Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
When things fall into a black hole, why does it not built up enough kinetic energy to come back to the original position?	There are a couple of ways to look at it. One way is that the potential well for say, a pendulum has finite depth. A black hole is has a singularity, the potential well has infinite depth so you will never cross it and go back up.	[ "At first sight this seems like a \"bad\" result as it allows energy to apparently be obtained \"for free\", because we can surround the black hole with a circular track, and allow an object to repeatedly fall \"downhill\" around the track from A to B and back again, extracting energy each time, and thus violating ...
what is the difference between the anti-inflammatory effects of chemicals like curcumin versus nsaids like ibuprofen?	I think they both lead to the same thing. You can just increase your turmeric intake in your food for the same effect that you'd have in a supplement or a pill. The pill is a specific, calculated, dose whereas you don't know the exact quantity of chemical you're getting in the food.	[ "Ibuprofen is sometimes used for the treatment of acne because of its anti-inflammatory properties, and has been sold in Japan in topical form for adult acne. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen may be useful in the treatment of severe orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure when standing up). NSAIDs are of unclear...
When you look at a star in the sky, is it in the actual location you see, or is it really in a different position due to the time it takes light to travel to Earth?	Just think of it this way. You aren't seeing the star, you're seeing the light the star gave off. However many thousand/million years ago that light left the star is what you're seeing. And as long as the universe is expanding and moving as the doppler effect shows, then yeah, that star is in a different position now ...	[ "Viewed from the same location, a star seen at one position in the sky will be seen at the same position on another night at the same sidereal time. This is similar to how the time kept by a sundial can be used to find the location of the Sun. Just as the Sun and Moon appear to rise in the east and set in the west ...
What is the maximum achievable Data transfer rate from Mars to Earth?	[500 To 32000 bits per second, according to the nasa website.](_URL_2_) The variance is primarily because, the distance between mars and earth varies. In more detail, [the communications channel between earth and mars is essentially modeled by an AWGN channel (PDF, great read on the history of deep space communication...	[ "NASA published the Design Reference Architecture 5.0 for Mars in 2009, advocating a 174-day transfer to Mars, which is close to Zubrin's proposed trajectory. It cites a delta-v requirement of approximately 4 km/s for the trans-Mars injection, but does not mention the duration of a free return to Earth.\n", "On M...
why does the brain tend to constantly play music on its own ?	From the experience of a musician, it's always there. It never leaves. But then again, we want it there. There's no "Maybe if I complete the song instead of turning it off in between, it will stop." I guess we have to always make sure it's something we like. It can be bad though, like when you are talking to people. T...	[ "Neuroplasticity allows the brain to grow and change, especially in the auditory and motor cortex. Listening and playing music helps both of these areas of the brain to develop more, which was found to be correlated to having an improves auditory imagery in many performers in a study conducted at Utrecht University...
Do cold/flu viruses mutate during a cold?	Cold(family: picornaviridae genus: rhinovirus)and flu viruses(family: orthomyxoviridae genera: influenzavirus A, B and C)are dramatically different in mutability and genome organization, so the means by which one mutates will not be the same as the other. Recombination events from being infected by two fl...	[ "Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in causing the common cold, with rhinoviruses being the most common. They spread through the air during close contact with infected people or indirectly through contact with objects in the environment, followed by transfer to the mouth or nose. Risk factors include going ...
in artist collaborations, what's the difference between featuring, versus, and with?	Versus: is usually a head to head battle. Real time call and response. A guitar head cutting duel or quite simply a mashup remix. Featuring: Usually involves song composed and recorded by one artist and they call out to a friend to do a bit of sessions. If the artist good enough its a feature. Or while giving young on...	[ "There are many variations, both broader and narrower than \"all the works\" or \"one artist\". The parameters may be restricted to one type of art work by one artist or widened to all the works by a group of artists.\n", "A combine painting is an artwork that incorporates various objects into a painted canvas su...
Is there a school of historical thought that disagrees that the nuclear bombs dropped on Japan were necessary?	Yes, there are plenty of people who have argued this since at least 1946.* It comes down to what you define as "necessary," but there are, and have been for decades, people who have argued, from various points of view, that the war with Japan would have ended soon anyway, that Japan was essentially defeated, and that a...	[ "Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan \"played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow's mediation\". A view among critics of the bombing...
what exactly is happening when you run games/media at 1080p on a 4k tv?	Your 4K TV is 3840 pixels wide and 2160 pixels high. The image you're feeding it is only 1920 pixels wide and 1080 pixels high. If three quarters of your screen isn't black bars, then that image is being upscaled somewhere. Typically what's happening is your output device (PC, streaming box etc) is sending a 1080p sig...	[ "While only a small number of games render video in native 1080p, many games can be automatically scaled to output this resolution. The Wii is capable of outputting 480p for the Wii Menu and most games through a component cable, which must be purchased separately.\n", "BULLET::::- Increased Resolution - The title...
Why doesn't the Earth's elliptical orbit affect its temperature (Cause Seasons)?	There are a few reasons: First, 5 million km seems like a lot, but it's not that much compared to the average orbital radius of about 150 million km. Second, the effect of the planet's tilt isn't related to one side being further away as much as it is one side being at more of an angle with respect to the sun: Days ...	[ "Compared to axial tilt, other factors contribute little to seasonal temperature changes. The seasons are not the result of the variation in Earth's distance to the Sun because of its elliptical orbit. In fact, Earth reaches perihelion (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun) in January, and it reaches aphelion ...
why do third world countries often seem to have such low costs of living?	The largest cost we have in 1st worod countries generally is labor. Things are very expensive in comparison because you have to pay workers more so production, transportation, and distribution all costs significantly more.	[ "Third World countries are especially interested in international tourism, and many believe it brings countries a large selection of economic benefits including employment opportunities, small business development, and increased in payments of foreign exchange. Many assume that more money is gained through developi...
how do smartphones have the whole screen light up?	The screen is composed of multiple layers. The top layer is the glass. Below that is the pixel array that creates the colors you see on screen. Below that is what's called a diffuse layer, which is usually a piece of semi-transparent plastic with a texture kind of like frosted glass. Behind that is a light, called ...	[ "It also has 2 mini lights, located at either side of the Motorola logo above the screen. The mini light on the left (from the user's point of view) is a green charging light, which displays when the phone is charging and the mini light on the right (again also from the POV) is a blue bluetooth light displayed in p...
why have built-in webcam covers not surged in popularity yet?	I think offering a built-in cover would be perceived as an acknowledgement that the product is not entirely secure in its own right. It's like selling a house with bars on the windows. Makes you wonder what's wrong with the neighborhood.	[ "Around the turn of the 21st century, computer hardware manufacturers began building webcams directly into laptop and desktop screens, thus eliminating the need to use an external USB or FireWire camera. Gradually webcams came to be used more for telecommunications, or videotelephony, between two people, or among s...
How is an SD card a limiting factor for transfer speed?	An SD card is composed broadly of flash memory (an array of transistor-pairs) and a controller. Both of those can impose limitations on transfer speed. As for the flash memory itself, because its storing the data in transistors, the frequency of switching for a transistor depends on the construction and quality of the...	[ "SD card speed is customarily rated by its sequential read or write speed. The sequential performance aspect is the most relevant for storing and retrieving large files (relative to block sizes internal to the flash memory), such as images and multimedia. Small data (such as file names, sizes and timestamps) falls ...
why doesn't the world get rid of borders?	Sure, let's start by following my rules. Oh, you want to make rules too? Well I don't like your ideas so we will never merge. Now try integrating a country ruled by a religious dictator who's citizens believe (under penalty of death) that his dictates are authorized by God? How about a country that believes your ethni...	[ "There have been sporadic attempts to promote global open borders as a viable policy option. Open borders quickly became popular after 1889. The International Emigration Conference held in Rome in May 1924 stated that anybody has the right to immigrate to a different country if they wanted to. Before the 1880s, mig...
medieval nobility	> How did the system of nobility and peasanthood arise? It arose in many, many places and even in the same places many times again and again over history. There's no one answer other than something general like: "The guy with the most weapons and folks to hold them said it'd be like that." The isle of Great Britain...	[ "European nobility originated in the feudal/seignorial system that arose in Europe during the Middle Ages. Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for an allocation of land (usually together with serfs living thereon). Dur...
Why do we refer to China as "Song", "Han", and others instead of the "Chinese Empire"?	This is because the naming comes from Chinese historiography, rather than the western one, and that is just how the Chinese name their political history. There is also the fact that unlike the "Byzantine Empire", "British Empire" or "German Empire", there's only one Chinese Empire, ruled by multiple dynasties who ruled...	[ "The name \"Han\" was derived from the name of the eponymous dynasty, which succeeded the short-lived Qin dynasty, and is historically considered to be the first golden age of China's Imperial era due to the power and influence it projected over much of East Asia. As a result of the dynasty's prominence in inter-et...
how do we synchronize our pace when walking next to someone?	I'm pretty sure that's only true for people of similar height. My girlfriend is a good 10 inches shorter than me, and so when we walk "together", she takes many short steps and I take longer steps.	[ "Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned. This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay. Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions. This sparked some of the first research into mo...
can animals get concussions like humans? and if so are the consequences similar?	Yes, they can and do. It can be harder to tell, and we don't usually send them for MRI/CT to confirm, so a lot of them go misdiagnosed. But animals with head trauma will become nauseous, lose consciousness, loss of balance, signs of partial blindness, etc, all the same kind of signs we'd expect in a human. Rest and e...	[ "The debate over whether concussion is a functional or structural phenomenon is ongoing. Structural damage has been found in the mildly traumatically injured brains of animals, but it is not clear whether these findings would apply to humans. Such changes in brain structure could be responsible for certain symptoms...
Is it possible to un-polarize polarized light?	In optical measurement instruments, a "diffuser" is sometimes inserted into the light path; think a rough piece of aluminum or some such. This has the explicit goal to get rid of the polarization in the incoming light (to be more exact: to have all possible polarizations represented equally). This is done because e.g....	[ "In many applications it is possible to use a quarter-wave plate to produce circularly polarized light, but this is only possible for light of a limited range of wavelengths which is linearly polarized to start with. Other methods have been demonstrated, such as the use of Faraday rotators and liquid crystals. It i...
how does orajel and other numbing gels work?	Orajel is actually made up of a substance called Benzocaine, which interacts with open nerve endings that sense pain. Benzocaine will basically stops the nerve from sending those impulses of pain by blocking something called a Voltage Dependant Sodium Channel, something important to block because as soon as sodium ente...	[ "As a liquid or semisolid dosage, gels are typically used where a solid form would affect the patient’s comfort. As a trade-off, conventional gels have poor retention rates. This results in unpredictable losses of the drug, as the non-solid dosage is unable to maintain its position at the site of administration. Mu...
When I pour cream into my coffee, a small amount skates across the surface away from the point of entry. What causes this?	Argh, this is frustrating! I saw a great talk on this phenomenon at a scientific conference a couple of years ago, but I can't remember the name of the author and a literature search is coming up empty, so I can't cite my sources as required by /r/askscience. I'm going to give the story as I remember it, and hopefull...	[ "Interaction of the particles suspended in a droplet with the free surface of the droplet is important in creating a coffee ring. \"When the drop evaporates, the free surface collapses and traps the suspended particles .. eventually all the particles are captured by the free surface and stay there for the rest of t...
birds in the northern hemisphere migrate south for the winter. are there birds from the southern hemisphere that migrate north for the summer? what species are they?	Many species of migratory birds breed in Alaska. That's why that proposal to drill for oil in that wildlife refuge was such a big deal. Edit: The Whimbrel is a good example. It breeds in Alaska and winters as far south as Africa and South America.	[ "These birds do migrate out of North America after the breeding season. It remains unclear where most of the birds spend the winter, although some of the birds have been tracked as far south as Brazil, migrating there from Colorado. Some of the birds in the West Indies appear to be permanent residents. They are lat...
why does it seem like there are 'cycles' of terrorism?	Your question is really about perception. Terrorism, to a large extent, has become less about gigantic coordinated attacks like 9/11 and the Madrid train bombings, and generally gotten simpler and simpler until it is an individual or a handful of guys with guns shooting everyone in a confined space. That is not to mini...	[ "Conflict theorists view terrorism as a reaction to injustice, which is probably created in the minds of terrorists due to misguidance, illiteracy, or unrealistic goals, and that violent behaviors expressed by terrorist organizations are the result of individual frustration, aggression or showing a readiness to fig...
why are people attracted to furries?	People are funny. different strokes for different folks. It's theoretically possible to be attracted to literally anything. Some people just happen to be attracted to furries.	[ "According to \"Furry survey\", about half of furries perceive public reaction to the fandom as negative; less than a fifth stated that the public responded to them more negatively than they did most furries. Furry fans' belief that they will be portrayed as \"mainly obsessed with sex\" has led to mistrust of the m...
Black Hole Escape Velocity and the "Graviton"	The escape velocity angle on why black holes are inescapable is slightly misleading. The Earth's escape velocity is about 11km/s but an object can escape from Earth at any speed if it has some mechanism for generating thrust during its journey. Black holes are inescapable because gravity curves spacetime. Inside the e...	[ "Defined a little more formally, \"escape velocity\" is the initial speed required to go from an initial point in a gravitational potential field to infinity and end at infinity with a residual speed of zero, without any additional acceleration. All speeds and velocities are measured with respect to the field. Addi...
will they ever go after the actual person(s) who wrote and built the code for volkswagen to cheat the emissions testing?	When a company does something wrong, you sue the company, not the CEO, or the manager, or the engineer. This is what's called corporate personhood. So no, they won't go after the person who wrote the code.	[ "In 2015 Volkswagen abused the DMCA to hide their vehicles emissions cheat. It has been suggested that had the DMCA not prevented access to the software \"..a researcher with legal access to Volkswagen's software could have discovered the code that changed how the cars behave in testing..\"\n", "In 2006, Volkswag...
When did humans start falling in love?	It's an interesting question, but I believe the vagueness of it is why it didn't get answered. First you have to define what love is, then you have to define what monogamy is. I'll put my own answer at the bottom if you don't want to read everything in between. Is love a deep rooted emotion of the soul, a set of che...	[ "The twentieth-century saw the concept of love-sickness reconceptualised by psychoanalysis. As early as 1915, Freud asked rhetorically, \"Isn't what we mean by 'falling in love' a kind of sickness and craziness, an illusion, a blindness to what the loved person is really like?\" Half a century later, in 1971, Hans ...
how do trees start out as flimsy sprouts but then change into hard wood?	You have heard the saying that if you cut down a tree, you can count the rings to see how old it is. Every year the tree builds another layer onto itself, creating a new ring, thus getting taller, thicker and more sturdy as time goes on.	[ "Wood is primarily composed of xylem cells with cell walls made of cellulose and lignin. Xylem is a vascular tissue which moves water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. Most woody plants form new layers of woody tissue each year, and so increase their stem diameter from year to year, with new wood deposite...
how do tuning forks stay in tune, and can they ever go out of tune?	Tuning forks are meant to be struck on a certain type of material which is like a hard rubber in the form of a small block or mallet. If you strike it on something else you risk deforming it and changing its pitch. that’s what I was told in choir.	[ "Tuning forks have traditionally been used to tune musical instruments, though electronic tuners have largely replaced them. Forks can be driven electrically by placing electronic oscillator-driven electromagnets close to the prongs.\n", "Commercial tuning forks are tuned to the correct pitch at the factory, and ...
What was the role of the U.K. within the Cold War?	In the very funny and insightful British show "Yes, Minister" Jim Hacker, MP, says "We don't really have a foreign policy. More of an American missile base."	[ "In the aftermath of World War II, the U.S. government struggled with the Soviet Union for global leadership and influence within the context of the Cold War. It expanded the geographic scope of its actions beyond its traditional area of operations, Central America and the Caribbean. Significant operations included...
how did cantonese and mandarin end up with the same characters, but completely different spoken languages?	Short answer: The Beijing Mandarin way of writing was forced on all of China. There's actually a form of written Cantonese that's basically incomprehensible to a Mandarin speaker. Long answer: A long time ago, there was a single Chinese language, now called Classical Chinese. Think of it like Latin. Written langua...	[ "Like most other variants of Chinese, Cantonese has changed initial voiced stops, affricates and fricatives of Middle Chinese to their voiceless counterparts. To compensate for the loss of that difference, Cantonese has split each of the Middle Chinese tones into two, one for Middle Chinese voiced initial consonant...
does the brain use more energy while dreaming due to the fact that it's synthesizing sensations, characters, locations etc.?	No. Even though it might work on the things you mention, it stops worrying about all motor control, doesn't have to worry about sensory input to the same degree, doesn't need to process nearly as much information, it's very quiet up there.	[ "According to Revonsuo, the dreaming brain is particularly suitable model system for the study of consciousness because it generates a conscious experience while being isolated from both sensory input and motor output. Regarding the rival paradigm of visual awareness, Revonsuo argues that it does not allow one to d...
what happened to the simpsons? why do people talk about it going downhill? what changed?	This is my opinion, not sure if it is shared with others. Simpsons used to have good plots. Even without the jokes, the plot made it interesting. The jokes, they were often witty and always fresh. Celebrities made appearances once in a while and it enhanced the experience. After season 12 or so, the writers just ...	[ "The authors of the book \"I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide\", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, called it \"one of the most dismally unfunny episodes ever, lifted only by the brief appearance of a talking camel and Homer's clever way of getting Cooder and Spud out of his home...
how do opiates like heroin work?	in the central nervous system (brain and spinal chord) as well as the enteric system (intestinal) there are receptors that bind to normal chemicals (endogenous substances called enkaphalins, which are involved in pain pathways and emotion) in the body. Opioids bind to subtype of these receptors (mu receptors) and induc...	[ "The opiate drugs are extracted from opium. The latex oozes from incisions made on the green seed pods and is collected once dry. Tincture of opium or laudanum, consisting of opium dissolved in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water, is one of many unapproved drugs regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administrat...
why are some children so resistant to eating?	There are a LOT of potential answers to this, and I expect that others will have better explanations. However: \- A major and important point of child development is learning to say "no" -- essentially, learning that you have control over your own body and are that you are capable of setting boundaries. Because eating...	[ "Children attempting to swallow different food textures often vomit, gag, or choke while eating. At feeding times they may react negatively to attempts to feed them, and refuse to eat. Other symptoms include head turns, crying, difficulty in chewing or vomiting and spitting whilst eating. Many children may have fee...
If you had a 343 meter long pole, and pushed one end, would it take one second for the other side to move?	No, it will actually be a much shorter time, but the exact time depends on the speed of sound through the material of the pole. For example, a pole made of steel would have to be about 6100 meters long for it to take one second for the other end to move. This is because of how quickly a wave can propagate through a me...	[ "With a short secondary, the behaviour is almost identical to a rotary machine, provided it is at least two poles long but with a short primary reduction in thrust that occurs at low slip (below about 0.3) until it is eight poles or longer.\n", "However, the use of \"poles\" is also now widespread. Here, the line...
In the pre-modern era, did armies really stop fighting in the winter?	Generally, war did stop in the winter mainly due to the problems involving health and logistics. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, troops were sent to barracks or quartered in villages to rest and train as marching would have been difficult due to the problems with weather.[^\[1\]](_URL_0_ "'Swords Around...	[ "Armies in the Seventeenth Century generally campaigned between April and October and avoided combat during the winter. Bad weather made movement of artillery and supplies difficult as autumn rains and spring floods turned roads to mud. Food and kindling for the men were hard to come by in the winter, as was fodder...
how do targeted ads from things you've searched on a computer get to your phone? how does the tracking process work?	Is your email attached to both devices? Do you have similar accounts between the two? That's how they do it. It's just spamming the devices attached to your accounts.	[ "This form of tracking is utilized primarily by technology companies and advertisers who use this information to piece together a cohesive profile of the user. These profiles inform and predict the type of advertisements the user receives.\n", "Using such beacons, companies and organizations can track the online ...
How do we convert potential and kinetic energy into electricity?	You can spin a magnet (kinetic energy) in a coil of electrically conductive wire and generate an electric current (electricity) through the coil of wire.	[ "A spontaneous electrochemical reaction (change in Gibbs free energy less than zero) can be used to generate an electric current in electrochemical cells. This is the basis of all batteries and fuel cells. For example, gaseous oxygen (O) and\n", "Electrostatic direct conversion uses charged particles’ motion to c...
what is the importance of 7nm processors?	it's self explanatory. fit more transistors on a wafer and you can make more chips per wafer (each one becomes cheaper) or you can put more transistors on each chip and thus increase processing power while passively reducing heat production and energy consumption (by means of ykno, smaller transistors that require less...	[ "The 74H family is the same basic design as the 7400 family with resistor values reduced. This reduced the typical propagation delay from 9 ns to 6 ns but increased the power consumption. The 74H family provided a number of unique devices for CPU designs in the 1970s. Many designers of military and aerospace equipm...
why am i so hungry since i've stopped smoking weed?	Did you smoke the weed with tobacco? If so, maybe these are the withdrawal symptoms of the nicotine. Please visit a doctor if you have serious concerns.	[ "The feeling of increased appetite following the use of cannabis has been documented for hundreds of years, and is known colloquially as \"the munchies\" in the English-speaking world. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food. A 2015 study suggests that...
what's happening with the atoms on a mirror when i step in front of it?	Nothing is happening to the mirror itself. A mirror just bounces photons (light) off of it. If you throw a tennis ball at a wall and it bounces off the wall, the wall hasn't changed at all because the ball bounced off of it.	[ "At the appropriate ellipsoidal profile, such a mirror could be used for focusing of an atomic beam into a spot of some tens of nanometers; the scattering of atoms from this spot brings the image of the object, like in the scanning confocal microscope, scanning electron microscope, or scanning probe microscopy.\n",...
Are there instances of musicians or music playing an instrumental role in the success of a military battle?	You're thinking of the Battle of Gaixia, the end of the Chu-Han civil(?) war. The Han forces surrounded the Chu, and played Chu music to remind the weary soldiers of their families. The Chinese idiom 四面楚歌 (literally, "Chu music on all sides") is now used to indicate being stuck in a terrible situation. Our source ...	[ "During the American Civil War, military leaders with the Union and Confederate Armies relied on military musicians to entertain troops, position troops in battle, and stir them on to victory — some actually performing concerts in forward positions during the fighting. \n", "Battle has continued to pursue a numbe...
How much would various medieval items/buildings cost to make/procure in todays money? I.E building a castle, A suit of armor, a sword, chainmail and the padded fabric armors	A few pieces from The Knight and the Blast Furnace. A 9th century Frankish warrior would pay 12 Solidi (an ox was worth about 2 solidi) for his mail armour and another 12 for the rest of his arms (helmet, shield, sword and spear). An early 14th century Flemish knight would pay 10-20 pounds (60-120 days wages for a ...	[ "The cost of building a castle varied according to factors such as their complexity and transport costs for material. It is certain that stone castles cost a great deal more than those built from earth and timber. Even a very small tower, such as Peveril Castle, would have cost around £200. In the middle were castl...
Is there a limit to the amplitude of sound waves?	The determining factor of the "amplitude" of a sound wave on Earth is atmospheric pressure. Sound is a longitudinal wave- that is the wave moves along the direction of propagation, like a slinky (an ocean wave is a transverse wave, where the wave motion is perpendicular to the direction of travel). Thus, really a sound...	[ "The below discussion is from Landau and Lifshitz. If the amplitude and the direction of propagation varies slowly over the distances of wavelength, then an arbitrary sound wave can be approximated locally as a plane wave. In this case, the velocity potential can be written as\n", "The discussion above assumes th...
Was there notable opposition to allowing James VI to ascend to the English throne	Right. Allow me to first contextualize the situation relating to the two countries' 'go[ing] to war several times over the past centuries' just to start. You're probably aware of the English kings' claim to feudal overlordship of Scotland which resulted in the Wars of Scottish Independence against Edward I, Edward II, ...	[ "It is possible that they planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne, and that when rumours arose that Edward and his brother were dead, Buckingham proposed that Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond should return from exile, take the throne and marry Elizabeth of York, elder sister of the Tower Pr...
how do you create a new dog breed in the lapse of a human lifespan?	First of all, humans didn't create a doberman out of thin air. The doberman was bred from several existing breeds of dogs: > The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for, including the German Pinscher, the Beauceron, the ...	[ "Dogs have been selectively bred for thousands of years, sometimes by inbreeding dogs from the same ancestral lines, while at other times by mixing dogs from very different lines. The process continues today, resulting in a widening in appearance without speciation, \"from the Chihuahua to the Great Dane\".\n", "...
how is it possible for people with anxiety to express physical symptoms like shaking or imagining chest pain that isn't there?	First off... the physical symptoms are really there. THe cause of those symptoms might be neurological or hormonal, but that doesn't make the experience of them any different than if someone got stabbed in the chest and the body reacted the same way. So that hints as to the how... we experience those feelings with ou...	[ "Somatic anxiety is often pushed to the side and is not being treated as seriously as other forms of anxiety. Although not recognized, the most common way people express anxiety is through physical pain. This is including sayings like \"butterflies in my stomach.\" A lot of people someway relate their pain to the c...
why are amino acids in living things "left-handed" in their chirality?	We honestly don't know, it's one of the open questions in the field of biology. One possibility is that a supernovae sometime in our planet's past produced radiation with a certain rotation to it, which selectively destroyed right handed amino acids before life even got started here. Since there would have only been le...	[ "Organic molecules often come in two mirror-image forms, often referred to as \"right-handed\" and \"left-handed\". This handedness is called chirality. For example, the amino acid alanine comes in a right-handed (D-alanine) and a left-handed (L-alanine) form. Living cells are very selective, choosing amino acids o...
How many employees did Pablo Escobar have?	It's really difficult to pin a number on how many "employees" were under Escobar's control due to the nature of the Mendellin (Escobar's organization) and Cali cartels. Although these cartels are what are generally described as "vertical organizations," meaning that the manufacture, and distribution of drugs were all u...	[ "In 1992 Pablo Escobar escaped from his luxury prison, La Catedral. Shortly after, the Calí Cartel, dissidents within the Medellín Cartel, and the MAS worked together to create a new paramilitary organization known as \"Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar\" (\"People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar\", Los Pepes) with the pur...
Do artificial sweeteners stimulate the brain's reward pathways like sugar does?	Yes and no. If you feed an animal saccharine, or sham-feed sucrose (they eat it, but it doesn't make it to the stomach), you'll get a response in the dopamine "reward pathway." Saccharine-water is tasty to animals, and they prefer it to water. However, when it comes to behavior, things get more complicated. Researc...	[ "One study suggests that artificial sweeteners may not fully activate the brain's \"food reward pathways\" as sugar does, stating that, because sweetener does not provide full satisfaction, the user may search for, and then eat, additional high-calorie foods leading to weight gain.\n", "Sugar addiction has been e...
how can someone find me on reddit without my username?	Clarification. Given your verb tense, are we to understand that you've been ID'd in some way? That this happened?	[ "The users themselves determine their name, birthday, contacts, and address, and can choose who may see this information: everyone, registered users, only their contacts, or nobody. The username (first name and nickname) is for \"everyone\", \"contacts\" or \"nobody\" visible. Each user is informed about who has vi...
when i breath in is it the air that enters my lung that expands it or is the air entering because i have expanded my lungs by some muscle activity.	Muscles pull down to expand your lungs, creating a vacuum and pulling air in. When those muscles relax, the lungs collapse back to normal atmospheric pressure and all the bonus air leaves.	[ "The lungs are expanded with the help of the diaphragm, a muscular sheet of tissue which contracts away from the thoracic cavity, thereby decreasing the pressure and pulling air into the lungs. When fully expanded, the lungs can reach to the 16th rib of the horse.\n", "Inhalation begins with the contraction of th...
if uranium is radioactive for millions of years, why do nuclear reactors go through spent rods so quickly?	think of it like burning wood vs burning cordite(gunpowder). One is a raw material which releases its chemical energy slowly, the other is a well refined, chemically similar product (carbon) which burns very quickly. Uranium decaying naturally releases its energy very slowly. Refined into nuclear fuel it releases its ...	[ "In modern light-water reactors the fuel rods will spend about 3 operational cycles (typically 6 years total now) inside the reactor, generally until about 3% of their uranium has been fissioned, then they will be moved to a spent fuel pool where the short lived isotopes generated by fission can decay away.\n", "...
the charlie charlie challenge.	_URL_0_ Here's an explanation for the Ouija board. I imagine that this is very similar. If you're playing the six pencil game then you're actually moving the pencils yourself. As for the version with two pencils in a cross shape, it's just simply someone blowing on it - again not on purpose. Try it yourself, get two ...	[ "Charlie Bucket is a poor boy who lives near the Wonka Candy Company. The company's owner, Willy Wonka, has for long closed access to his factory due to problems concerning industrial espionage that led him to fire all his employees, among them Charlie's Grandpa Joe. One day, Wonka announces a contest, in which Gol...
What was the favored weapons of Native Americans around the time that the English in the Jamestown colony arrived.	This answer is specifically for the Powhatan in Virginia, rather than Native Americans as a whole: To start with the bows, they were made of locust or witch hazel and were nearly as tall as the archer himself. Contemporary illustrations usually, but not always, depict them with a slight recurve, such as in this illust...	[ "Mann first treats New England in the 17th century. He disagrees with the popular idea that European technologies were superior to those of Native Americans, using guns as a specific example. The Native Americans considered them little more than \"noisemakers\", and concluded they were more difficult to aim than ar...
why are most holidays in the fall and winter seasons compared to the spring and summer seasons?	Both of those seasons have a different reason. All of our modern major holidays line up with the old pagan holidays. A few were just thrown in later (looking at you, family day) But most of the established ones have been around for millennia. Autumn has many holidays because of the harvest. Communities wanted to celebr...	[ "In the Southern Hemisphere, seasons are in reverse to the Northern Hemisphere, with summer falling in December, January, and February, and with winter falling in June, July, and August. Therefore, in some southern hemisphere countries, such as Australia, Comoros, Madagascar, Bolivia, Angola, French Polynesia, Papu...
why are headaches the symptoms of so many illnesses?	Your brain has very specific needs regarding oxygen and sugar in the blood as well as blood pressure, etc. It is more vulnerable when things begin to go wrong than muscles, bones, etc in the rest of the body are. Not only is it vulnerable, the brain is important, so we feel pain when things start to go wrong sooner in ...	[ "Headaches can be attributed to many different substances. Some of these include alcohol, NO, carbon monoxide poisoning, cocaine, caffeine and monosodium glutamate. Chronic use of certain medications used to treat headaches can also start causing headaches, known as medication overuse headaches. Headaches may also ...
Has there ever been scientifically observed heightened sensory activity in people who are blind/deaf etc.?	[Random example of said observation](_URL_0_)	[ "New studies have adapted this hypothesis to explain cross modal plasticity which seems to occur in blind people. This is the fact that other senses in blind people seem to be heightened as a result of the loss of vision. Since blind patients are not exposed to the novel function of visual reading, the cortical are...
how does the internal architecture of a cpu effect the speed it can process things?	I'll start with the nm size. At a very basic level, your CPU is built of billions of little switches, grouped together to perform logical functions (AND, OR, NOR etc.). The way these switches are built are basically two pools of electrons, separated by a non-conducting bridge. On top of that bridge is a gate, which is ...	[ "BULLET::::- The CPU (central processing unit), which performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heatsink and fan, or water-cooling system. Most newer CPUs include an on-die graphics processing unit (GPU...
why at a sports game (football, baseball, basketball, etc.) is the away team affected by noise more than the home team?	The fans (ideally) will only be loud when it's advantageous for their team. For instance, in football it's generally considered that the offense needs to communicate a lot more through audibles and the like, so fans will be loud when the opposing team is on offense, quiet when their team is.	[ "Several sports stadiums pride themselves in having louder stadiums than their opponents because it may create a more difficult environment for opposing teams to play in. Currently, there are few studies on noise in sports stadiums, but some preliminary measurements show noise levels reaching 120 dB, and informal s...
How many dresses did a medieval woman have?	I'm sorry, but I don't believe this question is answerable. We simply don't have enough extensive wardrobe records left from queens and princesses of this era, let alone peasants, to be able to determine averages for various levels of society. (Edited for clarity.) What we can say is that people would have had much le...	[ "The basic garments for women consisted of the smock, hose, kirtle, dress, bra, belt, surcoat, girdle, cape, hood, and bonnet. Each piece had designated colours and fabrics, for example “Materials used in the middle ages were woolen cloth, fur, linen, cambric, silk, and the cloth of silver or gold…the richer Middle...
How effective is the rabies vaccine? Does it confer long-term immunity?	Not all vaccines are protective, some just slow the progression or reduce the signs to reduce transmission or to reduce morbidity/mortality. Rabies is sort of like that. The vaccine does result in serum antibody; however do to the lethality of rabies and studies on the vaccine in animals it’s generally not considered...	[ "Rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies. There are a number of vaccines available that are both safe and effective. They can be used to prevent rabies before and for a period of time after exposure to the virus such as by a dog or bat bite. The immunity that develops is long lasting after a full course....
What did pirates and imperial naval armies do for sun block? Surely skin cancer was rife?	This has been asked a couple of times before, but the short answer is that most sailors would have worn clothes that covered nearly all their body, even in tropical latitudes, including broad-brimmed hats. Their feet and hands would have been bare, and certainly their faces would have tanned fairly deeply, but for the ...	[ "There are a multiple ways to treat Gunther's diseases, but one of the most crucial things that a person with this disease can do is limit themselves from sun exposure or eliminate sun exposure altogether. There are some sunscreens that have undesirable effects such as tropical sunscreens, but other sunscreens that...
What is the cumulative difference in time between Earth and either voyager spacecraft?	[This](_URL_0_) is a related past discussion. [This](_URL_1_) has some math to give a general idea of how much time dilation the Voyager probes will have experienced. Voyager I's been travelling for about 35.5 years at about 57,500 km/h, which gives a time dilation ratio of about 0.9999999985778. So that 35.5 years h...	[ "In 2013 \"Voyager 1\" was exiting the Solar System at a speed of about 3.6 AU per year, while \"Voyager 2\" is going slower, leaving the Solar System at 3.3 AU per year. Each year \"Voyager 1\" increases its lead over \"Voyager 2\".\n", "These jumps decreased the time needed to return by ~59 years. Counting elap...
The American Civil War is Usually Thought of as Kin vs Kin, Brother vs Brother, Why Don't We Hear This Aspect of other Civil Wars?	> We don't hear this aspect of other Civil Wars We do hear about this for other civil wars. A brief superficial basic-facts-only coverage might well not include it, but a more detailed treatment often will. For example, one can read about this in the English Civil War, and in the Thirty Years War. Notably, in the Th...	[ "\"Brother against brother\" is a slogan used in histories of the American Civil War, describing the predicament faced in families (primarily, but not exclusively, residents of border states) in which their loyalties and military service were divided between the Union and the Confederacy. There are a number of stor...
Machiavelli. Anybody enjoy talking about "the Prince" and its author? I'm eager to hear from someone who loves the political figure or hates how he's been inaccurately represented.	Sorry, your question was removed for being out of scope here. From our rules: > Submissions to /r/AskHistorians must be either: > * A question about the human past > * A meta post about the state of the subreddit. Anyone may start a meta post, but please [check with the moderators](_URL_0_) if you aren't...	[ "\"The Prince\" politically defines “Virtu”—as any quality that helps a prince rule his state effectively. Machiavelli is aware of the irony of good results coming from evil actions, and because of this, the Catholic Church proscribed \"The Prince\", registering it to the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, moreover, the ...
How authoritarian Central Asian regimes have managed to maintain power since the 1990s	The Central Asian countries are pretty much the epitome of what I like to think of as "modern dictators." Formerly, dictators relied on ideology to stay in power--either communism or anti-communism, for example. The Central Asian dictators rely on extensive networks of patronage and corruption. These networks (which ex...	[ "The Aquino administration took over an economy that had gone through socio-political disasters during the People Power revolution, where there was financial and commodity collapse caused by an overall consumer cynicism, a result of the propaganda against cronies, social economic unrest resulting from numerous glob...
How are all of the fossil fuels condensed into certain large areas around the world and not small pools everywhere?	Simplistically speaking, it's because organisms did die in one spot (or a few spots, rather). To be more precise - there are tiny pools of oil all over. What we extract is the economically viable ones - the places where there's a relatively large volume in a relatively easy-to-extract situation. Why is it not uniform ...	[ "Fossil water is groundwater that has remained in an aquifer for several millennia and occurs mainly in deserts. It is non-renewable by present-day rainfall due to its depth below the surface, and any extraction causes a permanent change in the water table in such regions.\n", "Fossil-fuel companies currently hav...
Why does peanut butter turn whitish under water?	The oil in the peanut butter is hydrophobic, and thus thin layers of water and oxygen form on the surface where the water gets repelled.	[ "Both crunchy/chunky and smooth peanut butter are sources of saturated (primarily palmitic acid, 21% of total fat) and monounsaturated fats, mainly oleic acid as 47% of total fat, and polyunsaturated fat (28% of total fat), primarily as linoleic acid).\n", "Butter is a water-in-oil emulsion resulting from an inve...
Is it seen as acceptable for historians to describe historical relationships between men and boys as homosexual or gay?	There's a lot of contention about whether it's even acceptable to describe historical relationships between adult men (or, I guess, same-aged boys) as gay or homosexual. or whether those terms are anachronistic/ahistorical/imprecise. This isn't something you're likely to get one answer on. For me, I balk at authors ide...	[ "In contrast to the Greeks, evidence for homosexual relationships between men of the same age exists for the Romans. These sources are diverse and include such things as the Roman novel Satyricon, graffiti and paintings found at Pompeii as well as inscriptions left on tombs and papyri found in Egypt. Generally spea...
how can lego and other animated movies that i see all over netflix use spiderman and other characters in their films with the avengers characters when it's a "rights" issue for live action films?	Because it's not a matter of ownership, it's a matter of licensing. Disney/Marvel "owns" the rights, and they license them out to various entities that allow them to do various things. Licensing out the rights doesn't give the other person absolute right to do anything they want, nor does it prevent other people from a...	[ "Unlike \"Lego Marvel Super Heroes\", which used original voice acting, \"Lego Marvel's Avengers\" utilizes audio from the six films being adapted for the game, including voice and music, similar to \"Lego The Lord of the Rings\", \"The Lego Movie Videogame\", \"Lego The Hobbit\", and \"Lego Jurassic World\". The g...
How are "itch" and "pain" perceived differently?	Both pain and itch sensation use the same pathway and are processed in the same center(primary somatosensory cortex). The scratch response and withdrawal response are also processed by the same pre-motor and supplementary cortices.The differences between pain and itch processing do not result from activation of distinc...	[ "An itch, also known as pruritus, is classified as a sensory stimulation to scratch a certain area of the skin. An itch can be a fleeting sensation, as with a random tickle or prick, or persistent, as with a rash such as eczema or other skin irritant such as an allergen. Itch has been demonstrated to be closely rel...
how do you determine the terminal velocity of oddly shaped objects?	It is very difficult to compute, requiring a supercomputer or more commonly simply using a wind tunnel to directly measure. Turbulence of air or other fluids are not simple to figure out.	[ "The terminal velocity of the particle is affected by many parameters, i.e. anything that will alter the particle's drag. Hence the terminal velocity is most notably dependent upon grain size, the shape (roundness and sphericity) and density of the grains, as well as to the viscosity and density of the fluid.\n", ...
What enabled the British to defeat the Marathas so easily during the second Anglo Maratha war, despite being heavily outnumbered in almost every battle??	When you strip back the raw numbers and start looking at quality of the troops on both sides in conflicts between company forces and Indian armies they are roughly similar. At Assaye the Marathas had 10,000 infantry trained in the European style of warfare. The company had 9000. The rest of the Maratha army was made up...	[ "The Second Anglo-Maratha War represents the military high-water mark of the Marathas who posed the last serious opposition to the formation of the British Raj. The real contest for India was never a single decisive battle for the subcontinent. Rather it turned on a complex social and political struggle for control...
Which period of time were people most promiscuous?	Sorry, we don't allow ["example seeking" questions](_URL_1_). It's not that your question was bad; it's that these kinds of questions tend to produce threads that are collections of disjointed, partial, inadequate responses. If you have a question about a specific historical event, period, or person, feel free to rewri...	[ "Primitive promiscuity or original promiscuity was the 19th-century hypothesis that humans originally lived in a state of promiscuity or \"hetaerism\" prior to the advent of society as we understand it. Hetaerism is a theoretical early state of human society, as postulated by 19th-century anthropologists, which was...
If I fell from a plane and reached terminal velocity over a large body of water, is there any position and/or angle at which I should try to hit water so as to increase my chances for survival?	Follow up question, based on an absurd idea I had recently - what if you jumped out on top of a [massive wedge](_URL_0_)? Assuming no wind, rigid construction, perfectly perpendicular landing, etc., how long would this sea spike have to be break the surface tension of the water and convey me safely into the abyss? Or...	[ "BULLET::::- According to the website Hyper Physics (impact force of falling object generator), if a fully kitted up pilot with the weight of 75 kg fell from a full height of 16 meters (without the help of forward momentum or the force of the jets pushing them) he would hit the water at approximately 63 km/h. Yet m...
what is that distinct smell that happens when using a vacuum cleaner?	It's ozone (O_3_) Electric motors use wire brushes/threads to keep electricity flowing through the moving motor and the stationary frame. They generate sparks, which can disrupt oxygen molecules (O_2_) and cause them to gain an extra oxygen atom. Ozone is poisonous but also unstable so unless you have 100 vacuum ...	[ "BULLET::::- Complete removal of allergens and noxious odors — Central vacuums generally do not recirculate exhaust air back into the space being cleaned. This contrasts with the well-known acrid \"vacuum smell\" of fine dust and hot air exhausted from a portable vacuum. Instead, central vacuums exhaust spent air i...
Does cauterization of open surface wounds reduce or increase the risk of infection in the long run?	> What I'm looking for an answer to is whether the initial benefits of the heat killing of microorganisms is offset by the increased long-term risk of infection In terms of infection, deeply burned skin is nearly as vulnerable to infection as an open wound, and the "benefit" of heat sterilizing the area is so short ...	[ "A primary cause of wound dehiscence is sub-acute infection, resulting from inadequate or imperfect aseptic technique. Coated suture, such as Vicryl, generally breaks down at a rate predicted to correspond with tissue healing, but is hastened in the presence of bacteria. In the absence of other known metabolic fact...
How do we figure out the rotational period of distant stars?	For stars whose axis of rotation is not pointing toward us, we can measure the light (spectra) of the left and right sides of the stars. Since one side is moving away from us, and the other is moving toward us, there is a shift in the spectra (similar to the doppler shift that causes a car coming toward us to sound di...	[ "The rotational period of each star can be measured by observing periodic variations in the doppler shifts of their spectral lines. The absolute rotational velocities of the two stars are known from their inclinations, rotation periods, and sizes, but the projected equatorial rotational velocities measured using do...
how does somebody develop paranoid schizophrenia?	Although it isn't really understood, as is the case with a lot of mental health conditions, there is a lot fo evidence that it is largly genetic. However a genetic predisposition to the condition isn't a gaurentee that a person will develop it, and there is suggestion that it generally presents when combined with env...	[ "Paranoid schizophrenia is an illness that typically requires lifelong treatment with neuroleptics or 5-HT2A antagonists to allow someone to have a relatively stable and normal lifestyle. In order to be successfully treated, a person with schizophrenia should seek help from family or primary care doctors, psychiatr...
When we are cold, why does vasoconstriction occur and what part of the brain initiates it? (curiosity, not homework :P)	Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessles. This minimises the amount of heat radiated out of the body and thus is a function of homeostasis in maintain optimum core body temperature. It's initated by the hypothalamus in the brain.	[ "Vasoconstriction occurs first to reduce heat loss, but also results in strong cooling of the extremities. Approximately five to ten minutes after the start of cold exposure, the blood vessels in the extremities will suddenly vasodilate. This is probably caused by a sudden decrease in the release of neurotransmitte...
why do i need a video card?	Most calculations on a computer are handled by what CPU, the Central Processing Unit. This handles most things for most users without difficulty, and primarily operates on the concept of have a few very powerful cores. Most processors now are dual-core or quad-core. There's an optional component you can get for your c...	[ "A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter, or graphics adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display device (such as a computer monitor). Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between...
how men became the dominating sex in almost every society?	Throughout our history men have been in control because it was the men who were stronger. The strong control the weaker, whether that's weaker men or women in general. Throughout history women spent much of their time pregnant. Being pregnant came with the need to be looked after.	[ "Social power has been popularly associated with sexual infidelity among men; experimental psychologists have linked power with sexual infidelity among women also. A Dutch study involving a large survey of 1,561 professionals, concluded that \"The relationship between power and infidelity was the same for women as ...
why do android phones wipe their battery statistics when restarted at > 90% battery?	Restarting a phone clears the memory and closes all apps that were open. When the phone restarts, it re-calculates the battery percentage based on the current usage. Not sure if that answers your question.	[ "Some users have experienced battery drain problems after updating to iOS 11. In a poll on its website, 70% of \"9to5Mac\" visitors reported decreased battery life after updating to the new operating system. However, in an article featuring Twitter complaints of battery life, \"Daily Express\" wrote that \"honestly...
can somebody explain computer specs to me, and what to look for when purchasing a new machine?	> and was always impressed by people who could tell the functionality of a computer simply by looking through its specifications. I don't really know how else you'd determine how good a computer is without touching it. And in response to your question, what do you plan on doing with it? If you just check email and w...	[ "Speccy, developed by Piriform, is a freeware utility software and runs under Microsoft Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista and XP for both IA-32 and x64 versions of these operating systems, which shows the user information about hardware and software of the computer. The information displayed by Speccy include...
Panelists: Which books have you found most interesting as a layman (non-expert?)	Oh, there are tons of books. Here are a few of my favorites: Frozen Earth by Douglas MacDougall At the Water's Edge by Carl Zimmer Six Degrees by Mark Lynas Eternal Frontier by Tim Flannery The Map that Changed the World by Simon Winchester Pretty much any of Stephen Jay Gould's books are great to check out. Al...	[ "‘This is an excellent, succinct book, and written with great verve. It is based, as the many pages of notes and references testify, on many hundreds of hours of interviews with key people throughout the region.’ — Kerry Brown, Asian Review of Books\n", "Expert authors dissect, simplify and explain each topic to ...
why do so many reporters use bad puns?	I just spent 10 minutes looking out my window trying to think of the perfect pun. I feel like I failed.	[ "UK tabloid newspapers delight in punny headlines. The Pun-Down took a look at the best (or worst) puns in the headlines of that day's papers, and was especially popular in the Johnny Vaughan era. On Fridays this became the \"Pun of the Week\" when an award was made for the best pun from the week's newspapers.\n", ...
How did the ancient Mediterranean build their huge ships without drydocks?	You'll want to take a look at Casson's Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World and Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times, if you're looking for material. In point of fact the Romans very much had drydocks, in which larger ships might be built. But the vast majority of ships were built on land and then lowered into...	[ "Sails from ancient Egypt are depicted around 3200 BCE, where reed boats sailed upstream against the River Nile's current. Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the Indus valley. The proto-Austronesian words f...
Is it possible to create a molecule containing a noble gas ?	It's possible, but difficult. They're usually hard to make and many can only exist in extremes of temperature and/or pressure. HeH+, or helium hydride, is formed by a positively charged hydrogen ion (a single proton) reacting with a helium atom. It's the strongest acid known to exist. It's theorized to exist naturally ...	[ "Noble gases can form endohedral fullerene compounds, in which the noble gas atom is trapped inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when , a spherical molecule consisting of 60 carbon atoms, is exposed to noble gases at high pressure, complexes such as can be formed (the \"@\" notation indicat...
what's going on in turkey and why are websites like youtube and twitter being banned?	Just as we have seen in countless countries, the government is corrupt . People are exposing the corruption on social media outlets. so they are being blocked to avoid that and so people can't see it.	[ "In 2013 social media sites were banned in Turkey after the Taksim Gezi Park protests. Both Twitter and YouTube were closed by a decision of the Turkish court. And a new law, passed by Turkish Parliament, granted immunity to Turkey's Telecommunications Directorate (TİB) personnel. The TİB was also given the authori...
how do people who release leaks on to torrent websites originally obtain them ex. game of thrones	There's three reasons why TV shows or any other media is leaked: - The production crew is huge usually hundreds of people. Someone such as an intern could easily steal a tape from an editor or someone in a similar position and then go home and upload it to the internet. - The company producing the show also sends out...	[ "Today most warez files are distributed to the public via bittorrent and One-click hosting sites. Some of the most popular software companies that are being targeted are Adobe, Microsoft, Nero, Apple, DreamWorks, and Autodesk, to name a few. To reduce the spread of illegal copying, some companies have hired people ...
how are pills tested to determine their side effects?	Human testing, animal testing etc. They discovered that a specific heart medication actually helped with ED. That became viagra	[ "There are services available for testing the contents of an ecstasy pill that can tell the user what chemicals are contained in the pill and at what ratio. The results are then posted on their website along with every other pill that they have tested. The tests are considered to be highly accurate. Their services ...
- viruses and cancer	Yes, it can. In fact, the Human Papilloma Virus is one of the leading causes of Cervical Cancer in women. Viruses that lead to cancer are classed together as DNA or RNA Oncoviruses.	[ "Some viruses, known as oncoviruses, contribute to the development of certain forms of cancer. The best studied example is the association between Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by certain strains of this sexually transmitted virus. Another example is the as...
how much credit (or blame) can be assigned to film directors for the overall quality of a film?	The director on any movie is limited by the creative control given to him/her. Generally, the directors who have limited experience, but have big budgets, have very little control over the general direction of the movie. The control is taken away by producers and executive producers. On the other side, indie films an...	[ "In case of winning a mark, screenwriters, directors and other film artists receive so-called reference points; these make it easier for filmmakers to receive subsidies for future projects. Likewise, films rated as \"worthwile\" or \"especially worthwile\" are subject to lower entertainment taxes, depending on the ...
[Biology] What is the real difference between something like a lobster and a bug?	Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, insects, and "bugs" are all members of the phylum _arthropoda_. Phyla are a very broad classification of creatures below only Kingdoms in the scientific classification scheme. Crabs, shrimp and lobsters are all crustaceans, which is a subphylum of arthropoda. Insects such as beetles and hous...	[ "Lobsters are invertebrates with a hard protective exoskeleton. Like most arthropods, lobsters must moult to grow, which leaves them vulnerable. During the moulting process, several species change color. Lobsters have eight walking legs; the front three pairs bear claws, the first of which are larger than the other...
Communism/Socialism, etc	> Communism is just one form of socialism. Well, that much is true. > The Nazis were socialists and so were the Russians they fought against. This tends to be a talking point that gets rehashed over and over again. I would summarize it as follows, once you get over the fact that they were the "National Socialist...	[ "In addition to this, the term communism (as well as socialism) is often used to refer to those political and economic systems and states dominated by a political, bureaucratic class, typically attached to one single Communist party that follow Marxist-Leninist doctrines and often claim to represent the dictatorshi...
why does alcohol (isopropyl) evaporate so much faster than other liquids than say water?	Well thats a very relative question. It is a liquid at room temperature, which puts its boiling temperature above that of any gases. Water has a higher one, wood/metal has a higher one still. The boiling point is determined by the intramolecular forces in the liquid state. They are weaker than water. Also importantly ...	[ "Isopropyl alcohol is a major ingredient in \"gas dryer\" fuel additives. In significant quantities water is a problem in fuel tanks, as it separates from gasoline and can freeze in the supply lines at low temperatures. Alcohol does not remove water from gasoline—but the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once ...
Why did the pages of my book wrinkle as they dried after I dropped it in the toilet?	You know how napkins/toilet paper/tissues tend to completely disintegrate when you let them soak in water for a while? That's what's happening, but on a smaller scale. The presence of water in paper disrupts the intermolecular forces that hold individual cellulose molecules together. So instead of staying in place, th...	[ "Parchment is also extremely affected by its environment and changes in humidity, which can cause buckling. Books with parchment pages were bound with strong wooden boards and clamped tightly shut by metal (often brass) clasps or leather straps; this acted to keep the pages pressed flat despite humidity changes. Su...

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