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why does the us use fahrenheit when the rest of the world uses celsius?	Let's build a cube. A meter tall (or 100 centimeters, 1,000 ..millimeters) wide and deep. Let's now fill it with water: Exactly 1,000 liters of water will be needed. For a weight of 1,000 kilos, or a ton. This water will boil at 100 degrees C and freeze at 0C. oh my god metric's haaaard, man!	[ "The Fahrenheit scale was the primary temperature standard for climatic, industrial and medical purposes in English-speaking countries until the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Celsius scale replaced Fahrenheit in almost all of those countries—with the notable exception of the United States—typically during...
how can a country sell bonds with negative interest rate?	They can't and don't. The thing is that inflation happens. So if the nominal interest rate on the bonds is less than the rate of inflation, the effective interest rate is negative. They're still a good deal, though, because cash is also affected by inflation; keeping your money in cash would just make you lose more.	[ "During the European debt crisis, government bonds of some countries (Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, Finland, the Netherlands and Austria) have been sold at negative yields. Suggested explanations include desire for safety and protection against the eurozone breaking up (in which case some eurozone countries might ...
what's the process to get into u.s from mexico legally (immigrate)?	It depends. The US will offer x amount of work visas every year for jobs where there are a shortage of American workers (it could be working on farms or being a doctor), student visas and travel visas (you don't need a visa to visit the US if you are Mexican) After you get your foot in the door you are only allowed...	[ "After the United States returned to a more closed border, immigration has been more difficult than ever for Mexican residents hoping to migrate. Mexico is the leading country of migrants to the U.S.. A Mexican Repatriation program was founded by the United States government to encourage people to voluntarily move ...
Why do some places have two high and two low tides a day, and other places have only one?	In short, this is because the ocean basins aren't uniform and tides don't have the same impact in all areas. Imagine sloshing water back an forth in a bucket- there will be areas that experience more extreme water level change relative to the regular surface level. There are certain areas in the oceans, nodes, which ...	[ "Tides are commonly \"semi-diurnal\" (two high waters and two low waters each day), or \"diurnal\" (one tidal cycle per day). The two high waters on a given day are typically not the same height (the daily inequality); these are the \"higher high water\" and the \"lower high water\" in tide tables. Similarly, the t...
what is academic probation and how would somebody get it?	It means your grades are shit and if you don't shape up you're out. This is more typical in colleges or private schools since they don't want some slacker tanking their performance numbers.	[ "Academic probation in the United Kingdom is a period served by a new academic staff member at a university or college when they are first given their job. It is specified in the conditions of employment of the staff member, and may vary from person to person and from institution to institution. In universities fou...
What were the intentions of Edward, the Black Prince, preceding the battle of Poitiers (1356), was he looking to confront King John II of France?	Are you referring to the letter Prince Edward sent to the City of London following his victory? Edward doesn't exactly say he was planning on retreating. Instead, he says he was withdrawing to link up with the Duke of Lancaster after abandoning an assault on Tours. After he rejected the French negotiators, Edward waite...	[ "Edward III of England's son, Edward the Black Prince, invaded France from English held Gascony in 1356, winning a victory at the Battle of Poitiers. During the battle, the Gascon noble Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch, captured the French king, John II, and many of his nobles. At the instigation of the pope, ne...
How common was it to be executed for being a "witch" around the time of the Salem Witch Trials?	By the time of the Salem trials the witch craze was already well into its decline. It was an anomalous outburst for the time. If you want to know the witch craze in general I can talk a bit about that, though I only really know about the European trials, and only English ones in any detail. Different parts of Europe e...	[ "The Salem witch trials of 1692 touched Topsfield directly. Belief in witches was normal in the seventeenth century. People were accused of witchcraft in Europe and the colonies during this time, but executions were relatively rare in the colonies. Historians conclude that only fifteen people were executed as witch...
Has the water released by combusting hydrocarbons had any effect on the environment?	Absolutely! Water vapour, like CO2, is a greenhouse gas. Water Vapour released by combustion--but this isn't the sole source for water vapour, of course--helps create a sort of positive feedback loop in the atmosphere, increasing the amount of warming experienced by climate change. Generally, Water vapour tends to do...	[ "Hydrocarbon exploration in deep water occasionally results in significant environmental degradation resulting mainly from accumulation of contaminated drill cuttings, but also from oil spills. While the oil gusher involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico originates from a wellhead only 150...
If an electric motor is supplied power but restricted in turning (like holding back a ceiling fan) what is happening which would cause it to 'burn up'?	When a motor is turning, that rotation generates a voltage, a 'back EMF', that acts against the flow of current. It is this voltage, not the resistance of the coils, that restricts the amount of power the motor draws. And as this is an impedance, it doesn't generate heat. The power - the current in the motor pushing ag...	[ "\"Many appliances continue to draw a small amount of power when they are switched off. These \"phantom\" loads occur in most appliances that use electricity, such as VCRs, televisions, stereos, computers, and kitchen appliances. This can be avoided by unplugging the appliance or using a power strip and using the s...
why don't stars appear red but white? It is said that only red colour sustains when light travels a long distance!	Some stars, such as Betelgeuse (in the corner of Orion) are noticeably red. Red stars are usually either dwarves or giants, but we can only see the giants without a telescope. However, the process of emitted light reddening over long distances (either due to absorption by dust or the expansion of the universe) occurs ...	[ "Interstellar reddening occurs because interstellar dust absorbs and scatters blue light waves more than red light waves, making stars appear redder than they are. This is similar to the effect seen when dust particles in the atmosphere of Earth contribute to red sunsets.\n", "In astronomy, a green star is a whit...
To what extent did Alexander the Great/Hellenism pave the way for Christianity?	This is a pretty complicated question and, largely, is based on an interpretation of the histories of Alexander that is now considered unfeasible. That, however, doesn’t mean that there isn’t some truth to the claim. I don’t have the time to find my sources right now so this is going to be a bit informal. Why it’s wro...	[ "Alexander (fl. 50–65) was a Christian heretical teacher in Ephesus. Hymenaeus and Alexander were proponents of antinomianism, the belief that Christian morality was not required. They put away—\"thrust from them\"—faith and a good conscience; they wilfully abandoned the great central facts regarding Christ, and so...
Why do some smells travel faster and propagate farther than others?	It has to do with the diffusion rate of the molecule. Smells are composed of molecules that bind to the receptors present in the nose; if the nose has a receptor for a certain molecule in the gaseous state, then the gas will "smell." The potency of a smell depends on the concentration of the molecule in the atmosphere ...	[ "Sound typically travels fastest and farthest through solids, then liquids, then gases such as the atmosphere. Sound is affected during fog conditions due to the small distances between water droplets, and air temperature differences.\n", "A simple example concerns the model on which aether was originally built: ...
At what altitude does the sky cease to be blue?	I will answer your question with a question. At what point does the red become blue in the following image? _URL_0_	[ "When the sun has just set, the brightness of the sky decreases rapidly, thereby enabling us to see the airglow that is caused from such high altitudes that they are still fully sunlit until the sun drops more than about 12° below the horizon. During this time, yellow emissions from the sodium layer and red emissio...
Is there a lot of variance between people in how much energy they are able to extract from food they digest?	I'm not sure I can answer the question for _all_ aspects of our physiology...however, I will say that there is some fascinating microbiological evidence to suggest that the answer to this question is "yes." Studies have shown that the bacteria that live in our gut (the microbiome) influence our likelihood of deve...	[ "The energy input to the human body is in the form of food energy, usually quantified in kilocalories [kcal] or kiloJoules [kJ=kWs]. This can be related to a certain distance travelled and to body weight, giving units such as kJ/(km∙kg). The rate of food consumption, i.e. the amount consumed during a certain period...
how do we know the articles from /r/politics and anything the media shows is actually real?	You should treat everything you read with a healthy dose of skepticism. /r/politics is quite bad in that it commonly uses extremely biased news sources. If you read it in /r/politics, chances are it's only one part of the story. Get your news from multiple reputable sources, such as the NY Times, Al Jazeera, PBS/NPR...	[ "The show also addresses questions about how the media is influenced or spun by politicians, corporations, and interest groups with the intent to shape public opinion. This includes an \"OTM\" feature that covers the media's use of terminologies that may engender biased points of view, and the use of hot-button iss...
How populist was the American revolution? Was it a movent by the elites or did the lower classes support it?	So contrary to popular belief, the "Founders" were not the main proponents of separation from Great Britain -- quite the contrary. Most Founders were quite hesitant to pull away. However, populist movements really started to become prevalent by the end of the 1760s. To explain, Founders like John Adams had a long his...	[ "Anti-establishment populist politics became an important political force in 19th century Ontario amongst rural and working class political activists who were influenced by American populist radicals. Populism also became an important political force in Western Canada by the 1880s and 1890s. Populism was particular...
why would a country implement negative interest rates (ie. japan)	Yes. That's exactly why they did it. They are suffering a recession right now, and this would stimulate people to take their money and spend it, giving a boost to the economy.	[ "Since the 1990s, the Bank of Japan, the country's central bank, has kept interest rates low in order to spur economic growth. Short-term lending rates have responded to this monetary relaxation and fell from 3.7% to 1.3% between 1993 and 2008. Low interest rates combined with a ready liquidity for the yen prompted...
How common is it for a planet to have a natural satellite like our moon?	Natural satellites seem to be pretty common amongst planets. 6 out of 8 planets have at least one moon, and many dwarf planets as well as some asteroids also have moons. What's remarkable is the size and mass ratio of the earth-moon-system: It is 1: 3,67 for the size and 1:81 for the mass. In other words, the moon is...	[ "Although no other moons of Earth have been found to date, there are various types of near-Earth objects in 1:1 resonance with it, which are known as quasi-satellites. Quasi-satellites orbit the Sun from the same distance as a planet, rather than the planet itself. Their orbits are unstable, and will fall into othe...
What would happen when light reflects off of a mirror, if the mirror was artificially heated to have a higher net energy than the particle does?	What do you mean "higher net energy"? The total heat energy in a given mirror is typically much higher than the energy of a given photon in the visible spectrum.	[ "Mirror matter could have been diluted to unobservably low densities during the inflation epoch. Sheldon Glashow has shown that if at some high energy scale particles exist which interact strongly with both ordinary and mirror particles, radiative corrections will lead to a mixing between photons and mirror photons...
Is it possible to for the body to stop identifying an allergen as harmful after years of no exposure?	Actually, yes! Memory B-cells are what are responsible for long term humoral immunity (the kind involved in allergic reactions, among other things). Memory B-cells are some of the longest lived cells in the body, behind maybe neurons and cardiac myocytes, but even then they only live about 20 years. Without some kind...	[ "The symptoms of allergic contact may persist for as long as one month before resolving completely. Once an individual has developed a skin reaction to a certain substance it is most likely that they will have it for the rest of their life, and the symptoms will reappear when in contact with the allergen.\n", "Th...
In the history of presidential elections in the United States has a major political party ever functionally conceded defeat months before the general election and ran its house/senate candidates as checks on the opposing party's candidates power once they assumed the presidency?	Republicans ran Congressional campaigns in 1996 (Clinton/Dole) explicitly as a check against the presumed Clinton victory. (Clinton was up 8 points in October polling.) The NRCC warned against giving Clinton a blank check and pushed for voters in vulnerable districts to split their ballot.	[ "In the first close presidential election since the 1812 election, four major candidates ran, all of whom were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. The Democratic-Republicans had largely been successful in fielding only one presidential candidate in previous elections (except in 1812), but the breakdown of t...
why do humans drink so much water when compared to cats/dogs?	Humans sweat while most other animals with fur/feathers don't. Obviously you need to replace the moisture lost by sweating. Efficency of our bodies is another issue. Some animals have more efficient kidneys that concentrate urine stronger than humans. This means they need less water to carry away waste.	[ "BULLET::::- There have been relatively few studies on the preferences of wild animals. A recent study has shown that feral pigeons do not discriminate drinking water according to its content of metabolic wastes, such as uric acid or urea (mimicking faeces- or urine-pollution by birds or mammals respectively).\n", ...
Is it really possible to "utilize the natural electric currents within the earth" and convert it into "radiant electricity?"	Well, first off, the disinfographic claims that there are electric currents in the ground, but in fact the crust of the Earth doesn't have significant electric currents, certainly nothing strong enough to extract useful power from. It's mostly incoherent babble that doesn't mean anything at all, so there aren't man...	[ "A solar photovoltaic power plant converts sunlight into direct current electricity using the photoelectric effect. Inverters change the direct current into alternating current for connection to the electrical grid. This type of plant does not use rotating machines for energy conversion.\n", "BULLET::::- Renewabl...
why have salaries not increased on par with the cost of living.	Our economy is based on an everlasting perpetual growth. In other words if company i.e. Walmart doesn't post profit increase in their year over year sales report it is considered unsuccessful or not profitable and investors start pulling away. One of the easiest ways to do that is to keep your payroll as low as possibl...	[ "According to an October 2014 report by the Pew Research Center, real wages have been flat or falling for the last five decades for most U.S. workers, regardless of job growth. Bloomberg reported in July 2018 that real GDP per capita has grown substantially since the Great Recession, but real compensation per hour,...
Flairs, posters, lurkers, lend me your ears! I come to praise our NEW MOD!	Thank you so much for the warm welcome, u/hannahstohelit and the rest of the mod team! I'm excited to lend my hand in the effort to clean up the internet and let everyone know where all the comments have gone!	[ "Mad Mod is a psychedelic red-headed British villain with the mannerisms of a strict schoolmarm, whose root source of power comes from his ruby-tipped cane. It is later revealed that Mod is actually an old man who is given to the use of holograms of his younger self. He is also formidable for his use of hypnotic su...
What exactly happens when cake batter turns into fluffy, moist cake?	Cake batter includes two chemicals, cream of tartar (or, to give it the chemist's name, tartaric acid) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). When mixed together dry, we call it 'baking powder', when sold mixed in with the flour, it becomes 'self-raising flour'. When mixed with water, these two chemicals react (slowly) ...	[ "When the cake has finished baking, it should have a golden brown color on the exposed area. This is due to Maillard browning reactions. If the cake bakes for too long, more moisture will be removed and the texture will turn out dry, rough, and potentially burnt.\n", "A cake can fall, whereby parts of it sink or ...
why aren't siblings born with the same dna?	You have 23 pairs of DNA in your body. One of each pair from your mom, another from your dad. This means you have about 0.5^23 chance of having the same DNA as a sibling, and that's not even factoring in recombination (bits of DNA switching around).	[ "Theoretically, there is a chance that they might not share genes. This is very rare and is due to there being a smaller possibility of inheriting the same chromosomes from the shared parent. However, the same is also theoretically possible for full siblings, albeit (comparatively) much less likely. Because of the ...
how do computers transmit and translate video and pictures? does each picture get boiled down to a pixel level with a binary code for each pixel? what about video? it blows my mind that computers can do this.	Every pixel has a colour represented by a binary code. Commonly a byte (8 bits) is used for each of the three primary colours of red, green, and blue, so you need three bytes (24-bits) per pixel. That gives 16 million possible different colours. Pictures are then compressed which allows a big reduction in the number...	[ "A binary image can be stored in memory as a bitmap, a packed array of bits. A 640×480 image requires 37.5 KiB of storage. Because of the small size of the image files, fax machine and document management solutions usually use this format. Most binary images also compress well with simple run-length compression sch...
why does taking (something) to the negative power give us 1/(something)?	If you can realise that multiplication is the inverse of division, then it is pretty easy. For positive powers: 2^1 =1x2=2 2^2 =1x2x2=4 2^3 =1x2x2x2=8 and so on. For a positive power, you multiply the number. A negative power has the same pattern, except with division, so: 2^-1 =1/2 2^-2 =1/2/2=1/4 2^-3 =1/2/2...	[ "Referent power in a negative form produces actions in opposition to the intent of the influencing agent, this is the result from the agent's creation of cognitive dissonance between the referent influencing agent and the target's perception of that influence.\n", "If the metaphor can be extended, and good and ev...
the annoying sound in my ears when i get out of the shower.	> It's like there was a little, tiny flag in your ear which would wave very strongly with every move you make with your head. If it's a clicking sound and seems related to swallowing, yawning, or breathing, you may want to ask a doctor about possible [Eustachian tube](_URL_1_) problems. That's a little tube inside ...	[ "BULLET::::- Bathtub - A teenage girl in her bathrobe talks on her cell phone while looking into her bathroom mirror. She says, \"yeah, my parents think I'm sleeping at your house\". She hangs up and gets into the shower. While showering, she looks down and sees a trickle of blood. She turns around and screams; the...
Can a collapsing star have such great mass that the black hole formed completely absorbs the supernova and the star simply "goes dark?"	Yes, but it is not really due to the size of the star (given that the star is massive enough to undergo core collapse). Once nucleosynthesis in the core of a star reaches iron-56, it begins to consume energy, rather than create it. If the core is large enough, electron degeneracy won't be able to support the core agai...	[ "One hypothesis is that the core of the star collapsed to form a black hole. The collapsing matter formed a burst of neutrinos that lowered the total mass of the star by a fraction of a percent. This caused a shock wave that blasted out the star's envelope to make it brighter. After the idea that a black holes are ...
How do white bloodcells know what to attack?	This is a fantastic question! Though, I will preface this answer with 1) it is extraordinarily complex and we are still learning so very much about the intricacies and signaling pathways the many different types of white blood cells use to recognize "self" from "not self" and how they attack, 2) I am just a lowly surg...	[ "At least eight species (\"P. asio\", \"P. cornutum\", \"P. coronatum\", \"P. ditmarsi\", \"P. hernandesi\", \"P. orbiculare\", \"P. solare\", and \"P. taurus\") are also able to squirt an aimed stream of blood from the corners of the eyes for a distance of up to . They do this by restricting the blood flow leaving...
the difference between deductive and abductive reasoning.	It simply means coming up with ideas to explain things we see. Those ideas then are put to the test and discarded or validated. - Deduction: Winter is cold. Winter starts next month. So it will be cold next month. - Induction: Last winter was cold, the one before was cold, and so on. So next winter is probably going...	[ "Deductive reasoning differs from abductive reasoning by the direction of the reasoning relative to the conditionals. Deductive reasoning goes in the \"same direction as that of the conditionals, whereas abductive reasoning goes in the opposite direction to that of the conditionals.\n", "Abductive reasoning is a ...
How realistic is the cancer "vaccine" talked about recently?	So, immunotherapy has long been seen as a holy grail for cancer treatment. The immune system is naturally programmed to attack cells that have gone a bit weird (to use the scientific term). The problem tends to be that the cancer cells can also alter themselves so that they are disguised from the immune system, or in f...	[ "The National Cancer Institute states \"Widespread vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer deaths around the world by as much as two-thirds if all women were to take the vaccine and if protection turns out to be long-term. In addition, the vaccines can reduce the need for medical care, biopsies, and...
Why do radar dishes need to spin and scan the area progressively? Can't they design a radar which scans the whole area?	I guess you could think of if by analogy with our eyes. We turn our heads to look at things because we have a narrow field of view. Radar is similar - it only gets information from in front of it, and so needs to be turned to look at everything around it. You could, however, build an onmidirectional radar. It would p...	[ "Classic radars measure range by timing the delay between sending and receiving pulses of radio signals, and determine the angular location by the mechanical position of the antenna at the instant the signal is received. To scan the entire sky, the antenna is rotated around its vertical axis. The returned signal is...
What were some tools and technology utilized in the Golden Age of Arctic Exploration?	Depending on the snow (incline, thickness) short and long skis (used by Amundsen on his South Pole expedition and Nansen's Farthest North expedition). Snowshoes (Fridtjof Nansen's Crossing of Greenland) Sledges to haul provisions - dragged by either men or sled dogs (again, Amundsen South Pole and Fridtjof Nansen Nor...	[ "The Arctic small tool tradition is a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula, around Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2,500 BCE (4,500 years ago). These Paleo-Arctic peoples had a highly distinctive toolkit of small blades (microblades) that were pointed at...
what are apertures, f-stops, how does depth of field work, and how does lens measurement factor into the equation?	An ideal lens focuses light from a single plane (called the focal plane) onto its sensor. However, that's not super useful, as we often want to take pictures of things that are thick. As it turns out, there is a region around the focal plane where the image is still well focused. This is called the "field" of the ph...	[ "In photography, depth of field (DOF) means an effective focal length. It is usually used for stressing an object and deemphasizing the background (and/or the foreground). The important measure related to DOF is the lens aperture. Decreasing the diameter of aperture increases focus and lowers resolution and vice ve...
why do i have to wait 30 seconds after i unplug my modem to plug it back in? once it's off, isn't it just...off?	Electronics contain capacitors and will maintain a capacitive charge for some length of time. The 30 second window is intended to be enough to let that capacitive charge drain. Not starting discharged can lead to some sequencing problems as the modem powers back up. In a perfect world they'd be designed such that it wo...	[ "The products have built-in security codes for controlled activation. Once the code has been input into the device, it is activated for a time period of 8, 12, or 24 hours. Upon expiration of the time clock, the device shuts off and cannot be used again until the code is re-entered. This prevents unauthorized use i...
What advice can askhistorians give me on becoming a professional historian.	Not to dissuade any new advice, but we've collected past posts in this topic under the FAQ section [History Careers and Education](_URL_0_).	[ "The work explores the craft of the historian from a number of different angles and discusses what constitutes history and how it should be configured and created in literary form by the historian. The scope of the work is broad across space and time: in one chapter, for instance, he cites a number of examples of e...
Why so much variation in the spelling of Irish surnames?	It's a byproduct of British colonialism. During their process of colonisation, the English settlers often took Irish names - of people and places - and Anglicised them. For example, the capital of the Republic is Dublin, based on the viking settlement that used to be there called Dubhlinn (Blackpool if translated liter...	[ "A further reason for the variety in anglicised forms of the surname can be explained, as Irish Catholic priests, whilst literate, were only required to record surname spellings phonetically on birth certificates. This led to individuals sometimes having their surname recorded with a different spelling from their f...
Would it be possible to create a stable, artificial ring around our planet (any celestial body, really)?	The issue is the amount of material you're talking about. Realistically you'd want to push asteroids around to form the belt. Then your main issue is what is this going to do to the gravity of the earth/moon system. Lets throw some numbers around for fun. Average asteroid density is about 2g/cm^3 and a megastructur...	[ "BULLET::::- A Ringworld (or Niven Ring) is an artificial ring encircling a star, rotating faster than orbital velocity to create artificial gravity on its inner surface. A non-rotating variant is a transparent ring of breathable gas, creating a continuous microgravity environment around the star, as in the eponymo...
why do brass instruments only emit a sound when pursing your lips? why can't you just blow into them and make sound?	There needs to be some kind of vibration. Your lips vibrate in the mouthpeice and the instrument basically amplifies that vibration. If you just blow all you do is move air though a bunch of tubes. A saxaphone is brass but is considered a woodwind instrument because they have a wooden reed that emits the vibration.	[ "Many brass instrumentalists argue that excessive mouthpiece pressure is a major cause of embouchure problems and can be a factor in causing embouchure collapse. However, the pressure of the mouthpiece is not static during playing: it increases the higher in the register a player plays and the louder volume level. ...
What type of wood was the medieval trebuchet made of?	In all likelihood most siege engines would have been a melange of cut and scavenged woods, some chronicles testify to ships hulls and masts, and houses, torn apart. However, oak and beech are the most common references in chronicles from Charlemagne (8th c CE) to Froissart (14th c CE), but that would be in areas where ...	[ "BULLET::::- Trebuchet: Trebuchets were probably the most powerful catapult employed in the Middle Ages. The most commonly used ammunition were stones, but \"darts and sharp wooden poles\" could be substituted if necessary. The most effective kind of ammunition though involved fire, such as \"firebrands, and deadly...
Are quarks affected by magnetic fields?	Yes, though quarks are never found alone. Anything with electric charge can be affected by a magnetic field. A proton is made of two up quarks and a down quark; it has a charge of +1. The up, charm, and top quark have a charge of +2/3. The down, strange, and bottom quark have a charge of -1/3.	[ "In the theory of quantum chromodynamics, magnetic catalysis can be applied when quark matter is subject to extremely strong magnetic fields. Such strong magnetic fields can lead to more pronounced effects of chiral symmetry breaking, e.g., lead to (i) a larger value of the chiral condensate, (ii) a larger dynamica...
how does my printer know how much ink is in the cartridge?	the inkjet cartridge has a electronic chip inside that counts how many times its asked to jet ink of each color. reach the upper end of that count and you have a good idea when it's going to run out.	[ "All types of compatible ink cartridges are different and vary from supplier to supplier. This is due to the type of ink in the printer, the chips (or no chip) on the cartridge and the actual manufacture of the cartridge itself.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Injecting ink\": Depending on the type of cartridge being refilled...
I have a question for you /r/askscience. Is this some kind of hoax, or can this really work? I'm looking forward to your downvote if it is a duplicate. Reposted from /r/physics	A simple search in askscience for your post turned up no results (it took a lil bit of digging to find this, and I only kept looking because I knew it was there) so you haven't done anything wrong but it has already been asked: _URL_0_ EDIT: grammar	[ "In scientific research, misappropriation is a type of research misconduct. An investigator, scholar or reviewer can obtain novel ideas during the process of the exchange of ideas amongst colleagues and peers. However, improper use of such information could constitute fraud. This can include plagiarism of work or t...
Was former L.A. Mayor John Porter a member of the Ku Klux Klan?	Not a historian, but you might look at the [San Diego History Center](_URL_3_) for answers on this. They appear to have some primary sources in their collection, but specifically on this they site Kevin Starr's Material Dreams: Southern California through the 1920's (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). I also f...	[ "BULLET::::- December 24 – The Ku Klux Klan is formed by six Confederate Army veterans, with support of the Democratic Party, in Pulaski, Tennessee, to resist Reconstruction and intimidate \"carpetbaggers\" and \"scalawags\", as well as to repress the freed slaves.\n", "The Ku Klux Klan, was founded in 1865 in Pu...
How come we can see distant galaxies but just recently discovered Pluto's fifth moon?	Galaxies and stars are very bright, so you can see them from farther away. Pluto and its moon do not emit light and all we see from them is reflected sunlight off their surface. It's kindof like how you can see a streetlight from miles away at night, while you can't see the rock 10 feet away.	[ "In July 2015 NASA published photographs taken as the New Horizons space probe passed within 7000 miles of Pluto. A photo of Pluto's largest moon, Charon, shows a large dark area near its north pole. The dark area has been unofficially called Mordor Macula.\n", "Since the first blurred images of the moon , images...
how much money (usd) would need to be "destroyed" in order to see a significant rise in the value of the dollar?	_URL_0_ The monetary base went from ~800 billion USD in 2008 to 3.6 trillion 2013 and you had ~10% cumulative inflation over 5 years. So if you want to roll back that inflation you'd need to eliminate at least 80% of the monetary base (note that much of the monetary base is electronic), and that might get you back to...	[ "Estimates put the dollar damage at approximately $230 million to $280 million for California, Oregon and Washington combined. Those figures in 1962 dollars translate to $1.8 Billion to $2.2 Billion in 2014 Dollars. Oregon's share exceeded $200 million in 1962 dollars. This is comparable to land-falling hurricanes ...
what is the purpose of that transparent blue strip on the top of the windshield glass of almost every car?	As the sun starts to set it can be shining directly into the drivers eyes. The shade strip lets you block some of that without having to tint the whole window which would make it harder to see out at night.	[ "Dichroic glass has one or several coatings in the nanometer-range (for example metals, metal oxides, or nitrides) which give the glass dichroic optical properties. Also the blue appearance of some automobile windshields is caused by dichroism.\n", "Privacy films reduce visibility through the glass. Privacy film ...
why primary education is disproportionately a female institution?	That's a pretty tough question to answer, and I think it also depends on the country you live in. A lot of people think that the reason there are a majority of female teachers is because society puts pressure on girls to go into fields that have a more nurturing nature like teaching, child care, and nursing/medical f...	[ "The foremost factor limiting female education is poverty. Economic poverty plays a key role when it comes to coping with direct costs such as tuition fees, cost of textbooks, uniforms, transportation and other expenses. Wherever, especially in families with many children, these costs exceed the income of the famil...
When you lose your memory, or if you have a hard time remembering things, is that because your brain can't "store" the memories properly or because it can't "retrieve" them properly?	The answer really is "it depends." Disruption in both storage (called encoding) and retrieval can both disrupt your ability to recall memories. There is quite a bit of debate about exactly what goes on when you forget something, with some people arguing that the memory trace (typically referred to as an association) si...	[ "Memory is not a perfect processor, and is affected by many factors. The ways by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved can all be corrupted. The amount of attention given new stimuli can diminish the amount of information that becomes encoded for storage. Also, the storage process can become corrupted...
How often do neutrinos interact with us? What happens when they do?	> How often do neutrinos interact with us? A quick literal rule of thumb for neutrinos: 10^11 neutrinos pass through your thumbnail every second. It doesn't matter if it's day or night - they interact so rarely that using the earth as shielding won't make a difference. So how many of them interact? Well, [you...	[ "The Kamiokande II detection, which at 12 neutrinos had the largest sample population, showed the neutrinos arriving in two distinct pulses. The first pulse started at 07:35:35 and comprised 9 neutrinos, all of which arrived over a period of 1.915 seconds. A second pulse of three neutrinos arrived between 9.219 and...
Was Joseph Smith sincere?	In short, we can show that Joseph and/or his compatriots were involved in intentional deception, explicit plagiarism, and attempts to bury evidence of misdeeds. I don't think we can ever completely rule out psychosis or an epic level of self-dillusion, but I think it highly unlikely considering what we know about his ...	[ "My instinct is to attribute a sincerity to Joseph Smith. And yet at the same time, as an evangelical Christian, I do not believe that the members of the godhead really appeared to him and told him that he should start on a mission of, among other things, denouncing the kinds of things that I believe as a Presbyter...
Why do cochlear implants not produce normal hearing, and what would they need to do so?	Your [cochlea](_URL_3_) is shaped like a snail shell. Throughout this shell, there are hairs that are triggered by different frequencies of sound. Hairs near the base fire in response to high frequency sounds. Hairs near the apex fire in response to low frequency sounds. [This](_URL_0_) is an artists rendering of ...	[ "Cochlear implants improve outcomes in people with hearing loss in either one or both ears. They work by artificial stimulation of the cochlear nerve by providing an electric impulse substitution for the firing of hair cells. They are expensive, and require programming along with extensive training for effectivenes...
If time stops completely at the event horizon, how can black holes grow?	The phenomenon goes by the name black hole complementarity. Matter both falls into the singularity and stays fixed for eternity at the event horizon. Both things occur. This may sound like a paradox, but it really isn't, because no knowledge of what transpires within a black hole can ever filter out of it, so the...	[ "For a black hole to physically exist as a solution to Einstein's equation, it must form an event horizon in finite time relative to outside observers. This requires an accurate theory of black hole formation, of which several have been proposed. In 2007, Shuan Nan Zhang of Tsinghua University proposed a model in w...
in philosophy, what are epistemology and metaphysics?	True ELI5: Epistemology = "How do I know shit? What does it mean to know shit?" Metaphysics = "What is this shit? What is shit? What is?"	[ "Epistemology – philosophy of knowledge. It is the study of knowledge and justified belief. It questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, and the extent to which knowledge pertinent to any given subject or entity can be acquired. Much of the debate in this field has focused on the philosophical analysi...
how can we smell spring?	Pollen is just plant spunk. Walking outside in spring is like walking into a huge tree orgy. There really is something in the air, and on the ground, and covering your car (if you park under a tree).	[ "Avuş spring - According to information of local people, the name of the spring is from word of \"ovuc\" (the handful), it was so called as the shape it is similar to the handful. In the Turkic languages, \"avuş/avuj\" means \"vaccine, alum\". And this show the existence of the same material in the content of the w...
what's happening inside of a plasma ball?	Inside a plasma ball high voltage is used to strip electrons away from atoms of a noble gas (usually neon or argon). Plasma is a state of matter comprising these free electrons. Light (release of photons) happens whenever electrons change orbitals. The stream of electrons are negatively charged and looking for a pla...	[ "A similar explanation involves a similar phenomenon in plasma physics. A free-floating plasma orb, created when surface electricity (e.g., from a capacitor) is discharged into a solution. However, most plasma ball experiments are conducted using high voltage capacitors, microwave oscillators, or microwave ovens, n...
how could pixar produce toy story back in 1995?	The whole reason for the concept of Toy Story is because of the limitations of the technology at the time. Somewhere in Pixar there was a conversation like "Damn, our animation methods struggle to capture the complexity of human movement realistically, and when we render our characters they look like they're made of p...	[ "\"Toy Story\" (1995) was the first computer-animated feature film in Pixar's debut contract with Disney. In 2015, movie writer Julia Zorthian said in TIME, \"Children and adults flocked to theaters when Toy Story opened, making it the highest-selling film for three weeks in a row. As the first full-length, 3D comp...
how do download and upload speeds actually work,(i.e how do they limit the speed of download through your cables)	They limit the speed of the download by limiting how many bits per second are allowed to transfer through the wire to you. Someone, somewhere tracks all the bits that go into your house, and counts those bits. Every second, that count "refreshes," but if that count reaches the max rate, they stop sending traffic throug...	[ "BULLET::::- Files are downloaded in multiple streams, which under certain conditions can accelerate download speeds by up to eight times, depending on the bandwidth of the Internet connections and the speed at which the server sends files. At present, an option to increase or decrease the downloading speed is not ...
how come the zimbabwe dollar inflated so fast? how do people survive in a country with such hyperinflation?	Hyperinflation is typically caused when a nation goes through a major crisis (war, political turmoil, etc) and has a simultaneous need to spend large amounts of money. The tax base has collapsed and the uncertain economy makes international borrowing unavailable, so the government starts to print money. The sudden, h...	[ "The economy of Zimbabwe shrank significantly after 2000, resulting in a desperate situation for the country – widespread poverty and a 95% unemployment rate. Zimbabwe's participation from 1998 to 2002 in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo set the stage for this deterioration by draining the country of...
in ww2 movies and rl videos some soldiers salute and some use nazi salute. why is that?	Nazi salute (with straight right hand) was mandatory for civilians but optional for military. Soldiers mostly used traditional salute.	[ "During filming, Galland, who was acting as a German technical adviser, took exception to a scene where Kesselring is shown giving the Nazi salute, rather than the standard military salute. Journalist Leonard Mosley witnessed Galland spoiling the shooting and having to be escorted off the set. Galland subsequently ...
What happens when I take a USB drive out without ejecting?	When you eject a USB drive, the operating system flushes all buffered data to the drive and closes the software device. This guarantees that everything you wrote to the drive is actually physically written there. If you do not do this, you stand a chance of losing data or corrupting files. The long version: Most...	[ "In this scenario, the transfer is done directly from the old (source) machine's hard drive. The drive can be connected externally (USB adapter / enclosure), or internally, as a secondary drive. This scenario works even for old computers that are unable to boot, as long as the data is intact.\n", "BULLET::::- Dri...
Panzer tanks: "first-class visual and command facilities"?	On a purely technical level, "visual and command" references both German radios and optics. Although German tank design was relatively conservative, especially at the start of the war, their tanks incorporated good optical equipment and effective radios. The latter was especially effective at coordinating German panzer...	[ "\"Panzer Command\" is a tactical level simulation of armored combat, recreating the battles that raged across the steppes of the Soviet Union during the middle years of World War II. Each of two players commands the 40 to 60 company-sized units of a German armored division or Soviet tank corps, maneuvering forces ...
why do competitions require you to answer a ridiculous question when you enter?	Well, in the UK a competition with a question is regarded legally as a game of skill, even if the question is stupidly simple. Without a question it would be regarded as a lottery, which has very much tougher rules and regulations.	[ "A challenge is a request made to the holder of a competitive title for a match between champion and challenger, the winner of which will acquire or retain the title. In some cases the champion has the right to refuse a challenge; in others, this results in forfeiting the title. The challenge system derives from du...
what is treasury yields and why does it cause the market to slide?	First all the quick answers: Treasuries are US government debt. Yields are how much interest the US government will pay lenders to loan money to them for a certain period of time. 10-year treasuries are the long term benchmark rate, they're the bench mark because they're a very liquid market. All the other rates ar...	[ "Since the yield of virtually any fixed-income instrument is affected by changes in the shape of the Treasury curve, it is not surprising that traders examine future and past performance in the light of changes to this curve.\n", "Another common way for accounting for treasury stock is the par value method. In th...
why does urinating feel different when you are sick?	For a multitude of reasons, among them: + When sick your system is generating different chemicals from the immunologic system fight, which generate different contents, pH and even smell for your pee, the different contents and pH can irritate the urethra and be painful + Your sensibility usually is higher due to the d...	[ "Urinary symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence and retention. Again, because of the retention of urine, urinary tract infections are frequent. Urinary retention can lead to bladder diverticula, stones, reflux nephropathy.\n", "Functional incontinence is a form of urinary incontinence in which ...
why did sega drop out of the video game console business?	Sega spent a lot of money making the dreamcast. They didn't get enough money in return. They decided they can make more money with software alone. Big reason being, the market is too saturated with giants with a lot more financial backing then sega will ever have. That said - Dreamcast is still my favorite and I can't ...	[ "From 1993 to early 1996, although Sega's revenue declined as part of an industry-wide slowdown, the company retained control of 38% of the U.S. video game market (compared to Nintendo's 30% and Sony's 24%). 800,000 PlayStation units were sold in the U.S. by the end of 1995, compared to 400,000 Saturn units. In par...
Why do some metals turn bright red and white when they are melting? Why don't they just turn to liquid like mercury does?	Because the melting points of most metals are much higher than Mercury and at high temperatures, the thermal radiations all objects gives off (including you, your dog and your chair) shifts into the visible spectrum. This is called the [Draper point](_URL_0_). It happens at 525 Celsius.	[ "Some metals appear coloured (Cu, Cs, Au), have low densities (e.g. Be, Al) or very high melting points, are liquids at or near room temperature, are brittle (e.g. Os, Bi), not easily machined (e.g. Ti, Re), or are noble (hard to oxidise) or have nonmetallic structures (Mn and Ga are structurally analogous to, resp...
How do Colloids work?	Colloids aren’t a molecule or additive, they’re a state of a mixture. Specifically, a colloid is formed when the particles (not atomic particles, particulate/macroscopic particles) are too small to settle out. The particles are so small that gravity doesn’t affect them nearly as much as other forces, like boyancy, eddy...	[ "The term \"colloid\" is used primarily to describe a broad range of solid-liquid (and/or liquid-liquid) mixtures, all of which contain distinct solid (and/or liquid) particles which are dispersed to various degrees in a liquid medium. The term is specific to the size of the individual particles, which are larger t...
why should someone never refreeze something that has been unfrozen ?	Generally when frozen foods are frozen for sale/storage they are done so in a way that prevents large ice crystals from forming and damaging the food. You can't easily do this at home. This was the big advantage that Birds Eye had when it first started - its founder, Clarence Birdseye, realized that fish frozen by the...	[ "People sometimes defrost frozen foods at room temperature because of time constraints or ignorance; such foods should be promptly consumed after cooking or discarded and never be refrozen or refrigerated since pathogens are not killed by the freezing process.\n", "Items deemed resellable are displayed for purcha...
the ending of the sopranos	Here's a very detailed analysis: _URL_0_ I personally think you have to pick one of two narratives: 1. Tony was killed by the man in the members only jacket, with the ending tied to prior episodes where the characters discuss the fact that you you never see death coming. The fade to black is Tony's point of view ...	[ "\"The Bald Soprano\" appears to have been written as a continuous loop. The final scene contains stage instructions to start the performance over from the very beginning, with the Martin couple substituted for the Smith couple and vice versa. However, this decision was only added in after the show's hundredth perf...
why do some sites not allow you to have special characters in your password? wouldn't it be better to always have as secure a password as possible?	There have been news stories about websites getting hacked, and the hackers making off with lots of customer/employee/third-party information. How do hackers normally do this? In the younger days of the internet, most sites were vulnerable to an exploit called SQL injection. SQL is a programming language associated ...	[ "But passwords are typically not safe to use as keys for standalone security systems (e.g., encryption systems) that expose data to enable offline password guessing by an attacker. Passphrases are theoretically stronger, and so should make a better choice in these cases. First, they usually are (and always should b...
What sort of judicial system did the Confederacy have during the Civil War?	Someone did a presentation about this in the constitutional law class I took ages ago but I barely remember it. I do remember that at a national level, the [Confederate Constitution took the Article III language virtually word-for-word](_URL_0_) from the United States Constitution. It empowered the creation of a suprem...	[ "Confederate district courts were authorized by Article III, Section 1, of the Confederate Constitution, and President Davis appointed judges within the individual states of the Confederate States of America. In many cases, the same US Federal District Judges were appointed as Confederate States District Judges. Co...
stock dividends	If a corporation makes a profit, it may decide that it wants to share some of the corporation's profits with its owners (known as shareholders). The profit that is paid by a corporation to its shareholders is called the dividend. The dividend is issued "per share", which means that the corporation might pay $1 per shar...	[ "In 1982 the dividend yield on the S&P 500 Index reached 6.7%. Over the following 16 years, the dividend yield declined to just a percentage value of 1.4% during 1998, because stock prices increased faster than dividend payments from earnings, and public company earnings increased slower than stock prices. During t...
what determines whether a pro sports team is named after a city (dallas cowboys), or after a state (minnesota vikings)?	That’s completely up to the team owner(s), they can name it whatever they like. Look at the Angels in baseball, for example. Over they years, they’ve been the California Angels, Anaheim Angels, Los Angeles Angels, and now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.	[ "Some other sports teams gained their names from being in Minnesota before relocating. The Los Angeles Lakers get their name from once being based in Minneapolis, the City of Lakes. The Dallas Stars also derived their present name from their tenure as a Minnesota team, the Minnesota North Stars.\n", "The game did...
If I travel fast enough to red or blue shift radio waves, what would happen to the sound coming from a radio program?	In both cases you would hear the signal speed up or slow down, and in both cases you would have to adjust your tuner up or down. Both the modulating (high frequency) and modulated (voice or music) signals are functions of linear-time (in opposition to time squared or the log of time), so if a 500THz red light gets shif...	[ "BULLET::::- Some digitally-tuned FM radios are unable to tune using 50 kHz or even 100 kHz increments. Therefore, when traveling abroad, stations that broadcast on certain frequencies using such increments may not be heard clearly. This problem will not affect reception on an analog-tuned radio.\n", "Very high f...
What makes an explosive effective at different jobs?	Something not mentioned yet is that different explosives have differing degrees of 'brisance'. Think of it as the 'shattering capability' - one explosion might 'push' an object away at high speed, where another might shatter it into tiny fragments but not necessarily propel those fragments as fast. C4 has extremely hi...	[ "To determine the suitability of an explosive substance for a particular use, its physical properties must first be known. The usefulness of an explosive can only be appreciated when the properties and the factors affecting them are fully understood. Some of the more important characteristics are listed below:\n", ...
why do wombat's poop cubes?	Wombats poop on top of rocks and logs near their burrows. The reason for this is not to keep intruders away, but to use as an indicator to know where their home is. Wombats have terrible eyesight however they have an extraordinary sense of smell. The reason for these rubiks poop is because if the Wombat's are to effect...	[ "In wombats and marsupial moles, the pouch opens backward or down. Backwards facing pouches would not work well in kangaroos or opossums as their young would readily fall out. Similarly, forward-facing pouches would not work well for wombats and marsupial moles as they both dig extensively underground. Their pouche...
how does the army/military wash clothes while deployed?	At the laundry. Deployed at base you still sleep in a bed/cot. Deployed in the field, you don't wash	[ "Many parts of the world still use washboards for washing clothes. Clothes are soaked in hot soapy water in a washtub or sink, then squeezed and rubbed against the ridged surface of the washboard to force the cleansing fluid through the cloth to carry away dirt. Washboards may also be used for washing in a river, w...
in movie scenes depicting large crowds or groups, do the extras usually have scripted dialogue or do they ad-lib?	They aren't talking at all. They are just pretending to talk. The sound is added in later. If they really talked it would interfere with the main actors dialogue recording. Sometimes directors will give them some motivation (like ask one couple in the background to pretend to argue or something). Even if they are worki...	[ "Virtually all dialogue in the film is improvised. Actors were given outlines indicating where scenes would begin and end and character information necessary to avoid contradictions, but everything else came from the actors. As often as possible, the first take was used in the film, to capture natural reactions. \n...
Do animals get tired of eating the same food day after day?	Another point to be considered is the number of taste buds the animal has. The dog for example, has about 1/6 the amount of tastebuds that a human has. Another interesting example is the chicken which has somewhere around 16 tastebuds.	[ "It is common for animals (even those like hummingbirds that have high energy needs) to forage for food until satiated, and then spend most of their time doing nothing, or at least nothing in particular. They seek to \"satisfice\" their needs rather than obtaining an optimal diet or habitat. Even diurnal animals, w...
why has the euro held its value for so many years, then all of the sudden dropped to almost the same value as the usd?	I don't care how anyone ELI5 this question but please do it using an analogy with candy or something.	[ "In the second term of 2007, euro as a reserve currency had reached a record level of 25.6% (a +0.8% increase from the year before) – at the expense of the US dollar, which dropped to 64.8% (a drop of 1.3% from the year before). By the end of 2007, shares of euro increased to 26.4% as the dollar slumped to its lowe...
the modern "war on women"	There are a variety of issues that have come up that seem to relegate women to second class citizens, two of the biggest being birth control and abortion. The fact that viagra is covered by insurance, but some are fighting to keep birth control uncovered. Many in the media hinted that women who needed birth control we...	[ "The modern Women Against War movement was created by women in the Capital Region and surrounding communities. The vision statement of the modern-day movement is that war is not the answer and that women can help to develop alternatives to violence.\n", "This timeline of women in warfare and the military (1900–45...
if one had an electric motor on a car that turned one wheel and three generators on the other three wheels, with two battery banks (one charging and one being used) could i run this car forever?	No. You're using energy to pull the car and using energy to turn the generating wheels to store again as energy. So that, alone, means your plan can't work. Let's say the car takes 50 watts to move, and each generator wheel needs, oh, 10 watts of power to turn and generate power. That means your motor wheel (*in ...	[ "From the 1930s to late 1940s, Nelco Industries made a three-wheeled battery powered vehicle. Steering was by means of a tiller connected to the front wheel. The tiller also provided speed control. Forward or reverse by a separate control. The 24 volt electric motor could act as a generator to recharge the battery ...
Why were European states such as Britain, France, Germany and more, able and willing to colonize and conquer places like Africa, the Americas, and more?	Oh dear. I'll be frank with you: the reason why you haven't received an answer to this question is because the answer would be enormous. You could spend the rest of your life studying how these questions apply to but a single group of people - like the Maya - and never arrive at a definitive conclusion. I'm a bit o...	[ "After their discovery of the New World in the 15th century, European states began trying to establish New World colonies. England, the Dutch Republic, France, Portugal, and Spain were the most active.\n", "During the early modern period, some European nation-states and their agents adopted policies of colonialis...
What was life like in Spain in the early 70's?	I don't have any sources at hand but I will tell you what I remember from my Spanish High School history lessons: Franco no longer is the dictator he was at the end of the Civil War, his aging and loosening of the executive power have made him a somewhat ceremonial figure, specially after he appointed his close confid...	[ "The nightlife in Spain is very attractive to both tourists and locals. Spain is known to have some of the best nightlife in the world. Big cities such as Madrid and Barcelona are favorites amongst the large and popular discothèques. For instance, Madrid is known as the number one party city for clubs such as Pacha...
What will I hear if I talk while breaking the sound barrier?	Depends, in a jet it eill sound like you talking, if your head is exposed it will sound like nothing (and you would be screaming neways). What you hear is transmitted through the air (sound is just waves in air). So if the air is contained ans traveling at the same velocity, no change. If it isnt contained all you will...	[ "The acoustical science of noise barrier design is based upon treating an airway or railway as a line source. The theory is based upon blockage of sound ray travel toward a particular receptor; however, diffraction of sound must be addressed. Sound waves bend (downward) when they pass an edge, such as the apex of a...
Is it possible that society actually needs wars as an engine for progress in technology? What does history say about this?	This question is so broad, the answer will depend pretty much entirely on what you want it to be. It would be easy to name many cases in which war produced technological innovations, but just as easy to cite many cases in which it didn't. Whichever point you want to prove, you can pick your examples to match. Someone w...	[ "On the supply side, it has been observed that wars sometimes have the effect of accelerating progress of technology to such an extent that an economy is greatly strengthened after the war, especially if it has avoided the war-related destruction. This was the case, for example, with the United States in World War ...
What do you end up with if you tear something apart at a 'molecular level'?	Well first, that sounds like garbledeygook ad copy, so I wouldn't put much stock in the scientific value of that TV spot. As for what breaking something at a "molecular level" would mean, that would depend on the nature of the substance. For crystalline materials, breaking a single crystal, you just get two smaller c...	[ "Although all damage at the atomic level manifests as broken atomic bonds, the manifestation of damage at the macroscopic level depends on the material, and can include cracks and deformation, as well as structural weakening that is not visible.\n", "All physical damage begins on the atomic level, with the shifti...
why does money exist?	Because it's inconvenient to have to trade water buffalo for skittles.	[ "BULLET::::- \"\"...but money has become by convention a sort of representative of demand; and this is why it has the name 'money' (nomisma)-because it exists not by nature but by law (nomos) and it is in our power to change it and make it useless.\"\" Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics [1133b 1].\n", "BULLET::::- To ...
how do intangible currencies like bitcoin and dogecoin have value?	People will accept it for goods and services. Therefore it has value.	[ "5. While most of these currencies are restricted to a small geographic area or a country, through the Internet electronic forms of complementary currency can be used to stimulate transactions on a global basis. In China, Tencent's QQ coins are a virtual form of currency that has gained wide circulation. QQ coins c...
Evolution Debate	[Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution - Theodosius Dobzhansky](_URL_0_)	[ "One of the main sources of confusion and ambiguity in the creation–evolution debate is the definition of \"evolution\" itself. In the context of biology, evolution is genetic changes in populations of organisms over successive generations. The word also has a number of different meanings in different fields, from ...
in u.s., "math". in u.k., "maths". why?	Linguists discuss the math vs. maths wording: _URL_0_	[ "The mathematicians Edward Frenkel and Hung-Hsi Wu wrote in 2013 that the mathematical education in the United States is in \"deep crisis\" caused by the way math is currently taught in schools. Both agree that math textbooks, which are widely adopted across the states, already create \"mediocre de facto national s...
if number of offspring in mammals roughly correlates with mammary glands, why are twins not the predominant birth in humans?	Due to bilateral symmetry (animals being roughly symmetrical down the middle) all mammals, as far as I know, have an even number of nipples, even ones where only one offspring at a time is the norm.	[ "Most mammals, including humans, have an XY sex-determination system: the Y chromosome carries factors responsible for triggering male development. In the absence of a Y chromosome, the fetus will undergo female development. This is because of the presence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome, also kno...
How did the combatant nations of WW2 disarm their soldiers when fighting ended? Did lots of soldiers hold on to their weapons, and/or take sidearms home with them? How much military hardware was unaccounted for?	It depended on the country. I can shed some light on the American and Soviet methods of disarmament. When the Red Army began to demobilize large formations of its troops, the Soviet officials told them to hand over any firearms (government issue or enemy capture) or face potentially being sent to a labor camp. The S...	[ "During World War II, losses of major items of equipment were substantial in many battles all throughout the war, with no exception on the Eastern Front. Due to the expense of producing such equipment as replacements, many armies made an effort to recover and re-use enemy equipment that fell into their hands , appl...
why is a fan higher pitched when on higher speeds?	Sounds are based on frequency. The greater the frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound. As the fan is spinning faster, its frequency is greater and therefore the sound is higher.	[ "The speed of rotation (specified in revolutions per minute, RPM) together with the static pressure determine the airflow for a given fan. Where noise is an issue, larger, slower-turning fans are quieter than smaller, faster fans that can move the same airflow. Fan noise has been found to be roughly proportional to...
why during medical trials both control and subject group are told they are receiving experimental drug instead both being told they receive placebo?	Telling people you're feeding them sugar pills when in fact they're taking an experimental drug with possibly disastrous side effects is considered unethical, as it will make them more likely to shrug off bleeding from their ears and eyes as "probably just allergies or something." Telling people you're feeding them a...	[ "If a drug is being tested, the control group will frequently be given a placebo. This is done as a double blind test, as neither the healthcare professional nor the patient know if they are receiving the drug under test or a placebo, and don't find out which substance was administered until after the experiment is...
- why do most honour killings involve murdering the victim? why not kill the rapist instead?	In such cultures women are viewed as property, to be bought, sold, or traded. The honor killing is in retribution for the perceived dishonor of allowing themselves to be raped, as it damages or destroys their value to their male owner. It is fucked up.	[ "Honour killing is an act of murder, in which a person is killed for his or her actual or perceived immoral behavior. Such \"immoral behavior\" may take the form of alleged marital infidelity, refusal to submit to an arranged marriage, demanding a divorce, perceived flirtatious behaviour and being raped. Suspicion ...

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