Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
When will the Andromeda Galaxy be close enough to be visible to the naked eye? How big would it be in the night sky?	Andromeda is visible to the naked eye now, in decent light conditions. It has an apparent magnitude of 3.4. It is more than six times the width of the moon in the sky, but the full diameter is not bright enough to be seen.	[ "At an apparent magnitude of 8.4, comparable to that of Saturn's moon Titan, it is not visible to the naked eye but can be made out using binoculars under favourable conditions. The nebula lies in the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way galaxy, at a distance of about from Earth. It has a diameter of , corresponding to an ...
How did Newton derive the Law of Universal Gravitation?	Observations demonstrated that the planets in our solar system orbited the Sun in ellipses. Newton discovered through his investigation (IE invention) of Calculus that a body undergoing acceleration proportional to the inverse square of their distance would travel in an ellipse. He then made a mental leap and realize...	[ "Newton used Kepler's laws of planetary motion to derive his law of universal gravitation. Newton's law of universal gravitation was the first law he developed and proposed in his book \"Principia\". The law states that any two objects exert a gravitational force of attraction on each other. The magnitude of the fo...
can the body repair a rupture of a spinal disk?	So I ruptured the disk in my neck. The doctor explained it like this: The disk is like a krispy Kreme doughnut. When it ruptures the jam inside spills out. It could split on the inside or on the outside. On the outside is not such a problem. However on the inside it can directly apply pressure to the nerves it su...	[ "A spinal disc herniation, commonly referred to as a slipped disc, can happen when unbalanced mechanical pressures substantially deform the anulus fibrosus, allowing part of the nucleus to obtrude. These events can occur during peak physical performance, during traumas, or as a result of chronic deterioration, typi...
Have there ever been a situation where a booming city or town went "out of business"?	This sort of thing is THE hallmark (not just A hallmark!) of the Intermountain West. Towns frequently burst into existence around the discovery of an ore body with precious metals. But precious metals being what they are, they are typically rare, and so while an ore body might seem promising, it was a finite resource a...	[ "With limited infrastructure, resources and people, the town's economy fell into decline. Most of the merchant and business class left, resulting in the town's decay and ruin. By the end of the 18th century, John Wesley noted during his visit how: \"Two-thirds of the old town is in ruins or has entirely vanished. P...
why does your body temperature increase when you're nauseous and or vomiting?	Body temperature doesn't increase because you're nauseous or vomiting. It rises so it can kill the intruder, like bacteria. Vomiting happens so the body can get rid of the bacteria. I assume the main reason for vomiting is that the body tries to get rid of the material that has the intruder in it. Like spoiled food...	[ "Another possible cause of exercise induced nausea is overhydration. Drinking too much water before, during, or after extreme exercise (such as a marathon) can cause nausea, diarrhea, confusion, and muscle tremors. Excessive water consumption reduces or dilutes electrolyte levels in the body causing hyponatremia.\n...
why do kids and some adults jump up and down when excited or happy?	Have you never done this? Never gotten so excited and filled with energy you just have to move? It's an energy release. We're also social animals and this is a way to express our excitement. Plus it's good for ventilation, moves the air around.	[ "While these children often came off as happy due to their sociable nature, often there are internal drawbacks to the way they act. 76–86% of these children were reported as believing that they either had few friends or problems with their friends. This is possibly due to the fact that although they are very friend...
Did the U.S. Government encourage people to move to the suburbs during the Cold War in order to avert catastrophic population losses from nuclear attacks?	I've never found any evidence suggesting it did. Kathleen Tobin has written [an article](_URL_0_) claiming that policymakers' fears of atomic attack was a significant factor in population dispersal. I find it to be an astonishing piece of rhetorical sleight-of-hand, using a few magazine articles discussing the *conce...	[ "The government began making evacuation plans in late 1943, and started removing entire schools from industrial cities to the countryside, where they were safe from bombing and had better access to food supplies. In all 1.3 million children were moved—with their teachers but not their parents. When the American bom...
how are roads on steep cliffs built?	Dynamite. I remember going on a hike somewhere in Utah and there was a trail that was originally going to be turned into a road but they just left it unfinished and made it a trail instead. You could see where they drilled the holes and were going to blow the cliffside. It takes a lot of precision to keep it somewhat l...	[ "The actual building of the road involved the definition of a trafficable route which was then cleared of vegetation (trees being cut-off below ground level but rarely \"grubbed out\"), boulders and rocky outcrops. The formation of the road itself was as minimal as the terrain allowed, with low side-cuttings and em...
Why is it so hard to distinguish between something that is cold versus something that is wet?	Gonna take a shot here. An object feels cold because we're feeling heat transfer away from our skin. This is dependent on both the temperature difference between our skin and the object, and the heat insulation/transmission properties of both. The faster heat transfers, the colder a contact feels. Water has a very h...	[ "Wetting is a measure of the thermodynamic compatibility of two surfaces. If the surfaces are well-matched, the surfaces will \"desire\" to interact with each other, minimizing the surface energy of both phases, and the surfaces will come into close contact. Because the intermolecular attractions strongly correlate...
If I lived in the USSR during the purges, were there any choices or steps that I could take to guarantee my survival, and to what extent could this not require moral compromises like denouncing innocent neighbors?	There wasn't anything that would guarantee survival, but there were things you could do to increase your chances. Even in the worst years, 1937-1939, the number of people who were "repressed" (contemporary term for those that were arrested and either deported, imprisoned, or executed) was between 1.5 and 2 million -- a...	[ "In addition, sizable resources were employed in the purge, such as in Hungary, where almost one million adults were employed to record, control, indoctrinate, spy on and sometimes kill targets of the purge. Unlike the repressions under Nazi occupation, no ongoing war existed that could bring an end to the tribulat...
how does 50% sodium salt exist?	They displace sodium chloride with potassium chloride. It doesn’t taste exactly the same, which is why light salt tastes a bit strange. Source: _URL_0_	[ "Table salt is made up of just under 40% sodium by weight, so a 6g serving (1teaspoon) contains about 2,300mg of sodium. Sodium serves a vital purpose in the human body: via its role as an electrolyte, it helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, and it is one factor involved in the osmotic regulation of wate...
If only one photon goes through a double-slit, is there an interference pattern on the other side?	Yes. Have a look [here](_URL_0_) for more information. It's not so much that the photon has multiple positions as that its position is not known accurately. This uncertainty in the position allows the photon's wavefunction to interfere with itself, because its probability distribution is spread over both slits. If y...	[ "It was shown experimentally in 1972 that in a double-slit system where only one slit was open at any time, interference was nonetheless observed provided the path difference was such that the detected photon could have come from either slit. The experimental conditions were such that the photon density in the syst...
Why can you rename, or change the path of, an open file in OS X but not Windows?	The Windows filesystem identifies files by their paths (including the file names)—if you change a file’s path, applications and the operating system will perceive it as a new file with no connection to the original. The OS X filesystem identifies files by an independent file ID, which remains fixed if the file is move...	[ "When moving or copying files from one folder to another, if two files have the same name, an option is now available to rename the file; in previous versions of Windows, the user was prompted to choose either a replacement or cancel moving the file. Also, when renaming a file, Explorer only highlights the filename...
Is it just complete coincidence that the outline of the moon fits nicely inside that of the sun during an eclipse? And if so, what an amazing coincidence it is...	The fact that the Moon and Sun are very similar angular sizes in our sky is indeed a complete coincidence. The Moon has retreated somewhat from the Earth over time, and earlier on it would have fully covered the Sun, including most of the corona.	[ "Another thing to consider is that the motion of the Moon is not a perfect circle. Its orbit is distinctly elliptic, so the lunar distance from Earth varies throughout the lunar cycle. This varying distance changes the apparent diameter of the Moon, and therefore influences the chances, duration, and type (partial,...
If someone died and had their brain preserved, could we map their entire neural network?	Yes, but a dead brain may look very different than a live brain. Currently, in vivo techniques (MRI, PET, CT, etc...) do not have the resolution required to do this. Serial block imaging along with automated taping lathe ultramicrotome and heavy duty custom neural imaging software can reconstruct every synapse and co...	[ "Some patients with anterograde amnesia can still acquire some semantic information, even though it might be more difficult and might remain rather unrelated to more general knowledge. H.M. could accurately draw a floor plan of the home in which he lived after surgery, even though he had not lived there in years. T...
What percentage of lift is generated by the shape of an airplane wing and what percent is generated by the angle of attack?	Well, depends what kind of wing it is, first of all. Secondly, speed, pressure altitude, temperature, etc. Tons of variables to consider here aside from the shape of the airfoil and the AoA. Would be a good question for [/r/AskEngineers](/r/AskEngineers) or [/r/aviation](/r/aviation).	[ "The graph shows that the greatest amount of lift is produced as the critical angle of attack is reached (which in early-20th century aviation was called the \"burble point\"). This angle is 17.5 degrees in this case, but it varies from airfoil to airfoil. In particular, for aerodynamically thick airfoils (thicknes...
Is everything at least a tiny bit soluble in water?	Enough energy isn't the problem, there's more than enough in a macroscopic amount of water, it's the probability of having enough energy in one spot (e.g. a single carbon atom) to cause the reaction you want (the carbon atom dissociating). The probability of that decreases exponentially with the (energy required)/(abso...	[ "By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible if there are certain proportions in which the mixture does not form a solution. For example, oil is not soluble in water, so these two solvents are immiscible, while butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) is significantly soluble in water, these two solvents are also immis...
How does physics address the situation in Zeno's arrow paradox? (This is not the same as the Achilles and tortoise paradox)	Velocity cannot be determined by the position of the arrow at one given instant of time. So you can't say "at an instant in time, the arrow is still and not moving". You have no idea whether the arrow is moving or not moving. You need at least two positions to calculate its average velocity over the time elapsed. As th...	[ "The archer's paradox is the phenomenon of an arrow traveling in the direction it is pointed at full draw, when it seems that the arrow would have to pass through the starting position it was in before being drawn, where it was pointed to the side of the target.\n", "In physics, Carroll's paradox arises when cons...
how does preloading games on apps such as steam work?	Two ways: 1. The game files are encrypted, and the decryption key is given only when the game is released. 2. Most of the game files are assets such as music, textures and models. The actual game executable is relatively small. Preloading downloads these assets but not the executable.	[ "Valve added the ability for developers to sell games under an early access model with a special section of the Steam store, starting in March 2013. This program allows for developers to release functional, but not finished, products such as beta versions to the service to allow users to buy the games and help prov...
Are there any nuclear fusion processes that don't give off excess energy?	Yes, many fusion reactions don't release energy, but take energy instead. Generally, fusion of two heavy nuclei will be endothermic.	[ "The fusion process alone currently does not achieve sufficient gain (power output over power input) to be viable as a power source. By using the excess neutrons from the fusion reaction to in turn cause a high-yield fission reaction (close to 100%) in the surrounding subcritical fissionable blanket, the net yield ...
when you google a certain store or restaurant and it gives you a bar chart of peak times, where does the data come from?	When you have Google Maps, you can turn on location tracking to help Google learn certain tasks. For example, it will learn where your home and work are, and what route you usually take to get there, so then it will send you a message when it's time for you to leave for work based on current traffic. When you have ...	[ "Assume the database is owned by a book retailer franchise that has several franchisees that own shops in different locations. And therefore the retailer decided to add a table that contains data about availability of the books at different locations:\n", "At the same time, though, the same page indicates store's...
Why do we get frustrated?	Just because we do it, doesn't mean there is an evolutionary advantage or that it is even related to evolution. We get frustrated because we are inherently selfish beings who want to succeed. Failure to succeed or proceed at a pace we like causes frustration.	[ "In psychology, frustration is a common emotional response to opposition, related to anger, annoyance and disappointment, frustration arises from the perceived resistance to the fulfillment of an individual's will or goal and is likely to increase when a will or goal is denied or blocked. There are two types of fru...
why can we listen to music at a loud volume, but once it cuts to a commercial or someone talking, it sounds a lot louder?	You know how at the loud volume of your music the music itself has variations in loudness? Some sounds are louder some are softer. So, without changing the volume of your speakers you can encode and change the volume of the music. Advertisers know this and just make their sound super loud. Its illegal in most media...	[ "Sound around mode allows for real time overlapping of music and the sounds surrounding the listener in her environment, which are captured by a microphone and mixed into the audio signal. As a result, the user may hear playing music and external sounds of the environment at the same time. This can increase user sa...
Can ohms law be applied to any circuit?	No, Ohm's law is a special case. In general, the relationship between the voltage you apply across a given circuit element to the current that flows through it (or current density to electric field) is not linear. For example, see diodes, transistors, operational amplifiers, etc.	[ "Ohm's law is one of the basic equations used in the analysis of electrical circuits. It applies to both metal conductors and circuit components (resistors) specifically made for this behaviour. Both are ubiquitous in electrical engineering. Materials and components that obey Ohm's law are described as \"ohmic\" wh...
How long did it take for Poland's post-WWI borders to be established?	The Versailles Treaty in 1919 assigned to Poland the territories of Poznan (Great Poland) and Gdansk Pomerania (is Germany and the West also known as Western Prussia or Danzig Corridor) and decided that Upper Silesia and southern part of the Eastern Prussia will be plebiscite territories. Greater Poland was already co...	[ "After more than a century of foreign rule, Poland regained its independence at the end of World War I as one of the outcomes of the negotiations that took place at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The Treaty of Versailles that emerged from the conference set up an independent Polish nation with an outlet to the...
Has there been a change in how academic history is written over the years?	There have been overall shifts, but there is also a "horizontal" diversity in the approach taken by historians, based on different theoretical models. Today, almost any good academic history will contain a section discussing its methodology. Academic history essentially consists of writing _narratives_ which are then c...	[ "The early history is of the gradual replacement during the middle of the eighteenth century of a traditional method of oral examination by written papers, with a simultaneous switch in emphasis from Latin disputation to mathematical questions. That is, all degree candidates were expected to show at least competenc...
What happened to Supersymmetry?	A little background info first: in particle physics you begin with the so-called "Standard Model". It's kind of like the periodic table of the elements, cataloguing and grouping the known fundamental particles. It's not just a table though, it's also a mathematical model that predicts how all particles behave. It predi...	[ "The only unambiguous way to claim discovery of supersymmetry is to produce superparticles in the laboratory. Because superparticles are expected to be 100 to 1000 times heavier than the proton, it requires a huge amount of energy to make these particles that can only be achieved at particle accelerators. The Tevat...
After the Big Bang, why does matter only exist in pockets of galaxies? Why is it not more 'homogeneous'?	Gravity. If there's any initial fluctuation at all, everything condenses down to points and filaments under gravity. Here's a cool video of a calculation exploring how this happens. Dark matter's role in large-scale structure formation in the universe is a big topic in computational astrophysics right now. _URL_2_ ...	[ "While the universe began with homogeneously distributed matter, enormous structures have since coalesced over billions of years: hundreds of billions of stars inside of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, superclusters, and vast filaments of matter. These denser regions and the voids between them must, under general r...
Why did France (West Francia) end up more unified than the rest of the Holy Roman Empire (East Francia)?	By West Francia and East Francia I am assuming you mean the kingdoms controlled by Charlemagne's descendants? After Charlemagne's death his son, Louis the Pious (co-emperor with Charles) took over and kept the kingdom intact for the most part. After Louis' death his three sons split the Empire. This was accustom of Fra...	[ "After the Middle-Frankish kings died out, the rulers of the West and East-Frankish Kingdoms divided the Middle-Frankish kingdom amongst themselves in the treaty of Meerssen in 870. Now Western Europe had been divided into two sides: the solid West Francia (the later France) and the loose confederation of principal...
How are the wave functions of antiparticles related to those of their "normal" counterparts?	When you're talking about particles and antiparticles, you're generally outside the regime of standard one-body, nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. So the notion of a wavefunction is sort of abandoned. Instead you replace them with field operators. There is a mathematical operator denoted by "C" which is the "charge c...	[ "In quantum mechanics, an antisymmetrizer formula_1 (also known as antisymmetrizing operator) is a linear operator that makes a wave function of \"N\" identical fermions antisymmetric under the exchange of the coordinates of any pair of fermions. After application of formula_1 the wave function satisfies the Pauli ...
why do we grow hair in specific places?	Hair in armpits and groin is a dry lubricant, hair on your head is sun protection, men's facial hair is a sexual marker.	[ "The growth of human hair occurs everywhere on the body except for the soles of the feet, the lips, palms of the hands, some external genital areas, the navel, scar tissue, and, apart from eyelashes, the eyelids. Hair is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium made of multi-layered flat cells whose rope-like f...
How did soldiers know the names of enemy weapons and equipment?	u/kieslowskifan has an answer to this! _URL_0_	[ "Manufacturers of identification badges recognized a market and began advertising in periodicals. Their pins were usually shaped to suggest a branch of service, and engraved with the soldier's name and unit. Machine-stamped tags were also made of brass or lead with a hole and usually had (on one side) an eagle or s...
when you suck on an m & m, why does it feel smooth, then rough, then smooth again?	The smooth part is likely the candy glaze, the rough would be the actual shell of the m & m and then the chocolate.	[ "\"Foul-bite\" or \"over-biting\" is common in etching, and is the effect of minuscule amounts of acid leaking through the ground to create minor pitting and burning on the surface. This incidental roughening may be removed by smoothing and polishing the surface, but artists often leave faux-bite, or deliberately c...
During the Spanish Reconquista, did much of the Muslim population convert to Catholicism?	Different states treated the Muslims differently. Castile and it's possessions were known to be extremely aggressive towards Muslims and Jews. However, for most of the period of the Reconquista, this was in the form of a heavy tax burden placed on non-Christians, similar to the Jizya (the Muslim tax on non-Muslims) in...	[ "During the expansion south of the northern Christian kingdoms, depending on the local capitulations, local Muslims were allowed to remain (Mudéjars) with extreme restrictions, while some were forcefully converted into the Christian faith. After the conquest of Granada, all the Spanish Muslims were under Christian ...
how and why did apa become the standard for referencing sources?	In research papers for publication, it's usually not standard (at least in most of the journals I am familiar with), partly due to the simple reason that in printed material words cost money. It's more common in review articles, perhaps because in primary research articles the other sources are just used for backgr...	[ "APA style uses an author-date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. That means that to cite any reference in a paper, the writer should cite the author and year of the work, either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma (parenthetical citation) or by putting the au...
is a 200hp car two times faster than a 100hp car?	No, it just has twice as much health	[ "Its three-cylinder 1.5 L two-stroke engine could produce 111 hp (83 kW), which made a speed of 135 mph (217 km/h) possible. The car could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in less than eight seconds.\n", "A 27hp BY was tested by The Motor magazine in 1934 and achieved a top speed of 72mph and accelerated fro...
why do actors tend to put themselves as "executive producers" & "producers" after being in a television show for a while?	This indicates they are not only acting in the show, but taking a stronger creative or production role behind the scenes. They are working on MAKING the show in addition to appearing on screen, but not every actor makes this change.	[ "The production company is often separate from the broadcaster. The executive producer, often the show's creator, is in charge of running the show. They pick the crew and help cast the actors, approve and sometimes write series plots—some even write or direct major episodes—while various other producers help to ens...
Is there a historical consensus about the girls who started the accusations of the Salem Witch Trials? Were they put up to it by others? Were they psychopaths? Did they actually believe they were being afflicted by witchcraft?	To add to what the others have said, those accusers who had suffered from the conflict with neighbouring Indians had had their lives upended. Those who were orphaned were now living with relatives or friends of their late parents, and those whose families had been displaced lost whatever livelihoods they had previously...	[ "Abigail Williams (July 12, 1680 – c. October 1697) was one of the initial accusers in the Salem witch trials. The trials which led to the arrest and imprisonment of more than 150 innocent people suspected of witchcraft. \n", "A group of girls ranging in age from twelve to twenty were the main accusers in the Sal...
No Irish Need Apply - how badly were Irish discriminated against in 1840's - 1930's America?	I am not a historian, but the Library of Congress has a good overview with source documents [here](_URL_0_).	[ "In the 19th century, this was particularly true because of anti-Irish prejudice, which was based on anti-Catholic sentiment, and prejudice against the Irish as an ethnicity. This was especially true for Irish Catholics who immigrated to the U.S. in the mid-19th century; the large number of Irish (both Catholic and...
How Are The Chauvet Cave Drawings Still There?	Yes, they are. It's amazing they are still preserved - there are likely countless of other drawings from the period that weren't. Access to the drawings is very limited. Here's an account from 2015 by a reporter who was granted rare access: _URL_0_	[ "Except for the darkened rear wall, all the walls of the cave are covered to head height with cave paintings, some of which overlap each other. The oldest ones are red spots and handprints, probably dating from the first millennium BCE, assigned to the Lapita culture. However, most of the pictures are black line dr...
the tingling sound in total silence	One form of what you're talking about is tinnitus, ringing in the ears which can be a result of age-related hearing loss, over-exposure to loud sounds (such as at frequent loud concerts or a construction job), or even sometimes brain injuries/tumors. Killing off the hair cells in your ear through loud noises leads to s...	[ "On occasion, a strange tingling effect is felt by them, and strange coloured lights seem to rise from the ground, and it seems to be due to a strange metal (possibly radioactive) that mysterious men are mining for unknown reasons.\n", "\"When the Tingle Becomes a Chill\" is a song written by Lola Jean Dillon tha...
why is the metric system so perfect in regards to water mass versus weight?	It's originally designed this way. Units in the SI system are all defined by certain basic quantities, like a liter of water or one Kelvin, or one meter and so on. ex: a kilocalorie (a calorie to all dieters) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one kelvin. So it's right ...	[ "Since trade and commerce typically involve items significantly more massive than one gram, and since a mass standard made of water would be inconvenient and unstable, the regulation of commerce necessitated the manufacture of a \"practical realisation\" of the water-based definition of mass. Accordingly, a provisi...
Are 98% of the atoms in the human body replaced every year?	It seems to have some good basis in experiments conducted by some dude called Paul Aebersold back in the fifties: _URL_0_ (Note the date on the article: 1954!) I'm not surprised that it's a high percentage (the watery bits of your body should be cycled through quite rapidly), though I am surprised that it's quite as ...	[ "All atoms exist as stable or unstable isotopes and the latter decay at a given half-life ranging from attoseconds to billions of years; radioisotopes useful to biological and experimental systems have half-lives ranging from minutes to months. In the case of the hydrogen isotope tritium (half-life = 12.3 years) an...
Why are White House meeting minutes recorded and kept?	[Here is a paragraph from the University of Oregon Holden Leadership Center on record keeping during meetings:](_URL_0_) > As you can see, the role of a secretary is more than "just taking minutes". The secretary is in effect, the historian. What he/she records will be referred to by current members as a reminder of ...	[ "White House visitor logs, also known as the White House Worker and Visitor Entry System (WAVE), are the guestbook records of individuals visiting the White House to meet with the President of the United States or other White House officials.\n", "On Friday, July 13, 1973, during a preliminary interview, deputy m...
Do LED lightbulb work in extreme cold temperatures?	The operating temperature of the LED will depend on the design of the device, typically -40F is at or below the lower limit of silicon devices, (this will generally be shown on the device datasheet). Lithonia Lighting OFLR 6 MO 's datasheet quotes its minimum ambient temp as -40C.	[ "The low energy consumption of LED lights can pose a driving risk in some areas during winter. Unlike incandescent and halogen bulbs, which generally get hot enough to melt away any snow that may settle on individual lights, LED displays – using only a fraction of the energy – remain too cool for this to happen. As...
why didn’t the Ancient Egyptians conquer the rest of North Africa to the west of them?	The Western/Libyan Desert is 1000 km north to south and 1000 km east to west and largely blocks access out of the Nile and Nile Delta. As we saw in the WW 2 desert campaign, the Western Desert makes even mechanized and motorized maneuvering problematic.	[ "North Africa is the seat of ancient Egypt and Carthage, civilizations with strong ties to the ancient Near East and which influenced the ancient Greek and Roman cultures. Eventually, Egypt fell under Persian rule followed by Greek and Roman rule, while Carthage was later ruled by Romans and Vandals. North Africa w...
how does keeping an avocado seed with the raw avocado 'meat' keep it from browning?	[Here's a pretty good write-up of why Avocados turn brown](_URL_0_) In short, it's the exposure to oxygen that makes the flesh turn brown. Keeping the stone (seed) with the meat does not prevent this in any way. Fun fact about avocados: the trees release enzymes preventing ripening of the fruit, once they're picked t...	[ "It can be propagated from seed, which should be planted promptly in a moist, semi-shade position. The fleshy fruit that surrounds the seed must be removed as this inhibits germination. The seed is also vulnerable to fungal infection.\n", "The avocado tree can be grown domestically and used as a (decorative) hous...
why are tiff files so large?	> 18MP > 150MP I'm guessing that the first is actually meant to read MP, while the second should probably read "MB"? Because "MP" means "MegaPixel" (million pixels), while "MB" means "Mega Bytes" (million/ 2^(20) bytes). So let's take a look at how much that actually is: 150/18 = 8.333… So for every pixel, th...	[ "The TIFF file formats use 32-bit offsets, which limits file size to around 4 GiB. Some implementations even use a signed 32-bit offset, running into issues around 2 GiB already. BigTIFF is a TIFF variant file format which uses 64-bit offsets and supports much larger files. The BigTIFF file format specification was...
how do we develop crushes on people?	Lots of different reasons. Most influential factors include: - Proximity: You’re more likely to have a crush on someone who you have multiple classes with each day than you are to have a crush on someone who lives across the country. - Pheromones: Chemical signals, so to speak, that indicate a good genetic match or a ...	[ "Crushes often occur during religious pilgrimages and large entertainment events, as they tend to involve dense crowds, with people closely surrounded on all sides. Human stampedes and crushes also occur in episodes of panic (e.g. in response to a fire or explosion) as people try to get away.\n", "Crush is a game...
why charities with similar goals don't merge to become more effective?	Merging companies (and yes, non-profits are companies) requires a lot of work. First, just because two companies do the same thing does not mean that they could merge easily. What if one is a Catholic charity, and the other is non-religious? Is the new charity religious or not? Which of the two Presidents is going to b...	[ "In 2013 Ken Stern's book \"With Charity for All: Why Charities are Failing and a Better Way to Give\" was published by Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. His book discusses the problems in the not for profit charity sector, and appeals to donors for more evaluation and consideration in their decision making, in ord...
why are endorphins not used as the ultimate drug?	Endorphins can't cross the blood-brain barrier. Injecting or injesting them won't actually do anything, because they won't get to the receptors on which they exert their "feel-good" effect.	[ "Endorphins (contracted from \"endogenous morphine\") are endogenous opioid neuropeptides and peptide hormones in humans and other animals. They are produced by the central nervous system and the pituitary gland. The term \"endorphins\" implies a pharmacological activity (analogous to the activity of the corticoste...
if pre-election polling is mostly done by phone interviews via landline, and the number of landlines is declining among most demographic groups, why are they still fairly accurate?	It is not accurate that "... poling is mostly done by phone interviews via landline". Actual polling companies call cellphones and have non-phone ways of reaching people. "Polls" limited to landlines are badly disguised political activism.	[ "This issue was first identified in 2004, but came to prominence only during the 2008 US presidential election. In previous elections, the proportion of the general population using cell phones was small, but as this proportion has increased, there is concern that polling only landlines is no longer representative ...
What makes meth labs so dangerous?	because they're attempting to replicate processes that are normally carried out in a _URL_2_, but without the design of engineers, construction with appropriate materials or operation by trained experts. Instead they're copying instructions from the internet or passed down orally, using whatever is cheapest and availa...	[ "Although the prevalence of domestic meth labs continues to be high in western states, they have spread throughout the United States. It has been suggested that \"do-it-yourself\" meth production in rural areas is reflective of a broader DIY approach that includes activities such as hunting, fishing, and fixing one...
What is the affect of aging on sex cells in humans, and how is DNA preserved to pass on to offspring?	The [germ cell line](_URL_2_) is separated from the rest of the developing organism early in development, and is kept in a state of minimal cell division and protection from metabolic damage. There is still degradation of the genetic material in [males](_URL_1_) and [females](_URL_0_), but it doesn't become an issue un...	[ "Cells of affected individuals have reduced lifespan in culture, more chromosome breaks and translocations and extensive deletions. These DNA damages, chromosome aberrations and mutations may in turn cause more RecQ-independent aging phenotypes.\n", "However, in the presence of a fairly stable environment, indivi...
Can anyone identify the markings on this rock in my front yard? (Buffalo, NY)	You'll probably get more help over at /r/whatisthisthing, the appropriate subreddit for these kinds of questions.	[ "In the southwest corner lies a rock called \"The Goldstone\". Legend has it that the devil threw the approximately 20 ton rock there while excavating Devil's Dyke. Towards the north is a sculpture by the environmental artist Chris Drury; \"Fingermaze\" is a labyrinth-like design based on a fingerprint, consisting ...
how did the golden eye disk hold a full game and an emulator with 10 games only on 12mb?	It is a game contained in a ROM and the emulator is what allows you to play access the ROM. There is not as much data as you think.	[ "The consoles have 76 built-in games, although marketing frequently claims to have more than 1,000 ways of playing them. Hence, the game count of 76,000 is listed as a gold sticker on the box. Most of the included games had been originally released for the NES or Famicom, but some have been created by the manufactu...
how do the big torrent uploaders like yify, eztv, etc, not get caught?	There can be many reasons: - hiding behind a VPN or TOR or another proxy, or all of those; remember that there still are countries where piracy is not regulated by law - initial seeding from a remote server - actually living in a country with no laws against piracy - all of the above I also doubt that they are that...	[ "Torrents-Time is a browser plugin that allows websites to have the same functionality as the popular Popcorn Time program, without requiring the client to download an application. Released 2 February 2016, sites such as The Pirate Bay and the now defunct KickassTorrents others supported the plugin within days, all...
what is the difference between "_url_1_" and "_url_0_"? i know that they are one and the same, but in general i want to understand how the domain name works.	_URL_0_ is what is called a subdomain. _URL_1_ is called a subdirectory. Pretty much the same on the server side except that a subdirectory is within a domain's directory while a subdomain is outside a domain's directory, yet has its address response to the initial domain. The reason that those particular two respond t...	[ "As a rule, names in a namespace cannot have more than one meaning; that is, different meanings cannot share the same name in the same namespace. A namespace is also called a context, because the same name in different namespaces can have different meanings, each one appropriate for its namespace.\n", "The second...
what exactly happened to gandalf after the snafu at moria?	He slays the beast. He dies. While dead, he does things in the afterlife which he never talks about. He is reborn as the white, for I imagine his bravery, valor, and just doing the right thing. He then gets taken away by the eagle, taken somewhere where he gives advice, and such, I believe it was to the cliff of th...	[ "After a long fall, Gandalf and the Balrog crashed into a deep subterranean lake in Moria's underworld. Gandalf pursued the Balrog through the tunnels for eight days until they climbed to the peak of Zirakzigil. Here they fought for two days and nights. In the end, the Balrog was defeated and cast down onto the mou...
Did ancient Israel abolish or prohibit slaveowning in any way after the Exodus from Egypt? Was it socially frowned upon to own slaves?	EDIT: Just to be clear, not a historian, but I’ve been reading this book for the past ten years, I think I know a little bit about it. The Law actually says a lot about slaves and servants and how you were to treat them. How well they followed it or if they followed it all is questionable whether you believe the Bible...	[ "In the continuation of the reading, Moses taught that if a slave sought refuge with the Israelites, the Israelites were not to turn the slave over to the slave's master, but were to let the former slave live in any place the former slave might choose and not ill-treat the former slave. A closed portion (, \"setuma...
Someone I met got me curious... in the early days of America, mineral surveyors would cross the country looking for metal deposits. How exactly did the bore into rocks and test things without modern equipment?	A lot of it boils down to understanding the geology itself. If you can recognise evidence of (for example) a large igneous porphyry body you might take a good guess at there being workable amounts of copper mineralisation. Alternatively, simple techniques such as panning for heavy minerals in stream beds can tell you...	[ "When detailed geological investigations were carried out by Geologists from the US and Britain, their finding was a dampner to the development of the mines in the hill. They inferred that the ores found were mere deposits only and not sourced by ore bearing veins in the rocks which could produce mineral ore for a ...
cryptocurrency mining. what is the process and why is a gpu required?	Currency has value in part because it is rare. If you can get however much of it you want, it becomes worthless. Imagine you can just print off $100 bills from home and they count as real dollars. Why, then, would I sell you, I dunno, a used book for $5? I can just print off $100, so why do I want your $5? Or even...	[ "In cryptocurrency networks, \"mining\" is a validation of transactions. For this effort, successful miners obtain new cryptocurrency as a reward. The reward decreases transaction fees by creating a complementary incentive to contribute to the processing power of the network. The rate of generating hashes, which va...
if a 213g potato has .2g of fat, 4.3g of protein, and 37g of carbs, what is the other 171.5g?	Water, fibre, and other things that humans don't digest into energy.	[ "Serv size: 12 pieces, servings: about 3.5, amount per serving calories: 60, total fat: 0 g (0% DV) Sodium: 0 mg (0% DV) total carb: 14 g (5% DV) sugars: 13 g protein: 0 g (Percent daily values (DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.)\n", "For nutritional purposes ICDS provides 500 kilocalories (with 12-15 gm gr...
Gigantic Black Holes in galaxy centers keeps 'devouring' matter. Why doesn't that eventually result in whole galaxies being consumed and merging into single immense 'holes' with all galactic mass inside them?	The planets don't fall into the Sun because they basically "keep missing" when they fall towards it, hence going around in elliptical orbits. Matter around a black hole is essentially the same. The gas and dust orbiting a black hole carries angular momentum with it that must be conserved and hence it will orbit around ...	[ "Astronomers believe that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) can be ejected from the centers of galaxies by gravitational wave recoil. This happens when two SMBHs in a binary system coalesce, after losing energy in the form of gravitational waves. Because the gravitational waves are not emitted isotropically, some mo...
Not quite connecting the whole Franks, Alemanni, Charlemagne, Holy Roman Empire, and France thing.	Charlemagne, at his death, ruled an Empire encompassing modern day France (sans Brittany), the Pyrenees, Austria, Switzerland, the low countries, the northern half of Italy, and the majority of modern Germany. After his death, his son Louis I came to power, then died leaving his three sons to divide up his Empire, whic...	[ "The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic federations. The confederation was formed out of Germanic tribes: Salians, Sugambri, Chamavi, Tencteri, Chattuarii, Bructeri, Usipetes, Ampsivarii, Chatti. They entered the late Roman Empire from the present day Netherlands and northern Germany an...
Can bees tell the difference between their own hive's honey and another hive's honey?	Well they certainly know the difference between their hive and other hives, even if there are several of them adjacent to each other. Honeybees will also rob other hives of their honey if food is scarce. This is intentional; they are not mistakenly at the wrong hive, and the host hive will try to repel the invaders. ...	[ "Monofloral honey is made primarily from the nectar of one type of flower. Monofloral honeys have distinctive flavors and colors because of differences between their principal nectar sources. To produce monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in an area where the bees have access to only one type of flower. In p...
if you sweat salt does that mean your body needs more salt or it already had too much?	One of those pesky "electrolytes" all these sports drink companies are trying to sell us on buying, salt (or sodium, if you prefer) is necessary for proper bodily function. Sea water has a an average content of about 35 parts per thousand, so for every liter (1000ml) of seawater, you've got 35 grams of salt. The reaso...	[ "In both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, the sweat is originally produced in the gland's coil, where it is isotonic with the blood plasma there. When the rate of sweating is low, salt is conserved and reabsorbed by the gland's duct; high sweat rates, on the other hand, lead to less salt reabsorption and allow mo...
How does the body build tolerance to caffeine?	By regulation of the number of receptors sensitive to caffeine on the cell membrane. Caffeine functions by inhibiting adenosine receptors in the brain, which we believe is involved in our biological clocks. After prolonged exposure to caffeine, the cell tries to return to homeostasis by increasing the number of aden...	[ "Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that reduces fatigue and drowsiness. At normal doses, caffeine has variable effects on learning and memory, but it generally improves reaction time, wakefulness, concentration, and motor coordination. The amount of caffeine needed to produce these effects varies from ...
Why are there nuclear-powered subs and aircraft carriers but no nuclear-powered airplanes?	This was experimented with a bit in the '50s by both the Americans and the Soviets. The main issue is that to protect the crew from radiation you need a lot of heavy shielding, and this makes it difficult to fly. _URL_0_	[ "The United States Navy has by far the most nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, with ten Nimitz-class carriers and one Gerald R. Ford-class carrier in service. The last conventionally-powered aircraft carrier left the U.S. fleet as of 12 May 2009, when the USS \"Kitty Hawk\" (CV-63) was deactivated. France's latest ...
Physics problem that has been plaguing me since high school.	The question at hand is: What causes the speed limit on the motion of the missiles? Is it air resistance (as is the case for airborne missiles)? If so, then firing a missile (limited to 200 m/s velocity in air) from a jet (traveling at 500 m/s in air) will cause the missile to fly backward at 300 m/s from the persp...	[ "The spread of the conceptual approach to teaching physics broadened the range of students taking physics in high school. Enrollment in conceptual physics courses in high school grew from 25,000 students in 1987 to over 400,000 in 2009. In 2009, 37% of students took high school physics, and 31% of them were in Phys...
what is the impact of palestine being promoted to "non-member observer status" in the un?	It's not a full UN membership but it's a more symbolic move since it gives them more status than before. They are now on the same level as the Vatican and Switzerland (until a few years ago). If they now try to join the international criminal court, this status of theirs will give them more 'points' in their favor....	[ "By September 2012, with their application for full membership stalled due to the inability of Security Council members to 'make a unanimous recommendation', the PLO had decided to pursue an upgrade in status from \"observer entity\" to \"non-member observer state\". On 29 November 2012, Resolution 67/19 passed, up...
What were Pinkerton agents duties, roles, etc. in 1890-1912?	Pinkertons were part of a huge private detective agency that was essentially the Black Water of the 19th century. One of the Pinkerton's specialties was strikebreaking. Employers would hire the company to provide thugs that would stop strikes in progress, and this is arguably what Pinkertons are most famous for. So ...	[ "Pinkerton, founded as the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, is a private security guard and detective agency established in the United States by Scotsman Allan Pinkerton in 1850 and currently a subsidiary of Securitas AB. Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have foiled a plot to assassinate president-ele...
How would one derive electricity from post-fusion plasma?	Boil water. That is how pretty much every power plant makes electricity. Its easy to make heat with nuclear or fossil fuels. You use the heat to boil water, which makes a lot of pressure, and you use the pressure to turn a turbine, which is geared to a generator.	[ "Adapting this concept to a fusion experiment was first proposed by Dr. Jay Kesner (MIT) and Dr. Michael Mauel (Columbia) in the mid to late nineties. The pair assembled a team and raised money to build the machine. They achieved first plasma on Friday, August 13, 2004 at 12:53 PM. First plasma was done by (1) succ...
Why does adding more components to a transistor increase clock speed?	At the level of fundamental physics, the speed of transistors is limited by physical effects. Among other effects, the smaller a transistor is, the less electrical charge you have to move around to make it turn on and off. That means you can turn it on and off more times per second when it's smaller. In addition to fa...	[ "First of all, as chip geometries shrink and clock frequencies rise, the transistor leakage current increases, leading to excess power consumption and heat... Secondly, the advantages of higher clock speeds are in part negated by memory latency, since memory access times have not been able to keep pace with increas...
why can't a state just print more banknotes to create more money? [li5]	Think of a rare baseball card. If there's only 10 of them in existence, then everyone would want them and they would be willing to trade hundreds of chocolate bars for it. Now think if they printed 990 more of that rare baseball card. Now everyone has one, and no one is willing to trade a chocolate bar for it.	[ "Only seven banks still retain the rights to print their own notes, all of which are in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Lenders that print these notes must hold assets that are equivalent to the amount of notes they have in circulation.\n", "All circulating notes, issued from 1861 to present, will be honored by th...
what is the "sharing economy"?	Instead of being full time taxi drivers anyone with a car and a license can hop on and be an uber driver. Similarly, Airbnb allows individuals to host people in their homes as a hotel would. The "sharing" idea is that personal assets (cars, homes, etc.) are utilized to provide services for a fee instead of assets tha...	[ "Sharing economy is a term for a way of distributing goods and services, a way that differs from the traditional model of corporations hiring employees and selling products to consumers. In the sharing economy, individuals are said to rent or \"share\" things like their cars, homes and personal time to other indivi...
is hemp realistically a great replacement for many materials (plastics and papers) or has this been over emphasized by those seeking legal marijuana?	Hemp is a decent replacement for a broad range of things. You won't see paper companies switching from wood to hemp just because it's legalized. Also hemp contains almost none of the active ingredients that recreational marijuana has (you can't get high off of it).	[ "As of April 2019, CBD extracted from marijuana remains a Schedule I Controlled Substance, and is not approved as a prescription drug, dietary supplement, or allowed for interstate commerce in the United States. CBD derived from hemp (with 0.3% THC or lower) was delisted as a federally scheduled substance by the 20...
what's a military formation?	Any set of soldiers marching under one command, usually in a regular form. Already Egyptians did so that the they had the less experienced at the front, and the more experienced at the back, to prevent retreat and fill in gaps. The ancient Greeks invented the phalanx. The enemy can do more damage if they can strike mu...	[ "A formation is defined by the US Department of Defense as \"two or more aircraft, ships, or units proceeding together under a commander\". Formin in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia emphasised its combined-arms nature: \"Formations are those military organisations which are formed from different speciality Arms and S...
Why was Dwight Eisenhower made Supreme Allied Commander during WWII despite the United States entering the war after other nations?	I asked a similar question a few months ago that I think might get to the heart of what you're asking. Hopefully this helps? The response I got was fantastic! (all credit to u/goodmorningdave) _URL_0_	[ "BULLET::::- The opening scene suggests that Great Britain and the United States had not seriously considered the possibility of a supreme allied commander prior to planning the D-Day invasion. In fact, appointing supreme commanders for the various theaters was seen as a given as it had proved beneficial in the las...
AskScience AMA Series: We study neutrinos made on earth and in space, hoping to discover brand-new particles and learn more about the mysteries of dark matter, dark radiation, and the evolution of the universe. Ask us anything!	How exactly can neutrinos shed light on the nature of dark matter? Is there any hypothesis that scientists want to test regarding the connection between the two, or is the research more exploratory at this stage?	[ "His 2010 book \"Neutrino\" discusses the tiny, difficult-to-detect particle emitted from radioactive transitions and generated by stars. Also discussed are the contributions of John Bahcall, Ray Davis, Bruno Pontecorvo, and others who made a scientific understanding of this fundamental building block of the univer...
what do people who speak different languages hear when someone speaks english?	It sounds just like what you hear when you hear someone speak in a language you don’t know. You can tell they are saying something that means something because their voice is controlled and their body language will tell you they are not just making up sounds like a crazy person. When I hear American English vs United K...	[ "While English is spoken by all residents, over 10% of the population also speak a second language with Cree, German, Ukrainian, French, Tagalog, Spanish, Afrikaans, Dutch, Chinese, Korean, Inuktitut, English, Albanian, Bantu languages, Bosnian, Greek, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian and Mandarin represented...
why do people donate to different cancers (breast, prostate, etc), won't one cure lead to cures for all the others?	Cancer is actually a term that broadly describes a group of diseases, not just one, where there is uncontrollable cell growth that invades other parts of the body. What this means is that there are a number of different causes as to why the cells become cancerous, requiring different types of research to find differe...	[ "Even though the health benefits are not established, the use of high doses of vitamins is also common in people who have been diagnosed with cancer. According to Cancer Research UK, cancer patients should always seek professional advice before taking such supplements, and using them as a substitute for conventiona...
Effects Of Shakespearean/Elizabethan Theater on the London Society?	Clothing The major theaters served as fashion runways, setting popular trends in clothing. Costumes were elaborate, expensive, and often borrowed from or donated by local tailors, cobblers, and jewelers. These clothiers could then advertise that they were producing the clothes being worn in the most fashionable ...	[ "The late 16th century, when William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived and worked in London, was one of the most notable periods in the city's cultural history. There was considerable hostility to the development of the theatre, however. Public entertainments produced crowds, and crowds were feared by the au...
why do they need so much money for cancer research?	For some charities, the money is directed almost entirely to research. For example, the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation has received an A+ rating from _URL_0_ judging by [these criteria](http://www._URL_0_/criteria.html). Other charities aren't so dedicated to actual research, and instead often are categorized ...	[ "Breast cancer advocates have successfully increased the amount of public money being spent on cancer research and shifted the research focus away from other diseases and towards breast cancer Breast cancer advocates also raise millions of dollars for research into cures each year, although most of the funds they r...
Unlike in Europe, where the tradition is still to build in brick and concrete, why does the US construct buildings using cheap building materials?	> Unlike in Europe, where the tradition is still to build in brick and concrete What do you mean by "in Europe"? I'm from a European country where pretty much all houses are made of wood.	[ "Post-World War II the industry had to face the decline of buildings built during the heyday of the material, 1910–1940. Structural problems resulting from incomplete waterproofing, improper installation, poor maintenance, and interior corroding mild steel made the material unpopular in newer constructions.\n", "...
what is a car engine really doing when it is "warming up"?	Well, first off you don't need to warm up the engine of a modern car. They are designed and built to such a fine tolerance you can simply turn them on and drive under normal operating conditions year round. As to what they are doing they are literally warming up, or getting hotter. Since the engine is made of metal ...	[ "Cold start enrichment is achieved by the fact that the engine coolant is cold when the engine is cold. This causes denser vapour to be delivered to the mixer. As the engine warms up, the coolant temperature rises until the engine is at operating temperature and the mixture has leaned off to the normal running mixt...
how can i avoid mosquito bites?	Source: I live in the south, and I have visited north east Arkansas which has more mosquitos than air at times. In Texas we have mosquitos that are so large they look like baby wasps. You can clearly see they have black and grey stripes on them. When you smack them on your arm it's a bloody mess. I have a friend that ...	[ "When mosquitoes bite a person, they do not inject the blood of a previous victim into the person they bite next. Mosquitoes do, however, inject their saliva into their victims, which may carry diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, or West Nile virus and can infect a bitten person with these disease...
The German Schlieffen Plan was in development for years prior to the breakout of WWI... how well was the plan kept secret? Was the invasion of Belgium genuinely a surprise to the other European powers?	Debates over whether or not the idea of a "Schlieffen plan" actually existing aside, the Plan itself was kept fairly secret, with wargaming of scenarios based on it being few in number, and knowledge of the actual plan being restricted to high ranking war ministry and General Staff members. That being said, to an exte...	[ "From as early as 1904, Alfred von Schlieffen of the German General Staff began to draw up a military strategy, known as the Schlieffen Plan, which could be put into action if Germany found itself involved in a two-front war against France and Russia. The core of the plan was a rapid attack on France on the outbrea...
Was WWI a true good guy vs bad guy war?	Okay, no. No, no, no, no. No war is ever a "good guy vs. bad guy" sort of thing from a historical perspective, though individual nations by and large choose to cast the war they're fighting in that sense. You can bet World War II was seen by citizens of the Axis powers as a "good vs. evil" affair, just as certainly as ...	[ "In his book \"The Great War\", Ian F. W. Beckett also cited Sheffield: the latter commented that \"Blackadder Goes Forth\" was successful because \"the characters and situations needed no explanation, so familiar was the audience with the received version of the war\". Beckett noted the popularity of the episode's...
Would it be right to say that semiconductors are produced by doping?	No, not all semiconductors are doped. There are also [intrinsic semiconductors](_URL_0_), where pure materials act as semiconductors. For example, a pure chunk of silicon is an important example of such an intrinsic semiconductor.	[ "Doping is the key to the extraordinarily wide range of electrical behavior that semiconductors can exhibit, and extrinsic semiconductors are used to make semiconductor electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductor lasers, LEDs, and photovoltaic cells. Sophisticated semiconducto...
what are the "loudness wars", why are they happening, and why should anyone care that music is getting louder?	Music is getting compressed so it sounds louder. Before this you're set your volume to your preferred level and would hear everything from quiet notes to very loud and distinct drum hits. Now the quiet notes are louder, the mid range is louder, and consequently the formerly loud and distinct drum hits are just barely l...	[ "The loudness war (or loudness race) refers to the trend of increasing audio levels in recorded music which reduces audio fidelity and, according to many critics, listener enjoyment. Increasing loudness was first reported as early as the 1940s, with respect to mastering practices for 7\" singles. The maximum peak l...
How would a Christian church service have differed in Rome in 500, 1000, and 1500 CE?	I can only give some descriptions on the changes throughout history. The essence basically remains the same throughout history: the mass of the catechumens and the eucharistic liturgy proper. Initially Mass was offered only on Sundays and feast days, but as more feast days were inserted, daily masses began to be offere...	[ "By the end of the early Christian period, the church within the Roman Empire had hundreds of bishops, some of them (Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, \"other provinces\") holding some form of jurisdiction over others.\n", "By the end of the early Christian period, the church within the Roman Empire had hundreds of bish...
why can hospitals charge $50 a pill for tylenol, but i can buy a whole bottle at the store for $5?	You're not just paying for the tylenol. You're paying for the nurse to give it to you, to make sure it's the right thing, for the diagnosis from the doctor to give you the tylenol, for anything any of the techs have to do for you, for the bed you're sitting in, for the air conditioning, for the TV, for the electricity,...	[ "It is available as a generic medication and is moderately expensive. Globally, the wholesale price of the medication is about US$1.80 to $3.00 a month. In the United States a month's supply is about $50 to $150.\n", "Large US retailers that operate pharmacies and pharmacy chains use inexpensive generic drugs as ...
How long does it take for a nerve signal to travel from a blue whale's tail to it's brain?	Assuming an optimally myelinated fibre, nerve impulse speeds in humans are circa. 100m/s. So if there were 1 fibre travelling the distance of the blue whale, about 0.3s. I don't know much about whale physiology, but I very much doubt there is a single axon travelling the whole whale. Instead it will be punctuated wit...	[ "Some neurons are responsible for conveying information over long distances. For example, motor neurons, which travel from the spinal cord to the muscle, can have axons up to a meter in length in humans. The longest axon in the human body belongs to the Sciatic Nerve and runs from the great toe to the base of the s...
why would someone want to jam gps receivers?	The usual reason is people who are commercial drivers who want to do something they aren't allowed to do (take a detour to visit a relative, for example) but their commercial vehicle logs or transmits the vehicle's information to their boss. The vehicle usually gets its location, time, and current speed from GPS, and e...	[ "Man-made EMI (electromagnetic interference) can also disrupt or jam GPS signals. In one well-documented case it was impossible to receive GPS signals in the entire harbor of Moss Landing, California due to unintentional jamming caused by malfunctioning TV antenna preamplifiers. Intentional jamming is also possible...
is there a fixed amount of money/assets in the world?	no it wouldn't. because you can create money out of nothing. aka interest. the amount of money is always going up basically due to interest.	[ "In 2008, the world's total tradeable financial assets (stocks, debt securities and bank deposits) were estimated at $178 trillion, more than three times the value of what the whole world produces in a year. In June 2017, the world's total public and private debt was estimated at US$217 trillion, again more than th...
how do processors work? how is a simple silicon chip able to perform calculations?	This is a complicated topic built on very simple ideas. If you go step by step you should be able to wrap your head around it. What is a semi-conductor? Starting all the way down at the atomic level. In pure silicon crystals, the atoms are neatly arranged, and all have their outer electron shell full, so it won't ...	[ "The CPU in modern computer hardware performs reads and writes to memory most efficiently when the data is \"naturally aligned\", which generally means that the data address is a multiple of the data size. \"Data alignment\" refers to aligning elements according to their natural alignment. To ensure natural alignme...
why do my teet hurt when i eat sugary candy (taffy, tootsie rolls...)	Sounds like cavity creeps	[ "Making candy can be hazardous due to the use of boiled sugar and melted chocolate. Boiling sugar often exceeds —hotter than most cooked foods—and the sugar tends to stick to the skin, causing burns and blisters upon skin contact. Worker safety programs focus on reducing contact between workers and hot food or hot ...
Intelligence documents from WWII and after from my Grandfather	First and foremost it's amazing that they've been kept. Please do what you can to make sure they don't get damaged and do what you can to minimize the damage. Original documents are often a wonderful treasure trove to many historians. Often even mundane documents can lead to some critical insight that nobody would h...	[ "Established in June 1945 as the Air Documents Research Center (ADRC), the agency's first mission was to collect German air documents. The documents collected were divided into three categories: documents that would assist the war in the Pacific theater, documents of immediate intelligence interest to the United St...
what does it mean when someone is "in shock"?	Nobody has given a unified answer so I will try. Basically there are two kinds of shock that somebody could be referring to. /u/upvoter222, /u/someanonymousaccnt have alluded to physiological shock, a condition you are unable to maintain a blood pressure to the extent that it becomes life threatening. There's a hu...	[ "Shock is the state of not enough blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system. Initial symptoms may include weakness, fast heart rate, fast breathing, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. This may be followed by confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest as compl...

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