Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
What is the history of the American lawyer's bar exam?	Not a historian, but as a law student I feel qualified to give some insight into the reasoning behind the exam. First, passing the Bar shows you're familiar with your state's laws. As many know, states law vary quite widely depending on where you're at, so having an exam to prove you know the state's law where you wan...	[ "The first bar exam in what is now the United States was instituted by Delaware Colony in 1763, as an oral examination before a judge. The other American colonies soon followed suit. By the late 19th century, the examinations were administered by committees of attorneys, and they eventually changed from an oral exa...
what happens in our brains that makes us "like" or prefer one thing over another?	I'm not a professional, but I have heard that whenever you like something, your body makes the hormones dopamine, seratonin, oxitocin, and endorphins. You don't necessarily crave food you like for the taste, for example, just the sensation that comes from it. You like what sends more "good" hormones, if you will, (that...	[ "In addition, the sensation pleasure of \"liking\" can occur when opioids are released by nucleus accumbens. This helps someone evaluate the unfamiliar situation or environment and attach value to the novel object. These processes of both wanting and liking play a role in activating the reward system of the brain, ...
hypnagogia	That's a popular question here. I hope you find these previous posts helpful. - [Eli5 Sleep Paralysis and Why It Happens...?](_URL_0_) - [Eli5 Sleep Paralysis...?](_URL_4_) - [Eli5 Sleep Paralysis...?](_URL_3_) - [Eli5 How Does Sleep Paralysis Work and Why Does...?](_URL_1_) - [Eli5 Sleep Paralysis...?](_URL_2_) - [E...	[ "Other terms for hypnagogia, in one or both senses, that have been proposed include \"presomnal\" or \"anthypnic sensations\", \"visions of half-sleep\", \"oneirogogic images\" and \"phantasmata\", \"the borderland of sleep\", \"praedormitium\", \"borderland state\", \"half-dream state\", \"pre-dream condition\", \...
Why are there no true-color pictures of tiny things that are much (!) greater than visible light wavelengths?	Bacteria, microbes, single cells, and the like don't interact much with light. There just isn't much color to see oftentimes. We have to use other tricks to generate contrast that don't rely on scattering or absorption of light. But then it is possible to get pics of eukaryotic organisms. But there are examples o...	[ "It is not possible to represent an image in true-color because there is no blue band (0.4 - 0.5 µm). However, it is possible to combine red, green and near IR in such way that the appearance of the displayed image resembles a visible colour photograph, i.e. vegetation in green, water in blue, soil in brown. This i...
why does having something on your head (hat, headband, etc) worsen a headache?	To put it simply, headaches are generally skin deep. Pressure on nerves or blood vessels can make it feel worse. Common headache medicines work by reducing inflammation, which reduces that pressure in the inflamed tissue. _URL_0_ > The brain itself is not sensitive to pain, because it lacks pain receptors. However,...	[ "Headaches may be caused by problems elsewhere in the head or neck. Some of these are not harmful, such as cervicogenic headache (pain arising from the neck muscles). Medication overuse headache may occur in those using excessive painkillers for headaches, paradoxically causing worsening headaches.\n", "External ...
What were investigative procedures like for crimes committed in colonial America? If I were to have committed murder, how likely was I to get away with it provided I took even the most basic of precautions?	I can't say much about specifically colonial America, but I have done some reading in the Ratcliff Highway murders, which were somewhat contemporary, and give some insight into the methodology behind early criminal investigations. The Ratcliff Highway murders involved two home invasions just outside London in december...	[ "The legal process of trials in colonial America was quite different from the modern one in many ways. After an alleged crime was reported, a magistrate, or judge, would consider the presented evidence and decide whether it was a true crime. If the magistrate decided that a crime was indeed committed the accused wa...
Why is redwood naturally rot resistant?	Compounds known as "extractives" cause the wood to be resistant to pests and pathogens. Some of these compounds may be extracted with water; others are soluble in acetone, ethanol, or benzene, and (I suppose) others may be classified based on their ability to be extracted by other solvents as well. [Google Scholar lin...	[ "The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or ...
Is it possible to convert the co2 in mars (or similar planets) atmosphere into o2?	Yes, and in fact on the next Mars rover, [there will be an instrument that will convert CO2 into O2 in a technology demonstration in preparation for human exploration](_URL_0_). The problem with plants on Mars would be the soil moreso than the atmosphere. The Phoenix mission I worked on did some experiments with the r...	[ "Argox, or half-Argox/half-Nitrox is a possible Oxygen mixture for Human exploration of Mars due to the relative abundance of Argon in the Martian atmosphere. The Martian atmosphere is composed of approximately: 95% CO2, 1.9% Argon, 1.9% Nitrogen. While it is possible for humans to breathe pure oxygen, a pure oxyge...
why is science so political? and why does it make you seem left leaning to other people when you don’t deny scientific discoveries?	I [answered a similar question](_URL_2_) to this on ELI5 around two years ago (and got gilded for the answer!). The previous question was more specific to climate change, but it applies to the politicization of science in general as well. Here's what I wrote then: > > Generally speaking, why are conservatives so ...	[ "Because political science is essentially a study of human behaviour, in all aspects of politics, observations in controlled environments are often challenging to reproduce or duplicate, though experimental methods are increasingly common (see experimental political science). Citing this difficulty, former American...
How does our body deals or tries to deal with toxic substances such various poisons and specifically heavy metals?	So phagocytes generally attack bacteria and parasites. Poisons and toxins filtered through the liver and then excreted through the kidneys (for the most part). However if it's a potent toxin like say, curare, which is a powerful muscle relaxant, it will essentially kill you before your liver can and circulatory system ...	[ "Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly, by toxication. An example is \"wood alcohol\" or methanol, which is not poisonous itself, but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of ce...
What motivated León Trotsky to choose Mexico as his place of asylum in 1928?	/u/Cozijo answered this question posited slightly differently (as in, why did the Mexican government offer Trotsky asylum and what was the history of Russian Socialist influence in Mexico) [here](_URL_0_) a couple of years ago. You might find their response informative.	[ "In 1936, Cárdenas allowed Russian exile Leon Trotsky to settle in Mexico, reportedly to counter accusations that Cárdenas was a Stalinist. Cárdenas was not as left-wing as Leon Trotsky and other socialists would wish, but Trotsky described his government as the only honest one in the world.\n", "The Mexican pres...
can 'they' be used as a singular, third party pronoun?	In English, like many other languages, there is no genderless singular pronoun (bedsides the rarely used "one") so male is used as the default. Recently it has been considered sexist to use 'he' when meaning genderless (by no means unfoundedly as there is a valid sexist based argument why male is default) so 'they' ha...	[ ", in addition to serving as the second-person plural pronoun, is also used as a singular in formal situations. Conversely, can be said to be limited to the informal singular, such as when speaking with a family member, a friend, or a child. This usage corresponds closely to the practice in other European languages...
why are some roads tan, and others black?	You're correct as to what materials they're made of. Concrete roads are more durable, and tend to be used in high traffic areas where frequent repairs can't be done. Asphalt is much cheaper to install, so it's mostly used where concrete is not required.	[ "Some part of the road surface is cement-concrete and the remaining length of the road is black-topped. It serves the traffic needs of many sugar factories and jaggery manufacturers. This road passes through the factory area and therefore it is always crowded by bullock-carts and lorries. It is motorable throughout...
how did western european countries end up colonizing the world, instead of some other civilization?	Short answer. Geography Long answer. Go watch guns, germs & steel The basic premise is that because of Europeans ability to grow a large variety of low effort high calorie foods in their temperate climate they gained an advantage over other civilizations	[ "European Colonialism, that was accompanied by Christian evangelism and often by violence, led to the suppression of indigenous religions in the territories conquered or usurped by the Europeans. The Spanish colonization of the Americas largely destroyed the Aztec and Inca civilization. However, Colonialism (and la...
ups drivers not making left turns?	This article gives great insight on why it's done. _URL_0_	[ "Part of the delay at a typical high-volume right-hand drive intersection is to accommodate left-turns; through-traffic must wait for the traffic turning left because it crosses the path of the through traffic. The continuous flow intersection moves the left-turn conflict out of the intersection and synchronizes it...
Saint Patrick. Who was he? Why is he celebrated to much - why does he have national holidays and parades around the world?	The evidence we have around St. Patrick's life is patchy, but he was a bishop in Ireland in the fifth century. Hagiographies written after Patrick's death claim that Christ gave a vision of purgatory to St. Patrick, and the idea of a vision of purgatory became increasingly interesting to the medieval world as the id...	[ "Saint Patrick's Day is a Roman Catholic religious holiday that honors the saint, who introduced Christianity to Ireland in the early fifth century. It has developed in the United States as a celebration of all things Irish. With large ethnic Irish populations, Boston and New York City both claim the world's first ...
how is putting files in the recycle bin any different from a regular folder?	It isn't. The recycle bin is just another folder. The operating system is going to associate meta data to that folder through some mechanic that when you "empty the trash", it implies this folder has its contents deleted. That's it. Nothing special. And your user interface has shortcuts, like if you hit Shift + Del, ty...	[ "The Recycle Bin has a setting to configure the amount of deleted files it can store. Free disk space allocated for this is not actually used until files are deleted from folders and stored in the Recycle Bin. In versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista, the default configuration of the Recycle Bin is a global se...
what is a hung government? and why do some people think it's good for britain?	It's good because with no one party in charge, they don't get to run the country purely on their idea of what's best. They have to run it by the other party/parties and reach a compromise (if the other parties are tough enough to argue their case and stand up to the ones with the most majority).	[ "The term hung parliament is most often used of parliaments dominated by two major parties or coalitions. General elections in such systems usually result in one party having an absolute majority and thus quickly forming a new government. In most parliamentary systems, a hung parliament is considered exceptional an...
Were shields in the Medieval era really painted with the heraldric symbol of a lord the soldier belonged to?	There is a practical reason to paint (wood) shields, which is to disguise the grain. Because wood has a grain it is significantly stronger in one direction than another, and significantly more penetrable. It is much harder to chop/cut across the grain than to split with the grain. This means that a shield beare...	[ "The custom of painting symbols such as the heraldic shields of war was forged in the battlefields of Europe after the middle decades of the 12th century, due to a confluence of circumstances of different natures. One was the need to differentiate between allies and adversaries on the battlefield, partly due to fac...
When a stroke or brain damage causes a person to have to re-learn language, how does the brain typically adapt? Do the damaged parts recover or do other parts of the brain take over, and how does this affect the relearning process?	[Here](_URL_0_) is a primary source that covers exactly this topic in a comprehensive manner. To answer your question broadly, the damaged areas heal as well as they can and healthy regions of the brain generally take over for regions that can’t be fixed. To summarize some points from the link: a few days to weeks af...	[ "After a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), the brain undergoes several healing and re-organization processes, which may result in improved language function. This is referred to as spontaneous recovery. Spontaneous recovery is the natural recovery the brain makes without treatment, and...
How would our brains function without our five senses?	I read about an experiment in Mikhail Veller's book (he provided a reference, but I won't be able to retrieve it from work). He described an experiment where a physically and mentally healthy volunteer was put in a dark sound-proof room, wearing a special suit that hinders all touch feelings, and strapped on elastic ...	[ "In other words, a brain is not necessary for thought and perception to take place. It follows that our five senses are not merely navigational devices. The differences between individual senses indicate that they emanate from different parts of an unexplored universe, the existence of which we do not even suspect....
what would have happened if the banks didn't get bailed out?	Well, put shortly, the US economy would have collapsed, as liquidity would have disappeared and loans would be non-existent. Other Western economies soon would have followed (assuming no bailouts anywhere) resulting in a collapse of the entire financial system. Broken down more (I'll do a 'like you're 5' summary at t...	[ "After pleading guilty in a New York court to helping Americans evade their taxes, the bank announced that it would close permanently. It was the first non-American bank to plead guilty to tax evasion charges in the United States.\n", "In 1998, the Bank ordered the liquidation of one of the country's banks due to...
Was the Mongolian composite bow a better weapon than the English longbow?	Yes. I mean if by better you mean better ballistic performance, yes composite bows shoot faster, farther and harder because: 1. Composite bows have more reflex. That is, a longbow when unstrung is straight, a reflexed bow is bent forward in the opposite way. When a longbow is strung there's almost no tension in the st...	[ "The English longbow was a powerful medieval type of longbow (a tall bow for archery) about long used by the English and Welsh for hunting and as a weapon in medieval warfare. English use of longbows was effective against the French during the Hundred Years' War, particularly at the start of the war in the battles ...
This might sound like a silly question, but would is it possible to fly through a rainbow?	No, a rainbow doesn't exist at a definite location like you are thinking. They are an optical phenomenon that always appear up at a specific angle (about 40 to 42 degrees) away from the line from the sun through your head.	[ "From above the earth such as in an aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to see a rainbow as a full circle. This phenomenon can be confused with the glory phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5–20°.\n", "A rainbow is not located at a specific distance from the observer, but comes from an ...
how computer languages like c and c+ are developed and how they work with the computer?	You're telling a person how to get somewhere. Technically, how to get there includes steps like this: * Put your left foot forward. * Shift weight forward and onto your left foot * Put your right foot forward * shift your weight forward and onto your right foot * Repeat the first four steps 257 times. * Pivot left. * ...	[ "The earliest programs for stored-program computers were entered in binary through the front panel switches of the computer. This first-generation programming language had no distinction between source code and machine code.\n", "The difference in code density between various computer languages is so great that o...
timeshares? something for rich people or something ?	Condos in places like ski resorts and vacation resorts are ridiculously expensive. So, instead of buying a condo, you buy a small share of it, usually 1/26th or 1/52nd. This gives you the right to stay there 1 or 2 weeks per year. While there's nothing wrong with that concept, the problem is the timeshare industry is...	[ "Timeshares are generally treated as real property and can be resold to another party. However, timeshares do not appreciate in value, and therefore should not be considered a money-making investment. Additionally, as much as 50% or more (modest estimate) of the original purchase price of a timeshare from a develop...
why do most of us have one common fear?	Instinct. Phobias like heights, scuttling insects, snakes are common because these were very common ways to be injured and killed in our past. Depictions of monsters and the supernatural all share common traits across the planet, like big sharp teeth and glowing (or rather reflective) eyes, because seeing these in the ...	[ "Although many fears are learned, the capacity to fear is part of human nature. Many studies have found that certain fears (e.g. animals, heights) are much more common than others (e.g. flowers, clouds). These fears are also easier to induce in the laboratory. This phenomenon is known as preparedness. Because early...
how do diuretics work?	There's a hormone in your body called ADH, or anti-diuretic hormone. As you know, diuresis means "to pee". So an anti-diuretic hormone causes your body to pee less - specifically by making your pee less watery, but leaving all the bad stuff in there. Some substances (like caffeine and alcohol) cause your body to produ...	[ "Diuretics, sometimes known as ‘water pills’, are drugs which draw excess fluid from the tissues of the body and convert it into urine. They are used for the swelling and bloating of premenstrual syndrome, for treating high blood pressure and, in older people, for heart failure caused by weakening of the heart’s pu...
why aren't there nitinol motors?	So, there's three critical factors for what would make an engine good. First, you have to consider durability, or reliability. The piston engine has been around for a century at this point because, while other engines might perform better, piston engines tend to be hearty bastards that can get 300,000 miles on a sing...	[ "A microcontroller or stepper motor controller can be used to activate the drive transistors in the right order, and this ease of operation makes unipolar motors popular with hobbyists; they are probably the cheapest way to get precise angular movements.\n", "Because of the higher performance density, brushless E...
Question about the temperature inside	There's a delay because your house is storing heat in the floors, air, etc. You might try cooling your house with convection. If you have a two-story house and window fans, set them up to blow air in on the ground floor, and blow it out of the upper floor. Hot air rises, and the fan setup should encourage those natural...	[ "Internal heat is the heat source from the interior of celestial objects, such as stars, brown dwarfs, planets, moons, dwarf planets, and (in the early history of the Solar System) even asteroids such as Vesta, resulting from contraction caused by gravity (the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism), nuclear fusion, tidal heat...
How far back in history do we see the use of patents?	Although actual patent laws which were actively enforced by the state are generally thought to have started with the Venetian Statute of 1474, much earlier precedents do exist. In 500 BC in the Greek city of Sybari, culinary innovators were able to patent their dishes for a whole year. Some earlier uses in Western Eur...	[ "From 1836 to 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below. Some examples of patented inventions between the years 1946 and 1991 include William Shockley's transistor (1947), Joh...
Why is the relationship between time and light as it is, and why does it break classical space-time for anything to travel faster than it?	> Why is this assumption made? Why not let c vary and t be constant? Because c doesn't vary, and time does. It's not an assumption, it's an observation. There is no situation in which you can observe anything moving faster than c. There are plenty of situations in which relativistic objects can be seen to experience ...	[ "Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measurement by ins...
What are the effects of Heavier then Earth Gravity on a human?	I found a few studies where they grew embryos of various animals in hypergravity: _URL_3_ _URL_1_ _URL_2_ _URL_0_ They mostly look at microscopic properties, rather than the whole organism.	[ "BULLET::::- Effects of low gravity on the human body: All moons of the gas giants and all outer dwarf planets have a very low gravity, the highest being Io's gravity (0.183 g) which is less than 1/5 of the Earth's gravity. Since every space agency preferred to circulate in Low Earth orbit for more than 40 years ra...
why do people "share" porn over social media like reddit or twitter? possible nsfw	I assume for the same reason people share movies, music and books with their friends. They found something they like and they want to enrich the lives of people they care about.	[ "Recently it has come to attention the potential dangers to teenagers or children, who may be unaware of the consequences, using their camera phones to make videos and images which are then shared amongst their friends (\"see\" sexting). Images initially meant to be shared between couples can now be spread around t...
during hitler's rise to power, did people in germany debate whether or not he was fascist and anti-semitic or was it widely accepted?	Hitler and the Nazis were explicitly fascist- but fascism wasn't a byword for evil back then. It only became so because of its association with the Germans' crimes during the war and holocaust. Hitler and other top Nazis were also openly anti-semitic. It was part of his public persona. There was some speculation about...	[ "Hitler came to power in 1933 and over the following years he converted Germany into a one-party state under the control of his Nazi Party and governed by his personal dictatorship. He espoused the idea that modern Germans descended from the ancient Aryans, who he claimed—in contrast to established academic underst...
Do pencil markings make your paper heavier?	Yes, since you're just rubbing small amounts of graphite onto your paper. The same goes for ink markings from pens or markers. You are adding matter, so you are increasing mass. However, since you're adding such a tiny amount, it would be difficult to measure without extremely precise equipment.	[ "Most pencil cores are made of graphite powder mixed with a clay binder. Graphite pencils (traditionally known as 'lead pencils') produce grey or black marks that are easily erased, but otherwise resistant to moisture, most chemicals, ultraviolet radiation and natural aging. Other types of pencil cores, such as tho...
How long does it take for a population III star to form?	Hi there - your English is good! We're not exactly sure how population III stars formed, but we expect it would be quite different to star formation in the present day, because the interstellar medium was much warmer, denser, and not yet ionised. It's generally expected that population III stars were more massive than...	[ "A star would take between 11.5 and 15 million years to reach the red supergiant stage, with more rapidly-rotating stars taking the longest. Rapidly-rotating stars take only 9.3 million years to reach the red supergiant stage, while stars with slow rotation take only 8.1 million years. These form the best estimates...
what is the 'birds and the bees' story, and how is it meant to be an accurate, child-friendly explanation of sex?	It never really was an explanation. The actual source of the phrase is unclear, smeo attribute to a Samuel Coleridge poem from 1825, others to a Cole Porter song from 1928. In both cases, birds and bees are evocative of springtime, which has long been associated with fertility. Whatever the origin, the birds and the...	[ "According to tradition, the birds and the bees is a metaphorical story sometimes told to children in an attempt to explain the mechanics and good consequences of sexual intercourse through reference to easily observed natural events. For instance, bees carry and deposit pollen into flowers, a visible and easy-to-e...
Compromise of 1790	Moving the Nation's capital to the South was an important strategic victory. IN the late 18th century news traveled slow, having the capital in the South meant that the Virginia heard news quickly, and allowed the political elite more time to respond. Another concern, one which we take for granted today, is that in th...	[ "The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican–American War. It also set Texas's western and northern borders and included pr...
yeast	Yeast is a fungus; it's a single-celled creature that evolved from amoebae like the rest of the fungi. It is very much alive, just like any fungus. We culture yeast as opposed to mining it (which means if you set up a petri dish and yeast spores are around, they might settle and form a significant colony). How yeast ...	[ "Nutritional yeast is produced by culturing a yeast in a nutrient medium for several days. The primary ingredient in the growth medium is glucose, often from either sugarcane or beet molasses. When the yeast is ready, it is deactivated with heat and then harvested, washed, dried and packaged. The species of yeast u...
what is the biological difference between a queen ant and a regular "worker" ant?	The queen is capable of mating and laying eggs. That is about the only actions she does. The worker ants are infertile and vary in body type based on task in many colonies. Some colonies will have 4-5 different types of workers and 2-3 warrior ants.	[ "A queen ant can be distinguished from a worker ant by the relatively larger size of the thorax (which at this point contains the wing muscles of the queen), and the enlarged abdomen which contains eggs. Beware that certain species have large workers similar in size to a queen, if the possible queen you are looking...
how does alexa work so quickly and accurately when it supposedly isn't listening-in at all times?	Funny you should ask this. My kid turned off Alexa’s mic(so now she can’t hear us) I asked her too do 3 things in a row with no response... she said, just so you know my mic is off. She is always listening	[ "An audio typist is someone who specialises in typing text from an audio source which they listen to. The source, or original document is usually recorded onto microcassettes created by someone dictating into a Dictaphone. The audio typist will have learnt to touch type at a high speed which means they can look at ...
Could it ever be possible to record somebodies dreams in audio or video format?	So this thread is full of non-responses and incorrect responses. And nearly all of them are infuriating me. What you're asking is analogous to "uploading/downloading" in the brain. The answer is no. We have had countless threads about this recently. Search terms: * upload/uploading * download/downloading * singul...	[ "Dreamscapes is a limited edition eight-CD set of rare Alphaville recordings, released in 1999. It features 124 tracks with a total playing time of around 9.5 hours. 43 of the songs had never been available before, and all of the remainder had been remixed. \n", "The first release of the soundtrack was 1 CD and a...
why does air travel (especially us airlines) have such a low rate of failure?	As elaborate as a car is, they're simple to drive, and pretty much any idiot can get a license and be on the road. Hence, you have millions of Americans driving at any given time of the day, many of which probably don't put a lot of effort into their driving skills. Thus, the high amount of negligence, road rage, and a...	[ "However, others have argued that safety improvement in general aviation have been chiefly the result of a market shift away from owner-flown aircraft, towards professionally operated aircraft, and due to other changes, such as improving technology, advances in pilot education and training, and better operating met...
Why did "Nationalist" China collapse in the face of "Communist" China so easily?	Chiang Kai-Shek was kidnapped in 1936 in what's known as the "Xi'an Incident". Essentially, in the face of a fierce Japanese offensive, Nationalist leaders were frustrated with Chiang's seeming obsession with eliminating the Communists. They felt that it was undermining the Nationalist effort to resist the Japanese, so...	[ "Because of this incident, according to the Communist Party of China, the Nationalist Party of China was criticized for creating internal strife when the Chinese were supposed to be united against the Japanese; the Communist Party of China, on the other hand, was seen as heroes at the vanguard of the fight against ...
how do our bodies convert the food we eat into feces?	Most of your feces isn't food you ate. Most of it is cells that have lived out their useful life span and died, and your body is expelling their remains. Most of these cells are red blood cells, which is what gives feces its characteristic color. As for your digestion, basically what happens is that the food you eat...	[ "Human feces (or faeces in British English; ) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine of humans, but has been rotted down by bacteria in the large intestine. It also contains bacteria and a relatively small amount of metabolic waste products such ...
when our brains find something funny, why don't we just think it's funny. why do we often expel air through our noses, or laugh out loud?sometime to the point we can hardly breathe.	Humor is a really important social tool. It's likely we wouldn't experience humor if it weren't communicated in some way.	[ "Bergson concludes as an immediate consequence of the previous chapter that « attitudes, gestures and movements of the human body are subject to laughter precisely in the way that body makes us think to a simple machine ». Humans tend to laugh when they see the effect of a machine within the human body. This is why...
the amounts of elements formed during supernovaes	You are many order of magnitude off with the amounts of element formed in a supernovae. 20 tonnes of uranium is nothing. Just the crust of earth have 40 trillion tonnes of uranium and the crust of earth is 1% of the mass of earth. Humans mine around 60 000 tonnes of uranium per year. & #x200B; In a type II superno...	[ "During supernova nucleosynthesis, the \"r\"-process creates very neutron-rich heavy isotopes, which decay after the event to the first stable isotope, thereby creating the neutron-rich stable isotopes of all heavy elements. This neutron capture process occurs in high neutron density with high temperature condition...
Why did King or Emperors use so many titles?	"Used" isn't quite the right word. What you're quoting up there is what's called the long title, an official collection of all the noble titles held by the person. Francis II's long title would only be used for some official documents, by no means everyday use. Why the long list? Because all those titles were distin...	[ "The title is commonly seen as equivalent to that of Emperor, both titles outranking that of king in prestige, stemming from the medieval Byzantine Emperors who saw the \"Shahanshahs\" of the Sasanian Empire as their equals. The last reigning monarchs to use the title of \"Shahanshah\", those of the Pahlavi dynasty...
What is the most dangerous part of car exhaust for the human body, the gases or particulate matter?	Carbon monoxide is the most dangerous component of exhaust. It has a binding affinity for hemoglobin something on the order 100x that of oxygen, so the CO molecules bind in your blood over O2 and you are unable to transport oxygen within your body. CO poisoning can become rapidly fatal if not corrected.	[ "Air pollution from fossil (and some biofuel) powered vehicles can occur wherever vehicles are used and are of particular concern in congested city street conditions and other low speed circumstances. Emissions include particulate emissions from diesel engines, NO, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide and va...
why can you die from using methamphetamine and having anthesisa performed on you?	I'm an Anaesthetist. You can summarise this into: * Effects of the methamphetamine itself. The sympathetic effects of meth (esp increased Heart Rate and Blood Pressure) can lead to heart attacks and strokes. Also, sometimes people are anaesthetised for their own safety when going nuts on meth, and this means givi...	[ "\"para\"-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA; \"Death\", \"Dr. Death\"), also known as 4-methoxyamphetamine (4-MA), is a designer drug of the amphetamine class with serotonergic effects. Unlike other similar drugs of this family, PMA does not produce stimulant, euphoriant, or entactogen effects, and behaves more like an antid...
what's an easy way to describe gap insurance?	GAP insurance covers the difference between the actual cash value of a vehicle (what your insurance will pay if it is totaled) and the balance still owed on the financing (car loan, lease, etc.). GAP coverage is mainly used on new and used small vehicles (cars and trucks) and heavy trucks. Some financing companies and ...	[ "GAP insurance covers the amount on a loan that is the difference between the amount owed and the amount covered by another insurance policy. Some GAP policies also cover the deductible. This coverage is marketed for low down payment loans, high interest rate loans and loans with 60 month or longer terms. GAP insur...
why does a small private plane such a cessna cost so much more than the materials and labor?	Several reasons. - The material are actually more expansive. For a car you can use normal steel, you don't need high end material unless you make a high end car. But you can't use that for a plane of it will be way too heavy, you need a material that can strong and light. That usually mean aluminium, fibreglass or eve...	[ "Leather seats are more costly than traditional cloth seats. Even so, several airlines, including low-cost carriers, choose leather not only to present a more \"luxurious\" product, but also because such seats are easier to clean and prevent spilt liquids from soaking through to the padding for reduced turnaround i...
Are there many examples of sieges throughout the 20th century, which lasted for months or years like mediaeval sieges?	The Siege of Leningrad in WWII lasted 872 days, and was one of the most destructive sieges in history. The Germans and the Finns besieged Leningrad. The Russians defended. The siege was rarely complete, as supplies (in small numbers) could still get in across Lake Ladoga most of the time. Up to 1.5m Russian soldier...	[ "The Siege of Saïo or Battle of Saïo took place during the East African Campaign of World War II. Belgo-Congolese troops, British Commonwealth forces and local resistance fighters besieged the fort at the market town of Saïo in south-western Ethiopia in 1941. The siege lasted for several months, culminating in an A...
how do comedians verify if their jokes are original?	They don't. If you come up with it on your own and it just happens to be similar, thats not stealing a joke. Some comedians may try and vet that to hopefully not get accused but most people understand that happens. You have to actually put in effort to end up with a joke that people cant easily see how youd just hap...	[ "Comics memorize their jokes through the use of on-stage practice/blocking. Some comedians employ a mnemonic device called the method of loci (memory palace technique) to remember their jokes. Some write their jokes over and over, while others have a set list in front of them; for professionals, this may be on cue ...
how are non-organ, donated body parts prepared to be transplanted such as skin?	Skin is an organ. Skin harvested from body donations is used for transplants, and in that case it is called a cadaver skin transplant or allograft to differentiate it from a transplant of one's own skin. A device known as a dermatome is used to skin skin from the donor, the common one is basically a fancy wo...	[ "Transplanted tissue is accepted by immunocompetent recipient if it is functional in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs and without histologic signs of rejection. Host can accept another graft from the same donor but reject graft from different donor. \n", "The implementations of organ harvesting and organ tr...
Was the CSA doomed to be ruled by the most powerful states?	Well, this is all what-ifs and hypothetical, but I don't think that larger states like Virginia would begin to annex neighboring states for a few reasons. 1. Whereas the Holy Roman Empire was once comprised of hundreds of very very small states and kingdoms, the CSA was comprised of relatively large states. There wasn...	[ "During the entire war the notion that the CSA possessed a most efficient engine of war in its monopoly of cotton (the \"King Cotton\" idea) buoyed up the hopes of the Confederates. The government in Richmond strained every effort to induce the great powers of Europe to recognize the Confederacy as a nation (see Co...
Was the Medici family actually corrupt?	_URL_0_ this post talks about how the medici grew in power and what they did to become that powerful _URL_1_ this post is about the methods that the medici used to control the florentine government both credits to /u/AlviseFalier not sure about the papacy though	[ "Members of the family rose to some prominence in the early 14th century in the wool trade, especially with France and Spain. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. One Salvestro ...
How does human space exploration stack up against robotic exploration? (Voting optional)	> Privacy Notice: We ask for an email only to ensure no one person can stuff the ballot box. The information you provide to this NASA Web site will be used only for its intended purpose. Because asking for an email address is the best way to ensure no one person stuffs the ballot box... heh.	[ "Robotic exploration is proposed as an alternative to gain many of the same scientific advantages without the limited mission duration and high cost of life support and return transportation involved in manned missions. However, there are vast scientific domains that cannot be addressed with robots, especially biol...
After divorcing or beheading 80% of his wives at that point, what did Henry VIII's last wife expect to happen to her?	I understand where you are coming from, but the question far oversimplifies the politics and reality facing Henry VIII during the early sixteenth century. Let's take a look at this one wife at a time. Katherine of Aragon - This is obviously the most contentious, and is often oversimplified as Henry desiring to get rid...	[ "She was married to Sir Thomas from 1511 until he was executed in 1535 after he was convicted of treason for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy. Before his execution, while he was locked in the Tower of London, she was in charge of taking care of his affairs. The last years of her life were poor, due to the fam...
Why do the Chinese hate the Dalai Lama so much?	So, to get to the bottom of this, we’ve got to go back… waaaay back… like all the way back to the Tang Dynasty in the mid-7th century far back… to get a wide enough viewpoint to really explain this. Round about the year 604, Songtsän Gampo becomes the 33rd titular king/emperor of Tibet, called the tsenpo, but the ...	[ "According to Reuters the Dalai Lama said in March 2012 he does not encourage the protests, but he has praised the courage of those who had engaged in self-immolation and blamed the self-immolations on \"cultural genocide\" by the Chinese. Four months later the Dalai Lama made clear that he wishes to remain neutral...
how does the human ear discern between a quiet noise and a distant noise?	A quiet noise from a nearby source will have more high frequency content than the same noise made much louder from far away. This is because air absorbs high frequency sound energy over distance but not low frequency to the same extent (think about how a plane sounds low and rumbly from far away, but when you are close...	[ "In a series of papers Wallach explored the ability of humans to locate sounds in the median plane – that is, to determine whether a sound comes from a source at the same elevation as the ears or from a source that is higher or lower, or even in back of the head. Binaural sound cues, including the phasing or time o...
why do men need stimuli for an ejaculation? wouldn't it be better if you could do it actively like moving a muscle?	There needs to be a positive feeling associated with sex to make sure we do it. If it was like flexible your arm, then you would not go out and look for it. Its like working out. We know we should, but most don't.	[ "Many men attempt to treat themselves for premature ejaculation by trying to distract themselves, such as by trying to focus their attention away from the sexual stimulation. There is little evidence to indicate that it is effective and it tends to detract from the sexual fulfilment of both partners. Other self-tre...
What were some of the factors that lead to the city of Atlanta to be settled and grow as large as it has?	Atlanta native here. The simple answer is that there is no particular reason. Atlanta is just a spot on the map. The city was initially known as Terminus - as in, it was the end of the railroad line. The convergence of several major railroads made it a vital link for the Confederate armies in getting the resources ...	[ "The city that would become Atlanta began as the endpoint of the Western and Atlantic Railroad (aptly named Terminus) in 1837. Atlanta grew quickly with the completion of The Georgia Railway in 1845 and the Macon & Western in 1846. The city was incorporated in 1847 and extended 1 mile in all directions from the zer...
When did the NBA become considered a major league in America?	Well the important thing to remember about that game is that it turned into more of a farce than one of the "greatest and most celebrated games". Kinda like those [DIII schools that set scoring records by centering their offense on one player and play full-court press for the steal, and barring that allow uncontested b...	[ "BULLET::::- The Basketball Association of America was formed in New York City. The forerunner of the NBA, the BAA awarded 13 big-city franchises, of which three — the Boston Celtics, the New York Knicks and the Golden State Warriors (in 1946, the Philadelphia Warriors) — still exist. Other teams were in Chicago (S...
how sound works?	Think of sound as a movement. When you beat a drum, the drum-skin vibrates up and down; this causes the air surounding the drum skin to move up and down too. This movement propogates through the air as a [pressure wave](_URL_0_), until it hits something. When this pressure wave hits your ear and ear drum, it causes...	[ "Sound is an oscillating pressure wave. As the pressure oscillates up and down, an audio point source acts in turn as a fluid point source and then a fluid point sink. (Such an object does not exist physically, but is often a good simplified model for calculations.)\n", "Sound is the perceptual result of mechanic...
When a body is in motion, its mass increases relative to an observer at rest. Why?	First off, it doesn't. This is called relativistic mass, and it is a mis-understanding of relativity. What actually happens is that as objects approach the speed of light it's momentum increases faster than Newton's momentum equation, p = mv, would predict. So, why does this happen? Well, why is always a hard questio...	[ "The relativistic mass of a moving object is larger than the relativistic mass of an object that is not moving, because a moving object has extra kinetic energy. The \"rest mass\" of an object is defined as the mass of an object when it is at rest, so that the rest mass is always the same, independent of the motion...
how come if milk is poured in to a pint glass, that when ever beer is poured into the same pint glass it will become flat?	That is a myth. Beer will always go flat once it is not under pressure (keg, bottle, or can) so it will go flat in any glass that it is poured into. Now the kernel of truth that exists is that if you pour beer into an unwashed milk glass it will not form a good head. This is due to the fats from the milk preventing i...	[ "In the United States, a pint is . However, the typical conical \"pint\" glass holds 16 oz. to its rim. With a half inch of foam, the actual liquid fill is roughly 14 oz. In recent years, some restaurants replaced pint glasses with glasses, to which customers objected. In response to this, legislation in the state ...
what optical property allows a projector to project a coherent image onto a surface while simply pointing an lcd screen at surface only produces a blurry image?	A projector has a series of lenses on the inside that focus the image. You can adjust these lenses to focus the image, where as a lcd screen is light scattering in any direction with no organization.	[ "BULLET::::- 3D display: By presenting a light field using technology that maps each sample to the appropriate ray in physical space, one obtains an autostereoscopic visual effect akin to viewing the original scene. Non-digital technologies for doing this include integral photography, parallax panoramagrams, and ho...
how do companies like gj wentworth work?	When you win a lawsuit or settle it in your favor, the person you won the money from usually doesn't have to pay you all at once. Instead, there is a payment plan. When you agree to such a payment plan, instead of having a trial, this is called a "structured settlement." JG Wentworth and similar companies buy your str...	[ "The J.G. Wentworth Company is a diversified financial services company, focused on providing direct-to-consumer access to financing solutions through a variety of avenues, including mortgage lending and refinancing, structured settlement, annuities, lottery payment purchasing, home lending, prepaid cards, and acce...
Does sharing drinks, eating things that were on the floor, etc actually improve the immune system?	In the sense that you increase the number of antigens your body encounters, and thus the number of different kinds of antibodies you produce, yes. In the sense that you won't get sick or that you might not accidentally encounter some bacteria, virus or other pathogen that your immune system can't respond to fast enoug...	[ "The immune system is what keeps us healthy in spite of the many organisms and substances that can do us harm. In this issue, explore how our bodies are designed to prevent potentially harmful objects from getting inside, and what happens when bacteria, viruses, fungi or other foreign organisms or substances breach...
Are there linking species between sexual and asexual reproduction? They just seem so discrete	Just speaking generally, there are species (I know of single cell organisms for sure) that can reproduce both sexually and asexually. If the organism gains a competitive advantage from sexual reproduction in a certain environment, then those organisms more prone to reproducing sexually would eventually out-compete and ...	[ "Although many eukaryotes are able to reproduce sexually, as much as 20% of fungal species had been thought to reproduce exclusively by asexual means. However recent studies have revealed that sex occurs even in some of the supposedly asexual species. For example, sexual capability was recently shown for the fungus...
Why is WW2 considered to be a major catalyst in the advancement of women in America when they had been a large part of the workforce since factories became mainstream?	There are two sides to this answer. One side is that World War II did see (in America and elsewhere) an explosion of women a) performing jobs that had traditionally been coded masculine, such as laborers in factories making munitions and machinery, and b) joining the workforce when they likely would not have if their ...	[ "In the United States, World War I made space for women in the workforce, among other economical and social influences. Due to the rise in demand for production from Europe during the raging war, more women found themselves working outside the home.\n", "During WWI (1914-1918), large numbers of women were recruit...
how does live cd work?	Yes, AFAIK live system create in-memory file systems. _URL_0_ I don't think you can run those if the main memory is too small.	[ "A live CD (also live DVD, live disc, or live operating system) is a complete bootable computer installation including operating system which runs directly from a CD-ROM or similar storage device into a computer's memory, rather than loading from a hard disk drive. A Live CD allows users to run an operating system ...
how does going to a malacious website help the people behind it spy on you and take your personal information?	They can look at your cookies, which are bits of info that search engines like Google use to find ads that suit you. Companies can look into these to find out things such as your age, gender, and use that to track you further. I'm not an expert, but I'm comfortably sure all of this is factual. There are definitely othe...	[ "The methods employed to acquire this information include searching publicly available databases and social media websites (like Facebook), hacking, and social engineering. It is closely related to Internet vigilantism and hacktivism.\n", "Web communities can be an easy and useful tool to access information. Howe...
how gear ratios, long and short gears work.	A gear ratio in a car means that for every one rotation of the input, the output will rotate "x" amount of times. A gear is basically a lever, but a bunch of little levers in a circle. That's how torque (turning force) is transmitted. The size of the input gear related to the output gear is what determines how much to...	[ "Different types of gears have different ratios of rotation of the motor and the wheel, and they include (3.5:1), (3:7:1), (4:1), (4.2:1), (5:1), and \"Special\" (ratio varies but are usually 6.4:1). The higher the ratio, the better the acceleration rate and torque; the lower the ratio, the better the maximum speed...
which is more powerful the suck of a fan or the blow of a fan or are they the same?	Imagine a lot of people entering the Disneyland through the turnstiles. They are very uneducated people so they don't have the habit of queuing. Instead, they just congregate near the entrance as they move slowly through the turnstiles one by one. Once they're in, they immediate rush towards the attractions straight ah...	[ "BULLET::::- The fan produces a maximum pressure reduction of about 30,000 pascals = about 0.3 atmosphere or 4.5 pounds/square inch. Across a circular suction opening 9.8 inches diameter that would give an entry air speed of about 400 mph and a maximum suction power of about 340 pounds = about 3 hundredweight. It c...
why are different kinds of disinfectants used in different situations?	This can be a big deal--there are often specific guidelines on how to clean for certain diseases and equipment. C diff infections are notoriously hard to kill, and require crazy amounts of cleaning in a patient's room to make sure it doesn't spread. Overall, it depends on quite a few things, including: * The toxicity ...	[ "A perfect disinfectant would also offer complete and full microbiological sterilisation, without harming humans and useful form of life, be inexpensive, and noncorrosive. However, most disinfectants are also, by nature, potentially harmful (even toxic) to humans or animals. Most modern household disinfectants cont...
how does a html5 video load instantly (even on a phone), never buffers, and has amazing quality, when the same video in a gif takes 30 seconds to load, stutters, and looks like shit, and a flash video buffers and pauses all the time, and why isn't everyone using html5?	Easy: GIFs are basically a series of images strung together, created decades ago. They are really simple files. Long gifs are made up of quite a few hundred images that you have to load and as such you can imagine they are quite slow. Flash basically plays a video file using it's own plugin. Video files are wa...	[ "All videos on sevenload get saved in the Flash Video and H.264 formats (file extensions: .flv, .mp4). The videos can be replayed online as a stream in any web browser. To watch the videos in a web browser the Adobe Flash plug-ins must be installed. Videos can be uploaded up to a size of 1,5 GB in all current forma...
After a nephrectomy, how does the body fill the empty space where the kidney was?	The kidney is retroperitoneal, which means it is under the peritoneal cavity. There is a small amount of blood which eventually gets resorbed. But apart from that the body doesn't do anything with the extra space.	[ "The mesoderm around the tubules becomes condensed to form the connective tissue of the kidney. The ureter opens at first into the hind-end of the Wolffian duct; after the sixth week it separates from the Wolffian duct, and opens independently into the part of the cloaca which ultimately becomes the urinary bladder...
why do we most often focus on economic growth in absolute gdp terms instead of gdp per capita?	GDP isn't meant to be used as an employment statistic, you're absolutely right about that. It's supposed to measure a nation's ability to participate in a war through the creation of useful goods and services, and it's overall purchasing power to pursue new kinds of industrial technology.	[ "It has been argued that GDP per capita was much more stable and progressed at a much slower rate until the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, and that it has since increased rapidly in capitalist countries.\n", "Although a high or rising level of GDP is often associated wit...
during the therapy of a person, what's the goal of a psychologist?	Say you want to build a house. You have no idea how to build a house. So you go talk to an expert, an architect or an engineer, etc. and ask them for help. They don't know what you want, but they can help direct you define what you want or need and make sure you don't skip any important steps. They don't "build a h...	[ "Counseling generally involves helping people with what might be considered \"normal\" or \"moderate\" psychological problems, such as the feelings of anxiety or sadness resulting from major life changes or events. As such, counseling psychologists often help people adjust to or cope with their environment or major...
Were the Romans aware that an eclipse of the Sun was caused by the Moon blocking its light?	The Greeks reportedly knew how to predict them as far back as 585 BC. Herodotus gives an account in The Histories: > ...just as the battle was growing warm, day was on a sudden changed into night. This event had been foretold by Thales, the Milesian, who forewarned the Ionians of it, fixing for it the very year in...	[ "At the time of Thales' purported prediction it was not yet known that eclipses were caused by the Moon coming between the Earth and the Sun, a fact that would not be discovered until over a century later by either Anaxagoras or Empedocles.\n", "When eclipses were not well understood, they were sometimes associat...
Does cooling really account for 30% of all CO2 production by humanity?	Ask him to provide a source for that statistic next time you see him. The number seems high, but not outside the realm of possibility considering [this](_URL_0_) site claims 40% of energy consumption is from buildings. He should be able to provide sources for his claim, or at least explain where he came up with the n...	[ "350 parts per million is what scientists, climate experts, and progressive national governments are now saying is the safe upper limit for CO in our atmosphere. In May 2013, two independent teams of scientists measuring CO near the summit of Mauna Loa in Hawaii recorded that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atm...
Are there any notable examples of history vindicating someone? Perhaps an action that was not popular but proved instrumental later?	Must resist username joke... [Seward's Folly](_URL_0_) is probably the most obvious in terms of a standard high school history class. Not everyone thought buying Alaska for two cents an acre was a good idea. I'd say that he was vindicated. In a similar vein, many people opposed the Louisiana Purchase. It was question...	[ "In 1386, during the Battle of Sempach, a soldier from Stans, Arnold von Winkelried, is claimed to have thrown himself on the pikes of the Habsburg army which led the Swiss to victory. However it is doubtful whether he existed or died in the battle as the first mention of his selfless act appears over 150 years aft...
Did the Russo-Finnish Winter War actually encourage Germany to attack Russia?	Hiya! The short answer is yes, the appalling performance of the Red Army in the Winter War was absolutely influential in convincing Nazi Germany, and indeed other states, that the USSR would be incapable of defeating a German invasion. I've discussed this directly in [this](_URL_0_) post, as part of a wider discussion...	[ "In Operation Barbarossa in 1941, both Russian and German soldiers had to endure terrible conditions during the Russian winter. The German-Finnish joint offensive against Murmansk (Operation Silver Fox) in 1941 saw heavy fighting in the Arctic environment. Subsequently, the Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation conducted by t...
Have there been many incidences of a country re-locating their government in the face of invasion?	Portugal moved their government to Brazil when Napoleon invaded, and this directly led to independence and the Empire of Brazil	[ "Once political boundaries and military lines have been breached, pacification of the region is the final, and arguably the most important, goal of the invading force. After the defeat of the regular military, or when one is lacking, continued opposition to an invasion often comes from civilian or paramilitary resi...
Can Pauli's exclusion principle be violated?	No. There are a few steps along the logical progression that lead to Pauli's principle, and they're all more or less iron-clad. First, if you have a wavefunction representing multiple identical particles, Ψ(x_1_,x_2_,...,x_i_,...,x_j_,...,x_N_), and you define the permutation operator P_ij_ as an operator ...	[ "The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. This principle was formulated by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 for electrons...
Judas's betrayal of Jesus and Roman law	I think you’ve misread some basic details in the Gospels. I recommend at least reading through Matthew 26-27 and John 18-19. The accounts we have do not have Judas betraying Jesus in relation to Roman Law, but in relation to the political and religious dealings of the power-players in Jerusalem, namely the Pharisees an...	[ "One suggestion has been that Judas expected Jesus to overthrow Roman rule of Judea. In this view, Judas is a disillusioned disciple betraying Jesus not so much because he loved money, but because he loved his country and thought Jesus had failed it. Another is that Jesus was causing unrest likely to increase tensi...
why do i sometimes hear a really high-pitched noise in one of my ears then go deaf in that ear for a minute?	WebMD says you have Cancer.	[ "In a 2011 study, musicologists Michael Oehler and Christoph Reuter hypothesize that the unpleasantness of the sound is caused by acoustic resonance due to the shape of the human ear canal which amplifies certain frequencies, especially those in the range of 2000 to 4000 Hz (the median pitches mentioned above), at ...
why is north korea generally not considered to be a monarchy?	Because it's not a monarchy, it's a single-party state. Basically, the government consists of the Worker's Party of Korea, which is led by Jim Jong Un as the Secretary of the Worker's Party (and commander of the military).	[ "Korean monarchy existed in Korea until the end of the Japanese occupation. After the independence and the installation of the Constitution that adopted republic system, the concept of nobility has been abolished, both formally and in practice. \n", "North Korea is officially a secular state and the North Korean ...
How did early computers display characters in languages where the letters are more complicated than English-type (and languages that use the same characters)?	I can say a bit about how it worked for Japanese in particular. For early computers there are actually two problems: one is that, like you say, there is not really enough pixels on the screen to display legible characters. Another problem is that early computers where mainly developed in English-speaking countries, so ...	[ "Many languages or language families not based on the Latin alphabet such as Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic, or Hebrew have historically been represented on computers with different 8-bit extended ASCII encodings. Written East Asian languages, specifically Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, use far more characters than can be...
the difference between headphones	Please for the mother of god, go to _URL_0_ and make a new post. Tell them what type of music you listen to and if you play games or not. Tell them if you like bass or not, or if you even have a preference. Explain the types of instruments that you like the sound of. Tell them your budget that you'd like to stay wi...	[ "In the context of telecommunication, a headset is a combination of headphone and microphone. Headphones connect to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CD player, portable media player, mobile phone, video game console, or electronic musical instrument, either directly using a cord, or using wireless...
Does having a fast metabolic rate cause your body to generate heat faster?	Your metabolic rate is the energy you use per unit time, and as we all know energy can come in different forms, including heat. Individuals that have a slower metabolism can feel a bit colder, although not too normal, it can occur as well as vise versa. Too add on, your metabolic rate can be broken down into several of...	[ "With regards to metabolism, a higher rate of thermoregulation means an increase in metabolic rate, and therefore a higher consumption of oxygen. Standard metabolic rate will alter as the ambient temperature alters.\n", "Changes in body temperature – either hotter or cooler – increase the metabolic rate, thus bur...
Why was Opeartion Barbarossa so sucessful at first and how did the soviets stop it later?	The initial success has a number of factors. For one, the Great Purge took out a huge proportion of the most senior staff- Marshalls, Corps commanders, admirals, etc. While not all were killed, and some were eventually "rehabilitated", this meant the initial defense against the strongest fascist push fell on an army in...	[ "Rosenberg viewed that the political goal of Operation Barbarossa was not merely the destruction of the Bolshevik regime, but the \"reversing of Russian dynamism\" towards the east (Siberia) and the freeing of the Reich of the \"eastern nightmare for centuries to come\" by eliminating the Russian state, regardless ...
Who was the first monarch?	The oldest monarch almost certainly lived in ancient Mesopotamia or Egypt. The oldest datable monarch that we can be certain existed historically is currently [Lugalzagesi of Umma](_URL_2_) (2341-2316 BCE) who was the first city-ruler of an ancient Sumerian city to rule as hegemon over all the others. Although "kings...	[ "The first four Monarchs of the Kingdom were Founding Fathers of the Kingdom. These are namely Kings Ndoli, Opuamakuba, Alagbariya (Founder of Bonny: 'Okoloamakoromabo') and Asimini. After these initial Four Kings, their direct-blood descendants ruled the Kingdom as Kings until the era of King Awusa (Halliday). It ...
what would happen if we didn't remove the air bubble from syringes?	The main risk with leaving an air bubble in a syringe is inaccurate dosing. With the syringe partly full of air, the amount of liquid won't be accurate to the markings on the syringe. Getting air into a vein isn't a significant hazard unless it's a huge amount - like a whole drip tube full or someone squeezes a drip b...	[ "Unlike air purifiers, which filter or otherwise trap particles within an air circulator, air sanitizers have the ability to act on airborne microorganisms in open interior air space. A sneeze- or cough-generated pathogenic aerosol will take significant time to be treated by a circulating air purifier simply becaus...
in the united states why is it legal for me to home brew beer but illegal for me to distill spirits?	Chances of adult soda go boom not very high. Chances adult spirits go boom much, much higher	[ "In the United States, it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license. In some parts of the U.S., it is also illegal to sell a still without a license. However, all states allow unlicensed individuals to make their own beer, and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine (although ma...
how did studios able to upgrade old mv to 4k on youtube (especially last christmas by wham)?	Actual 35mm has a expected resolution of approximately 4K so it's just a matter of doing a new transfer from the film to digital media. So there's really not a whole lot involved it's just a matter of scanning the film in at the higher resolution.	[ "In December 2016, an interview done by \"Rogue One\" director Gareth Edwards revealed that Lucasfilm had recently completed a 4K restoration of the film, but did not elaborate on whether the restored version was based on the 1977 original or a subsequent re-release.\n", "In May 2018, it was announced that the Ya...
what is going on with the hugo awards	This was asked previously at _URL_0_. I thought the article relatively straightforward, but I was already familiar with the basic Hugo process. Perhaps if you started a new thread asking specifically about what in the article is confusing. Otherwise, between the previous thread and that article, I don't know what to...	[ "The Hugo Awards are presented every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine \"Amazing Stories\", and was once officially known as th...

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