomenon that makes neon tubes glow.
The yellow and orange sparks you see are little bits of hot metal flying off wh... | [
"The blue glow of a criticality accident can result from the fluorescence of the excited ions, atoms and molecules of air (mostly oxygen and nitrogen) falling back to unexcited states, which produces an abundance of blue light. This is also the reason electrical sparks in air, including lightning, appear electric b... |
why can't we survive in space without spacesuits? | Space is deadly in many different ways and it would just be race to see what kills you first if you went out without the spacesuit.
The easiest to understand is the lack of air. There is a vacuum or near vacuum in space and nothing to breath. Without oxygen from the air you asphyxiate.
However the lack of air to brea... | [
"Spacesuits are required for astronauts to survive in space; they are the most essential piece of equipment with many features to help protect them from the dangers of space. Due to space being a vacuum, the suits are required to have oxygen, which is stored in tanks allowing astronauts to work or remain outside fo... |
the phrase "the observable universe." why are some parts of the universe unobservable? how large is the observable universe relative to the whole universe? | Because light travels at a fixed speed (299,792,458 m/s) and the universe (as we know it) has a finite age (roughly 13.77 billion years or 4.354±0.012×10^17 seconds), there are some areas of our universe which we cannot "see" via any wave in the electromagnetic spectrum as there is more distance ( > 1.305 x 10^26 m) t... | [
"The observable universe is a spherical region of the universe comprising all matter that can be observed from Earth or its space-based telescopes and exploratory probes at the present time, because electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach the Solar System and Earth since the beginning of ... |
How much Non-Newtonian Fluid would I need to stop a bullet? | Corn starch is a polymer, and once it is under stress in water I believe it forms long polymer chains again and acts fairly tough. Corn starch is not a very strong material even when it is in a long chain. It is just a flexible, fairly weak plastic. Water, on the other hand, is actually a very good blocker of bullets i... | [
"BULLET::::- The formula known as Newton's sine-square law of air resistance for the force of a fluid on a body, though not actually formulated by Newton but by others using a method of calculation used by Newton, has been found incorrect and not useful except for high-speed hypersonic flow.\n",
"Newton recommend... |
Are there any good English-language sources on the Cagots, the 'Untouchables' of Europe? | Recent article: _URL_0_ | [
"Helen Waddell is best known for bringing to light the history of the medieval goliards in her 1927 book \"The Wandering Scholars\", and translating their Latin poetry in the companion volume \"Medieval Latin Lyrics\". A second anthology, \"More Latin Lyrics\", was compiled in the 1940s but not published until afte... |
why is the range from boiling to "absolute hot" much, much longer than the range from freezing to absolute cold? | How many banana peels could you have in your front lawn?
It is pretty clear there is a minimum number, namely zero. But what is the maximum number? Is a tower of banana peels one mile high still *in* your front yard? Do they still count as banana peels if the ones on the bottom are crushed into sludge? Is there any po... | [
"Fahrenheit came up with the idea that Mercury boils around 300 degrees on this temperature scale. Work by others showed that water boils about 180 degrees above its freezing point. The Fahrenheit scale later was redefined to make the freezing-to-boiling interval exactly 180 degrees, a convenient value as 180 is a ... |
Are there any plants that are toxic to its neighboring plants that are competing for the same sunlight? | Certain conifers, if not all, acidify the soil making it hard for other plants to grow nearby.
| [
"A distinction may be made between \"shade-tolerant\" plants and \"shade-loving\" or \"sciophilous\" plants. Sciophilous plants are dependent on a degree of shading that would eventually kill most other plants, or significantly stunt their growth.\n",
"Hellebore plants are usually left alone by animals such as de... |
how do flies deal with all the bacteria they attract? | Flies have an immune system that's fairly similar to our own.
They share the ancient 'innate' system that's made up of anti-bacterial molecules and certain cells that kill bacteria, but lack the more specialised and sophisticated 'adaptive' immune system that's only found in jawed vertebrates. So they don't have immun... | [
"While flies and larvae can be beneficial to humans through the judicial system, they can also do a lot of harm. Flies can act as a vector for carrying bacteria on or in their body and then can deposit these germs on or near humans. Members of the genus \"Calliphora\" have been found to spread a number of bacterial... |
why is it important to land rockets on barges? | Well, the rockets are extremely expensive. If we can get the rocket back, we can refill it with fuel and we don't have to pay to build a new one. The barge catches the rocket so we can get it back. And as for why we don't just fly it back to where it came from, well, fuel is kind of heavy, so you can't put a whole lot ... | [
"Rockets are used for fireworks, weaponry, ejection seats, launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight and exploration of other planets. While comparatively inefficient for low speed use, they are very lightweight and powerful, capable of generating large accelerations and of attaining extremely hi... |
programmers, aside from cost, what is preventing porting or otherwise modernizing the 220 billion lines of cobol that still run the world? | Nothing. It ultimately all comes down to cost.
It costs money to hire people to write the new code. It takes time, and therefore money, for those people to understand the existing systems. It costs a lot to rigorously test it. It costs a lot to roll the new system out and replace the old one. If it goes wrong it could... | [
"In 2006 and 2012, \"Computerworld\" surveys found that over 60% of organizations used COBOL (more than C++ and Visual Basic .NET) and that for half of those, COBOL was used for the majority of their internal software. 36% of managers said they planned to migrate from COBOL, and 25% said they would like to if it wa... |
Sexual violence by Soviet women during Red Army advance into Eastern Germany. | I still remember [this](_URL_0_) great answer by /u/commiespaceinvader, from when it was originally posted. | [
"Rape was a widespread phenomenon in the East as German soldiers regularly committed violent sexual acts against Soviet women. Whole units were occasionally involved in the crime with upwards of one-third of the instances being gang rape. Historian Hannes Heer relates that in the world of the eastern front, where t... |
Why does fat/oil jump and spit when heated? | Pure fat or oil doesn't jump when heated. However, in most real world cases there is a combination of fat/oil and water being heated. Since water is denser than oil, it will sink to the bottom. A small pockets of water get trapped under the oil they heat up and eventually turn to steam, or they heat up quickly and flas... | [
"The wick effect theory says a person is kept aflame through his/her own fats after being ignited, accidentally or otherwise. The clothed human body acts like an \"inside-out\" candle, with the fuel source (human fat) inside and the wick (the clothing of the victim) outside. Hence there is a continuous supply of fu... |
How do you describe locations in outer space? | Well, one way is to project [our coordinate system out to the rest of the universe](_URL_0_). Or, within the galaxy, we can define a [Galactic Coordinate System](_URL_1_) | [
"The location of an object in space can be defined in terms of right ascension and declination which are measured from the vernal equinox and the celestial equator. Right ascension and declination are spherical coordinates analogous to longitude and latitude, respectively. Locations of objects in space can also be ... |
why do things floating in pools, lakes etc, tend to eventually float toward the edge? | Lakes and pools have water surrounded by edges in all directions. If something that is floating has any sort of momentum, it will eventually get to one of the edges. | [
"A floating object will seek the highest point of the membrane and thus will find its way to either the center or the edge. A similar argument explains why bubbles on surfaces attract each other: a single bubble raises the liquid level locally causing other bubbles in the area to be attracted to it. Dense objects, ... |
Assume I'm travelling at 30mph in my car. If I accelerate to 60mph by maintaining 100% throttle am I using the same amount of fuel as if I were to slowly but steadily increase my speed to 60mph by using just 50% throttle? | Both 100% and 50% throttle might very well be on different sides of your engine's efficiency peak, so the inefficiency of delivering that energy might be the same or it might be different -- so it would be very vehicle specific which one is more efficient in terms of engine.
Another factor that is going to be very veh... | [
"It is strong enough to accelerate the car from 0 to 100 km/h in 5.3 seconds, and make it reach the electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). Without the speed governor, the car would be even able to reach the top speed of 270 km/h (167 mph). The power is transferred to the road via a six speed direct... |
Requesting book rec: Native tribes of Florida | I'd recommend John Hann's *Apalachee: Land Between the Rivers*, Jerald T. Milanich's *The Timucua*, and Randolph J. Widmer's *The Evolution of the Calusa: A Nonagricultural Chiefdom of the Southwest Florida Coast*. Together these will give you a good introduction of the three main Contact-era cultures in Florida. And, ... | [
"The museum maintains The Seminole Indian Library and Archives in order to preserve and make accessible Seminole and Native American history for use by scholars and the general public. Holdings include: government documents dating from the early 1800s to mid 1900s covering 60 Native American tribes; a newspaper col... |
public-key cryptography | ELI5 example how public-key cryptography works:
Imagine persons A and B want to transfer secret message but they can only send packages to each other in mail which is unsecure. Anyone can steal a package and take what ever contents are inside or even swap them to something else.
In symmetric key cryptography they wou... | [
"Public Key Cryptography is a common form of a forward anonymous system. It is used to pass encrypted messages, preventing any information about the message from being discovered if the message is intercepted by an attacker. It uses two keys, a public key and a private key. The public key is published, and is used ... |
Will your kidneys stop pushing urine into the bladder one it fills to a certain point, or will it be filled until it bursts? | The ureters (the tubes going from your kidneys to the urinary bladder) enter the urinary bladder obliquely so that they become compressed when the bladder fills up enough. So when the bladder is full past a certain point the urine can no longer pass into the bladder. | [
"Bladder outlet obstruction (or obstructive uropathy) occurs when urine is unable to flow from the kidneys through the ureters and out of the bladder through the urethra. Decreased flow of urine leads to swelling of the urinary tract, called hydronephrosis. This process of decreased flow of urine through the urinar... |
why can't "the people" get together and kickstarter a cable company that actually cares about its customers? | Basically the rent is too damn high.
It takes billions of dollars to lay cables and set up the infrastructure and current cable companies already have deals with cities to be exclusive. | [
"Presently, cable is provided to most cities and towns, depending on the region, by companies such as Rogers, Shaw, Vidéotron, Cogeco, Cable Axion, and EastLink. Most of these \"first-generation\" cable companies do not compete with each other, as the CRTC has traditionally licensed only one cable provider per mark... |
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