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were there any French troops in Normandy invasion? | Always room for more, but as a starting point there's [a thread from a couple of years back] (_URL_0_) where /u/k1990 covers ground units and I chip in a bit about the naval and air forces. | [
"By the time of the Normandy Invasion, the Free French forces numbered more than 400,000 strong. 900 Free French paratroopers landed as part of the British Special Air Service (SAS) Brigade; the 2e Division Blindée (2nd Armoured Division or 2e DB)—under General Leclerc—landed at Utah Beach in Normandy on 1 August 1... |
how do darknet dealers get drugs like cocaine and heroin in the first place? | The same way traditional drug dealers do. From producers, or importers (who get them from producers). The drug supply chain does not change, what changes is how the product gets to the end user.
Think of it like Amazon vs a general store. They both buy products from suppliers and wholesalers but they retail the pro... | [
"Cocaine traffickers from Colombia, and recently Mexico, have also established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug. The traffickers use a variety of smuggling tec... |
whats the difference between sorting by best and sorting by top? | Top: Highest score (Upvotes - Downvotes = Score)
Best: [This is more complicated](_URL_0_). It takes all the current votes on a post as a sample and gives it a score that it is 95% confident it will end up with, given infinite time.
Essentially, it prevents older posts with a higher score (simply because they were po... | [
"In computer science, selection sort is a sorting algorithm, specifically an in-place comparison sort. It has O(\"n\") time complexity, making it inefficient on large lists, and generally performs worse than the similar insertion sort. Selection sort is noted for its simplicity, and it has performance advantages ov... |
How do eyestalks (such as on slugs) work? How do they retract and extend? | They inflate them with their haemolymph (or bodily fluid), and they have a retractor muscle, that when contracted, withdraws the tentacle. | [
"Eyestalks are a specialized type of tentacle. Tentacles may also have olfactory organs at their ends. Examples of creatures with olfactory tentacles include snails, the trilobite superfamily Asaphida, and the fly family Diopsidae. In slugs and snails, these tentacles will regrow if severely damaged, and in some sp... |
How do we know the difference between good and bad? | Its usually based on the frame of reference and other people. People are conditioned to think something is good or bad based on what they were taught as children. Therefore some people who grew up with parents who enjoy AC/DC think classical rock is better than hip/hop, so on so forth | [
"Good and evil are seen as inherent to human nature because they are both manifestations of our pursuit of perfection. \"Good\" things come from the use of intellect while \"bad\" things come from the prevalence of instinct.\n",
"The distinction of evil from 'bad' is complex. Evil is more than simply 'negative' o... |
Did the Rosenbergs committ espionage or was it an unfair trial during a period of fear? | Julius was a confirmed spy. There is really no doubt about that at this point.
Ethel's involvement seems much more marginal and unclear. She knew what Julius was doing, but she didn't seem to be an active participant.
As for the trial, it was both somewhat unfair and somewhat botched. The government's public case r... | [
"For decades, the Rosenbergs' sons, Michael and Robert Meeropol, and many other defenders maintained that Julius and Ethel were innocent of spying on their country and were victims of Cold War paranoia. After the fall of the Soviet Union, much information concerning them was declassified, including a trove of decod... |
I have to complete a research essay on African history before 1800 and need a good essay topic. Any ideas? | What aspects of history are you interested in? Economic history? Religious history? Urbanization? State-building? The interaction between culturese (Europeans or Arab world interacting with African cultures)? The "Great African States" like Mali, Songhai, Bornu, Kush, Zimbabwe or Aksum? | [
"Cheikh Anta Diop wrote a series of essays as a student from 1946 to 1960, charting the development of Africa. The essays, which are seen as a form of blueprint, are collected in book form as \"Towards the African Renaissance: Essays in Culture and Development, 1946-1960\".\n",
"Several of the essays caution agai... |
Can someone give me a quick overview of how the Caliphates transitioned into one another? | Is this a homework question? If not, could you please provide a little bit more information about what you're looking for? | [
"The caliphate arose out of the death of Muhammad in 632 CE and the subsequent debate over the succession to his leadership. Abu Bakr, a close companion of Muhammad from the Banu Taym clan, was elected the first Rashidun leader and began the conquest of the Arabian Peninsula. He ruled from 632 to his death in 634. ... |
can we really clean pesticide off fruit by just rinsing them off? wouldn't that mean rain would rinse it off all the time? | You're not cleaning off the pesticide. You're cleaning off dirt and other toxins that may have stuck to the wax they put on the fruit to make it shiny.
Pesticides stick to the fruit, but they are also absorbed by the plant and end up within the flesh of the fruit. | [
"OP pesticide exposure occurs through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. Because OP pesticides degrade quickly when exposed to air and light, they have been considered relatively safe to consumers. However, OP residues may linger on fruits and vegetables. Certain OP pesticides have been banned for use on som... |
What kind of atoms are present in a vacuum? | _URL_0_
> Of the gas in the ISM, 89% of atoms are hydrogen and 9% are helium, with 2% of atoms being elements heavier than hydrogen or helium, which are called "metals" in astronomical parlance | [
"In the presence of electromagnetic vacuum modes, the combined atom-vacuum system is explained by the superposition of the wavefunctions of the excited state atom with no photon and the ground state atom with a single emitted photon:\n",
"Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widesprea... |
how does illiteracy work? | Can you elaborate on what you mean? Because illiteracy is the natural state of humans. | [
"BULLET::::- Functional illiteracy: Refers to the inability of an individual to use reading, speaking, writing, and computational skills efficiently in everyday life situations. Unlike an illiterate, a functionally illiterate adult could be able to read and write text in his native language (with a variable degree ... |
What actually happens when a computer, server, or phone crashes? | This is an extremely broad question. It depends on what the device is, what it's purpose is, and what the problem is. There are so many possibilities it is quite difficult to list them all. Here are some examples though:
**Soda machine stopped giving soda.** The [embedded computer](_URL_3_) in a vending machine is ver... | [
"In computing, a crash, or system crash, occurs when a computer program such as a software application or an operating system stops functioning properly and exits. The program responsible may appear to hang until a crash reporting service reports the crash and any details relating to it. If the program is a critica... |
Finding the potential power a city may produce if it had installed solar PV panels in a certain capacity? | %solar PV efficiency (eg. 18-22% is typical for consumer installations). You can multiply irradiance by this number to get the amount of energy produced and multiply this by surface area of solar PV to get the total energy consumption per hour.
Most statistics provide solar PV installation as Wh values, which isn't he... | [
"On May 27, 2015, the service contract of the largest solar PV power plant in the country has been approved by the Department of Energy (DOE). The P7-billion worth 100 MW Solar PV project in the city of Ilagan is designed to reduce the current shortage in electricity that causes regular blackouts that results to in... |
how do the genetics of three-parent children work? | We usually just think of our DNA as just being stored in the nucleus, but that's not the case. The vast majority is there, but some organelles also have their own, unique DNA. That's actually the basis of one of the theories on how we came to develop organelles, endosymbiotic theory. Basically, it's the idea that some/... | [
"In fertilization and breeding experiments (and especially when discussing Mendel's laws) the parents are referred to as the \"P\" generation and the offspring as the \"F1\" (first filial) generation. When the F1 offspring mate with each other, the offspring are called the \"F2\" (second filial) generation. One of ... |
what computer language is artificial intelligence written in and is it enough? | One computer language is equivalent to another in terms of what they *can* do, but AI has historically been associated with Lisp, Prolog, Java, C, and Python. There's no reason you can't do it in whatever language you want, of course. | [
"Artificial intelligence in modern terms generally refers to computer systems that mimic human cognitive functions, that encompasses, independent learning or problem solving in particular. While this type of general artificial intelligence has not yet been achieved, most contemporary Artificial Intelligence project... |
Race & Slavery in Brazil | I would recommend Chica da Silva: A Brazilian Slave of the Eighteenth Century by Júnia Ferreira Furtado as a good place to start along with Inhuman Bondage by David Brion Davis (He devotes a chapter specifically to Brazil).
I think a film that really bears out what Robinson was getting at is City of God. If you have ... | [
"Brazil took in the most slaves of any country in the Americas and was the last to outlaw slavery in 1888. Afro-Brazilians and their descendants have faced discrimination and many live in poverty. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva made addressing the issues a priority.\n",
"Today, there are more than 75 million people of... |
how can businesses like airbrush booths use licensed icons, logos, or characters legally? | They don't.
For instance all that Calvin and Hobb's stuff, everything made is stolen, no merch has ever been liscenced. | [
"Brand licenses are a contractual agreement where a company lets another organisation use its brand on other products in exchange for a licensing fee. An example of brand licensing is seen in the Walt Disney Company's relationship to Tokyo Disneyland. The theme park is owned by The Oriental Land Company, which lice... |
what is at stake in the us senate filibuster by ted cruz that has been going on all evening? | He is attempting to make a point about how serious he feels it is to oppose the Affordable Care Act, and holding up the business of the Senate, but other work can proceeded elsewhere and he is not preventing any votes from being held. This can not effect the Affordable Care Act itself, as that is already law. It is pu... | [
"BULLET::::- September 24–25, 2013: Senator Ted Cruz delivered a 21-hour, 19-minute speech, one of the longest in Senate history, in opposition to the Affordable Care Act. Cruz's speech was not a filibuster, as it delayed no vote.\n",
"The first of three scheduled debates between O'Rourke and Ted Cruz took place ... |
If the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, where exactly does that expansion happen? At the space between the atoms in my body, or somewhere else? | So we have two types of movement here. One is movement through space and the other is a stretching of the fabric of space itself. The common analogy is an ant on a rubber band. The ant walking on the band is traveling through space but stretching the band with an ant on either end will still result in them moving ap... | [
"The expansion of the universe reaches an infinite degree in finite time, causing expansion to accelerate without bounds. This acceleration necessarily passes the speed of light (since it involves expansion of the universe itself, not particles moving within it), causing more and more objects to leave our observabl... |
Why when welding metals are alloys other than the parent material used? | You're confusing welding and brazing/soldering. With brazing or soldering a different material is used to join parts composed of another material. For example, you might use a tin based solder to make a physical and electrical connection between two contacts made out of copper. Welding is different, the primary action ... | [
"Welding is a process where different pieces of metal are fused together to create different shapes and designs. There are many different forms of welding, such as Oxy-fuel welding, Stick welding, MIG welding, and TIG welding. Oxy-fuel is probably the most common method of welding when it comes to creating steel sc... |
What psychological differences are there between adults and young adults? | The same question came up recently on a podcast I download, when discussing frontal lobe brain damage and development.The quick answer I found is from [here](_URL_0_).
"...the nerve cells that connect teenagers' frontal lobes with the rest of their brains are sluggish. Teenagers don't have as much of the fatty coatin... | [
"Researchers believe and have frequently reported that older individuals are more likely to be in an achieved identity status than younger people. Evidence shows that increasing age and a wide range of life experiences helps individuals develop cognitive skills. This combination of age, life experiences, and improv... |
Homework in American Schools? | Well firstly I can point you in the direction for homework from the 19th Century.
_URL_0_
The library of the uni of Pittsburg has digitised it's collection. This is a collection of schoolbooks from that period, it would include any homework given. | [
"Historically, homework was frowned upon in American culture. With few students interested in higher education, and due to the necessity to complete daily chores, homework was discouraged not only by parents, but also by school districts. In 1901, the California legislature passed an act that effectively abolished ... |
what is a "flathead v8"? | Flathead engines are ones where the valves are placed in the engine block, alongside the pistons. Compare to overhead valve engines, where it's up top.
V8 means it has 8 pistons arranged in two sets of four, which meet at an acute angle, making a "V" shape. | [
"A flathead engine, otherwise sidevalve engine, is an internal combustion engine with its poppet valves contained within the engine block, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve engine.\n",
"The Ford flathead V8 (often called simply the Ford flathead, flathead Ford, or flatty when the context is... |
short selling | Suppose I want to make a bit of money and you lend me your car to do so. I could sell the car to somebody for $120,000 (Nice car!) and in a few months buy it back from them. Since they have been using the car for a while it has done more kilometers/miles so I only pay $100,000. I still have to give the car back to you ... | [
"The term \"short sale\" is a misnomer because it has nothing to do with shorting anything in the financial sense. These transactions can also take a significant amount of time so it is not called a \"short sale\" for that reason either. However, the process is shorter than the traditional process of going through ... |
options and "buy to open," "buy to close," "sell to open," "sell to close." | Options are a deal between two people, where one person pays the other for the opportunity to take an action later. Because they're a deal, we could create a brand new option from nothing (our agreement creates it) or we can trade our position in an already existing option. The exchange tracks all the options so that... | [
"A buy–sell agreement, also known as a buyout agreement, is a legally binding agreement between co-owners of a business that governs the situation if a co-owner dies or is otherwise forced to leave the business, or chooses to leave the business.\n",
"Closing is a sales term which refers to the process of making a... |
why dont they make a usb connected laptop charger? | They did, and they have. The primary reason usb wasn't used is because people are prone to killing their usb cables by constantly putting it in the wrong way, that's just the last thing you want from a cable. But, with the advent of USB-C quite a few laptops and monitors have been popping up that have a usb-c port whic... | [
"Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network, which negotiates power draw with the host interface. These are usually called \"USB decorations\". Examples include USB-powered keyboard lights, fans, mug coolers and heaters, battery chargers, miniature vacuum cl... |
is it true that vaping marijuana with vaporizers such as the volcano make weed completely safe for the lungs? | There is an insufficient amount of clinical data to answer this question with any level of confidence; vaping is a relatively new technology, and the negative effects of smoking are most prominent decades after first use.
Anyone who answers this question with any more confidence than that is at best oversimplifying a... | [
"Cannabinoid-enriched e-liquids require lengthy, complex processing, some being readily available online despite lack of quality control, expiry date, conditions of preservation, or any toxicological and clinical assessment. It is assumed that vaporizing cannabinoids at lower temperatures is safer because it produc... |
is the concept of light speed defined by light itself, or does light just want to go infinitely fast but physics puts a cap on it? | As far as we know, it's the second one. Particles with no mass travel as fast as physics allows anything to travel. Since photons are the massless particles that we encounter most often, we first encountered that maximum speed by observing light and we called that speed "the speed of light". | [
"In Galilean relativity, it was considered \"obvious\" that we could add speeds without limit (\"w\" = \"u\" + \"v\"). This composition laws for speed was not challenged. However, Poincaré and Einstein did challenge it with special relativity, setting a maximum speed on movement, the speed of light. Formally, if \"... |
why don't networks like espn put their field reporters on a split second tape delay to remove the awkward pauses between a question and answer? | Because, if they did, there would be the same awkward pause between the field reporter's response and the next question.
The only way around it is to edit the pauses out before putting the segment to air. But you can't do that live. | [
"Sideline reporters are restricted as to whom they can speak to and when (usually a head coach at halftime, and one or two players before and after the game ends). Information on injured players or rules interpretations are relayed from NFL off-field officials to the TV producers in the truck, who then pass it alon... |
Did people during the 1700s ever try to imagine life in the year 1800s? | Hi there! Sorry it took me a few days to answer you. I needed to dig up a bunch of old notes to refresh my memory.
So yes, 18th century social theorists had a strong sense of futurism. In a broad sense an intellectual concern with the future had existed since the Renaissance rediscovery of Europe’s Classical heritage,... | [
"The reproduction of the 1830 Settlers Cabin was the fifth stop on the half-mile trail loop. Interpreters showed what life was like in this time period. One example is the spinning of wool that is sometimes demonstrated by an interpreter on the front porch of the cabin. Other work involved was churning butter, maki... |
Is this company, StemCell100, a scam? Is there any evidence that this product does what it says it does? What exactly makes it a scam or not? | After looking at their 'longevity research' page, I'm throwing my vote in for scam. They do a little *Drosophila* study (of which I am also highly dubious, but okay) but nowhere on that page do they **show** that their product has any effect on stem cells. They mention that *Astragalus membranaceus* inhibits mTOR and t... | [
"The company came to be known for unproven claims that its products could be used to treat many diseases and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, autism and AIDS. There is no evidence that any of these claims were or are true.\n",
"The journal has been accused of being a \"broker of junk science\", too cozy wi... |
How does the water-vapour runaway greenhouse effect work? | So the C in your...
S = C*T^4
...takes the role of emissivity. It's fine for zeroth-order back-of-the-envelope calculations, but really doesn't work too well for getting good numerical answers when examining the greenhouse effect.
There are two problems here:
- The Stefan-Boltzmann Law is a gray calculation - you i... | [
"A runaway greenhouse effect is when there is enough of a greenhouse gas in a planet's atmosphere such that the gas blocks thermal radiation from the planet, preventing the planet from cooling and from having liquid water on its surface. The runaway greenhouse effect can be defined by a limit on a planet's outgoing... |
How did Spain transition from fascist dictatorship to its current democratic, constitutional monarchy? Is it true that Franco bequeathed the country to King Juan-Carlos and it was he that instituted democracy? | Modern Spanish history is one of the most interesting topics I have found. Anyway, onto an answer:
Franco approved a law of succession in 1947, saying that Spain was kingdom and would remain a kingdom. Of course, Spain would have no king while Franco was alive as he was acting head of state. The law also said he could... | [
"The death of Francisco Franco in 1975 paved the way for Spain's transition from an autocratic, one-party dictatorship into a democratic, constitutional monarchy. As per the Succession Law of 1947, the Spanish monarchy was restored under the figure of Juan Carlos I, who quickly became the promoter of a peaceful dem... |
Will oil and water mix in a vacuum? | Their aversion to forming a miscible solution is due to differences in intermolecular forces and the entropy of the molecules at the interface, not gravity. | [
"Water and other liquids may accumulate on a product during the production process. \"Vacuum is often employed as a process for removing bulk and absorbed water (or other solvents) from a product. Combined\n",
"The most prevalent outgassing product in vacuum systems is water absorbed by chamber materials. It can ... |
Did 'No-go' areas that were controlled by the IRA in Northern Ireland show any fluctuations in crime levels? | Why were there free areas where the RUC and British Army wouldn't enter? | [
"By the mid-1970s, the conflict in Northern Ireland, known as the Troubles, showed no signs of abating. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) intensified its bombing campaign to drive British forces out, and began targeting English cities. The main loyalist paramilitary groups—the UVF and Ulster Defence Assoc... |
why is the war on drugs inherently flawed but a war on guns wouldn't be? | That's an awfully broad question. There are a variety of tactics and solutions that can take place under either umbrella term, which can be good or bad. Beyond that, the abuse patterns in either are certainly not the same. | [
"Many believe that the War on Drugs has been costly and ineffective largely because inadequate emphasis is placed on treatment of addiction. The United States leads the world in both recreational drug usage and incarceration rates. 70% of men arrested in metropolitan areas test positive for an illicit substance, an... |
how are non latin alphabet characters typed on a phone? | What kind of keyboard are you talking about? Just like QWERTY keyboard, there are keyboard for plenty of non-Latin alphabets, as shown here: _URL_0_
Every keyboard software supports installing various keyboard layouts.
East Asian languages also have special keyboard, [as explained in each of the answers here](_URL_1_... | [
"All non-Latin computer keyboard layouts can also input Latin letters as well as the script of the language, for example, when typing in URLs or names. This may be done through a special key on the keyboard devoted to this task, or through some special combination of keys, or through software programs that do not i... |
why is the fine art trade a medium for money laundering? | The value of fine art is pretty well pure perception. If i say this shitty painting is worth a million dollars and you're willing to cough up a million dollars for it, that's its value. This makes it a very easy way to disguise money laundering (which is just processing illicit income through legal transactions in or... | [
"BULLET::::- Trade-based laundering: This method is one of the newest and most complex forms of money laundering. This involves under- or over-valuing invoices to disguise the movement of money. For example, the art market has been accused of being an ideal vehicle for money laundering due to several unique aspects... |
how the us stock market is not currently experiencing a bubble/overbought? | _URL_0_
The answer remains mostly the same - the economy, while a factor in the stock market, is not so large a factor that it defines how the stock market will perform. Plus things like unemployment and GDP growth are not the only pieces of the economic puzzle - there is a lot more to it than just statistics.
There ... | [
"Predictions that the bubble would burst emerged during the dot-com bubble in the late 1990s. Predictions about a future burst increased following the October 27, 1997 mini-crash, in the wake of the Asian crisis. This caused an uncertain economic climate during the first few months of 1998. However conditions impro... |
how do people die from too much plastic surgery? | There's risks involved with any surgery, especially when anesthesia is involved. Things can go wrong - the person's heart stops, doctor makes a mistake, person gets an infection, etc. The odds of this for cosmetic surgery are low but if you keep going under the knife you're taking that chance each time and one day may ... | [
"Plastic surgery or reconstructive surgery is available in many cases to disfigured people. Some health insurance companies and government health care systems cover plastic surgery for these problems when they do not generally cover plastic surgery for what is labeled as \"cosmetic purposes\".\n",
"Since this pro... |
us drug adverts seem to mostly contain a voice over of the negative side effects so what is the point in having them? | Interest-only, in many countries, search advertisements are illegal. Most other developed Nations don't allow drug companies to directly Market their concoctions to Consumers. Part of it is because of the things you've noticed, which is that most consumers basically ignore the side effects at the end and instead pester... | [
"In addition, it is possible that the ads had an unintended positive impact on perceptions towards drugs by portraying “benefits” associated with using, an association possibly strengthened by repeated exposure to messages and images suggesting the \"good-times\" people have while on drugs. Beliefs and behaviors of... |
There's a common condition colloquially known as "hypoglycemia," which doesn't actually meet the medical definition of hypoglycemia. What is it really? | There is in fact a name for this: [idiopathic postprandial syndrome](_URL_0_. The syndrome was first described in the 1980s to distinguish between patients with true hypoglycaemia and those suffering only the symptoms you describe. The word "idiopathic" means "of unknown cause", so I can't give you an answer as to what... | [
"The most common cause of hypoglycemia is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin, sulfonylureas, and biguanides. Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten less than usual, exercised more than usual, or drunk alcohol. Other causes of hypoglycemia include kidney failure, certain tumors, liver d... |
energy changes and transforms, but doesn't disappear. | The saw and the log both heat up, so the chemically energy from your body is turned into thermal energy in the log and saw. Also, the sawing makes a sound, so some energy is lost to sound.
Edit:
I also want to talk about the “energy pool” idea. Certain energy transformations are basically non-recoverable. A good exam... | [
"Energy transformation, also known as energy conversion, is the process of changing energy from one form to another. In physics, energy is a quantity that provides the capacity to perform work (e.g. lifting an object) or provides heat. In addition to being convertible, according to the law of conservation of energy... |
At the beginning of the 20th century, before refrigerators were commonplace houshold appliances, how did people conserve their food? Did they still use lots of salt and store it in the basement or was there some sort of interrim period where an alternative solution was found? | First, people simply bought fewer perishables. Instead of going shopping once a week and storing everything you bought until you needed it, you'd go to the butcher on the day you were actually planning to make roast beef or whatever. This is why milkmen used to be a thing: people got around the fact that they couldn't ... | [
"Early approaches to preserving food used variants of traditional cold boxes to solve the problem of how to take small quantities of products short distances to market. Thomas Moore, an engineer from Maryland, invented an early refrigerator which he patented in 1803; this involved a large, insulated wooden box, wit... |
what exactly gets lost when mass gets converted into energy? | Nothing gets 'lost' per se, that mass represents the energy (and some other stuff) that was originally bound up in the Hydrogen atoms. Helium atoms use less energy to keep everything together than two Hydrogen atoms, so some of that energy gets ejected from the newly minted helium atom. And that's how our sun shines. T... | [
"Although mass cannot be converted to energy, in some reactions matter particles (which contain a form of rest energy) can be destroyed and the energy released can be converted to other types of energy that are more usable and obvious as forms of energy—such as light and energy of motion (heat, etc.). However, the ... |
When did the guitar as we know it come about? | This is an excellent question, and kind of depends on how you define "guitar."
If you're just looking for the earliest time you could go back in time and look at an instrument and think "Hey, that looks like a guitar," the earliest documented example is about 1200 BC, coming from a [Hittieite Rock Carving](_URL_1_),... | [
"The guitar is an ancient instrument, whose history can be traced back over 4000 years. Many theories have been advanced about the instrument's ancestry, but the modern acoustic guitar comes from a long progression of stringed musical instruments. It has often been claimed that the guitar is a development of the me... |
In the year 1750, how different was the standard of living in Eastern Europe (ex. Ukraine, Belarus, Russia) and Western Europe (France, England, Spain)? | This question has to be narrowed down or the answer can only be yes and no.
I'm going to assume that you mean the rural population which would be the most representative demographic for the country in general.
It could be argued that in 1750, Britain and The Netherlands would have higher living standards that the rest ... | [
"For the 18th century, and in comparison to non-European regions, Bairoch in 1995 stated that, in the mid-18th century, \"the average standard of living in Europe was a little bit lower than that of the rest of the world.\"\n",
"Until the eighteenth century, living standards were at least equal to most of Europe.... |
Why doesn't cream separate into fat and water? | You have observed curdling, which actually is separation, or the process of "flocculation"; it just happens at a slower rate in cream than, say, a mixture of oil and water. Rate of flocculation is driven by several variables, but all boil (or flocculate?) down to the kinetics of the fat molecules, i.e. droplet radius, ... | [
"Cream is a dairy product composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. In un-homogenized milk, the fat, which is less dense, eventually rises to the top. In the industrial production of cream, this process is accelerated by using centrifuges called \"separators\". In ma... |
What kind of deity or king/ruler is this statue? | By the craftsmanship, chair, and general style this is definitely Chinese (or Chinese-esque), though nothing stick out at me to identify them. He could be Buddhist god or trickster given the expression, maybe a famous or deified member of Chinese history, although I do not recognise this one in particular, I'm only fam... | [
"The statue suitably depicted a figure resembling Hades or Pluto, both being kings of the Greek underworld, and was shown enthroned with the modius, a basket/grain-measure, on his head, since it was a Greek symbol for the land of the dead. He also held a sceptre in his hand indicating his rulership, with Cerberus, ... |
why do schools in the u.s punish their students so harshly? | 3 major reasons.
1) Everyone became somewhat insane because of school shootings here, so they can put the color of sense on stupid approaches to school violence. So having an overkill policy about "weapons" is not treated as being as dumb as it ought to be.
2) Schools can be sued by parents, and often are, for stu... | [
"Another criticism is that the zero-tolerance policies have actually caused schools to turn a blind eye to bullying, resulting in them refusing to solve individual cases in an attempt to make their image look better. The zero-tolerance policy also punishes both the attacker and the defender in a fight, even when th... |
Why are solar panels flat and not concave? | I think you are confusing [solar panels](_URL_0_) with [solar furnaces](_URL_1_).
A solar furnace typically *does* have parabolic mirrors like you described which reflect sunlight to some concentrated point with the hopes of using the heat energy (by say, boiling water) to generate energy.
Solar panels are much diffe... | [
"Because solar cars are often purpose-built, and because arrays do not usually move in relation to the rest of the vehicle (with notable exceptions), this race-route-driven, flat-panel versus convex design compromise is one of the most significant decisions that a solar car designer must make.\n",
"The roof of Ci... |
Why don't deBrogile wavelengths get infinitely large as an object's speed approaches zero? | It does get arbitrarily large; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle implies that if you measure p close to 0 then the wave function will have to be spread out in space. | [
"If the obstruction dimensions are much smaller than the wavelength of the incident plane wave, the wave is essentially unaffected. For example, low frequency (LF) broadcasts, also known as long waves, at about 200 kHz has a wavelength of 1500 m and is not significantly affected by most average size buildings, whic... |
How much gasoline do various activities in one's car use up? | (assuming you're American): 1 hp = 745 watts. Figure your alternator is at worst 85% efficient at converting energy from the serpentine belt into electricity. So, the alternator would need (500 electric watts) * (1 belt watt / 0.85 electric watts) = 588.23 belt watts.
1 watt = 1 J/sec. [One litre of gasoline has about... | [
"As the average vehicle of the time consumed between two and three liters (about 0.5–0.8 gallons) of gasoline (petrol) an hour while idling, it was estimated that Americans wasted up to of oil per day idling their engines in the lines at gas stations.\n",
"One measure of alternative fuels in the U.S. is the \"gas... |
how do electrical instruments work? | No. Electrical musical instruments work by having magnetic pickups which output a signal based on the frequency of the vibrating metal string. This output current is then amplified and converted into sound by the amplifier. | [
"An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound using electronic circuitry. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical, electronic or digital audio signal that ultimately is plugged into a power amplifier which drives a loudspeaker, creating the sound heard by the performer ... |
Monday Methods| Reading Historical Fiction | I'm only an amateur historian, but I've always used historical fiction as a gateway to learning about the real stuff, and I've channeled that into teaching history to my teenage son (daughter & I do different things, because she has different interests).
He's not much of a book reader, so I use TV (movies and video... | [
"A 20th-century variant of the historical novel is documentary fiction, which incorporates \"not only historical characters and events, but also reports of everyday events\" found in contemporary newspapers. Examples of this variant form of historical novel include \"U.S.A.\" (1938), and \"Ragtime\" (1975) by E.L. ... |
What is the probability of 2 snowflakes being the same | Depends on what you define as "the same" snowflake (the same or merely looks the same). And how large your minimum snowflake needs to be before you consider it. The smallest ice crystals can easily be alike. For large complex snowflakes there are more possible shape configurations than atoms in the universe.
Basically... | [
"BULLET::::- October 12: Somewhat unusually cool air allows 0.51 cm of snow to fall, just enough to break the old record of the earliest snowfall of the season. The previous record was October 13. The requirements for measurement is 0.25 cm or higher. Below that, it would have been measured as a \"trace\" amount of... |
Do other planets have weather? | Oh yes.
- **Venus**: There's hardly any axial tilt, so not much in the way of seasons. The atmosphere is so thick near the surface that it has a huge thermal inertia, so not much in the way of warm/cold fronts. Similarly, because the atmosphere near the surface is so sluggish, winds there never get above a couple mete... | [
"Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying degrees of energy received from either the Sun or their interiors, leading to the formation of dynamic weather systems such as hurricanes, (on Earth), planet-wide dust storms (on Mars), an Earth-sized anticyclone on Jupiter (called the Great Red Spot), and holes in... |
Do we know that pre-historic Megalodon wasn't a hammerhead type shark? | It's full name is *Carcharodon megalodon*, so it's in the same genus as the great white shark (*Carcharodon carcharias*). Their teeth are so similar that most scientists agree that this is the correct classification, and as far as I'm aware, there's no evidence to suggest that they belonged to Sphyrnidae (the family th... | [
"The great hammerhead (\"Sphyrna mokarran\") is the largest species of hammerhead shark, belonging to the family Sphyrnidae, attaining a maximum length of . It is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide, inhabiting coastal areas and the continental shelf. The great hammerhead can be distinguished from... |
Why/how did some diseases receive names which sound like peoples' (last) names? (i.e., Crohn's, Parkinson's) | Chrons was names after Dr. Burril Chron who described it in the 30s, Parkinson's was again after the person to describe it Dr. James Parkinson in the 1800s, ALS is Lou Gehrig's because of baseball player Lou Gehrig who was a very well known person who had it.
All these are Googleable btw | [
"There is no set common convention for the naming of newly identified syndromes. In the past, syndromes were often named after the physician or scientist who identified and described the condition in an initial publication, these are referred to as \"eponymous syndromes\". In some cases, diseases are named after th... |
am i legally allowed to build a spaceship and launch into space? | If you live in the US, then you would have to get a license from the FAA (since you don't want it to hit any flying aircraft/satellite and not appear as though you are building a surface-to-air missile).
Edit: [Link](_URL_0_) | [
"On April 1, 2004, the U.S. Department of Transportation issued the company what it called the world's first license for a sub-orbital crewed rocket flight. The license was approved by the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation, which has backed licenses for more than 150 commer... |
what difference will it make if i use soap instead of shampoo for my hair? what if i just use conditioner everyday instead of shampoo, will it be better for my hair? | Short answer: maybe nothing, or maybe your skin gets a little drier with soap. Nothing but conditioner will leave your scalp a little more oily but you'd adapt to that eventually.
Longer answer: Shampoo is (typically, if somebody chimes in saying BUT WHAT ABOUT THHHIISSS BRAND, please go away) basically a *detergent*.... | [
"One reason is concern about the effect of ingredients typically found in commercial hair care products. Shampoo typically contains chemical additives such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate, which can irritate sensitive skin or if not thoroughly rinsed. Such chemical additives are also believed by... |
Why are p-values reported as "significant" or not, vs. just giving the value? | > p-value [is the] the likelihood that the reported difference is real in the population, rather than the artifact of an imperfect sample
That's what people want *p*, or rather 1-*p*, to be. But it isn't.
In hypothesis testing *p* is the probability that the test statistic (whatever that's chosen to be) would take... | [
"The \"p\"-value is the probability of observing a test statistic \"at least\" as extreme in a chi-square distribution. Accordingly, since the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the appropriate degrees of freedom \"(df)\" gives the probability of having obtained a value \"less extreme\" than this point, sub... |
why is crawling on hands and knees so tiring for an adult but babies have no problem? | It is difficult for a baby to crawl around. It especially takes very strong core muscles, as well as arm and wrist strength. Babies crawl because they haven't yet learned the more efficient and easier mode of walking.
It's actually a problem when babies transition from crawling to walking too quickly, because many of ... | [
"Though crawling is an important developmental milestone in children, it is not necessary for healthy development. Some babies skip crawling and go directly to walking. Others \"bottom shuffle\" instead of crawling (sometimes referred to as \"bum-shuffling\", or \"scooting\"). Bottom-shuffling babies sit on their b... |
When doing something strenuous, such as lifting weights, why does it feel necessary to tightly close your eyes? | I believe what you are talking about is called the valsalva maneuver. Which is defined as trying to exhale with a closed glottis (breathing out without letting air out). This along with the contraction of your thoracic and abdominal muscles makes your core more solid. A solid core better transfers force across your bod... | [
"When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously focusing on a book or computer monitor, the ciliary muscle tightens. This can cause the eyes to get irritated and uncomfortable. Giving the eyes a chance to focus on a distant object at least once an hour usually alleviates the problem.\n",
"One... |
What physical properties does a pH meter use to measure pH? | At the tip of the probe there is a thin glass bulb. Inside the bulb are two electrodes that measure voltage. One electrode is contained in a liquid with a fixed pH. The other electrode responds to the pH of the water sample. The difference in voltage between the two probes is used to determine the pH. [Source](_URL_0_) | [
"A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the pH meter is sometimes referred to a... |
what's the explanation for physically recoiling when we see something really odd or disturbing? | It's an instinct designed to increase the distance between you and anything that might be threatening, very quickly, before you even take the time to think about it. | [
"He discovered the cause of the \"haunting\" by accident. The next day Tandy, a keen fencer, was polishing his sword when he noticed that the blade was vibrating even when clamped in a vice. From this Tandy developed the idea that infrasound might be present in the laboratory. Further experimentation showed that th... |
Does flying an airplane against the rotation of the planet result in a shorter duration of flight vs a flight with the rotation if the planet? | The plane flies at a certain speed relative to the air, and the air rotates with the Earth, so no. | [
"Unlike the Earth and Mars, Venus’s structure does not seem to allow the same slow polar wander; when observed the maximum moment of inertia of Venus is largely offset from the geographic pole. Therefore, the deviation of the maximum moment of inertia will remain for longer periods of time. One proposed solution to... |
In English, when did "ask" replace "ax" and why has "ax" remained in usage by some groups (like some African-Americans)? | As your own question shows, “ask” did not replace “aks,” since “aks” is still in common use. You find it not only in African-American English, but numerous British dialects use it as well.
The better way to think about it is that these are two variants that have always been present. Some people prefer one while others... | [
"Despite being written in upper case, \"AXA\" is not an acronym, but was chosen because its name can be pronounced easily by people who speak any language. After acquiring the Drouot Group in 1982, Chairman and CEO Claude Bébéar hired an outside consultant to conduct a computer-aided search for a new name. Bébéar w... |
if the calender is based on astronomy, how did they do it in the dark ages? | I've not heard that astronomy was ever heresy. But in any case Europe didn't change calendars during the Dark Ages. The [Julian calendar](_URL_0_) adopted by Julius Caesar was in use until the late 16th century (later in some countries) when it was replaced by the Gregorian one which we use today.
The (later) Julian ... | [
"This Darkover chronology uses the time period designations first provided by the author as \"\"A Readers Guide to Darkover\"\" in \"The Heirs of Hammerfell\" (1989). Some of these time periods overlap, particularly the Ages of Chaos and the Hundred Kingdoms eras. It's occasionally the case that the official reader... |
How were jewels cut and polished prior to the modern era? | I do a bit of lapidary work, [I posed a similar question to other lapidaries on the Gemology Online Forum a while back.](_URL_0_) They posted some good source material.
Modern lapidaries can do all their work with synthetic diamond grit. It is precisely graded, so your prepolish will not contain a single coarse part... | [
"Cutting of diamonds and other gemstones was invented in the mid 14th century. This allowed for lighter settings that covered less of the stone. The arrival of the first imported cut diamonds therefore were of great interest to the merchants in Ukraine.\n",
"The history of diamond cuts can be traced to the late M... |
What is the smallest radius planet that we could realistically walk on in earth like gravity? | This depends. If you assume a planet can be made out of any thing, take enough of the heaviest known element to have the same mass as the Earth, then determine its radius from its density.
If you are talking about planets like the Earth, with the same mass and density profile, the answer is the radius of the Earth | [
"Within the Solar System, the planet with the largest Hill radius is Neptune, with 116 million km, or 0.775 au; its great distance from the Sun amply compensates for its small mass relative to Jupiter (whose own Hill radius measures 53 million km). An asteroid from the asteroid belt will have a Hill sphere that can... |
why after running for a while do my lungs get that painful burning sensation? | I'm surprised no one's given this answer yet, so here goes:
Congratulations! You're using a lot more of your lungs than you used to. While you're running, you're building up an oxygen debt as your muscles start to use more and more oxygen than you've asked them to in the past, and your lungs are struggling to keep up.... | [
"Many people experience a burning sensation in their chest occasionally, caused by stomach acids refluxing into the esophagus, normally called heartburn. Extended exposure to heartburn may erode the lining of the esophagus, leading potentially to Barrett's esophagus which is associated with an increased risk of ade... |
on some websites it says that venus is hotter than mercury because it has an atmosphere, however where does that heat energy transfer to if space is a vacuum? | Planets can also emit excess heat through *radiation,* typically by emitting infrared light. | [
"The large amount of CO in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from... |
Eating can raise dopamine, but how exactly? | Dopamine levels are kind of neither here nor there.
Pleasurable activities activate the pleasure circuits in your brain, the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Activating the VTA is what makes things feel pleasurable and in turn makes you want to do them again. Sex, cuddling, talking, eating and all sorts of activities ac... | [
"An increase in dopamine in the caudate and putamen have been found in binge eaters, and studies have found a decrease in a particular serotonin transporter (5-HT) in binge eaters compared to controls. Both the caudate nucleus and putamen make up the dorsal striatum and are important as part of the brain's memory s... |
how and why did the levees in new orleans break during katrina? what should have been done before hand, if anything? | Most of the levees in NOLA failed because the height of the flood water exceeded the height of the levee. There are basically two types of levees in that area, the first type is used in most suburban areas and looks like a big, grass covered hill extending down the length of the waterfront (either the Mississippi Rive... | [
"Experts using computer modeling at Louisiana State University after Hurricane Katrina have concluded that the levees were never topped but rather faulty design, inadequate construction, or some combination of the two were responsible for the flooding of most of New Orleans: some canal walls leaked underneath, beca... |
How long is a blink? | between 300-400 ms
Scientists have found that the human brain has a talent for ignoring the momentary blackout. The very act of blinking suppresses activity in several areas of the brain responsible for detecting environmental changes, so that you experience the world as continuous. | [
"\"In The Blink of an Eye\" is a Christian rock song with a length of three minutes and sixteen seconds. The song is set in the key of B major and has a tempo of 116 beats per minute, with a vocal range spanning from G-E.\n",
"Blink is a 2003 novel by Christian author Ted Dekker. It was re-released in November 20... |
how does spinning make thread longer than the fibers of the raw material without falling apart when pulled? | It's actually quite amazing, though on the scale you are speaking of it can be easily defunct by some finger work, it's actually all friction. The best way to explain it is to see it. Check out one of the best mythbuster episodes of all time to really understand what I'm talking about. Here's a clip from it -_URL_0_ | [
"Basic spinning of yarn involves taking a clump of fibres and teasing a bit of them out, then twisting it into a basic string shape. You continue pulling and twisting to make it longer and longer, and to control the thickness. Thousands of years ago, people begin doing this onto a stick, called a spindle, which is ... |
what causes a bullet/missile to spin after exiting the rifle? | [That would be because of what is predictably called "rifling".](_URL_0_) There are ridges on the inside of the barrel that dig into the projectile, and they spiral down the length of the barrel which forces the projectile to rotate along with them. This is actually why they are called "rifles" as smooth-bored guns are... | [
"BULLET::::- Rifled Traditionally, artillery projectiles have been spin-stabilised, meaning that they spin in flight so that gyroscopic forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having rifling which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a \"driving band\" (UK) or \"rotating... |
the different data plans for mobile networks | Neither AT & T nor Verizon will sell new accounts with unlimited data for smartphones; instead, you pay for a set amount (e.g. 2GB or 5GB), and you pay overages when you surpass that. T-Mobile also keeps track of how much data you have used in a month, but when you go over their limit (5GB, if I'm not mistaken), they ... | [
"Most mobile phone data plans have set caps, with any excess paid for per MB (although extra data blocks can be purchased to avoid the expensive casual data pricing). As of 2014, Vodafone claimed its cellular data network is the fastest in the world, with downloads of 5 to 20 Mbit/s on 3G and 20 to 75 Mbit/s on LTE... |
. maybe a dumb question, but why didn't the vietnam war produce terrorists, like conflicts in the middle-east? | Terrorism, particularly international terrorism, doesn't just "happen" and not liking a country is never enough motivation on its own to start. Al Qaeda and other extremest groups of that ilk really have a history of at minimum decades or (depending on where you say it "starts") centuries.
Al Qaeda doesn't just hate t... | [
"BULLET::::- The effects of strategic bombing: Most people believed that North Vietnam prized its industrial base so much it would not risk its destruction by U.S. air power and would negotiate peace after experiencing limited bombing. Others saw that, even in World War II, strategic bombing united the victim popul... |
Did Nazi Germany have propaganda cartoons? | E.g. [Der Störenfried](_URL_0_), 1940. Subtle. | [
"The Looney Tunes and Walt Disney Studios used the Nazis as a ploy for their comic characters. However, Disney seemed to concentrate more on the German people within the Nazi Regime, as shown in their 1943 film, \"Der Fuehrers' Face\", starring Donald Duck. Warner Brothers produced a series of propaganda cartoons n... |
Which technologies owe their invention and/or diffusion to the porn industry? | The best source I know of is Jonathan Coopersmith's "[Pornography, Technology, and Progress](_URL_0_)," which covers the diffusion of many technologies, from photography to the internet. His main point is that porn consumers are willing to pay a premium for these services, so they allow the technology to mature and dr... | [
"Pornographers have taken advantage of each technological advance in the production and distribution of visual images. Pornography is considered a driving force in the development of technologies from the printing press, through photography (still and motion), to satellite TV, other forms of video, and the Internet... |
why is that sometimes you go into a "stare"; where your eyes fix to a certain place and slowly go out of focus? | It's because focusing your eyes is actually much like flexing two different muscles in sync. It doesn't seem like it because you've been doing it almost every waking moment of your life but a lot goes into focusing your eyes on a point in 3D space.
So when you zone out, you're letting those muscles go slack, for la... | [
"Changes in spatial attention can occur with the eyes moving, overtly, or with the eyes remaining fixated, covertly. Within the human eye only a small part, the fovea, is able to bring objects into sharp focus. However, it is this high visual acuity that is needed to perform actions such as reading words or recogni... |
Is it true that as much as 2,3% of ships were being sunken by U-boats during the Battle of the Atlantic? | Lets look at the math of the whole thing :
* First of all - that 2.3 % of all ships were lost doesn't mean that 2.3 % of all men on the ships were lost. Plus the rate soon dropped to 1.1 % with the use of bigger convoys.
* Second : The rate is actually not so bad. Look at the number from [Bomber Command](_URL_0_) ... | [
"In 1942 the Allies lost some 8,000,000 tons of shipping, and though they replaced 7,000,000 tons, U-boats still managed to sink 1,160 out of the 1,664 Allied ships lost. Most of these sinkings took place in the mid-Atlantic gap, well within range of long-range Sunderlands and Liberators, only the Command lacked th... |
How was knowledge ‘lost’ after the fall of Rome? | So just looking at western Europe and north Africa (where the empire fell the first and furthest), there are several processes that take place. First, though, it is important to understand what people mean when they say that knowledge was lost. There are basically three things that this can mean. The first is that text... | [
"Losses of ancient writings occurred in the Old World, including as a result of deliberate or accidental fires, wars, earthquakes, and floods. Similar losses occurred in the New World. Much of the literature of the pre-Columbian Maya was destroyed during the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. On this point, Mich... |
have we been able to find the center of the universe mathematically? | We don't know if the universe has a center because we don't know if the universe has edges or if it goes on forever.
What we do know is that the observable universe, which is the part of the universe that we can see, looks pretty much the same everywhere in the sense that it has much of the same things that behave in ... | [
"Fuller wrote that the natural analytic geometry of the universe was based on arrays of tetrahedra. He developed this in several ways, from the close-packing of spheres and the number of compressive or tensile members required to stabilize an object in space. One confirming result was that the strongest possible ho... |
OK Reddit, can someone please explain to me the idea of someone's 'reaction time'? | Everyone brain processes information at different speeds. The signal of seeing the ruler drop has to go through many parts of the brain. | [
"Reaction time (\"RT\") is the time that elapses between a person being presented with a stimulus and the person initiating a motor response to the stimulus. It is usually on the order of 200 ms. The processes that occur during this brief time enable the brain to perceive the surrounding environment, identify an ob... |
where does the term "in-law" come from? | Marriage is a legal construct: when you are wed, you are bound to another person and their family legally. For a very long time, marriage was about the consolidation of wealth and property more than romantic notions of couplehood. So the family of your betrothed become your family, not in blood, but legally... your mot... | [
"The Law From Old English \"lagu\" (something laid down or fixed) (); \"legal\" comes from Latin \"legalis\", from \"lex\" \"law,\" \"statute\" () is a system of rules usually enforced through a set of institutions. The purpose of law is to provide an objective set of rules for governing conduct and maintaining ord... |
What happens on an atomic scale when water is boiled? | Your biology professor is incorrect. There is no chemical change in the water. The H2O does not split into H2 and O2.
You have been taught correctly, that water vapor is gaseous water.
For your hypothetical, if you *did* have H2 and O2 gas, they wouldn't necessarily explode unless you have an ignition source at a tem... | [
"\"Nucleate boiling\" is characterized by the growth of bubbles or pops on a heated surface, which rises from discrete points on a surface, whose temperature is only slightly above the liquids. In general, the number of nucleation sites are increased by an increasing surface temperature.\n",
"Some science suggest... |
What's the likelihood that the legacy of King Richard III was mostly Tudor propaganda to secure their claim to the English Throne? | The problem is that the majority of the contemporary and near-contemporary documents about him are all likely to contain some bias. Shakespeare's play is obviously pro-Henry VII, since he's writing at a time when Henry's grand-daughter is on the throne. Shakespeare's Richard III is slightly less obviously suck-up propa... | [
"Many historians conclude that Richard III is the likeliest candidate for the disappearance of the princes for a number of reasons. Although the princes had been eliminated from the succession, Richard's hold on the monarchy was very insecure due to the way in which he had attained the crown, leading to a backlash ... |
Are there any gases that can conduct eletricity? | They all do. The voltage just needs to be strong enough to overcome the dielectric between the terminals.
Some of them just do it better than others. Are you familiar with neon lighting? _URL_0_ | [
"Enthalpy of ideal gases and incompressible solids and liquids does not depend on pressure, unlike entropy and Gibbs energy. Real materials at common temperatures and pressures usually closely approximate this behavior, which greatly simplifies enthalpy calculation and use in practical designs and analyses.\n",
"... |
Is there any validity to the claim that Epsom salts "Increase the relaxing effects of a warm bath after strenuous exertion"? If so, what is the Underlying mechanism for this effect? | Probably not the primary benefit that epsom salts claim, but dissolving salts in water (or solutes into any solvent) makes the solution denser. So you're going to float slightly easier in an epsom salt batch than a normal one. Whether this makes any difference physiologically I have no idea.
edit: The amount of people... | [
"A technique growing in popularity is flotation therapy, which is the use of a float tank in which a solution of Epsom salt is kept at skin temperature to provide effortless floating. Research in USA and Sweden has demonstrated a powerful and profound relaxation after twenty minutes. In some cases, floating may red... |
why doesnt the world appear 2d if i close one eye? | It does appear in 2d. However your brain is good at recreating the 3rd dimension by calculating parallax as you change position, as well as monitoring and comparing changes in known sizes of things. | [
"To avoid eyestrain and distortion, each of the two 2D images should be presented to the viewer so that any object at infinite distance is perceived by the eye as being straight ahead, the viewer's eyes being neither crossed nor diverging. When the picture contains no object at infinite distance, such as a horizon ... |
why is two-x chromosomes a default sub? | The default subs are based on popularity, which is based on how many members they have and how many people view them. They just happen to be the most popular subs, for whatever reason. | [
"The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes (allosomes) in many organisms, including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome), and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and X0 sex-determination system. The X chromosome was named for its unique propert... |
how long could an umbilical cord stay attached and would it give any benefits? | The umbilical cord should fall off after about 1-3 weeks. If it doesn't, it could be a sign of infection or an immune system disorder. This is because the baby's body has a white blood cell called a neutrophil whose job is cut off the umbilical cord so it falls off. If there is an immune system problem, there are no ne... | [
"The cord can be clamped at different times; however delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord until at least one minute after birth improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat the small risk of jaundice if it occurs. Clamping is followed by cutting of the cord, which is painless due to the absence... |
what are the dark bruises under a person's eyes that appears when they're tired? | When you're tired, the body releases a hormone called cortisol to boost energy levels, cortisol increases blood flow in the body.
The skin around a persons eye is a lot thinner than the rest of the body, so all the dark patches are is the blood vessels showing underneath the skin. It is more noticeable when tired due ... | [
"Bruises often induce pain immediately after the trauma that results in their formation, but small bruises are not normally dangerous alone. Sometimes bruises can be serious, leading to other more life-threatening forms of hematoma, such as when associated with serious injuries, including fractures and more severe ... |
Why do food labels say you shouldn't microwave raw chicken? | Microwave ovens don't heat very evenly, as anyone who has tried to eat a Hot Pocket can tell you. So when microwaving a large piece of chicken, there is a fairly high chance that spots within the chicken will be undercooked, and therefore at a higher risk of spreading food-borne illness. Regular ovens heat uniformly an... | [
"This subdivision does not include foods containing raw eggs, fish, meat, or poultry that require cooking by the consumer as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration to prevent food borne illnesses.\n",
"A 2012 chicken meat study found 60% of home cooks were at risk of food poisoning by washing whole poult... |
Anti-Semitism in 1942-1945 Nazi Germany Propaganda | Modified from an [earlier answer of mine](_URL_0_)
> Enjoy the war, for the peace is going to be terrible- popular German joke in the last year of the war
As the fortunes of war turned against Germany after the Battle of Stalingrad, German propaganda found an imperative need to readjust to this new reality. Prior ... | [
"Antisemitic propaganda was a common theme in Nazi propaganda, although it was occasionally reduced for tactical reasons, such as for the 1936 Olympic Games. It was a recurring topic in Hitler's book \"Mein Kampf\" (1925–26), which was a key component of Nazi ideology.\n",
"A study finds that the Nazis' use of ra... |
what does it mean to be "red pilled?" | In the film *The Matrix*, the main character is offered a red pill that (indirectly) allows him to perceive the world as it really is for the first time (the alternative blue pill would have let him keep his illusions and never find out the truth).
In internet talk, people who have adopted controversial, non-mainstrea... | [
"The 'Red Pill' is a cultural reference to the film \"The Matrix\" (1999), where Morpheus (Laurence Fishburne) offers Neo (Keanu Reeves) the choice of the blue or red pill, giving blissful ignorance or gritty, painful truth respectively. Zuckerberg argues that \"[t]he red pill metaphor really encapsulates for them ... |
why can i drink flavored drinks until i'm stick, but i struggle to drink the equivalent of water. | A gallon of water a day? That seems like a hell of a lot quite frankly and unless your doing some heavy work outs I doubt you need that much. Actually that's related to why you cant drink much. Water doesn't really have much of a taste But since it's not for the taste you drink it purely to quench your thirst and that... | [
"Concomitant ingestion of water facilitates in swallowing tablets and capsules. If the substance has disagreeable taste, addition of a flavor may facilitate ingestion. Substances that are harmful to the teeth are preferably given through a straw.\n",
"Purell purposely adds an unpleasant bitter taste to its produc... |
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