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technique is primarily used in large-scale audio applications such as sound amplification for concerts, in portable powered speakers and by hi-fi enthusiasts. === Wiring === A speaker system has to be wired to accommodate either configuration, typically with two sets of binding posts, one set for the bass and one set for the mid-highs. A single amplifier can usually power a woofer and a tweeter only through a post-amplifier crossover filter, which protects each driver from signals outside its frequency range. Bi-amping of speakers requires double the channels of amplification and can be accomplished using two ordinary amplifiers in either a vertical or horizontal arrangement. Horizontal bi-amping uses one amplifier to power both bass drivers (woofers) and the second amplifier to power both treble drivers (tweeter) or the midrange and treble drivers together. Horizontal bi-amping has the advantage of allowing two different amplifiers that sound better than each other for bass or for treble. Vertical bi-amping uses two channels of an amplifier per loudspeaker, with a dedicated channel for the bass driver and a dedicated channel for the treble or the treble and the midrange post-amplifier together. Vertical bi-amping has the advantage of not having to use a single amp to power both bass sections, which can be very taxing on the amplifier, especially at higher volume or if the bass driver has a particularly low impedance at certain frequencies. === Benefits === Most audible differences are subtle. If at all noticeable, many benefits of bi-amping cannot be realized if passive crossover networks of a speaker system are not removed. Benefits include transients are less likely to cause amplifier overload (clipping) or speaker damage, and reduced intermodulation distortion, elimination of errors introduced by low-frequency passive crossover, reduction of load presented to the power amplifier, better matching of power amplifier and	{"page_id": 6062129, "title": "Bi-amping and tri-amping"}
of the Association for Women in Mathematics in the inaugural class 2018 Martin Luther King Jr. Dreamer Award, Purdue University 2022 AMS Award for Distinguished Public Service 2023 Class of SIAM Fellows == References == == External links == Official website Rodrigo Bañuelos' Author profile on MathSciNet Rodrigo Bañuelos publications indexed by Google Scholar	{"page_id": 66385621, "title": "Rodrigo Bañuelos"}
Galaxy 30 is a communications satellite owned by Intelsat located at 125° West longitude, serving the North American market. It was built by Orbital ATK, as part of its GEOStar-2 line. Galaxy 30 was formerly known as Galaxy 14R. This satellite provides services in the C-band, Ku-band, Ka-band, and L-band. == History == Galaxy 30 was contracted in January 2018 by Intelsat to Orbital ATK. == Launch == Galaxy 30 is an American (Bermuda registered) geostationary satellite that was launched by an Ariane 5 ECA launch vehicle from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, French Guiana at 22:04:00 UTC on 15 August 2020. The 3,298 kg (7,271 lb), 16 kW satellite carries C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band transponders to provide data transmissions to North America, after parking over 125° West longitude. Galaxy 30 carries a C-band transponder payload for traditional broadcast applications, such as ultra-high definition television distribution, and also Ku-band and Ka-band payloads to support broadband applications. The satellite also hosts a Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS-GEO 7) payload, transmitting in the L band (specifically, L1 and L5). == References ==	{"page_id": 67385193, "title": "Galaxy 30"}
ternary computer QTC-1 was developed in Canada. == Balanced ternary == Ternary computing is commonly implemented in terms of balanced ternary, which uses the three digits −1, 0, and +1. The negative value of any balanced ternary digit can be obtained by replacing every + with a − and vice versa. It is easy to subtract a number by inverting the + and − digits and then using normal addition. Balanced ternary can express negative values as easily as positive ones, without the need for a leading negative sign as with unbalanced numbers. These advantages make some calculations more efficient in ternary than binary. Considering that digit signs are mandatory, and nonzero digits are magnitude 1 only, notation that drops the '1's and use only zero and the + − signs is more concise than if 1's are included. == Unbalanced ternary == Ternary computing can be implemented in terms of unbalanced ternary, which uses the three digits 0, 1, 2. The original 0 and 1 are explained as an ordinary binary computer, but instead uses 2 as leakage current. The world's first unbalanced ternary semiconductor design on a large wafer was implemented by the research team led by Kim Kyung-rok at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea, which will help development of low power and high computing microchips in the future. This research theme was selected as one of the future projects funded by Samsung in 2017, published on July 15, 2019. == Potential future applications == With the advent of mass-produced binary components for computers, ternary computers have diminished in significance. However, Donald Knuth argues that they will be brought back into development in the future to take advantage of ternary logic's elegance and efficiency. One possible way this could happen is by combining	{"page_id": 3025266, "title": "Ternary computer"}
The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI; Finnish: Ilmatieteen laitos; Swedish: Meteorologiska institutet) is the government agency responsible for gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts in Finland. It is a part of the Ministry of Transport and Communications but it operates semi-autonomously. The Institute is an impartial research and service organisation with expertise covering a wide range of atmospheric science activities other than gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts. The headquarters of the Institute is in Kumpula Campus, Helsinki, Finland. == Services == FMI provides weather forecasts for aviation, traffic, shipping and media as well as private citizens via internet and mobile devices. It also has air quality services. For sea areas, it provides information about ice cover, sea level changes and waves. In 2013 FMI made openly available data sets such as weather, sea and climate observation data, time series and model data. The open data is targeted to benefit application developers who want to develop new services, applications and products. In 2009, researchers from VTT published a study assessing the benefits generated by the services offered by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. They concluded in sum in range of 260-290 million euros, while the annual budget of the institute was around 50 – 60 million Euros. This leads to estimate for annual benefit-cost ratio for the services to be at least 5:1. == Observations == Finnish Meteorological Institute makes observations of the atmosphere, sea and space at over 400 stations around Finland. Its weather radar network consists of 10 C-band Doppler weather radars. == Research == The research areas of FMI include meteorology, air quality, climate change, earth observation, marine and arctic research. Scientific research at FMI is mainly organized around three centers; "Weather, Sea and Climate Service Center", "Observing and Information Service Systems Center", "Space and Earth Observation	{"page_id": 2014760, "title": "Finnish Meteorological Institute"}
Del Pilar was reputedly built in the image of King Kong. This was followed by a choir and a band singing various versions of "Dios Te Salve" (local adaptations of "Ave Maria" with Spanish lyrics). In the past, aside from the fish, parols shaped like a lamb (representing the Lamb of God), a dove (representing the Holy Spirit), and animals from the nativity scene were also carried, along with angel-shaped parols. But they are rarely featured today. All of the parols featured in the Lubenas are traditionally predominantly white, but other colors are used today for trimmings. The Lubenas was a vanishing tradition only practiced by around seven towns by the year 2000, but after recent efforts to revive it, there are more towns holding a Lubenas procession each year. The paról did not acquire its standard five-pointed star shape until the American colonial period. Based on oral accounts, an artisan from Pampanga named Francisco Estanislao allegedly crafted the first five-pointed star-shaped paról in 1908. His creation was made of bamboo strips covered with Japanese paper, illuminated by a candle or kalburo (carbide lamp). The first battery-operated parols with incandescent bulbs were produced in the 1940s. In 1957, parols with rotor systems were invented by the lantern-maker Rodolfo David. The parol was used for the year's entry of Barangay Santa Lucia in the Giant Lantern Festival of San Fernando, Pampanga, which they subsequently won from 1957 to 1959. His parol used rotating steel drums with wires on hairpins to program the light and music. This became the template for commercial electric parols called Parul Sampernandu sold from 1964 onward. The farolitos (or luminarias) of New Mexico, which are paper lanterns that have the same function during the Las Posadas, are derived from the Filipino parol via the Manila galleons. ==	{"page_id": 7558193, "title": "Parol"}
Epsilon Arietis is a visual binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ε Arietis, and abbreviated Epsilon Ari or ε Ari. This system has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.63 and can be seen with the naked eye, although the two components are too close together to be resolved without a telescope. With an annual parallax shift of 9.03 mas, the distance to this system can be estimated as 361 light-years (111 parsecs), give or take a 7 light-year margin of error. It is located behind the dark cloud MBM12. The brighter member of this pair has an apparent magnitude of 5.2. At an angular separation of 1.426″±0.010″ from the brighter component, along a position angle of 209.2°±0.3°, is the magnitude 5.5 companion. Both are A-type main sequence stars with a stellar classification of A2 Vs. (The 's' suffix indicates that the absorption lines in the spectrum are distinctly narrow.) In the 2009 Catalogue of Ap, HgMn and Am stars, the two stars have a classification of A3 Ti, indicating they are Ap stars with an anomalous abundance of titanium. Within the measurement margin of error, their projected rotational velocities are deemed identical at 60 km/s. == Name == This star system, along with δ Ari, ζ Ari, π Ari, and ρ3 Ari, were Al Bīrūnī's Al Buṭain (ألبطين), the dual of Al Baṭn, the Belly. According to the catalogue of stars in the Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars, Al Buṭain were the title for five stars :δ Ari as Botein, π Ari as Al Buṭain I, ρ3 Ari as Al Buṭain II, ε Ari as Al Buṭain III and ζ Ari as Al Buṭain IV In Chinese astronomy, Epsilon	{"page_id": 2879746, "title": "Epsilon Arietis"}
after 3 to 5 vintages there may be little or no oak flavors imparted on the wine. In addition, oxygen transport through the oak and into the wine, which is required for maturation, becomes severely limited after 3–5 years. The cost of barrels varies due to the supply and demand market economy and can change with different features that a cooperage may offer. As of late 2007 the price for a standard American oak barrel was US$600 to 800, French oak US$1200 and up, and Eastern European US$600. Due to the expense of barrels, several techniques have been devised in an attempt to save money. One is to shave the inside of used barrels and insert new thin inner staves that have been toasted. === Barrel construction === Barrels are constructed in cooperages. The traditional method of European coopers has been to hand-split the oak into staves (or strips) along the grain. After the oak is split, it is allowed to "season" or dry outdoors while exposed to the elements. This process can take anywhere from 10 to 36 months during which time the harshest tannins from the wood are leached out. These tannins are visible as dark gray and black residue left on the ground once the staves are removed. The longer the wood is allowed to season the softer the potential wine stored in the barrels may be but this can add substantially to the cost of the barrel. In some American cooperage the wood is dried in a kiln instead of outdoor seasoning. While this method is much faster, it does not soften the tannins quite as much as outdoor seasoning. The staves are then heated, traditionally over an open fire, and, when pliable, are bent into the desired shape of the barrel and held together with	{"page_id": 748887, "title": "Oak (wine)"}
4.432 17.60 3.9712 19.45 2.09e-12 * ## Residuals 94.568 19.31 0.2042 ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '' 0.001 '' 0.01 '' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ## ## Residual standard error: 0.4519 on 94.57 degrees of freedom ## Multiple R-squared: 0.7203, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7038 ## F-statistic: 43.7 on 5.432 and 94.57 DF, p-value: 0\) is the _smoothing parameter_ that controls the influence of the penalty. Note that $f^{(m)}(\cdot)$ denotes the $m$-th derivative of $f(\cdot)$, and $\mathcal{H} = \{f: J_m(f) < \infty \}$ is the space of functions with square integrable $m$-th derivative. Smoothing Parameter Influence ----------------------------- As $\lambda \rightarrow 0$ the penalty has less influence on the penalized least squares functional So, for very small values of $\lambda$, the function estimate $f_\lambda$ essentially	{"source": 1165, "title": "from dpo"}
do not attempt to verify their authorization to work as required by the immigration laws. Several of the female farm workers and laborers, who are in fact undocumented, complain to a client supervisor and to the contractor about sexual harassment by male coworkers, including physical assaults and persistent unwelcome sexual remarks and advances. The client supervisor and the contractor threaten to expose the workers' immigration status if they continue to complain about the harassment. Threatening to report the workers' suspected immigration status to government authorities, or actually reporting the workers, is materially adverse and actionable as retaliation against workers who have engaged in protected activity under the EEO laws because it is likely to deter them from engaging in protected activity. If an EEOC charge is filed, both the contractor and the facility owner can each be found liable for retaliation. Neither the workers' undocumented status, nor the fact that they were placed by a contractor acting as a staffing firm, is a defense.[]( EXAMPLE 16 Workplace Sabotage, Assignment to Unfavorable Location, and Abusive Scheduling Practices After an employee cooperated in a workplace investigation of a coworker's race discrimination complaint, a supervisor intentionally left a window ajar to prevent the employee from setting the building alarm (one of his job duties) and thereby subjected him to discipline. The supervisor also engaged in punitive scheduling, including shortening off-duty time between workdays and changing the employee's work schedule in a way that would require him to work alone at a more dangerous facility than the one at which he usually worked. These acts of workplace sabotage, his assignment to an unfavorable location, and the punitive scheduling constitute materially adverse actions.[]( EXAMPLE 17 Disclosure of Confidential EEO Information and Assignment of Disproportionate Workload Three weeks after a federal employee sought EEO counseling regarding	{"source": 5915, "title": "from dpo"}
In particle physics, the Glashow resonance is the resonant formation of the W boson in antineutrino-electron collisions: νe + e− → W−. == History == The resonance was proposed by Sheldon Glashow in 1959. == Theory == The threshold antineutrino energy for this process (for the electron at rest in the laboratory frame) is given by the formula E ν = M W 2 c 2 − ( m e 2 + m ν 2 ) c 2 2 m e ≈ M W 2 c 2 2 m e {\displaystyle E_{\nu }={\frac {M_{W}^{2}c^{2}-(m_{e}^{2}+m_{\nu }^{2})c^{2}}{2m_{e}}}\approx {\frac {M_{W}^{2}c^{2}}{2m_{e}}}} (here is, for completeness, included also the antineutrino mass, which vanishes in the Standard Model), which gives 6.3 PeV, a huge energy for a fundamental particle. This process is considered for the detection and studies of high-energy cosmic neutrinos at the IceCube experiment, at the ANTARES neutrino telescope, and at the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. == Detection == A report observing the resonance at 2.3σ level has been made by the IceCube experiment in March 2021. == References ==	{"page_id": 42208364, "title": "Glashow resonance"}
Dan Roth (Hebrew: דן רוט) is the Eduardo D. Glandt Distinguished Professor of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania and the Chief AI Scientist at Oracle. Until June 2024 Roth was a VP and distinguished scientist at AWS AI. In his role at AWS, Roth led over the last three years the scientific effort behind the first-generation Generative AI products from AWS, including Titan Models, Amazon Q efforts, and Bedrock, from inception until they became generally available. Roth got his B.A. summa cum laude in mathematics from the Technion, Israel, and his Ph.D. in computer science from Harvard University in 1995. He taught at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1998 to 2017 before moving to the University of Pennsylvania. == Professional career == Roth is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), and the Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL). Roth’s research focuses on the computational foundations of intelligent behavior. He develops theories and systems pertaining to intelligent behavior using a unified methodology, at the heart of which is the idea that learning has a central role in intelligence. His work centers around the study of machine learning and inference methods to facilitate natural language understanding. In doing that he has pursued several interrelated lines of work that span multiple aspects of this problem - from fundamental questions in learning and inference and how they interact, to the study of a range of natural language processing (NLP) problems and developing advanced machine learning based tools for natural language applications. Roth has made seminal contribution to the fusion of Learning and Reasoning, Machine Learning with weak, incidental supervision, and to machine learning and inference approaches to natural	{"page_id": 48720365, "title": "Dan Roth"}
Lachlathetes gigas is a species of antlions in the subfamily Palparinae. It is native to Gabon, Guinea and Sierra Leone. The species was named by Dalman in 1823, based on an insect figured by Dru Drury as a variety of Myrmeleon libelluloides. == Description == Antennae black, slender, and thickest at the extremities. Head, neck, and thorax yellowish brown, with a black longitudinal stripe running along the middle. Four palpi, two of which are short; the other two long, slender, and knobbed at the extremities. Thorax nearly covered with grey hairs. Abdomen yellowish brown in preserved specimens (probably green when living). Wings of equal length, the anterior being broadest, all marked with a great number of red-brown spots, and clouds of various shapes and sizes, and appearing to be composed of fine lattice-work like gauze, and perfectly transparent where they are not clouded. Legs nearly of equal length, having two strong tibial spurs. Wing-span 6¾ inches (170 mm). == References == == External links == Data related to Lachlathetes gigas at Wikispecies	{"page_id": 44552047, "title": "Lachlathetes gigas"}
under Lloyd Hesketh Bamford Hesketh's instruction, Gwrych Castle was built with 18 large towers, one of those towers is called the 'Ice Tower'. Its sole purpose was to store Ice. Trieste sent ice to Egypt, Corfu, and Zante; Switzerland, to France; and Germany sometimes was supplied from Bavarian lakes. From 1930s and up until 1994, the Hungarian Parliament building used ice harvested in the winter from Lake Balaton for air conditioning. Ice houses were used to store ice formed in the winter, to make ice available all year long, and an early type of refrigerator known as an icebox was cooled using a block of ice placed inside it. Many cities had a regular ice delivery service during the summer. The advent of artificial refrigeration technology made the delivery of ice obsolete. Ice is still harvested for ice and snow sculpture events. For example, a swing saw is used to get ice for the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival each year from the frozen surface of the Songhua River. ==== Artificial production ==== The earliest known written process to artificially make ice is by the 13th-century writings of Arab historian Ibn Abu Usaybia in his book Kitab Uyun al-anba fi tabaqat-al-atibba concerning medicine in which Ibn Abu Usaybia attributes the process to an even older author, Ibn Bakhtawayhi, of whom nothing is known. Ice is now produced on an industrial scale, for uses including food storage and processing, chemical manufacturing, concrete mixing and curing, and consumer or packaged ice. Most commercial icemakers produce three basic types of fragmentary ice: flake, tubular and plate, using a variety of techniques. Large batch ice makers can produce up to 75 tons of ice per day. In 2002, there were 426 commercial ice-making companies in the United States, with a combined value	{"page_id": 14946, "title": "Ice"}
daily stress through text messages, phone calls, and e-mails. Internet-enabled phones have also assisted in the connection through social sites where family members can discuss their issues even if they are far apart (Alamenciak, 2012). In America, for instance, parents have adjusted to modern technology thus increasing their connection with their children who may be working in different states. Cell phones are bringing families together as they increase the quality of communication among the family members are living separately in the distance. Families use cell phones to get in touch with their children by the use of e-mails and web (George, 2008). These families contact their children to know how they're redoing and entertain them in the process. Moreover, cell phone communication brings families more closely increasing the relationship between family members. During this time, family heads promote values and set good examples to their children. They encourage openness and communication in case problems arise in the family as well as security since family members get the opportunity to know each other well. Also, cell phones have enhanced accountability either in working premises or at homes. People keep in touch with their core-workers and employees as well as their family members (Good Connection, Bad Example: Cell Phones and The Family, 2007). == Future of smartphones == The next generation of smartphones will be context-aware, taking advantage of the growing availability of embedded physical sensors and data exchange abilities. One of the main features applying to this is that phones will start keeping track of users' personal data, and adapt to anticipate the information will need. All-new applications will come out with the new phones, one of which is an X-ray device that reveals information about any location at which the phone is pointed. Companies are developing software to take advantage	{"page_id": 25208936, "title": "Mobile technology"}
shots had been fired; there were conflicting reports regarding as to whether autopsy results indicated the victim had been shot in the back. The medical examiner's analysis was expected to be complete in about a month's time; transcripts of witness statements were not expected to be available for several weeks. Zambrano-Montes's family commissioned a third autopsy conducted by forensic pathologist Werner Spitz. A federal mediator from the US Justice Department was dispatched in late March to help to mediate talks between the Pasco police department and local community groups who believe the shooting was unjustified while Zambrano-Montes' widow has called for the three officers to be charged with murder. A request to Governor Jay Inslee by Latino advocacy group Consejo Latino to remove Franklin County Prosecutor Shawn Sant from the investigation was refused, on the basis that prosecutors were obligated to fully investigate and prosecute crimes absent "very specific, tangible, and compelling reasons." Shawn Sant—along with Michael C. Ormsby, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Washington—declined to file charges against the three officers, stating that the officers acted in good faith and without malice. Ryan Flanagan left the police department in July 2015 while on administrative leave. The other two officers, Adam Wright and Adrian Alaniz, eventually returned to duty. === Civil lawsuit === In 2015, the family of Zambrano filed a $25 million claim in federal court against the city of Pasco claiming excessive force led to his death. The family hired civil rights attorney Benjamin Crump who also represented the family of Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida and the family of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri; and Jose Baez, who represented Casey Anthony. The family later accepted a $700,000 settlement which was divided among Zambrano's two daughters, parents and widow. == References ==	{"page_id": 45426011, "title": "Killing of Antonio Zambrano-Montes"}
Murus gallicus or Gallic wall is a method of construction of defensive walls used to protect Iron Age hillforts and oppida of the La Tene period in Western Europe. == Basic features == The distinctive features are: earth or rubble fill transverse cross beams at approximately 2 ft (60 cm) intervals longitudinal timbers laid on the cross beams and attached with mortice joints, nails, or iron spikes through augered holes outer stone facing cross beams protruding through the stone facing == Technique and utility == The technique of construction and the utility of the walls was described by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War: But this is usually the form of all the Gallic walls. Straight beams, connected lengthwise and two feet distant from each other at equal intervals, are placed together on the ground; these are morticed on the inside, and covered with plenty of earth. But the intervals which we have mentioned, are closed up in front by large stones. These being thus laid and cemented together, another row is added above, in such a manner, that the same interval may be observed, and that the beams may not touch one another, but equal spaces intervening, each row of beams is kept firmly in its place by a row of stones. In this manner the whole wall is consolidated, until the regular height of the wall be completed. This work, with respect to appearance and variety, is not unsightly, owing to the alternate rows of beams and stones, which preserve their order in right lines; and, besides, it possesses great advantages as regards utility and the defense of cities; for the stone protects it from fire, and the wood from the battering ram, since it [the wood] being mortised in the inside with rows of	{"page_id": 7998520, "title": "Murus gallicus"}
The Royal Stars, also known as the Royal Stars of Persia, are Aldebaran, Regulus, Antares, and Fomalhaut, four prominent stars that played a significant role in ancient astronomy and astrology. These stars were regarded as the celestial guardians of the sky during the time of the Persian Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE) and were considered markers of the four cardinal directions. The idea of these stars as "guardians" can be traced back to Babylonian astronomy, which significantly influenced Persian cosmology. The Persians further incorporated these stars into their Zoroastrian worldview, assigning them roles as watchers of the sky and associating them with seasonal transitions and divine entities. == Babylonian and Assyrian Origins == The concept of the Four Royal Stars predates the Persian Empire and originates in ancient Babylonian and Assyrian astronomy. By 747 BCE, the Babylonian King Nabonassar implemented a calendar system based on the motions of the moon relative to these four stars. The Babylonians used two primary cycles for this system: an eight-year cycle and a nineteen-year cycle, the latter becoming the standard lunisolar calendar. By 700 BCE, the Assyrians had mapped the ecliptic cycle and identified these stars as key markers of the zodiacal constellations. This knowledge allowed them to distinguish fixed stars from wandering planets and further refine the study of celestial phenomena. The four stars were tied to specific constellations: Aldebaran in Taurus Regulus in Leo Antares in Scorpius Fomalhaut in Piscis Austrinus == Persian Cosmology and Zoroastrian Integration == With the rise of the Persian Empire, these stars became deeply embedded in Zoroastrian cosmology. In Persian tradition, the stars were associated with seasonal transitions and were considered "watchers" of the cardinal directions: Aldebaran (Tascheter): Watcher of the East, associated with the vernal equinox. Regulus (Venant): Watcher of the North, associated with the summer solstice.	{"page_id": 2252258, "title": "Royal stars"}
In mathematics, a dodecagonal number is a figurate number that represents a dodecagon. The dodecagonal number for n is given by the formula D n = 5 n 2 − 4 n {\displaystyle D_{n}=5n^{2}-4n} The first few dodecagonal numbers are: 0, 1, 12, 33, 64, 105, 156, 217, 288, 369, 460, 561, 672, 793, 924, 1065, 1216, 1377, 1548, 1729, ... (sequence A051624 in the OEIS) == Properties == The dodecagonal number for n can be calculated by adding the square of n to four times the (n - 1)th pronic number, or to put it algebraically, D n = n 2 + 4 ( n 2 − n ) {\displaystyle D_{n}=n^{2}+4(n^{2}-n)} . Dodecagonal numbers consistently alternate parity, and in base 10, their units place digits follow the pattern 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. By the Fermat polygonal number theorem, every number is the sum of at most 12 dodecagonal numbers. D n {\displaystyle D_{n}} is the sum of the first n natural numbers congruent to 1 mod 10. D n + 1 {\displaystyle D_{n+1}} is the sum of all odd numbers from 4n+1 to 6n+1. == Sum of reciprocals == A formula for the sum of the reciprocals of the dodecagonal numbers is given by ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 5 n 2 − 4 n = 5 16 ln ⁡ ( 5 ) + 5 8 ln ⁡ ( 1 + 5 2 ) + π 8 1 + 2 5 . {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{5n^{2}-4n}}={\frac {5}{16}}\ln \left(5\right)+{\frac {\sqrt {5}}{8}}\ln \left({\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\right)+{\frac {\pi }{8}}{\sqrt {1+{\frac {2}{\sqrt {5}}}}}.} == See also == Polygonal number Figurate number Dodecagon	{"page_id": 1664543, "title": "Dodecagonal number"}
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi). The only current ice sheets are the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap. An ice cap will typically feed a series of glaciers around its periphery. Although the surface is cold, the base of an ice sheet is generally warmer due to geothermal heat. In places, melting occurs and the melt-water lubricates the ice sheet so that it flows more rapidly. This process produces fast-flowing channels in the ice sheet — these are ice streams. Even stable ice sheets are continually in motion as the ice gradually flows outward from the central plateau, which is the tallest point of the ice sheet, and towards the margins. The ice sheet slope is low around the plateau but increases steeply at the margins. Increasing global air temperatures due to climate change take around 10,000 years to directly propagate through the ice before they influence bed temperatures, but may have an effect through increased surface melting, producing more supraglacial lakes. These lakes may feed warm water to glacial bases and facilitate glacial motion. In previous geologic time spans (glacial periods) there were other ice sheets. During the Last Glacial Period at Last Glacial Maximum, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered much of North America. In the same period, the Weichselian ice sheet covered Northern Europe and the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered southern South America. == Overview == An ice sheet is a body of ice which covers a land area of continental size - meaning that it exceeds 50,000	{"page_id": 493760, "title": "Ice sheet"}
noun in this sentence. > –ANSWERS – > 113 SET 21 (Page 40) 236. b. There are two potential problems in this sentence: 1) the grammatical agreement between the nouns Kendra or Zoë and the pronoun her ; and 2) the formation of the verb to bring . In choice b both of these are correct. Because the sentence reads Kendra or Zoë , the pronoun must be singular; only one of them brought the volleyball. Brought is the past tense of bring . Choice a is wrong because the pronoun their is plural. Choice c is wrong because there is not a correct pronoun. Choices d and e are incorrect because brang is not the past tense of bring . 237. a. This choice is the only one that uses the proper form of possessive pronouns. 238. c. This choice is best because it is the only one in which there is no shift in person; i.e., If you are looking . . . , you should compare . . . . All of the other choices shift from third person (someone, one, a person) to second person (you). 239. e. This is the only choice to have agreement between the subject and verb and between the pronoun and its antecedent. 240. d. When the relationship between a pronoun and its antecedent is unclear, as it is in this sentence, it should be changed to avoid ambiguity. There are two boys, Andre and Robert, and choice d makes the relation-ship clear: Robert’s family moved, and not Andre’s family. > SET 22 (Page 40) 241. c. The word I should be replaced with the word me , because the pronoun is the object, not the subject. 242. d. There are no errors. 243. d. There are no errors. 244. c.	{"source": 973, "title": "from dpo"}
onsite system-related impacts were anticipated. Coordinating onsite wastewater management with planning and zoning activities can ensure that parcels designated for development are permitted based on a specified level of onsite system performance that considers site characteris-tics and watershed-level pollutant loading analyses. To streamline this analytical process, some manage-ment programs designate overlay zones in which specific technologies or management strategies are required to protect sensitive environmental re-sources. These overlay zones may be based on soil type, topography, geology, hydrology, or other site characteristics (figure 2-1). Within these overlay zones, the RA may have the authority to specify maximum system densities, system design require-ments, performance requirements, and operation/ maintenance requirements. Although the use of overlay zones may streamline administrative efforts, establishing such programs involves the use of assumptions and generalizations until a sufficient number of site-specific evaluations are available to ensure proper siting and system selection. Internally, changes in program goals, demograph-ics, and technological advances require information and coordination to ensure that the short- and long-term goals of the program can continue to be met. Many variables affect the internal planning process, including factors such as the locations and types of treatment systems within the jurisdictional area, the present or future organizational and institutional structure of the management entity, and the funding available for program development and implemen-tation. The box “Performance-based program elements” (page 2-21) provides guidance for planning pro-cesses undertaken by an onsite/decentralized wastewater management entity. At a minimum, the onsite management entity should identify and delineate the planning region, develop program goals, and coordinate with the relevant public health, resource protection, economic development, and land-use planning agencies. Figure 2-2 shows a process that might be useful in developing and implementing a performance-based program whose objectives are to protect specific resources or achieve stated public health objectives. # 2.4.5 Performance requirements	{"source": 2649, "title": "from dpo"}
THe , tHE and thE , just to be sure). We then count the hits (since this string corresponds uniquely to the word the , we don’t even have to clean up the results manually). The query will yield 6 041 234 hits, so there are 6 041 234 instances of the word the in the BNC. When searching for grammatical structures (for example in Chapters 5 and 6), simply transferred this way of counting occurrences. For example, in order to determine the frequency of the s-possessive in the BNC, we would define a rea-sonable query or set of queries (which, as discussed in various places in this book, can be tricky) and again simply count the hits. Let us assume that the query ⟨[pos="(POS\|DPS)"] [pos=".AJ."]? [pos=".NN."] ⟩ is a reasonable approximation: it retrieves all instances of the possessive clitic (tagged POS in the BNC) or a possessive determiner ( DPS ), optionally followed by a word tagged as an adjective ( AJ0 , AJC or AJS , even if it is part of an ambiguity tag), followed by a word tagged as a noun ( NN0 , NN1 or NN2 , even if it is part of an ambiguity tag). This 310 9.1 Quantifying morphological phenomena query will retrieve 1 651 908 hits, so it seems that there are 1 651 908 instances of the s-possessive in the BNC. However, there is a crucial difference between the two situations: in the case of the word the , every instance is identical to all others (if we ignore upper and lower case). This is not the case for the s-possessive. Of course, here, too, many instances are identical to other instances: there are exact repetitions of proper names, like King’s Cross (322 hits) or People’s revolutionary party (47), of (parts	{"source": 4958, "title": "from dpo"}
with the de-grees of freedom for nitrogen partitioned into components by giving an additional argument to the summary function: > > summary(oats.aov, split = list(Nf = list(L = 1, Dev = 2:3))) .... Error: Within Df Sum of Sq Mean Sq F Value Pr(F) Nf 320020 6673 37.69 0.00000 Nf: L 119536 19536 110.32 0.00000 Nf: Dev 2484 242 1.37 0.26528 Nf:V 6322 54 0.30 0.93220 Nf:V: L 2168 84 0.48 0.62476 Nf:V: Dev 4153 38 0.22 0.92786 Residuals 45 7969 177 The split argument is a named list with the name of each component that of some factor appearing in the model. Each component is itself a list with compo-nents of the form name = int.seq where name is the name for the table entry and int.seq is an integer sequence giving the contrasts to be grouped under that name in the ANOVA table. Residuals in multistratum analyses: Projections Residuals and fitted values from the individual strata are available in the usual way by accessing each component as a fitted-model object. Thus fitted(oats.aov[]) and resid(oats.aov[]) are vectors of length 54 representing fitted values and residuals from the last stratum, based on 54 orthonormal linear functions of the original data vector. It is not possible to asso-ciate them uniquely with the plots of the original experiment. The function proj takes a fitted model object and finds the projections of the original data vector onto the subspaces defined by each line in the analysis of variance tables (including, for multistratum objects, the suppressed table with the grand mean only). The result is a list of matrices, one for each stratum, where the column names for each are the component names from the analysis of variance tables. As the argument qr = T has been set when the model was initially fitted,	{"source": 6256, "title": "from dpo"}
The molecular formula C23H28N2O4 may refer to: Pacrinolol, a beta adrenergic receptor antagonist Pleiocarpine, an anticholinergic alkaloid	{"page_id": 40971412, "title": "C23H28N2O4"}
Ecosystem services – Benefits provided by intact ecosystemsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Eden Project – Visitor attraction in Cornwall, United Kingdom MELiSSA – European Space Agency led consortium developing life support systems for space missions Space colonization – Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth Spome – Hypothetical matter-closed, energy-open life support system Terraforming – Hypothetical planetary engineering process Chang'e 4 – Chinese lunar lander & rover Space stations and habitats in fiction – Fictional depictions of space stations and habitats in fiction == References ==	{"page_id": 952858, "title": "Closed ecological system"}
Ethnobiology is the multidisciplinary field of study of relationships among peoples, biota, and environments integrating many perspectives, from the social, biological, and medical sciences; along with application to conservation and sustainable development. The diversity of perspectives in ethnobiology allows for examining complex, dynamic interactions between human and natural systems. == History == === Beginnings (15th century–19th century) === Biologists have been interested in local biological knowledge since the time Europeans started colonising the world, from the 15th century onwards. Paul Sillitoe wrote that: Europeans not only sought to understand the new regions they intruded into but also were on the look-out for resources that they might profitably exploit, engaging in practices that today we should consider tantamount to biopiracy. Many new crops ... entered into Europe during this period, such as the potato, tomato, pumpkin, maize, and tobacco. Local biological knowledge, collected and sampled over these early centuries significantly informed the early development of modern biology: during the 17th century, Georg Eberhard Rumphius benefited from local biological knowledge in producing his catalogue, "Herbarium Amboinense", covering more than 1,200 species of the plants in Indonesia; during the 18th century, Carl Linnaeus relied upon Rumphius's work, and also corresponded with other people all around the world when developing the biological classification scheme that now underlies the arrangement of much of the accumulated knowledge of the biological sciences. during the 19th century, Charles Darwin, the 'father' of evolutionary theory, on his Voyage of the Beagle took interest in the local biological knowledge of peoples he encountered. === Phase I (1900s–1940s) === Ethnobiology itself, as a distinctive practice, only emerged during the 20th century as part of the records then being made about other peoples, and other cultures. As a practice, it was nearly always ancillary to other pursuits when documenting others' languages, folklore,	{"page_id": 2355918, "title": "Ethnobiology"}
fixed connector is the plug, without regard to the gender of the connector contacts. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1975 also made a standard that was withdrawn in 1997. The intended application for a phone connector has also resulted in names such as audio jack, headphone jack, stereo plug, microphone jack, aux input, etc. Among audio engineers, the connector may often simply be called a quarter-inch to distinguish it from XLR, another frequently-used audio connector. These naming variations are also used for the 3.5 mm connectors, which have been called mini-phone, mini-stereo, mini jack, etc. RCA connectors are differently-shaped, but confusingly are similarly-named as phono plugs and phono jacks (or in the UK, phono sockets). 3.5 mm connectors are sometimes—counter to the connector manufacturers' nomenclature—referred to as mini phonos. Confusion also arises because phone jack and phone plug may sometimes refer to the RJ11 and various older telephone sockets and plugs that connect wired telephones to wall outlets. == Historical development == The original 1⁄4-inch (6.35 mm) version descends from as early as 1877 in Boston when the first telephone switchboard was installed or 1878, when an early switchboard was used for the first commercial manual telephone exchange in New Haven created by George W. Coy. Charles E. Scribner filed a patent in 1878 to facilitate switchboard operation using his spring-jack switch. In it, a conductive lever pushed by a spring is normally connected to one contact. But when a cable with a conductive plug is inserted into a hole and makes contact with that lever, the lever pivots and breaks its normal connection. The receptacle was called a jack-knife because of its resemblance to a pocket clasp-knife. This is said to be the origin of calling the receptacle a jack. Scribner filed a patent in 1880	{"page_id": 258959, "title": "Phone connector (audio)"}
"moons of moons" or subsatellites (natural satellites that orbit a natural satellite of a planet) are currently known. In most cases, the tidal effects of the planet would make such a system unstable. However, calculations performed after the 2008 detection of a possible ring system around Saturn's moon Rhea indicate that satellites orbiting Rhea could have stable orbits. Furthermore, the suspected rings are thought to be narrow, a phenomenon normally associated with shepherd moons. However, targeted images taken by the Cassini spacecraft failed to detect rings around Rhea. It has also been proposed that Saturn's moon Iapetus had a satellite in the past; this is one of several hypotheses that have been put forward to account for its equatorial ridge. Light-curve analysis suggests that Saturn's irregular satellite Kiviuq is extremely prolate, and is likely a contact binary or even a binary moon. == Trojan satellites == Two natural satellites are known to have small companions at both their L4 and L5 Lagrangian points, sixty degrees ahead and behind the body in its orbit. These companions are called trojan moons, as their orbits are analogous to the trojan asteroids of Jupiter. The trojan moons are Telesto and Calypso, which are the leading and following companions, respectively, of the Saturnian moon Tethys; and Helene and Polydeuces, the leading and following companions of the Saturnian moon Dione. == Asteroid satellites == The discovery of 243 Ida's natural satellite Dactyl in the early 1990s confirmed that some asteroids have natural satellites; indeed, 87 Sylvia has two. Some, such as 90 Antiope, are double asteroids with two comparably sized components. == Shape == Neptune's moon Proteus is the largest irregularly shaped natural satellite; the shapes of Eris' moon Dysnomia and Orcus' moon Vanth are unknown. All other known natural satellites that are at least the	{"page_id": 53306, "title": "Natural satellite"}
Aeroflot Flight 513 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight operated by Aeroflot that crashed during takeoff from Kuybyshev Airport in the Soviet Union on 8 March 1965, resulting in the deaths of 30 passengers and crew. It was the first fatal accident involving a Tupolev Tu-124. == Background == === Aircraft === The aircraft involved was a Tupolev Tu-124V with two Soloviev D-20P engines, registered CCCP-45028 to the Soviet Union's state airline, Aeroflot. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had accumulated 1,612 flight hours and 1,151 pressurization cycles in service. === Crew === Thirty passengers and nine crew members were on board the flight. The crew consisted of the following: Captain Ivan Kostin Captain trainee Victor Sjulin Check captain Pavel Saveliev Co-pilot Victor Kiryakov Radio operator Evgeny Ivanov Flight engineer Alexander Danilov Navigator Leonid Gostev Stewardesses Zoya Chicherina and Tamara Kolesnikova worked in the cabin. == Flight and accident == The aircraft was de-iced before takeoff. In the cockpit, the check captain observing the trainee's performance sat on the right; the trainee sat on the left. The captains and first officer remained in the cabin and did not assist the trainee and check captain during takeoff. Flight 513 took off from the runway at a bearing of 100°. At an altitude of 40–50 meters the angle of attack increased to the point of causing a stall. The Tu-124 never recovered from the stall and crashed into a field of snow. All 9 crew members and 21 out of 30 passengers died in the accident. There were initially 16 passenger fatalities, but five passengers later died in hospital from their injuries. == Cause == The investigation concluded that the accident was most likely caused by: Failure of the altitude indicators to display the correct outputs as result of a	{"page_id": 54088394, "title": "Aeroflot Flight 513"}
GRB 080916C is a gamma-ray burst (GRB) that was recorded on September 16, 2008, in the Carina constellation and detected by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The burst lasted for 23 minutes (1400 s). It is one of the most extreme gamma-ray bursts ever recorded, and was the most energetic gamma-ray burst ever recorded, until GRB 221009A was recorded in 2022. The explosion had the energy of approximately 9000 type Ia supernovae if the emission was isotropically emitted, and the gas jets emitting the initial gamma rays moved at a minimum velocity of approximately 299,792,158 m/s (99.9999% the speed of light), making this blast one of the most extreme recorded. The 16.5-second delay for the highest-energy gamma ray observed in this burst is consistent with some theories of quantum gravity, which state that all forms of light may not travel through space at the same speed. Very-high-energy gamma rays may be slowed down as they propagate through the quantum turbulence of space-time. The explosion took place 12.2 billion light-years (light travel distance) away. That means it occurred 12.2 billion years ago—when the universe was only about 1.5 billion years old. The burst lasted for 23 minutes, almost 700 times as long as the two-second average for high energy GRBs. Follow-up observations were made 32 hours after the blast using the Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector (GROND) on the 2.2 metre telescope at the European Southern Observatory in La Silla, Chile, allowing astronomers to pinpoint the blast's distance to 12.2 billion light years. The object's redshift is z = 4.35. If all that energy from GRB 080916C could be captured and converted into usable electricity at 100% efficiency, it would produce enough electricity to supply the entire planet Earth with 13.5 octillion years of power (according to electricity consumption of 2008). ==	{"page_id": 21623668, "title": "GRB 080916C"}
is very important in the production of oil reservoirs, as the seismically fast directions can indicate preferred directions of fluid flow. In crustal geophysics, the anisotropy is usually weak; this enables a simplification of the expressions for seismic velocities and reflectivities, as functions of propagation (and polarization) direction. In the simplest geophysically plausible case, that of polar anisotropy, the analysis is most conveniently done in terms of Thomsen Parameters. == Mantle anisotropy == In the mantle, anisotropy is normally associated with crystals (mainly olivine) aligned with the mantle flow direction called lattice preferred orientation (LPO). Due to their elongate crystalline structure, olivine crystals tend to align with the flow due to mantle convection or small scale convection. Anisotropy has long been used to argue whether plate tectonics is driven from below by mantle convection or from above by the plates, i.e. slab pull and ridge push. The favored methods for detecting seismic anisotropy are shear wave splitting, seismic tomography of surface waves and body waves, and converted-wave scattering in the context of a receiver function. In shear-wave splitting, the S wave splits into two orthogonal polarizations, corresponding to the fastest and slowest wavespeeds in that medium for that propagation direction. The period range for mantle splitting studies is typically 5-25-sec. In seismic tomography, one must have a spatial distribution of seismic sources (earthquakes or man-made blasts) to generate waves at multiple wave-propagation azimuths through a 3-D medium. For receiver functions, the P-to-S converted wave displays harmonic variation with earthquake back azimuth when the material at depth is anisotopic. This method allows determination of layers of anisotropic material at depth beneath a station. In the transition zone, wadsleyite and/or ringwoodite could be aligned in LPO. Below the transition zone, the three main minerals, periclase, silicate perovskite (bridgmanite), and post-perovskite are all	{"page_id": 3838003, "title": "Seismic anisotropy"}
galaxies are easily summed, baryonic matter can also exist in highly non-luminous form, such as black holes, planets, and highly diffuse interstellar gas. Nonetheless, it can still be done, using a range of techniques: Making use of the Lyman-alpha forest; clouds of diffuse, baryonic gas or dust are sometimes visible when backlit by stars. The resulting spectra can be used to infer the mass between the star and the observer. Gravitational microlensing. If a planet or other dark object moves between the observer and a faraway source, the image of the source is distorted. The mass of the dark object can be inferred based on the amount of distortion. Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect. The interaction between CMB photons and free electrons leaves an imprint in the CMB. This effect is sensitive to all free electrons independently of their temperature or the density of the surrounding medium, and thus it can be used to study baryonic matter otherwise not hot enough to be detected. Prior to 2017, baryons were found to be distributed 10% inside galaxies, 50–60% in the circum-galactic medium, and 30–40% unaccounted, therefore accounting for about 70% of theoretical predictions. Large scale galaxy surveys in the 2000s revealed a baryon deficit. This led theorists to reexamine their models and predict that gas must flow between galaxies and galaxy clusters. === Warm-hot intergalactic medium === The Lambda-CDM model of the big bang predicts that matter between galaxies in the universe is distributed in web-like formations with a low density (1–10 particles per cubic meter) known as the Warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations from theory predict that a fraction of the missing baryons are located in galactic haloes at temperatures of 106 K and the (WHIM) at temperatures of 105–107 K, with recent observations providing strong support. The WHIM is composed	{"page_id": 55518323, "title": "Missing baryon problem"}
artistic piece, titled Voicing Erasure, that increased public awareness of racial bias in automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. The piece was performed by numerous female and non-binary researchers in the field, including Ruha Benjamin, Sasha Costanza-Chock, Safiya Noble, and Kimberlé Crenshaw. AJL based their development of "Voicing Erasure" on a 2020 PNAS paper, titled, "Racial disparities in automated speech recognition" that identified racial disparities in performance of five commercial ASR systems. === Algorithmic governance === In 2019, Buolamwini represented AJL at a congressional hearing of the US House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, to discuss the applications of facial recognition technologies commercially and in the government. Buolamwini served as a witness at the hearing and spoke on underperformance of facial recognition technologies in identifying people with darker skin and feminine features and supported her position with research from the AJL project "Gender Shades". In January 2022, the AJL collaborated with Fight for the Future and the Electronic Privacy Information Center to release an online petition called DumpID.me, calling for the IRS to halt their use of ID.me, a facial recognition technology they were using on users when they log in. The AJL and other organizations sent letters to legislators and requested them to encourage the IRS to stop the program. In February 2022, the IRS agreed to halt the program and stop using facial recognition technology. AJL has now shifted efforts to convince other government agencies to stop using facial recognition technology; as of March 2022, the DumpID.me petition has pivoted to stop the use of ID.me in all government agencies. === Olay Decode the Bias campaign === In September 2021, Olay collaborated with AJL and O'Neil Risk Consulting & Algorithmic Auditing (ORCAA) to conduct the Decode the Bias campaign, which included an audit that explored whether the Olay	{"page_id": 66072656, "title": "Algorithmic Justice League"}
are the data points (representing classes), the important component in a data set, which are near the identified set of lines (hyperplane). 1. Hard Margin 2. Soft Margin 3. Linear Margin 4. Support Vectors 16. ---------- is a line that linearly separates and classifies a set of data. 1. Hyperplane 2. Soft Margin 3. Linear Margin 4. Support Vectors 17. The distance between hyperplane and data points is called as: 1. Hyper Plan 2. Margins 3. Error 4. Support Vectors 18. Which of the following is true about SVM? 1. It is useful only in high-dimensional spaces 2. It always gives an approximate value 3. It is accurate 4. Understanding SVM is difficult 19. Which of the following is true about SVM? 1. It is useful only in high-dimensional spaces 2. It requires less memory 3. SVM does not perform well when we have a large data set 4. SVM performs well when we have a large data set 20. What is the meaning of hard margin in SVM? 1. SVM allows very low error in classification 2. SVM allows high amount of error in classification 3. Underfitting 4. SVM is highly flexible 21. What sizes of training data sets are not best suited for SVM? 1. Large data sets 2. Very small training data sets 3. Medium size training data sets 4. Training data set size does not matter 22. Support Vectors are near the hyperplane. 1. True 2. False 23. In SVM, these functions take a lower dimensional input space and transform it to a higher dimensional space. 1. Kernels 2. Vector 3. Support Vector 4. Hyperplane 24. Which of the following options is true about the kNN algorithm? 1. It can be used only for classification 2. It can be used only for regression 3. It can	{"source": 1196, "title": "from dpo"}
2σ2 ) . The notation “ p(y(i)\|x(i); θ)” indicates that this is the distribution of y(i) given x(i) and parameterized by θ. Note that we should not condition on θ (“ p(y(i)\|x(i), θ )”), since θ is not a random variable. We can also write the distribution of y(i) as y(i) \| x(i); θ ∼ N (θT x(i), σ 2). Given X (the design matrix, which contains all the x(i)’s) and θ, what is the distribution of the y(i)’s? The probability of the data is given by p(~y\|X; θ). This quantity is typically viewed a function of ~y (and perhaps X), for a fixed value of θ. When we wish to explicitly view this as a function of θ, we will instead call it the likelihood function: L(θ) = L(θ; X, ~ y) = p(~y\|X; θ). Note that by the independence assumption on the (i)’s (and hence also the y(i)’s given the x(i)’s), this can also be written L(θ) = > n ∏ > i=1 p(y(i) \| x(i); θ)= > n ∏ > i=1 1 √2πσ exp ( −(y(i) − θT x(i))2 2σ2 ) . Now, given this probabilistic model relating the y(i)’s and the x(i)’s, what is a reasonable way of choosing our best guess of the parameters θ? The principal of maximum likelihood says that we should choose θ so as to make the data as high probability as possible. I.e., we should choose θ to maximize L(θ). 17 Instead of maximizing L(θ), we can also maximize any strictly increasing function of L(θ). In particular, the derivations will be a bit simpler if we instead maximize the log likelihood `(θ): `(θ) = log L(θ)= log > n ∏ > i=1 1 √2πσ exp ( −(y(i) − θT x(i))2 2σ2 ) = > n ∑ > i=1 log 1	{"source": 3397, "title": "from dpo"}
where X ∈ Cn−1 is the top right column of Mn with the bottom entry ξnn removed. One may be concerned that the denominator here could vanish. However, observe that z has imaginary part b if z = a + ib . Fur-thermore, from the spectral theorem we see that the imaginary part of ( 1√n Mn−1 − zI n−1)−1 is positive definite, and so X∗( 1√n Mn−1 − zI n−1)−1X has non-negative imaginary part. As a consequence the magnitude of the denominator here is bounded below by \|b\|, and so its reciprocal is O(1) (compare with (2.91)). So the reciprocal here is not going to cause any discontinuity, as we are considering b is fixed and non-zero. Now we need to understand the expression X∗( 1√n Mn−1−zI n−1)−1X.We write this as X∗RX , where R is the resolvent matrix R := ( 1√n Mn−1 −zI n−1)−1. The distribution of the random matrix R could conceivably be quite complicated. However, the key point is that the vector X only involves the entries of Mn that do not lie in Mn−1, and so the random matrix R and the vector X are independent . Because of this, we can use the randomness of X to do most of the work in 176 2. Random matrices understanding the expression X∗RX , without having to know much about R at all. To understand this, let us first condition R to be a determin-istic matrix R = ( rij )1≤i,j ≤n−1, and see what we can do with the expression X∗RX .Firstly, observe that R will not be arbitrary; indeed, from the spectral theorem we see that R will have operator norm at most O(1). Meanwhile, from the Chernoff inequality (Theorem 2.1.3) or Hoeffding inequality (Exercise 2.1.4) we know that X has magnitude O(√n)	{"source": 5648, "title": "from dpo"}
and q2 . They are released from rest when their cen-ters are separated by a distance d. (a) How fast is each moving when they collide? (b) What If? If the spheres were conductors, would their speeds be greater or less than those calculated in part (a)? Explain. 33. How much work is required to assemble eight identical charged particles, each of magnitude q, at the corners of a cube of side s? 34. Four identical particles, each having charge q and mass m, are released from rest at the vertices of a square of side L. How fast is each particle moving when their dis-tance from the center of the square doubles? 35. In 1911, Ernest Rutherford and his assistants Geiger and Marsden conducted an experiment in which they SSSAMT Q/C SQ/C SSAMT by the two 2.00-mC charges on the charge q ? (b) What is the electric field at the origin due to the two 2.00-mCparticles? (c) What is the electric potential at the ori-gin due to the two 2.00-mC particles? 2.00 yq 0 x 0.800 m x 0.800 m x mC mC2.00 Figure P25.19 20. At a certain distance from a charged particle, the mag-nitude of the electric field is 500 V/m and the electric potential is 23.00 kV. (a) What is the distance to the particle? (b) What is the magnitude of the charge? 21. Four point charges each having charge Q are located at the corners of a square having sides of length a. Find expressions for (a) the total electric potential at the center of the square due to the four charges and (b) the work required to bring a fifth charge q from infinity to the center of the square. 22. The three charged particles in Figure P25.22 are at the vertices of	{"source": 6644, "title": "from dpo"}
The International Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) is the largest collection of living arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and includes Glomeromycotan species from 6 continents. Curators of INVAM acquire, grow, identify, and elucidate the biology, taxonomy, and ecology of a diversity AMF with the mission to expand availability and knowledge of these symbiotic fungi. Culturing AMF presents difficulty as these fungi are obligate biotrophs that must complete their life cycle while in association with their plant hosts, while resting spores outside of the host are vulnerable to predation and degradation. Curators of INVAM have thus developed methods to overcome these challenges to increase the availability of AMF spores. The inception of this living collection of germplasm occurred in the 1980s and it takes the form of fungi growing in association with plant symbionts in the greenhouse, with spores preserved in cold storage within their associated rhizosphere. AMF spores acquired from INVAM have been used extensively in both basic and applied research projects in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, agroecology, and in restoration. INVAM is umbrellaed under the Kansas Biological Survey at The University of Kansas, an R1 Research Institution. The Kansas Biological Survey is also home to the well-known organization Monarch Watch. INVAM is currently located within the tallgrass prairie ecoregion, and many collaborators and researchers associated with INVAM study the role of AMF in the mediation of prairie biodiversity. James Bever and Peggy Schultz are the Curator and Director of Operation team, with Elizabeth Koziol and Terra Lubin as Associate Curators. == History == INVAM was conceptualized and actualized by Dr. Norman Schenk, a mycologist and professor of plant pathology. In 1985, Schenk’s vision was funded by the National Science Foundation to begin the International Culture Collection Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM). Schenk started INVAM at the	{"page_id": 73551111, "title": "International Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi"}
replacing the previous treatments of lobotomy or electroconvulsive therapy. Modern general anaesthetics, such as halothane and related compounds, were also developed through studies on model organisms, and are necessary for modern, complex surgical operations. In the 1940s, Jonas Salk used rhesus monkey studies to isolate the most virulent forms of the polio virus, which led to his creation of a polio vaccine. The vaccine, which was made publicly available in 1955, reduced the incidence of polio 15-fold in the United States over the following five years. Albert Sabin improved the vaccine by passing the polio virus through animal hosts, including monkeys; the Sabin vaccine was produced for mass consumption in 1963, and had virtually eradicated polio in the United States by 1965. It has been estimated that developing and producing the vaccines required the use of 100,000 rhesus monkeys, with 65 doses of vaccine produced from each monkey. Sabin wrote in 1992, "Without the use of animals and human beings, it would have been impossible to acquire the important knowledge needed to prevent much suffering and premature death not only among humans, but also among animals." On 3 November 1957, a Soviet dog, Laika, became the first of many animals to orbit the Earth. In the 1970s, antibiotic treatments and vaccines for leprosy were developed using armadillos, then given to humans. The ability of humans to change the genetics of animals took an enormous step forward in 1974 when Rudolf Jaenisch could produce the first transgenic mammal, by integrating DNA from simians into the genome of mice. This genetic research progressed rapidly and, in 1996, Dolly the sheep was born, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Other 20th-century medical advances and treatments that relied on research performed in animals include organ transplant techniques, the heart-lung machine,	{"page_id": 175596, "title": "Animal testing"}
Nancy L.; Ahern, Frank; Berg, Stig; McClearn, Gerald E. (2001). "Health locus of control in late life: A study of genetic and environmental influences in twins aged 80 years and older". Health Psychology. 20 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.20.1.33. PMID 11199063. Kahoe, Richard D (1974). "Personality and achievement correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 29 (6): 812–818. doi:10.1037/h0036222. Lefcourt, Herbert M (1966). "Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A review". Psychological Bulletin. 65 (4): 206–220. doi:10.1037/h0023116. PMID 5325292. Lefcourt, H.M. (1976). Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0-470-15044-3. Maltby, J.; Day, L.; Macaskill, A. (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence (1st ed.). Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-129760-9. Meyerhoff, Michael K (2004). "Locus of Control". Pediatrics for Parents. 21 (10): 8. EBSCO 17453574. Norman, Paul D; Antaki, Charles (1988). "Real Events Attributional Style Questionnaire". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 7 (2–3): 97–100. doi:10.1521/jscp.1988.7.2-3.97. Norman, P.; Bennett, P. (1995). "Health Locus of Control". In Conner, M.; Norman, P. (eds.). Predicting Health Behaviour. Buckingham: Open University Press. pp. 62–94. APA 1996-97268-003. Nowicki, Stephen; Strickland, Bonnie R (1973). "A locus of control scale for children". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 40: 148–154. doi:10.1037/h0033978. S2CID 40029563. Peterson, Christopher; Semmel, Amy; von Baeyer, Carl; Abramson, Lyn Y; Metalsky, Gerald I; Seligman, Martin E. P (1982). "The attributional Style Questionnaire". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 6 (3): 287–299. doi:10.1007/BF01173577. S2CID 30737751. Robbins; Hayes (1997). "The role of causal attributions in the prediction of depression". In Buchanan, G.M.; Seligman, M.E.P. (eds.). Explanatory Style. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 71–98. ISBN 978-0-8058-0924-4. Rotter, J.B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. NY: Prentice-Hall. Rotter, Julian B (1966). "Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement". Psychological Monographs: General and Applied. 80 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1037/h0092976.	{"page_id": 792644, "title": "Locus of control"}
MySensors is a free and open source DIY (do-it yourself) software framework for wireless IoT (Internet of Things) devices allowing devices to communicate using radio transmitters. The library was originally developed for the Arduino platform. The MySensors devices create a virtual radio network of nodes that automatically forms a self healing mesh like structure. Each node can relay messages for other nodes to cover greater distances using simple short range transceivers. Each node can have several sensors or actuators attached and can interact with other nodes in the network. The radio network can consist of up to 254 nodes where one node can act as a gateway to the internet or a home automation controller. The controller adds functionality to the radio network such as id assignment and time awareness. == Supported hardware platforms == The framework can natively be run on the following platforms and micro controllers. Linux / Raspberry Pi ATMega 328P ESP8266 ESP32 ARM Cortex M0 (mainly Atmel SAMD core as used in Arduino Zero) == Communication options == MySensors supports wireless communication using the following transceivers: NRF24L01 RFM69 RFM95 (LoRa) WiFi (ESP8266 & ESP32) Wired communication over: MQTT Serial USB RS485 == Security == The wireless communication can be signed using truncated HMAC-SHA256 either through hardware with Atmel ATSHA204A or compatible software emulation and optionally encrypted. The implementation is timing neutral with whitened random numbers, attack detection-and-lockout and protects against timing attacks, replay attacks and man in the middle attacks. == Over the air firmware updates == The firmware of a MySensor node can be updated over the air using a few different bootloader options: In place overwriting of flash memory using MySensorsBootloaderRF24. Using external flash with the DualOptiBoot. For ESP8266 nodes using the built in OTA feature. == See also == Arduino ESP8266 == References	{"page_id": 52724403, "title": "MySensors"}
A meteoroid ( MEE-tee-ə-royd) is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Meteoroids are distinguished as objects significantly smaller than asteroids, ranging in size from grains to objects up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide. Objects smaller than meteoroids are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust. Many are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars. The visible passage of a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid entering Earth's atmosphere is called a meteor, and a series of many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart and appearing to originate from the same fixed point in the sky is called a meteor shower. An estimated 25 million meteoroids, micrometeoroids and other space debris enter Earth's atmosphere each day, which results in an estimated 15,000 tonnes of that material entering the atmosphere each year. A meteorite is the remains of a meteoroid that has survived the ablation of its surface material during its passage through the atmosphere as a meteor and has impacted the ground. == Meteoroids == In 1961, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a meteoroid as "a solid object moving in interplanetary space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom". In 1995, Beech and Steel, writing in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, proposed a new definition where a meteoroid would be between 100 μm and 10 m (33 ft) across. In 2010, following the discovery of asteroids below 10 m in size, Rubin and Grossman proposed a revision of the previous definition of meteoroid to objects between 10 μm (0.00039 in) and one meter (3 ft 3 in) in diameter in order to maintain the distinction. According to Rubin and Grossman, the minimum size of	{"page_id": 63793, "title": "Meteoroid"}
ELLA is a hardware description language and support toolset, developed in the United Kingdom by the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) during the 1980s and 1990s, which also developed the compiler for the programming language, ALGOL 68RS, used to write ELLA. ELLA has tools to perform: Design transformation Symbolic simulations Formal verification ELLA is a winner of the 1989 Queen's Award for Technological Achievement. == Sample == Sample originally from ftp://ftp.dra.hmg.gb/pub/ella, public release. Code for matrix multiplication hardware design verification: MAC ZIP = ([INT n]TYPE t: vector1 vector2) -> [n][2]t: [INT k = 1..n](vector1[k], vector2[k]). MAC TRANSPOSE = ([INT n][INT m]TYPE t: matrix) -> [m][n]t: [INT i = 1..m] [INT j = 1..n] matrix[j][i]. MAC INNER_PRODUCT{FN * = [2]TYPE t -> TYPE s, FN + = [2]s -> s} = ([INT n][2]t: vector) -> s: IF n = 1 THEN vector[1] ELSE vector[1] + INNER_PRODUCT {,+} vector[2..n] FI. MAC MATRIX_MULT {FN = [2]TYPE t->TYPE s, FN + = [2]s->s} = ([INT n][INT m]t: matrix1, [m][INT p]t: matrix2) -> [n][p]s: BEGIN LET transposed_matrix2 = TRANSPOSE matrix2. OUTPUT [INT i = 1..n][INT j = 1..p] INNER_PRODUCT{,+}ZIP(matrix1[i],transposed_matrix2[j]) END. TYPE element = NEW elt/(1..20), product = NEW prd/(1..1200). FN PLUS = (product: integer1 integer2) -> product: ARITH integer1 + integer2. FN MULT = (element: integer1 integer2) -> product: ARITH integer1 integer2. FN MULT_234 = ([2][3]element:matrix1, [3][4]element:matrix2) -> [2][4]product: MATRIX_MULT{MULT,PLUS}(matrix1, matrix2). FN TEST = () -> [2][4]product: ( LET m1 = ((elt/2, elt/1, elt/1), (elt/3, elt/6, elt/9)), m2 = ((elt/6, elt/1, elt/3, elt/4), (elt/9, elt/2, elt/8, elt/3), (elt/6, elt/4, elt/1, elt/2)). OUTPUT MULT_234 (m1, m2) ). COM test: just displaysignal MOC == References == == External links == ELLA source code including the ALGOL 68RS translator	{"page_id": 20547508, "title": "ELLA (programming language)"}
High-frequency direction finding, usually known by its abbreviation HF/DF or nickname huff-duff, is a type of radio direction finder (RDF) introduced in World War II. High frequency (HF) refers to a radio band that can effectively communicate over long distances; for example, between U-boats and their land-based headquarters. HF/DF was primarily used to catch enemy radios while they transmitted, although it was also used to locate friendly aircraft as a navigation aid. The basic technique remains in use as one of the fundamental disciplines of signals intelligence, although typically incorporated into a larger suite of radio systems and radars instead of being a stand-alone system. In earlier RDF systems, the operator mechanically rotated a loop antenna or solenoid and listened for peaks or nulls in the signal to determine the bearing to the transmitter. This took considerable time, on the order of a minute or more. Radio operators could avoid being located by keeping their messages short. In HF/DF systems, a set of antennas received the signal in slightly different locations or angles, and then used the resulting slight differences in the signal to display the bearing on an oscilloscope display. This process was essentially instantaneous, allowing it to catch even the shortest signals, such as from the U-boat fleet. The system was initially developed by Robert Watson-Watt starting in 1926, as a system for locating lightning. Its role in intelligence was not developed until the late 1930s. In the early war period, HF/DF units were in very high demand, and there was considerable inter-service rivalry involved in their distribution. An early use was by the RAF Fighter Command as part of the Dowding system of interception control, while ground-based units were also widely used to collect information for the Admiralty to locate U-boats. Between 1942 and 1944, smaller units	{"page_id": 1453216, "title": "High-frequency direction finding"}
again chose the joint-operated platform significantly more often, in 81% of trials. As in the first study, there was no significant difference in the time taken to obtain the food reward between using one side or the other. These results suggest that to obtain food, children prefer to work together with a partner as opposed to working alone. The chimpanzees in their study appeared to choose between the two platforms randomly, indicating no preference to work collaboratively. However, Bullinger, Melis, and Tomasello showed that chimpanzees actually exhibit a preference for working alone, unless cooperation is associated with higher pay-offs. === Other mammals === ==== Hyenas ==== Captive spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), social carnivores that hunt in groups, have cooperated to obtain food rewards by pulling ropes in an experimental setting. Mimicking the natural choice hunting hyenas face when deciding which of many prey to jointly attack, researchers Drea and Carter set up two devices instead of one, as previously used in all cooperative pulling tasks with other species. With four ropes to pull from, the animals had to pick the two belonging to the same device to be successful. If two vertically suspended ropes were simultaneously tugged, a spring-controlled trap door of an elevated platform was opened and previously hidden food dropped to the floor. Another innovation was the introduction of more than two animals. One of the many factors the researchers controlled for was the Clever Hans effect (an effect in which humans unwittingly provide cues to animals), which they did by removing all humans from the test and by recording experiments on video. After extensive solo trials, all hyenas were successful in cooperating, displaying remarkable efficiency even on their first try. On average, hyenas pulled on ropes more often when their companion was nearby and available to fulfil	{"page_id": 56279481, "title": "Cooperative pulling paradigm"}
Mathnet is a segment on the children's television show Square One Television that follows the adventures of pairs of police mathematicians. It is a pastiche of Dragnet. == Premise == Mathnet is a pastiche of Dragnet, in which the main characters are mathematicians who use their mathematical skills to solve various crimes and mysteries in the city, usually thefts, burglaries, frauds, and kidnappings. Each segment of the series aired on one episode of Square One, a production of the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) aimed at teaching math skills to young viewers. Five segments made up an episode (one for each weekday), with suspense building at the end of each segment. Instead of guns, the detectives carry calculators. == Characters == Kate Monday (Beverly Leech) – A pastiche of Jack Webb's Dragnet character Joe Friday, Kate usually remains stoic when on the job and tackles almost every situation with a calm and rational mind. She appears in the first three seasons. George Frankly (Joe Howard) – The partner of Kate Monday (and later Pat Tuesday), George takes his job seriously but is frequently prone to fits of comical mishaps and immature reactions. He appears in all five seasons. He has a wife named Martha whom he often mentions but who is never seen or heard. Pat Tuesday (Toni DiBuono) – George's second partner, appearing in Seasons 4 and 5 to replace Kate. Like Kate, Pat shares the deadpan mannerisms and no-nonsense attitude of Joe Friday. === Los Angeles cast === Thad Green (James Earl Jones) – The chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. He briefly appears in Season 4. Debbie Williams (Mary Watson) – Technical analyst at the LAPD division where Kate and George works, she is frequently called upon to process data obtained during Mathnet investigations. === New York	{"page_id": 1267576, "title": "Mathnet"}
there are three candidates A {\displaystyle A} , B {\displaystyle B} , and C {\displaystyle C} , and the voters' preferences are as follows: 25% of the voters prefer A {\displaystyle A} over B {\displaystyle B} , and B {\displaystyle B} over C {\displaystyle C} . ( A > B > C {\displaystyle A>B>C} ) 40% of the voters prefer B {\displaystyle B} over C {\displaystyle C} , and C {\displaystyle C} over A {\displaystyle A} . ( B > C > A {\displaystyle B>C>A} ) 35% of the voters prefer C {\displaystyle C} over A {\displaystyle A} , and A {\displaystyle A} over B {\displaystyle B} . ( C > A > B {\displaystyle C>A>B} ) (These are preferences, not votes, and thus are independent of the voting method.) 75% prefer C {\displaystyle C} over A {\displaystyle A} , 65% prefer B {\displaystyle B} over C {\displaystyle C} , and 60% prefer A {\displaystyle A} over B {\displaystyle B} . The presence of this societal intransitivity is the voting paradox. Regardless of the voting method and the actual votes, there are only three cases to consider: Case 1: A {\displaystyle A} is elected. IIA is violated because the 75% who prefer C {\displaystyle C} over A {\displaystyle A} would elect C {\displaystyle C} if B {\displaystyle B} were not a candidate. Case 2: B {\displaystyle B} is elected. IIA is violated because the 60% who prefer A {\displaystyle A} over B {\displaystyle B} would elect A {\displaystyle A} if C {\displaystyle C} were not a candidate. Case 3: C {\displaystyle C} is elected. IIA is violated because the 65% who prefer B {\displaystyle B} over C {\displaystyle C} would elect B {\displaystyle B} if A {\displaystyle A} were not a candidate. For particular voting methods, the following results hold:	{"page_id": 259105, "title": "Independence of irrelevant alternatives"}
Osaka University , Ryukoku University , and Tokai University , in Japan launched an experiment to measure human empathy towards robots. They deployed a small, assistive robot called the Robovie-II through a mall in Osaka without a human minder. If someone walked into the robot’s path, it would politely ask the human to move. Adults complied—but children didn’t. And if children were unsupervised, the researchers found the were inten-tionally mean, kicking the robot, yelling at it, and bul-lying it. Another study, from the H uman Interaction With Nature and Technological Systems Lab (HINTS) at the University of Washington , discovered that children didn’t show the same kind of empathy they do with other humans. In the study, 60% of the kids thought that Robovie had feelings—and still, over half of them thought it was fine to lock him in the closet. What’s Next When it comes to our interactions with robots, what constitutes a moral violation? What rights should ro-bots have, given that so many companies are building smart interfaces and cognitive systems? If we’re teaching machines to think, and to learn from us humans, what are we programming into our future generations of robots? Watchlist University of Washington; ATR Intelligent Robotics and Communication Laboratories; Osaka University; Ryukoku University; Tokai University; SoftBank Robot-ics; Panasonic; Sony; Honda; Mitsubishi; Bioinspired Intelligent Mechatronics Lab, Ritsumeikan University; LG; Sharp; Toyota; MIT Media Lab; Buddy; Sony; Tokyo University. 085 097 © 2018 FUTURE TODAY INSTITUTE INFORMS STRATEGY REVISIT LATER ACT NOW KEEP VIGILANT WATCH HIGH DEGREE OF CERTAINTY LOW DEGREE OF CERTAINTY IMMEDIATE IMPACT ON THE NEWS INDUSTRY LONGER-TERM IMPACT ON THE NEWS INDUSTRY INFORMS STRATEGY REVISIT LATER ACT NOW KEEP VIGILANT WATCH HIGH DEGREE OF CERTAINTY LOW DEGREE OF CERTAINTY IMMEDIATE IMPACT LONGER-TERM IMPACT # 3D Printing SEVENTH YEAR ON THE LIST Key Insight	{"source": 1743, "title": "from dpo"}
and represents the subset that is given by $P_Y(f(x))$. #### Isn't substitution composition? - If instead we think of a subset as a function $P_Y: Y \to \Omega$ where $\Omega$ is the subobject classifier, we then get that $P_X$ is the composite $P_X \equiv P_Y \circ f$. - Similarly, if we have a "regular function" $f: X \to Y$, and we want to substitute $s(a)$ ($s: A \to X$ for substitution) into $f(x)$ to get $f(s(a))$, then this is just computing $f \circ s$. #### Using this to do simply typed lambda calculus - Introduction to categories and categorical logic: Type$. The intuition is that $B(x)$ is the fiber of the map $p$ over $x:A$. - For any category $C$, a class of morphisms $D$ are called display maps iff all pullbacks of $D$ exist and belong to $D$. Often, $D$ is also closed under composition. - Said differently, $D$ is closed under all pullbacks, as well as composition. - A category with displays is _well rooted_ if the category has a terminal object $1$, and all maps into $1$ are display maps (ie, they can always be pulled back along any morphism). - This then implies that binary products exist (?? HOW?) #### Categories with families - [Lectures notes on categorical logic]([	{"source": 3346, "title": "from dpo"}
{X} is second countable, there is a sequence (g_n)_{n\geq 0} of elements of X with g_0=e such that (g_nS\overline {\Lambda ^2})_{n\geq 0} covers \overline {X} . Define recursively S_0=S and \begin{align}S_{n+1}= g_{n+1}S \setminus \bigcup_{m \leq n}S_m\overline{\Lambda^2} \subset XW\end{align} for all n \geq 0 . We claim that S_n is a Borel subset for all n\geq 0 . If n=0 , the result is clear. We proceed now by induction on n. By assumption, S_m is a Borel subset for all m m . Also, by induction on n, g_nS \subset S_{\infty }\overline {\Lambda ^2} for all n\geq 0 . So X \subset S_{\infty }\overline {\Lambda ^2}^2 \subset S_{\infty }\overline {\Lambda ^4} (in fact, we find \overline {X} \subset S_{\infty }\overline {\Lambda ^4} ). Proof of Proposition 5.15. By Theorem 1.3, we can assume that \Xi has nonempty interior in G. Take a Borel section S given by Lemma 5.16 applied to the approximate subgroup \Lambda , the subset X=\Xi and	{"source": 5948, "title": "from dpo"}
E {\displaystyle E} emitted from Cherenkov radiation, per unit length traveled x {\displaystyle x} and per frequency ω {\displaystyle \omega } . μ ( ω ) {\displaystyle \mu (\omega )} is the permeability and n ( ω ) {\displaystyle n(\omega )} is the index of refraction of the material the charged particle moves through. q {\displaystyle q} is the electric charge of the particle, v {\displaystyle v} is the speed of the particle, and c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light in vacuum. Unlike fluorescence or emission spectra that have characteristic spectral peaks, Cherenkov radiation is continuous. Around the visible spectrum, the relative intensity per unit frequency is approximately proportional to the frequency. That is, higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) are more intense in Cherenkov radiation. This is why visible Cherenkov radiation is observed to be brilliant blue. In fact, most Cherenkov radiation is in the ultraviolet spectrum—it is only with sufficiently accelerated charges that it even becomes visible; the sensitivity of the human eye peaks at green, and is very low in the violet portion of the spectrum. There is a cut-off frequency above which the equation cos ⁡ θ = 1 / ( n β ) {\displaystyle \cos \theta =1/(n\beta )} can no longer be satisfied. The refractive index n {\displaystyle n} varies with frequency (and hence with wavelength) in such a way that the intensity cannot continue to increase at ever shorter wavelengths, even for very relativistic particles (where v/c is close to 1). At X-ray frequencies, the refractive index becomes less than 1 (note that in media, the phase velocity may exceed c without violating relativity) and hence no X-ray emission (or shorter wavelength emissions such as gamma rays) would be observed. However, X-rays can be generated at special frequencies just below the frequencies corresponding to	{"page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation"}
mass of the body, changing with time. The work–energy principle states that the work done to the object over a period of time is equal to the difference in its total energy over that period of time, so the rate at which work is done is equal to the rate of change of the kinetic energy (in the absence of potential energy changes). The work done from time t to time t + Δt along the path C is defined as the line integral ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ t t + Δ t F ⋅ v ( t ) d t {\displaystyle \int _{C}\mathbf {F} \cdot d\mathbf {x} =\int _{t}^{t+\Delta t}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathbf {v} (t)dt} , so the fundamental theorem of calculus has that power is given by F ( t ) ⋅ v ( t ) = m a ( t ) ⋅ v ( t ) = τ ( t ) ⋅ ω ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} (t)\cdot \mathbf {v} (t)=m\mathbf {a} (t)\cdot \mathbf {v} (t)=\mathbf {\tau } (t)\cdot \mathbf {\omega } (t)} . where: a ( t ) = d d t v ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} (t)={\frac {d}{dt}}\mathbf {v} (t)\;} is acceleration of the center of mass of the body, changing with time. F ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} (t)\;} is linear force – or thrust – applied upon the center of mass of the body, changing with time. v ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t)\;} is velocity of the center of mass of the body, changing with time. τ ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {\tau } (t)\;} is torque applied upon the center of mass of the body, changing with time. ω ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {\omega } (t)\;} is angular velocity of	{"page_id": 158741, "title": "Power-to-weight ratio"}
heterogametic sex (i.e. the one with two different sex chromosomes). haplodiploidy A sex-determination system in which the sex of an individual organism is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes it possesses: offspring which develop from fertilized eggs are diploid and female, while offspring which develop from unfertilized eggs are haploid and male, with half as many chromosomes as the females. Haplodiploidy is common to all members of the insect order Hymenoptera and several other insect taxa. haplogroup haploid Denoted in shorthand with the somatic number n. (of a cell or organism) Having one copy of each chromosome, with each copy not being part of a pair. Contrast diploid and polyploid. haploinsufficiency haplotype A set of alleles in an individual organism that were inherited together from a single parent. Hardy–Weinberg principle A principle of population genetics which states that allele and genotype frequencies of a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. In the simplest case of a randomly mating population of diploid organisms possessing a single locus with two alleles, A and a, with frequencies f(A) = p and f(a) = q, respectively, the expected genotype frequencies are f(AA) = p2 for AA homozygotes, f(aa) = q2 for aa homozygotes, and f(Aa) = 2pq for heterozygotes. In the absence of evolutionary forces such as natural selection, mutation, assortative mating, gene flow, and genetic drift, p and q will remain constant between generations, such that the population is said to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with respect to the locus in question. hemizygous In a diploid organism, having just one allele at a given genetic locus (where there would ordinarily be two). Hemizygosity may be observed when only one copy of a chromosome is present in a normally diploid cell or organism,	{"page_id": 56807771, "title": "Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology"}
misophonia cannot trigger themselves with self-produced sounds, or if such sounds do cause a misophonic reaction, it is substantially weaker than if another person produced the sound. Misophonic reactions can be triggered by many different auditory, visual, and audiovisual stimuli, most commonly mouth/nose/throat sounds (particularly those produced by chewing or eating/drinking), repetitive sounds produced by other people or objects, and sounds produced by animals. The term misokinesia has been proposed to refer specifically to misophonic reactions to visual stimuli, often repetitive movements made by others. Once a trigger stimulus is detected, people with misophonia may have difficulty distracting themselves from the stimulus and may experience suffering, distress, and/or impairment in social, occupational, or academic functioning. Many people with misophonia are aware that their reactions to misophonic triggers are disproportionate to the circumstances, and their inability to regulate their responses to triggers can lead to shame, guilt, isolation, and self-hatred, as well as worsening hypervigilance about triggers, anxiety, and depression. Studies have shown that misophonia can cause problems in school, work, social life, and family. In the United States, misophonia is not considered one of the 13 disabilities recognized under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) as eligible for an individualized education plan, but children with misophonia can be granted school-based disability accommodations under a 504 plan. The expression of misophonia symptoms varies, as does their severity, which can range from mild and sub-clinical to severe and highly disabling. The reported prevalence of clinically significant misophonia varies widely across studies due to the varied populations studied and methods used to determine whether a person meets diagnostic criteria for the condition. But three studies that used probability-based sampling methods estimated that 4.6–12.8% of adults may have misophonia that rises to the level of clinical significance. Misophonia symptoms are typically first observed	{"page_id": 19414028, "title": "Misophonia"}
Variante 1: P ( x ) = A n x n + A n − 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + A 1 x + A 0 {\displaystyle P(x)=A_{n}x^{n}+A_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +A_{1}x+A_{0}} , where { A i } {\displaystyle \{A_{i}\}} are p × p {\displaystyle p\times p} matrices. Variante 2: P ( X ) = a n X n + a n − 1 X n − 1 + ⋯ + a 1 X + a 0 I p {\displaystyle P(X)=a_{n}X^{n}+a_{n-1}X^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}X+a_{0}I_{p}} where X {\displaystyle X} is a p × p {\displaystyle p\times p} -matrix and I p {\displaystyle I_{p}} is the identity matrix. === Quantum polynomials === Quantum polynomials or q-polynomials are the q-analogs of orthogonal polynomials. == See also == Appell sequence Askey scheme of hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials Favard's theorem Polynomial sequences of binomial type Biorthogonal polynomials Generalized Fourier series Pseudo Jacobi polynomials Romanovski polynomials Secondary measure Sheffer sequence Sturm–Liouville theory Umbral calculus Plancherel–Rotach asymptotics == References == Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann, eds. (1983) [June 1964]. "Chapter 22". Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series. Vol. 55 (Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections (December 1972); first ed.). Washington D.C.; New York: United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. p. 773. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 64-60036. MR 0167642. LCCN 65-12253. Chihara, Theodore Seio (1978). An Introduction to Orthogonal Polynomials. Gordon and Breach, New York. ISBN 0-677-04150-0. Chihara, Theodore Seio (2001). "45 years of orthogonal polynomials: a view from the wings". Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Orthogonal Polynomials, Special Functions and their Applications (Patras, 1999). Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 133 (1): 13–21. Bibcode:2001JCoAM.133...13C. doi:10.1016/S0377-0427(00)00632-4. ISSN 0377-0427. MR 1858267. Foncannon, J. J.; Foncannon, J. J.; Pekonen, Osmo (2008). "Review of Classical and	{"page_id": 32811718, "title": "Orthogonal polynomials"}
of exponential functions List of integrals of logarithmic functions List of integrals of area functions == Multivariable == Partial derivative Disk integration Gabriel's horn Jacobian matrix Hessian matrix Curvature Green's theorem Divergence theorem Stokes' theorem Vector Calculus == Series == Infinite series Maclaurin series, Taylor series Fourier series Euler–Maclaurin formula == History == Adequality Infinitesimal Archimedes' use of infinitesimals Gottfried Leibniz Isaac Newton Method of Fluxions Infinitesimal calculus Brook Taylor Colin Maclaurin Leonhard Euler Gauss Joseph Fourier Law of continuity History of calculus Generality of algebra == Nonstandard calculus == Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach Nonstandard calculus Infinitesimal Archimedes' use of infinitesimals For further developments: see list of real analysis topics, list of complex analysis topics, list of multivariable calculus topics.	{"page_id": 337876, "title": "List of calculus topics"}
OLIMEX Ltd in Bulgaria PandaBoard, a variation of the BeagleBoard Rascal, an ARM based Linux board that works with Arduino shields, with a web server that includes an editor for users to program it in Python. Hardware design files released under the Creative Commons BY-SA license. 96Boards (includes but not limited to, DragonBoard 410c, HiKey, HiKey960, Bubblegum-96 and more...) Parallella single-board computer with a manycore coprocessor and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) ===== ATMega ===== Arduino – open-source microcontroller board ==== Desktop computers ==== Thelio — Desktop computers manufactured in the US by System76 ===== Motorola 68000 series ===== Minimig – a re-implementation of an Amiga 500 using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). ===== National Semiconductor NS320xx series ===== PC532, a personal computer design released in 1990, based on the NS32532 microprocessor ===== RISC-V ===== HiFive1 is an Arduino-compatible development kit featuring the Freedom E310, the industry's first commercially available RISC-V SoC HiFive Unleashed is a Linux development platform for SiFive’s Freedom U540 SoC, the world’s first 4+1 64-bit multi-core Linux-capable RISC-V SoC." ==== Notebook computers ==== Novena, a notebook computer that uses a 1.2 GHz quad-core Freescale processor closely coupled with a Xilinx FPGA VIA OpenBook, a netbook case design released by VIA Technologies ==== Handhelds, palmtops, and smartphones ==== Ben NanoNote, a palmtop PC based on the MIPS architecture Openmoko, a smartphone containing a single-board computer equipped with a GSM/UMTS modem Simputer, a handheld computer released in 2002 == Related == === Instruction sets === J-Core, an implementation of the SuperH with some extensions MIPS Power, which originated from IBM's POWER ISA RISC-V, a RISC ISA that originated in 2010 at the University of California, Berkeley SPARC === Organisations === Bug Labs, a US technology company that began by developing and selling open-source hardware peripherals for rapid prototyping of	{"page_id": 25804369, "title": "List of open-source hardware projects"}
HD 23753 is a single star in the equatorial zodiac constellation of Taurus, and is a member of the Pleiades open cluster. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.44. The distance to this star, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 7.7 mas, is about 424 light years. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +8 km/s. The star is positioned near the ecliptic and so is subject to lunar occultations. This is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9 Vn, where the 'n' indicates "nebulous" lines due to rapid rotation. It is 125 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 335 km/s, completing a full revolution about its axis every 16.79 hours. HD 23753 has been catalogued as a suspected variable star with the designation NSV 1321, although the amplitude is no more than 0.1 magnitude and it may even be suitable for a photometric standard. Wraight et al. report that STEREO detected very shallow eclipses, with a period of 2.2663 days, during which the brightness falls by 1%. HD 23753 has 3.21 times the mass of the Sun and 2.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 150 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,535 K. == References ==	{"page_id": 44982473, "title": "HD 23753"}
, and 2 V 0 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}V_{0}} is the speed to "escape from the edge to infinity". The gravity is like the restoring force of harmonic oscillator inside the sphere, and Keplerian outside as described by the Heaviside functions. We can fix the normalisation V 0 {\displaystyle V_{0}} by computing the corresponding density using the spherical Poisson Equation G ρ = d 4 π r 2 d r r 2 d Φ d r = d ( G M ) 4 π r 2 d r = 3 V 0 2 4 π r 0 2 H ( r 0 − r ) , {\displaystyle G\rho ={d \over 4\pi r^{2}dr}{r^{2}d\Phi \over dr}={d(GM) \over 4\pi r^{2}dr}={3V_{0}^{2} \over 4\pi r_{0}^{2}}H(r_{0}-r),} where the enclosed mass M ( r ) = r 2 d Φ G d r = ∫ 0 r d r ∫ 0 π ( r d θ ) ∫ 0 2 π ( r sin ⁡ θ d φ ) ρ 0 H ( r 0 − r ) = M 0 x 3 \| x = r r 0 . {\displaystyle M(r)={r^{2}d\Phi \over Gdr}=\int _{0}^{r}dr\int _{0}^{\pi }(rd\theta )\int _{0}^{2\pi }(r\sin \theta d\varphi )\rho _{0}H(r_{0}-r)=\left.M_{0}x^{3}\right\|_{x={r \over r_{0}}}.} Hence the potential model corresponds to a uniform sphere of radius r 0 {\displaystyle r_{0}} , total mass M 0 {\displaystyle M_{0}} with V 0 r 0 ≡ 4 π G ρ 0 3 = G M 0 r 0 3 . {\displaystyle {V_{0} \over r_{0}}\equiv {\sqrt {4\pi G\rho _{0} \over 3}}={\sqrt {GM_{0} \over r_{0}^{3}}}.} === Key concepts === While both the equations of motion and Poisson Equation can also take on non-spherical forms, depending on the coordinate system and the symmetry of the physical system, the essence is the same: The motions of stars in a galaxy or in a globular	{"page_id": 456270, "title": "Stellar dynamics"}
AN/MPS-39, AN/FPQ-6 and the AN/TPQ-18. The MPS-39 is a transportable instrument using space-fed-phased-array technology; the TPQ-18, a transportable version of the FPQ-6. The indicator AN (originally "Army–Navy") does not necessarily mean that the Army, Navy or Air Force use the equipment, but simply that the type nomenclature was assigned according to the military nomenclature system. The meaning of the three letter prefixes; FPS, MPS, FPQ and TPQ are: FPS - fixed; radar; detecting and/or range and bearing MPS - ground, mobile; radar; detecting and/or range and bearing FPQ - fixed; radar; special, or combination of purposes TPQ - ground, transportable; radar; special, or combination of purposes. AN/FPS-16 RADAR SET TYPICAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ------------------------ Type of presentation: Dual-trace CRT, A/R and R type displays. Transmitter data - Nominal Power: 1 MW peak (fixed-frequency magnetron); 250 kW peak (tunable magnetron). Frequency Fixed: 5480 plus or minus 30 MHz Tunable: 5450 to 5825 MHz Pulse repetition frequency (internal): 341, 366, 394, 467, 569, 682, 732, 853, 1024, 1280, 1364 or 1707 pulses per second Pulse width: 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 μs Code groups: 5 pulses max, within 0.001 duty cycle limitation of transmitter. Radar receiver data - Noise Figure: 11 dB Intermediate Frequency: 30 MHz Bandwidth: 8 MHz Narrow Bandwidth: 2 MHz Dynamic Range of Gain Control: 93 dB Gate width Tracking: 0.5 μs, 0.75 μs, 1.25 μs Acquisition: 1.0 μs, 1.25 μs, 1.75 μs Coverage Range: 500 to {{convert\|400000\|yd\|m\|-5\|abbr=on}} Azimuth: 360° continuous Elevation: minus 10 to plus 190 degrees Servo bandwidth Range: 1 to 10 Hz (var) Angle: 0.25 to 5 Hz (var) Operating power requirements: 115 V AC, 60 Hz, 50 kV·A, 3 phase == Principles of operation == The AN/FPS-16 is a C-band monopulse radar utilizing a waveguide hybrid-labyrinth comparator to develop angle track information. The comparator receives RF signals from	{"page_id": 12028843, "title": "AN/FPS-16 Instrumentation Radar"}
have no specific endpoint as in I studied all week and, thus, are atelic (e.g., rain , play , walk , and talk ). Achievements capture the beginning or the end of an action (Mourelatos, 1981) as in the race began or the game ended and can be thought of as reduced to a point (Andersen, 1991). Examples of achievement verbs include arrive , leave , notice , recognize , and fall asleep . Accomplishments (e.g., build a house or paint a painting ) are durative like activities and have an endpoint like achievements. (p. 358) 207 T Y P O L O G I C A L A N D F U N C T I O N A L A P P RO A C H E S Based on his empirical results, Andersen postulated a sequence of developmental stages. The development of the past tense seemed to spread from achievement verbs to accomplishment verbs to activities and finally to states. The situation is different for the imperfect, which appears later than the perfect. It spreads in the reverse order—from states to activities to accomplishments, and then to achievements. Thus, Andersen argued that when tense–aspect morphology emerged in the interlanguage of these two subjects, it was constrained by lexical aspect in terms of the types of verbs described above. A similar phenomenon has been reported in a variety of L2 naturalistic and classroom settings (e.g., Bardovi-Harlig, 1992a, 1992b; Bardovi-Harlig and Bergström, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig and Reynolds, 1995; Flashner, 1989; Hasbún, 1995; Kaplan, 1987; Kumpf, 1984; Robison, 1990, 1995; Rocca, 2002; Shirai, 1995; Shirai and Kurono, 1998; see also reviews by Andersen and Shirai, 1994, 1996, and Bardovi-Harlig, 1999b, 2000). Findings from research in a number of target languages generally show the following: 1 Past/perfective morphology emerges with punctual verbs	{"source": 982, "title": "from dpo"}
of Fi-nancial Cryptography: 7th International Conference , Jan 2003. Orkut. . Lawrence Page, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry Winograd. The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web. Technical report, Stanford University, 1998. Gergely Palla, Imre Der´ enyi, Ill´ es Farkas, and Tam´ as Vicsek. Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. Nature , 435(7043):814–818, June 2005. 237 Josiane Xavier Parreira, Debora Donato, Sebastian Michel, and Gerhard Weikum. Efficient and decentralized PageRank approximation in a peer-to-peer web search network. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB’06) , Seoul, South Korea, September 2006. PayPerPost. . Matti Peltom¨ aki and Mikko Alava. Correlations in bipartite collaboration net-works. Journal of Statistical Mechanics , P01010, 2006. Bryan Pfaffenberger. The USENET Book: Finding, Using, and Surviving News-groups on the Internet . Addison Wesley, New York, NY, USA, 2004. Arun G. Phadke and James S. Thorp. Computer relaying for power systems .John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1988. Ithiel Pool and Manfred Kochen. Contacts and influence. Social Networks ,1:1–48, 1978. Alex Pothen, Horst D. Simon, and Kan-Pu Liou. Partitioning sparse matrices with eigenvectors of graphs. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications , 11(3):430–452, July 1990. Filippo Radicchi, Claudio Castellano, Federico Cecconi, Vittorio Loreto, and Domenico Parisi. Defining and identifying communities in networks. Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) , 101(9):2658–2663, March 238 2004. Reddit. . David Rezner. The Power and Politics of Weblogs. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW’04) , Chicago, IL, November 2004. Rice Culture. Culture. asp?SnID=1654701514 . Rice University Alumni Directory. directory/detailsearch.asp . Rice University Student Directory.	{"source": 2662, "title": "from dpo"}
the pdf manual once more.) Dash The line may be dashed according to a dashing pattern. Clipping area If a clipping area is established, only those parts of the path that are inside the clipping area will be drawn. In addition to stroking a path, the path may also be used for clipping after it has been stroked. This will happen if the \pgfsys@clipnext is used prior to this command, see there for details. This command is protocoled, see Section 62. \pgfsys@closestroke This command should have the same effect as first closing the path and then stroking it. This command has a default implementation and need not be implemented by a driver file. This command is protocoled, see Section 62. 377 \pgfsys@fill This command fills the area surrounded by the current path. If the path has not yet been closed, it is closed prior to filling. The path itself is not stroked. For self-intersecting paths or paths consisting of multiple parts, the nonzero winding number rule is used to determine whether a point is inside or outside the path, except if \ifpgfsys@eorule holds – in which case the even-odd rule should be used. (See the pdf or PostScript manual for details.) The following graphic state parameters influence the filling: Interior rule If \ifpgfsys@eorule is set, the even-odd rule is used, otherwise the non-zero winding number rule. Fill color If the fill color is not especially set, the current color is used. Clipping area If a clipping area is established, only those parts of the filling area that are inside the clipping area will be drawn. In addition to filling the path, the path will also be used for clipping if \pgfsys@clipnext is used prior to this command. This command is protocoled, see Section 62. \pgfsys@fillstroke First, the path is filled,	{"source": 4960, "title": "from dpo"}
means of the groups in u and the groups in v. If the unweighted mean of the groups in u and the unweighted mean of the groups in v are precisely equal, then the value of Bt for the contrast will be 0. Throughout this chapter we have seen that the full representation of the information entailed in membership in one of g groups requires a set of g — 1 code variables. The contrast described here is only one member of such a set. A total of g — 1 code variables must be specified to represent the full set of contrasts. For example, 8 code variables will be required to represent the 9 occupational groups in our example. 9 In our overview presentation of contrast codes, we also stated Rule 2. Rule 2 establishes the part of the definition of contrast codes that each possible pair of code variables must be linearly independent. Formally, this condition can be written as where the Chi represent the weights for code variable i of each of the groups and the Chi , represent the weights for code variable i' for each of the groups, where h identifies the group number from 1 to 9. Three different sets of contrast codes for our example of religions and ATA are shown in Table 8.5.1 A, B, and C. Applying the linear independence (Rule 2) condition to each of the three possible pairs of contrast codes (CiC 2, CtC3, C 2C3) in Part A, we find Rule 2 is met for all possible pairs of contrast codes. Note, however, that the set of contrasts will not be orthogonal (i.e., share no overlapping variance) unless all groups have equal sample sizes («! = «2 = '' * = ng)- All of the sets of contrast	{"source": 6256, "title": "from dpo"}
] 2 + ∑ α < β q α q β \| x α − x β \| . {\displaystyle H_{\rm {mat}}=\sum _{\alpha }m_{\alpha }\|{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}_{\alpha }\|^{2}+\sum _{\alpha <\beta }{\frac {q_{\alpha }q_{\beta }}{\|\mathbf {x} _{\alpha }-\mathbf {x} _{\beta }\|}}=\sum _{\alpha }{\frac {1}{2m_{\alpha }}}\left[\mathbf {p} _{\alpha }-{\frac {q_{\alpha }}{c}}\mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} _{\alpha })\right]^{2}+\sum _{\alpha <\beta }{\frac {q_{\alpha }q_{\beta }}{\|\mathbf {x} _{\alpha }-\mathbf {x} _{\beta }\|}}\,.} where the last term is identically 1 8 π ∫ V d 3 x E ∥ 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{8\pi }}\int _{\mathcal {V}}d^{3}x\mathbf {E} _{\parallel }^{2}} where E ∥ i = ∇ i A 0 {\displaystyle {E}_{\parallel i}={\nabla _{i}}A_{0}} and H e m = 1 8 π ∫ V d 3 x ( E ⊥ 2 + B 2 ) . {\displaystyle H_{\rm {em}}={\frac {1}{8\pi }}\int _{\mathcal {V}}d^{3}x\left(\mathbf {E} _{\perp }^{2}+\mathbf {B} ^{2}\right)\,.} where and E ⊥ i = − 1 c ∂ 0 A i {\displaystyle {E}_{\perp i}=-{\frac {1}{c}}\partial _{0}A_{i}} . === Quantum electrodynamics and field theory === The Lagrangian of quantum electrodynamics extends beyond the classical Lagrangian established in relativity to incorporate the creation and annihilation of photons (and electrons): L = ψ ¯ ( i ℏ c γ α D α − m c 2 ) ψ − 1 4 μ 0 F α β F α β , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}={\bar {\psi }}\left(i\hbar c\,\gamma ^{\alpha }D_{\alpha }-mc^{2}\right)\psi -{\frac {1}{4\mu _{0}}}F_{\alpha \beta }F^{\alpha \beta },} where the first part in the right hand side, containing the Dirac spinor ψ {\displaystyle \psi } , represents the Dirac field. In quantum field theory it is used as the template for the gauge field strength tensor. By being employed in addition to the local interaction Lagrangian it reprises its usual role in QED. == See also == Classification of electromagnetic fields Covariant formulation	{"page_id": 1912367, "title": "Electromagnetic tensor"}
provoke discomfort, conversation, and awareness" but some diners described it as "tacky", "disrespectful", and "insensitive". In March 2025, Alinea marked its 20th anniversary with an immersive, month-long residency at Olmsted in Brooklyn, New York. == Awards and honors == Alinea received the AAA Five Diamond Award, the highest level of recognition given by the AAA, from 2007 to 2017. It ranked ninth on the S. Pellegrino World's 50 Best Restaurants List, second only to Eleven Madison Park in the US. Up to 2023, Alinea was the only Michelin Guide 3-star restaurant in Chicago. Alinea received the 2016 James Beard Foundation Award for Outstanding Restaurant. In 2016, Alinea was ranked 15th among the World's 50 Best Restaurants, an increase of 11 spots from 2015. In October 2016, TripAdvisor named it the number one fine dining restaurant in the United States, and one of the 10 best restaurants in the world. In the 2017 list of the World's 50 Best Restaurants, Alinea was ranked 21st in the world. In the 2018 list of the World's 50 Best Restaurants, Alinea was ranked 34th in the world. In the 2019 list, Alinea was ranked 37th in the world. == See also == List of Michelin 3-star restaurants List of Michelin 3-star restaurants in the United States Next (restaurant) The Aviary (bar) == References == == External links == Official website youtube.com 24 Hours at Alinea Spinning Plates, 2012 documentary features three unique restaurants and their respective owners including those of Alinea	{"page_id": 8490039, "title": "Alinea (restaurant)"}
3D makeR Technologies (makeR) is a 3D printer manufacturer. The company started out as an open-source printer company. It was founded between Barcelona and Santa Marta by Carlos Camargo, who currently acts as the CEO of the company. Following the traditional RepRap model, the makeR's first products were as do it yourself kits with an alternative version based on open-source FDM 3D printer Prusa i3, called Prusa Tairona. Current makeR 3D printers are designed with a closed frame and selected build sizes. == Products == Their product line includes the 3D printer series PEGASUS. The makeR 3D printers are compatible with polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and some specials materials for industrial needs, such as PLA filament mixed with particles of metals which through sanding 3D printed parts provide appearance similar to metals (steel, copper, and aluminium). Also, makeR printers print with nylon and carbon fiber. == References == == External links == Official Website Print-On-Demand Digi Labs Pro Website	{"page_id": 56543723, "title": "3D makeR Technologies"}
given as g ( p \| p o ) = g ( p o \| p ) g ( p ) g ( p o ) {\displaystyle g(p\|p_{o})={\dfrac {g(p_{o}\|p)\ g(p)}{g(p_{o})}}} where g ( p ) d p {\displaystyle g(p)dp} and g ( p o ) d p o {\displaystyle g(p_{o})dp_{o}} are the prior probabilities of the true and observed parallaxes respectively. ==== Dependence on Distance ==== The probability density of finding a star with apparent magnitude m {\displaystyle m} at a distance s {\displaystyle s} can be similarly written as h ( s \| m ) = h ( m \| s ) h ( s ) h ( m ) {\displaystyle h(s\|m)={\dfrac {h(m\|s)\ h(s)}{h(m)}}} where h ( m \| s ) {\displaystyle h(m\|s)} is the probability density of finding a star with apparent magnitude m with a given distance s {\displaystyle s} . Here, h ( m \| s ) {\displaystyle h(m\|s)} will be dependent on the luminosity function of the star, which depends on its absolute magnitude. h ( m ) {\displaystyle h(m)} is the probability density function of the apparent magnitude independent of distance. The probability of a star being at distance s {\displaystyle s} will be proportional to s 2 {\displaystyle s^{2}} such that h ( s ) ∝ n ( s ) s 2 {\displaystyle h(s)\propto n(s)\ s^{2}} Assuming a uniform distribution of stars in space, the number density n ( s ) {\displaystyle n(s)} becomes a constant and we can write g ( p ) d p = h ( s \| m ) \| ∂ s ∂ p \| m d p ∝ s 2 \| ∂ s ∂ p \| m d p {\displaystyle g(p)\ dp=h(s\|m)\ {\Bigg \|}{\dfrac {\partial s}{\partial p}}{\Bigg \|}_{m}\ dp\propto s^{2}{\Bigg \|}{\dfrac {\partial s}{\partial p}}{\Bigg \|}_{m}dp} , where s	{"page_id": 7102599, "title": "Lutz–Kelker bias"}
force opening the gate. == Designing the sluice gate == Sluice gates are one of the most common hydraulic structures used to control or measure the flow in open channels. Vertical rising sluice gates are the most common in open channels and can operate under two flow regimes: free flow and submerged flow. The most important depths in the designing of sluice gates are: == Mills == A mill race, leet, flume, penstock or lade is a sluice channeling water toward a water mill. === Logging sluices === In the mountains of the United States, sluices transported logs from steep hillsides to downslope sawmill ponds or yarding areas. Nineteenth-century logging was traditionally a winter activity for men who spent summers working on farms. Where there were freezing nights, water might be applied to logging sluices every night so a fresh coating of slippery ice would reduce friction of logs placed in the sluice the following morning. == Regional names for sluice gates == The terms sluice, sluice gate, knife gate, and slide gate are used interchangeably in the water and wastewater control industry. In the Somerset Levels, sluice gates are known as clyse or clyce. Most of the inhabitants of Guyana refer to sluices as kokers. The Sinhala people in Sri Lanka, who had an ancient civilization based on harvested rain water, refer to sluices as Horovuwa. == Gallery == == See also == Control lock Floodgate Gatehouse (waterworks) – An (elaborate) structure to house a sluice gate Lock Rhyne Zijlstra – A Dutch name referring to one who lives near a sluice Van der Sluijs – A Dutch name originating from the Sluice Hydraulic engineering Canal List of canals by country == References == == Further reading == Crittenden, H. Temple (1976). The Maine Scenic Route. McClain Printing. Moody,	{"page_id": 316061, "title": "Sluice"}
A phase splitter is a device that separates a signal into multiple phases (or polarities). The term is most often applied to amplifiers that produce two "balanced" voltage outputs: of equal amplitude but opposite polarity (i.e. 180 degrees phase difference), but sometimes is used to refer to the generation of quadrature signals (i.e. differing by 90 degrees). The term is not used for logic circuits producing complementary outputs, nor applied to differential amplifiers that have balanced inputs and outputs. == Methods == using a unity gain inverting amplifier to provide an inverted copy of its input signal; a split-load amplifier (also known as a "cathodyne" or "concertina phase splitter", especially in the context of vacuum tube implementations); a transistor implementation is shown in the diagram; a differential pair amplifier can form a phase splitter in two ways: if the shared emitter (or cathode or source, for triode vacuum tubes or FETs respectively) connection is fed from something approximating a constant current sink (for example, a relatively large value resistor with a significant voltage drop, i.e. a long-tailed pair) then only one input (base, grid or gate) need be driven with signal; the shared connection will vary in voltage with half the amplitude of the input, becoming an input to the second device (which acts as a common-base (or common-grid or common-gate) amplifier). The sum of the currents in each of the collectors (or anodes or drains) will be almost constant, hence an increase in one will be matched by an equal decrease in the other, giving rise to equal, but opposite phase, voltages on the outputs. This technique was first described by O.H. Schmitt. if the shared emitter (or cathode or source) resistor is relatively small, total current will vary with signal, and the signal will not be evenly split	{"page_id": 12670611, "title": "Phase splitter"}
the user) will have to wait needlessly long. If this variable is not considered resource starvation may occur and a process may not complete at all. Size of the process: Larger processes must be subject to fewer swaps than smaller ones because they take longer time to swap. Because they are larger, fewer processes can share the memory with the process. Priority: The higher the priority of the process, the longer it should stay in memory so that it completes faster. == References == Tanenbaum, Albert Woodhull, Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, p.92	{"page_id": 1068363, "title": "Two-level scheduling"}
E-cigarette and traditional cigarette smoking in individuals with no known cardiovascular disease exhibit similar inhibition of artery dilation in response to the need for more blood flow. This change reflects damage to vascular endothelium and increases the risk of long-term heart disease and an acute event such as a myocardial infarction (heart attack). Vaping is accompanied by a shift in balance of the autonomic (reflex) nervous system toward sympathetic predominance, which is also associated with increased cardiac risk. Daily vaping is correlated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction in health surveys. ==== Other ==== A 2015 doctor guide mentioned major adverse events that included hospitalizations for pneumonia, congestive heart failure, seizure, rapid heart rate, and burns. However, no causal relationship to vaping was proven. ===== Gastrointestinal (GI) system ===== A mucosal intestinal barrier separates the external and internal environments within the body. This barrier allows water, ions, solutes, and nutrients to cross the barrier while excluding bacteria and toxins. Tight junctions (TJ) help with the construction and permeability of the barrier in the gut by firmly securing joints. Chronic, repetitive exposure to e-cigarettes damages this barrier by breaking the TJs, which causes gut inflammation, assage of bacteria. altering gene expression. A 2021 study reported that chronic use of nicotine-free e-cigarettes still caused inflammation and decreased TJ markers. A 2022 study reported that common GI health effects include nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal discomfort, xerostomia, oral mucositis, gum bleeding, gingivitis, gastric burning, altered bowel habits, and acid reflux. Chronic exposure also drives inflammation in the colon. ===== Nervous system ===== A 2024 review concluded that nicotine exposure has detrimental effects on the nervous system, especially during adolescence. Exposure during developmental stages changes brain structure and function. Vaping is linked to impairment of cognitive processes, increased mood disorders and addiction, damage to functions	{"page_id": 44471109, "title": "Health effects of electronic cigarettes"}
response to objects versus non-objects." Evidently, the process of distinguishing figure from ground (sometimes called figure–ground segmentation) is inherently probabilistic, and the best that the brain can do is to take all relevant cues into account to generate a probabilistic best-guess. In this light, Bayesian figure–ground segmentation models have been proposed to simulate the probabilistic inference by which the brain may distinguish figure from ground. Subjective factors can also influence figure–ground perception. For instance, if a viewer has the intention to perceive one of the two regions as the figure, it will likely alter their ability to analyze the two regions objectively. In addition, if a viewer's gaze is fixated on a particular region, the viewer is more likely to view the fixated region as the figure. Although subjective factors can alter the probability of seeing the figure on one particular side of an edge, they tend not to overpower compositional cues. == Artistic applications == Figure–ground organization is used to help artists and designers in composition of a 2D piece. Figure–ground reversal may be used as an intentional visual design technique in which an existing image's foreground and background colors are purposely swapped to create new images. == Non-visual == Figure–ground perception can be expanded from visual perception to include non-visual concepts such as melody/harmony, subject/background and positive/negative space. The concept of figure and ground fully depends on the observer and not on the item itself. In the typical sonic scenarios people encounter, auditory figure and ground signals often overlap in time as well as in frequency content. In these situations, auditory objects are established by integrating sound components both over time and frequency. A 2011 study suggests that the auditory system possesses mechanisms that are sensitive to such cross-frequency and cross-time correlations. Results of this study demonstrated significant	{"page_id": 1255277, "title": "Figure–ground (perception)"}
the stage during the show, and his childhood interest for the performing arts was reignited. Philpott tried to join Le Grand Magic Circus in Paris and participated in one show, but was not picked up for continued employment. He returned to the United Kingdom determined to perform for a living and, while juggling outside London's Oval House Theatre, was discovered by John and Crissie Trigger, who ran a traveling entertainment company called The Raree Show. === Traveling street performer === Philpott spent the next several years traveling and performing in both Raree and solo gigs, in such places as Liverpool, Sweden, Germany, Mexico and the United States. His acts included juggling, magic, fire eating, acrobatics, unicycling, fireworks, clowning, and slapstick comedy in such venues as schools, theatres, Medieval festivals, street markets and children's television. He also ran theatre workshops for children and learned how to play various musical instruments and apply stage make-up. Philpott spent the mid-1970s living in the London shed of Australian Chris Löfvén and Lyne Helms, who at the time were working on the 1976 film Oz: A Rock 'n' Roll Road Movie. He continued traveling all over Europe as a street performer, where he used hand-made props and performed self-invented tricks. He performed in opening acts at such venues as the Royal Opera House in London's Covent Garden. Philpott also performed in various fringe theatre groups, including the Red Buddha Theatre with Japanese musician Stomu Yamashta, and Incubus with Richard LeParmentier, who would go on to play Admiral Motti in A New Hope. He also learned stage management and other "techie stuff" at the Melkweg music venue and cultural center in Amsterdam. Philpott said he particularly enjoyed seeing "how things were done." === Start of animatronics career === The death of Toby Philpott's father in 1978	{"page_id": 19382268, "title": "Toby Philpott"}
in finance creates opportu-nities for investors, but there may be unforeseen dan-gers as well. Discuss. Chapter 6 • Deep Learning and Cognitive Computing 421 7. Go to Teradata.com . Search and find application case studies and white papers on deep learning and/or cogni-tive computing. Write a report to summarize your find-ings, and comment on the capabilities and limitations (based on your understanding) of these technologies. 8. Provide at least three examples of deep learning imple-mentation in manufacturing. 9. Go to IBM.com . Search and find application case stud-ies and white papers on deep learning and/or cognitive computing. Write a report to summarize your findings, and comment on the capabilities and limitations (based on your understanding) of these technologies. 10. Go to TIBCO.com or some other advanced analytics company Web site. Search and find application case studies and white papers on deep learning and/or cog-nitive computing. Write a report to summarize your find-ings, and comment on the capabilities and limitations (based on your understanding) of these technologies. ## References Abad, M., P. Barham, J. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Davis, J. Dean, . . . M. Isard. (2016). “TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning.” OSDI, 16 , pp. 265–283. Altman, E. I. (1968). “Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy.” The Journal of Finance, 23 (4), pp. 589–609. Bahdanau, D., K. Cho, & Y. Bengio. (2014). “Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate.” ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1409.0473. Bengio, Y. (2009). “Learning Deep Architectures for AI.” Foundations and Trends® in Machine Learning, 2 (1), pp. 1–127. Bergstra, J., O. Breuleux, F. Bastien, P. Lamblin, R. Pascanu, G. Desjardins, . . . Y. Bengio. (2010). “Theano: A CPU and GPU Math Compiler in Python.” Proceedings of the Ninth Python in Science Conference , Vol. 1. Bi, R. (2014).	{"source": 1196, "title": "from dpo"}
key elements necessary for ensuring the safeguarding of personally identifiable information or a system of records. The training _shall_ be role-based, provide foundational as well as more advanced levels of training, and have measures in place to test the knowledge level of users. At a minimum, the privacy training _shall_ cover- (i) The provisions of the Privacy Act of 1974 ( 5 U.S.C. 552a), including penalties for violations of the Act; (ii) The appropriate handling and safeguarding of personally identifiable information; (iii) The authorized and official use of a system of records or any other personally identifiable information; (iv) The restriction on the use of unauthorized equipment to create, collect, use, process, store, maintain, disseminate, disclose, dispose or otherwise access personally identifiable information; (v) The prohibition against the unauthorized use of a system of records or unauthorized disclosure, access, handling, or use of personally identifiable information; and (vi) The procedures to be followed in the event of a suspected or confirmed breach of a system of records or the unauthorized disclosure, access, handling, or use of personally identifiable information (see OMB guidance for Preparing for and Responding to a Breach of Personally Identifiable Information). (2) Completion of an agency-developed or agency-conducted training course _shall_ be deemed to satisfy these elements. (d) The Contractor _shall_ maintain and, upon request, provide documentation of completion of privacy training to the _Contracting Officer_. (e) The Contractor _shall_ not allow any employee access to a system of records, or permit any employee to create, collect, use, process, store, maintain, disseminate, disclose, dispose or otherwise handle personally identifiable information, or to design, develop, maintain, or operate a system of records unless the employee has completed privacy training, as required by this clause. (f) The substance of this clause, including this paragraph (f), _shall_	{"source": 3644, "title": "from dpo"}
a ! O. Then x" = O(y n ) means x"/y, is bounded; x,, = o(y n) means x"/y n — 0; x" y„ means x„/y„ -, 1; x” y„ means x„/y„ and y„/x„ are both bounded. To write x ” = z,,+ 0(y"), for example, means that x" =z„+ u” for some (u") satisfying u n = 0(y„)—that is, that x„ — z„ = 0(y„). A19. A difference equation. Suppose that a and b are integers and a O. PROOF. The problem is to prove that g(x) = f(x) — xf(1) vanishes identically. Clearly, g(1) = 0, and g satisfies Cauchy's equation and on some interval is bounded above.	{"source": 5649, "title": "from dpo"}
Hulin, Petit and Mitescu 2015]( An analogous example occurs for a sphere in an anisotropic fluid: here, the sphere is unchanged under all distance-preserving coordinate transformations, so we need to consider only the symmetries of the fluid. To illustrate the complementary roles of the fluid and the solid body, let us consider a cylindrically symmetric ellipsoid (a prolate spheroid, figure 2, centred on the origin and oriented upright along the !Image 51!Image 60. Even though the two solid bodies are different in these two cases, the way they move under applied forces and torques is qualitatively the same. The situation is similar in figure 2 and the cone in a fluid of conical helices (figure 2 are both invariant only under cylindrical symmetry; as a result, the form of their mobility matrices must be the same. In addition to the fluid and solid body geometry, the mobility matrix depends on the choice of	{"source": 6680, "title": "from dpo"}
in enriched environments affected enzyme cholinesterase activity. This work led in 1962 to the discovery that environmental enrichment increased cerebral cortex volume. In 1964, it was found that this was due to increased cerebral cortex thickness and greater synapse and glial numbers. Also starting around 1960, Harry Harlow studied the effects of maternal and social deprivation on rhesus monkey infants (a form of environmental stimulus deprivation). This established the importance of social stimulation for normal cognitive and emotional development. == Synapses == === Synaptogenesis === Rats raised with environmental enrichment have thicker cerebral cortices (3.3–7%) that contain 25% more synapses. This effect of environmental richness upon the brain occurs whether it is experienced immediately following birth, after weaning, or during maturity. When synapse numbers increase in adults, they can remain high in number even when the adults are returned to impoverished environment for 30 days suggesting that such increases in synapse numbers are not necessarily temporary. However, the increase in synapse numbers has been observed generally to reduce with maturation. Stimulation affects not only synapses upon pyramidal neurons (the main projecting neurons in the cerebral cortex) but also stellate ones (that are usually interneurons). It can also affect neurons outside the brain, such as those in the retina. === Dendrite complexity === Environmental enrichment affects the complexity and length of the dendrite arbors (upon which synapses form). Higher-order dendrite branch complexity is increased in enriched environments, as can the length, in young animals, of distal branches. Environmental enrichment rescues harmful effects of stress on dendritic complexity. === Activity and energy consumption === Animals in enriched environments show evidence of increased synapse activation. Synapses tend to also be much larger. Gamma oscillations become larger in amplitude in the hippocampus. This increased energy consumption is reflected in glial and local capillary vasculation	{"page_id": 20270864, "title": "Environmental enrichment"}
Leonard Richmond Wheeler (23 July 1888 – 25 September 1948) was a British educationalist and philosopher of biology who worked in British Malaya and the West Indies. == Biography == Wheeler was born on 23 July 1888 in Highgate. He was educated at the University of London and obtained a post teaching mathematics and science at a grammar school in Antigua in 1912. During this time he collected and studied flora. He sent specimens to the British Museum and authored a paper "The Flora of Antigua" in the Journal of Botany in 1916. He joined the Colonial Service in 1914 and returned to England to serve in World War I. In 1919, Wheeler authored Desert Musings, a collection of poems which has been cited as a rare example of a British West Indies Regiment Officer's poetic take on life at the Front. He was later a member of the Royal Flying Corps stationed in the Balkans. After the war he worked in Trinidad as a science teacher at Queen's Royal College until he was transferred to British Malaya in 1921. He worked as a school inspector and upon his retirement in 1938 was Inspector of Schools, Penang. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1939. During his later life he lived in Seaford. Wheeler was married to Doris Milligan and had two sons. He died on 25 September 1948 in Seaford. == Vitalism == In 1939, Wheeler authored the book Vitalism: Its History and Validity which was submitted for his PhD thesis at the University of London. He defined vitalism as "all the various doctrines which, from the time of Aristotle, have described things as actuated by some power or principle additional to mechanics and chemistry." The book is a scholarly history of vitalistic theories from the time	{"page_id": 71675997, "title": "Leonard Richmond Wheeler"}
μ Cygni, Latinised as Mu Cygni, is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.49. The system is located 72 light years distant from the Sun, based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +17 km/s. The pair have an orbital period of around 800 years, with a semimajor axis of 5″ and an eccentricity around 0.6. The primary, with an apparent magnitude of 4.69, is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F6V. It has 35% more mass than the Sun and 188% of the Sun's radius. The star is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 9.6 km/s. The secondary companion, with an apparent magnitude of 6.12, is a G-type main-sequence star with a class of G2V. It has a similar radius as the Sun and slightly more mass. Two reported additional components, C (apparent magnitude 12.93) and D (apparent magnitude 6.94), are believed to be optical doubles rather than part of the Mu Cygni system. Component D is the more distant spectroscopic binary HD 206874 (HIP 107326), consisting of two early F-type subgiants. == References ==	{"page_id": 36968940, "title": "Mu Cygni"}
is ongoing research about cystic fibrosis in underrepresented populations, many of the studies leave much to be desired and are not performed to the standards of studies conducted in white patients. == References ==	{"page_id": 71861413, "title": "Cystic fibrosis and race"}
and the solar direction. This is thus heavily dependent on the changing solar direction as the Sun is perceived as moving across the sky. The middle one represents the angle at the Sun between the zenith direction and the pointing. Again this is heavily dependent on the changing pointing. This is symmetrical between the North and South hemispheres. The right one represents the angle at the zenith between the solar direction and the pointing. It thus rotates around the celestial sphere. === Degree of polarization === The Rayleigh sky model predicts the degree of sky polarization as: δ = δ m a x sin 2 ⁡ γ 1 + cos 2 ⁡ γ {\displaystyle \delta ={\frac {\delta _{max}\sin ^{2}\gamma }{1+\cos ^{2}\gamma }}} As a simple example one can map the degree of polarization on the horizon. As seen in the figure to the right it is high in the North (0° and 360°) and the South (180°). It then resembles a cosine function and decreases toward the East and West reaching zero at these cardinal directions. The degree of polarization is easily understood when mapped onto an altitude-azimuth grid as shown below. As the sun sets due West, the maximum degree of polarization can be seen in the North-Zenith-South plane. Along the horizon, at an altitude of 0° it is highest in the North and South, and lowest in the East and West. Then as altitude increases approaching the zenith (or the plane of maximum polarization) the polarization remains high in the North and South and increases until it is again maximum at 90° in the East and West, where it is then at the zenith and within the plane of polarization. Click on the adjacent image to view an animation that represents the degree of polarization as shown on	{"page_id": 28376129, "title": "Rayleigh sky model"}
IC 1327 is lenticular galaxy of type S0-a, located in the constellation Aquila. Its redshift is 0.032386, which corresponds IC 1327 to be located 445 million light-years from Earth. It has an apparent dimension of 0.90 x 0.8 arcmin, meaning the galaxy is 117,000 light-years across. IC 1327 was discovered on August 10, 1890, by Sherburne Wesley Burnham. According to a study conducted in April 2006, IC 1327 is considered an isolated galaxy, which is included in early-type E-S0 galaxies that make up 14% of the isolated sample of galaxies in the local universe. Moreover, IC 1327 contains X-ray emission within a distance of 100 arcsec from the infrared position, which its structure is inspected in overlays on optical images. == References ==	{"page_id": 76909281, "title": "IC 1327"}
is injective if and only if the generalized arithmetic progression is proper. == Semilinear sets == Formally, an arithmetic progression of N d {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{d}} is an infinite sequence of the form v , v + v ′ , v + 2 v ′ , v + 3 v ′ , … {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} ,\mathbf {v} +\mathbf {v} ',\mathbf {v} +2\mathbf {v} ',\mathbf {v} +3\mathbf {v} ',\ldots } , where v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } and v ′ {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} '} are fixed vectors in N d {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{d}} , called the initial vector and common difference respectively. A subset of N d {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{d}} is said to be linear if it is of the form { v + ∑ i = 1 m k i v i : k 1 , … , k m ∈ N } , {\displaystyle \left\{\mathbf {v} +\sum _{i=1}^{m}k_{i}\mathbf {v} _{i}\,\colon \,k_{1},\dots ,k_{m}\in \mathbb {N} \right\},} where m {\displaystyle m} is some integer and v , v 1 , … , v m {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} ,\mathbf {v} _{1},\dots ,\mathbf {v} _{m}} are fixed vectors in N d {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{d}} . A subset of N d {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{d}} is said to be semilinear if it is a finite union of linear sets. The semilinear sets are exactly the sets definable in Presburger arithmetic. == See also == Freiman's theorem == References == Nathanson, Melvyn B. (1996). Additive Number Theory: Inverse Problems and Geometry of Sumsets. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 165. Springer. ISBN 0-387-94655-1. Zbl 0859.11003.	{"page_id": 2240347, "title": "Generalized arithmetic progression"}
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a genetic disorder that affects primarily the liver and the heart. Problems associated with the disorder generally become evident in infancy or early childhood. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, and the estimated prevalence of Alagille syndrome is 1 in every 30,000 to 1 in every 40,000 live births. It is named after the French pediatrician Daniel Alagille, who first described the condition in 1969. Children with Alagille syndrome live to the age of 18 in about 90% of the cases. == Signs and symptoms == The severity of the disorder can vary within the same family, with symptoms ranging from so mild as to go unnoticed, to severe heart and/or liver disease that requires transplantation. It is uncommon, but Alagille syndrome can be a life-threatening disease with a mortality rate of 10%. The majority of deaths from ALGS are typically due to heart complications or chronic liver failure. === Liver === Signs and symptoms arising from liver damage in Alagille syndrome may include a yellowish tinge in the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice), itching (pruritus), pale stools (acholia), an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) and deposits of cholesterol in the skin (xanthomas). A liver biopsy may indicate too few bile ducts (bile duct paucity) or, in some cases, the complete absence of bile ducts (biliary atresia). Bile duct paucity results in the reduced absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), which may lead to rickets or a failure to thrive. Cirrhosis and eventual liver failure is fairly common among ALGS patients, and 15% of those with severe hepatic manifestations require a liver transplant. Hepatocellular cancer has been reported in a small number of cases, but it is extremely rare. === Heart === ===	{"page_id": 1492251, "title": "Alagille syndrome"}
a cheaper version of the G3 which was introduced in the spring of 2005. It lacked some of the main features of the G3: no FM radio, the interface was only USB 1.1 (compared to USB 2.0 on the G3), and the playback time with a single AA battery was down to 40 hours. === iAUDIO 5 === The iAUDIO 5 was introduced in November 2004. It was the successor to the popular iAUDIO 4 series and was powered by the same Sigmatel chipset that were used in the iAUDIO U2 and G3. The iAUDIO 5 was relatively similar to the aforementioned players. What set it apart from other players was the fact that it had 1000 different backlight colour combinations. It was powered by an AAA battery which allowed for a maximum playback time of up to 20 hours.The device's colour is determined by the memory size; the 256MB model has red accents, the 512MB model has blue accents, and the 1GB and 2GB units have black accents. It has a size of 3 by 1.4 by 0.7 inches and weighs around 1 ounce. === iAUDIO X5 === The iAUDIO X5 was released in April 2005. The X5 uses much of the same hardware as the M3, and as such has much of the same features and capabilities. It has almost identical features to the iriver H300 Series. The X5 includes a color screen on the unit. As with the M3, there is an "L" version which is 4 mm thicker and has a longer battery life. Unlike the M3, the X5 comes in 20, 30, and 60 GB variants. It is likely that there will be no 60 GB X5L, as the 60 GB X5 itself is the thickness of the 20 and 30 GB X5L due to	{"page_id": 2316920, "title": "IAUDIO"}
was explicitly designed with compatibility in mind, they were not identical - the Rev. C version was significantly faster at doing alpha blending, and hence the PS "semitransparent" writing mode - it was also rather slow at certain screen memory block moves (basically, ones involving narrow vertical strips of the display) on top of this there were some minor hardware bugs in the older silicon that had been addressed by including workarounds for them in the libraries - the later library versions checked the GPU type at startup time and disabled the patches if they were not needed. Because this made the two machine types quite significantly different from each other, the developer had to test the title on both machines before submitting. The blue debugs (DTL-H100x, DTL-H110x) had the old silicon and the green ones (DTL-H120x) had the new silicon. == Net Yaroze == In 1997, Sony released a version of the PlayStation called the Net Yaroze. It was more expensive than the regular PlayStation ($750 instead of $299 for the original PlayStation) and was also harder to obtain than the original PlayStation, as it only came via mail order. It had a matte black finish instead of the usual gray, and most importantly, came with tools and instructions that allowed a user to be able to program PlayStation games and applications without the need for a full development unit, which was more expensive than a normal PlayStation (official development kits cost around $5,000 at the time). The Net Yaroze lacked many of the features the full developer suite provided, lacking the on-demand support and code libraries that licensed developers had. Programmers were also limited by the 2 MB of total game space that the Net Yaroze allowed. The amount of space may seem small, but games like Ridge	{"page_id": 40105963, "title": "PlayStation models"}
where no exception need be thrown. The method is structured in such a way that the fast path performing the check gets inlined, with as little work as possible on that path, and then everything else is relegated to a method that performs the actual throwing (the JIT won’t inline that throwing method, as it’ll look at its implementation and see that the method always throws). Copy public static void ThrowIfNull( [NotNull] object? argument, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(argument))] string? paramName = null) { if (argument is null) Throw(paramName); } [DoesNotReturn] internal static void Throw(string? paramName) => throw new ArgumentNullException(paramName); In .NET 7, ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull gained another overload, this time for pointers, and two new methods were introduced: ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrEmpty for strings and ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf. Now in .NET 8, a slew of new such helpers have been added. Thanks to dotnet/runtime#86007, ArgumentException gains ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace to complement ThrowIfNullOrEmpty: Copy public static void ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace([NotNull] string? argument, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(argument))] string? paramName = null); and thanks to dotnet/runtime#78222 from @hrrrrustic and dotnet/runtime#83853, ArgumentOutOfRangeException gains 9 new methods: Copy public static void ThrowIfEqual(T value, T other, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null) where T : System.IEquatable?; public static void ThrowIfNotEqual(T value, T other, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null) where T : System.IEquatable?; public static void ThrowIfLessThan(T value, T other, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null) where T : IComparable; public static void ThrowIfLessThanOrEqual(T value, T other, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null) where T : IComparable; public static void ThrowIfGreaterThan(T value, T other, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null) where T : IComparable; public static void ThrowIfGreaterThanOrEqual(T value, T other, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null) where T : IComparable; public static void ThrowIfNegative(T value, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null) where T : INumberBase; public static void ThrowIfZero(T value, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null) where T : INumberBase; public static void ThrowIfNegativeOrZero(T value, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(value))] string? paramName = null)	{"source": 1754, "title": "from dpo"}
a definition of the Beta function; . the sixth step is due to the Stirling approximation. Overall, substituting (10.4) into (10.1), we get: 1 Tr2 ## In 1 - In d Or (1). Pr [h(p) = h(q)] 4- n(h~w 10.5.2.2 The real proof We now perform the exact calculations, using the bounds (involving E) from Lemma 10.9 and Lemma 10.10. We set e = 1/d and obtain the following asymptotic statements: o(u, v) = 1 - d ( -l) -(1 d0") ,n 2/2 and Pr [A(X, Y) > t] = di0(1) .4-, X,Y~N(0,1) Then, we can repeat the "idealized" proof (see Eqn. (10.4)) verbatim with the new estimates and obtain the final form of Theorem 10.3: 1T2 In _- _2_- In d O(In ln d). Pr [h(p) = h(q)] 4 - r2h~w 258 (10.4) Note the difference in the low order term between idealized and the real version. As we argue in Section 10.3, the latter 0(lnlnd) is, in fact, tight. 10.5.3 Proof of Theorem 10.5 Lemma 10.11. Let A C Sd-i be a measurable subset of a sphere with P(A) = po q and aX + Y > 7] +o(1) Pr [v E A I u E A,Iu - v\|\| u,v~Sd-- Pr [X > 1 + o(1) > X~N(0,1) (10.5) where: Sa =1- 2' * r CIR is such that Pr [X > n] =po. > X~N(O,1) In particular, if to = Q(1), then Pr [v E A u E A, Iu - v T] = A(T, (PC (po)) + o(1). > u,V~Sd-1 Proof. First, the left-hand side of (10.5) is maximized by a spherical cap of measure yo. This follows from Theorem 5 of [981. So, from now on we assume that A is	{"source": 4169, "title": "from dpo"}
\alpha ) = f_3(j, \beta )} \right] \le \frac{1}{2^n(2^n - 1)} \le \frac{2}{2^{2n}}. \end{aligned}$$ 2. (b) Assume $j \notin [q_e]$. If $C_j[\beta ] = C_{j'}[\beta ]$ for $j' \in [q_e]$, this case is same as the case that $j \in [q_e]$. Otherwise, the equation $f_1(i, \alpha ) = f_3(j, \beta )$ is equivalent to the system of equations $$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} 2^{\alpha - 1}\Delta _1 = A_{i, L}[\alpha ] \mathbin {\oplus } Z_j[\beta ]; \\ 2^{\alpha - 1}\Delta _2 = A_{i, R}[\alpha ] \mathbin {\oplus } Y_j[\beta ]. \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$ Since $(\Delta _1, \Delta _2)$ is chosen uniformly at random from $(\{0,1\}^n)^{2}$, one has $$\begin{aligned} \Pr \left[ {f_1(i, \alpha ) = f_3(j, \beta )} \right] \le \frac{1}{2^n(2^n - 1)} \le \frac{2}{2^{2n}}. \end{aligned}$$ By the above reasoning, $$\begin{aligned} \Pr \left[ {\textsf{IC}_{1, 3}} \right] \le \sum _{(i, \alpha ) \in {\mathcal {I}}_1} \sum _{(j, \beta ) \in {\mathcal {I}}_3} \frac{2}{2^{2n}} \le \frac{2\left\| {{\mathcal {I}}_1} \right\| \left\| {{\mathcal {I}}_3} \right\| }{2^{2n}}. \end{aligned}$$ 4. 4. Fix $(i, \alpha ) \in {\mathcal {I}}_1$ and $(j, \beta ) \in {\mathcal {I}}_4$. We distinguish two subcases. 1. (a) Assume that $j \in [q_e]$. Then the equation $f_1(i, \alpha ) = f_4(j, \beta )$ is equivalent to the system of equations $$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} 2^{\alpha - 1}\Delta _1 \mathbin {\oplus } 2^{\beta - 1}\Delta _4 = A_{i, L}[\alpha ] \mathbin {\oplus } M_{j, R}[\beta ] \mathbin {\oplus } \mathop {\bigoplus }\nolimits _{\gamma = 1}^{a_j + \beta } X_j[\gamma ]; \\ 2^{\beta - 1}\Delta _4 = A_{i, R}[\alpha ] \mathbin {\oplus } C_{j, R}[\beta ] \mathbin {\oplus } 2^{\alpha - 1}\Delta _2 \mathbin {\oplus } 2^{\beta - 1}\Delta _2. \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$ Since $(\Delta _1, \Delta _4)$ is chosen uniformly at random from $(\{0,1\}^n)^{2}$, one has $$\begin{aligned} \Pr \left[ {f_1(i, \alpha ) = f_4(j, \beta )} \right] \le	{"source": 5983, "title": "from dpo"}
as whether it is caused by an allowed or a forbidden transition. The softmax function commonly used in machine learning is related to the Boltzmann distribution: ( p 1 , … , p M ) = softmax ⁡ [ − ε 1 k T , … , − ε M k T ] {\displaystyle (p_{1},\ldots ,p_{M})=\operatorname {softmax} \left[-{\frac {\varepsilon _{1}}{kT}},\ldots ,-{\frac {\varepsilon _{M}}{kT}}\right]} == Generalized Boltzmann distribution == A distribution of the form Pr ( ω ) ∝ exp ⁡ [ ∑ η = 1 n X η x η ( ω ) k B T − E ( ω ) k B T ] {\displaystyle \Pr \left(\omega \right)\propto \exp \left[\sum _{\eta =1}^{n}{\frac {X_{\eta }x_{\eta }^{\left(\omega \right)}}{k_{B}T}}-{\frac {E^{\left(\omega \right)}}{k_{B}T}}\right]} is called generalized Boltzmann distribution by some authors. The Boltzmann distribution is a special case of the generalized Boltzmann distribution. The generalized Boltzmann distribution is used in statistical mechanics to describe canonical ensemble, grand canonical ensemble and isothermal–isobaric ensemble. The generalized Boltzmann distribution is usually derived from the principle of maximum entropy, but there are other derivations. The generalized Boltzmann distribution has the following properties: It is the only distribution for which the entropy as defined by Gibbs entropy formula matches with the entropy as defined in classical thermodynamics. It is the only distribution that is mathematically consistent with the fundamental thermodynamic relation where state functions are described by ensemble average. == In statistical mechanics == The Boltzmann distribution appears in statistical mechanics when considering closed systems of fixed composition that are in thermal equilibrium (equilibrium with respect to energy exchange). The most general case is the probability distribution for the canonical ensemble. Some special cases (derivable from the canonical ensemble) show the Boltzmann distribution in different aspects: Canonical ensemble (general case) The canonical ensemble gives the probabilities of the various	{"page_id": 4107, "title": "Boltzmann distribution"}
child will have achondroplasia (inherit one mutated copy), and a 25% chance the child will inherit two mutated copies, resulting in homozygous achondroplasia; a severe fatal form of the condition. === Post-Zygotic De Novo Mutation === They are a specific type of de novo mutation that occurs after fertilization, during early embryonic development. Because of this, postzygotic de novo mutations are mostly never passed onto the offspring of the affected individual. Instead, post zygotic mutations result in genetic mosaicism. This occurs through a random mutation that appears in a single cell after fertilization. As that cell divides the mutation spread to a subset of body tissues. In this case, only some of the individual’s cells will carry the mutation, while others remain unaffected. The earlier the mutation occurs in development, the more tissues and organs will carry the mutation, influencing the severity of the condition. Since de novo mutations are genetic changes that arise spontaneously rather than being inherited from parents, post-zygotic mutations fit within this category but with an added layer of complexity. Depending on when and where the mutation occurs, its effects can range from mild to severe and can be confined to specific tissues or organs. Proteus Syndrome Proteus Syndrome is a rare disorder that's characterized by abnormal tissue overgrowth, leading to a post zygotic de novo mutation in the AKT1 gene. This impacts on some cells including overgrowth of bones, skin and connective tissues. Since the mutation occurs post zygotically, it only affects some cells which causes asymmetrical growth. An example of this would be where a patient may have one enlarged limb while the rest of the body remains normal. Depending on how early on it and the location determines the severity of the mutation. Neurodevelopmental Disorders De novo mutations can occur post-zygotically during brain	{"page_id": 3370507, "title": "De novo mutation"}
the probability density function p {\displaystyle p} for a nuclear displacement u → {\displaystyle {\vec {u}}} from the mean position. As a result, it's possible to conduct a scattering experiment on a crystal, fit the resulting spectrum for the various atomic U {\displaystyle {\mathsf {U}}} values, and derive each atom's tendency for nuclear displacement from p {\displaystyle p} . == Applications == Anisotropic displacement parameters are often useful for visualizing matter. From (15), we may define ellipsoids of constant probability for which γ = u → T U u → {\displaystyle \gamma ={\vec {u}}^{\mathsf {T}}{\mathsf {U}}{\vec {u}}} , where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is some constant. Such "vibration ellipsoids" have been used to illustrate crystal structures. Alternatively, mean square displacement surfaces along n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} may be defined by ⟨ u → 2 ⟩ n ^ = n ^ T U n ^ {\displaystyle \langle {\vec {u}}^{2}\rangle _{\hat {n}}={\hat {n}}^{\mathsf {T}}{\mathsf {U}}{\hat {n}}} . See the external links "Gallery of ray-traced ORTEP's", "2005 paper by Rowsell et al.", and "2009 paper by Korostelev and Noller" for more images. Anisotropic displacement parameters are also refined in programs (e.g. GSAS-II) to resolve scattering spectra during Rietveld refinement. == References == == External links == 2019 paper by Cristiano Malica and Dal Corso. Introduction to Debye–Waller factor and applications within Density Functional Theory - Temperature-dependent atomic B factor: an ab initio calculation Gallery of ray-traced ORTEP's - University of Glasgow 2005 paper by Rowsell et al. depicting metal-organic framework thermal ellipsoids - [1] 2009 paper by Korostelev and Noller depicting tRNA thermal ellipsoids - Analysis of Structural Dynamics in the Ribosome by TLS Crystallographic Refinement Cruickshank's 1956 Acta Crystallogr. paper - The analysis of the anisotropic thermal motion of molecules in crystals 1996 report by Trueblood et al. - Atomic Displacement	{"page_id": 3330825, "title": "Debye–Waller factor"}
{}0.7\end{array}\end{array}-\begin{array}{c}0.8188\\ {}0.3684\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.8442\\ {}0.2416\end{array}\end{array}\right)\circ \left(\begin{array}{c}0.8188\\ {}0.3684\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.8442\\ {}0.2416\end{array}\end{array}\right)\circ \left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ {}1\\ {}\begin{array}{c}1\\ {}1\end{array}\end{array}-\begin{array}{c}0.8188\\ {}0.3684\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.8442\\ {}0.2416\end{array}\end{array}\right)=\left[\begin{array}{c}0.0120\\ {}0.0539\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.0139\\ {}0.0839\end{array}\end{array}\right] $$ The hidden layer errors are calculated as $$ \boldsymbol{\psi} =\left[{\boldsymbol{V}}^{(h)}\circ \left(1-{\boldsymbol{V}}^{(h)}\right)\right]\circ {\boldsymbol{\delta}}^{\left(\boldsymbol{l}\right)}{\boldsymbol{w}}_1^{T(l)}=\left[\left(\begin{array}{c}0.6837\\ {}0.2184\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.7249\\ {}0.0809\end{array}\end{array}\right)\circ \left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ {}1\\ {}\begin{array}{c}1\\ {}1\end{array}\end{array}-\begin{array}{c}0.6837\\ {}0.2184\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.7249\\ {}0.0809\end{array}\end{array}\right)\right]\circ \left\{\left[\begin{array}{c}0.0120\\ {}0.0539\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.0139\\ {}0.0839\end{array}\end{array}\right]\left[4.4\right]\right\}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0.0114\\ {}0.0405\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.0122\\ {}0.0275\end{array}\end{array}\right], $$ where $ {\boldsymbol{w}}_1^{(l)} $ is _w_(_l_) without the weight of the intercept, that is, without the first element. The weights of the output layer are updated: $$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{(l)(2)}={\boldsymbol{w}}^{(l)(1)}+\eta {\left[\mathbf{1},{\boldsymbol{V}}^{(h)}\right]}^{\mathbf{T}}{\boldsymbol{\delta}}^{\left(\boldsymbol{l}\right)} $$ $$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{(l)(2)}=\left[\begin{array}{c}-1.5\\ {}4.4\end{array}\right]+0.1\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\kern0.5em 1\\ {}0.6837& 0.2184& 0.7249\kern0.5em 0.0809\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}0.0120\\ {}0.0539\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.0139\\ {}0.0839\end{array}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}-1.4836\\ {}4.4037\end{array}\right], $$ where 2 denotes that the output weights are for epoch number 2. Then the weights for epoch 2 of the hidden layer are obtained with $$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{(h)(2)}={\boldsymbol{w}}^{(h)(1)}+\eta {\boldsymbol{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}\boldsymbol{\psi} $$ $$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{(h)(2)}=\left[\begin{array}{c}1.86\\ {}-3.3\end{array}\right]+0.1\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\kern0.5em 1\\ {}0.33& 0.95& \begin{array}{cc}0.27& 1.3\end{array}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}0.0114\\ {}0.0405\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.0122\\ {}0.0275\end{array}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}1.8692\\ {}-3.2918\end{array}\right] $$ We check to see if the global error is satisfied with the specified tolerance (tol). Since $ E\left(\boldsymbol{w}\right)=\frac{1}{2n}{\sum}_{i=1}^n{\left({\hat{y}}_i-{y}_i\right)}^2=0.03519>\mathrm{tol}=0.025, $ this means that we need to increase the number of epochs to satisfy the tol=0.025 specified. Epoch 2. Using the updated weights of epoch 1, we obtain the new weights after epoch 2. First for the output layer: $$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{(l)(3)}=\left[\begin{array}{c}-1.4836\\ {}4.4037\end{array}\right]+0.1\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\kern0.5em 1\\ {}0.6863& 0.2213& \begin{array}{cc}0.7272& 0.0824\end{array}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}0.0111\\ {}0.0526\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.0132\\ {}0.0842\end{array}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}-1.4675\\ {}4.4073\end{array}\right] $$ And next for the hidden layer: $$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{(h)(3)}=\left[\begin{array}{c}1.8692\\ {}-3.2918\end{array}\right]+0.1\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\kern0.5em 1\\ {}0.33& 0.95& \begin{array}{cc}0.27& 1.3\end{array}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}0.0106\\ {}0.0399\\ {}\begin{array}{c}0.0115\\ {}0.0280\end{array}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}1.8782\\ {}-3.2838\end{array}\right] $$ Now the predicted values are $ {\hat{y}}_1=0.8233 $, $ {\hat{y}}_2=0.3754 $, $ {\hat{y}}_3=0.8480 $, and $ {\hat{y}}_4=0.2459 $, and again we found that $ E\left(\boldsymbol{w}\right)=\frac{1}{2n}{\sum}_{i=1}^n{\left({\hat{y}}_i-{y}_i\right)}^2=0.03412>\mathrm{tol}=0.025. $ This means that we need to continue the number of epochs to be able to satisfy the tol=0.025 specified. The learning process by decreasing the MSE is observed in Fig. [10.20]( where we can see that tol=0.025 is reached in epoch number 13,	{"source": 3868, "title": "from dpo"}
studied with this method is 2M1207 and the companion 2M1207b. Based on the location, proper motion and spectral signature, this object was determined to belong to the ~8-million-year-old TW Hydrae association, and the mass of the secondary was determined to be 8 ± 2 MJ, below the deuterium burning limit. An example of a very old age obtained by the co-movement method is the brown dwarf + white dwarf binary COCONUTS-1, with the white dwarf estimated to be 7.3+2.8−1.6 billion years old. In this case the mass was not estimated with the derived age, but the co-movement provided an accurate distance estimate, using Gaia parallax. Using this measurement the authors estimated the radius, which was then used to estimate the mass for the brown dwarf as 15.4+0.9−0.8 MJ. == Observations == === Classification of brown dwarfs === ==== Spectral class M ==== These are brown dwarfs with a spectral class of M5.5 or later; they are also called late-M dwarfs. Some scientists regard them as red dwarfs. All brown dwarfs with spectral type M are young objects, such as Teide 1, which is the first M-type brown dwarf discovered, and LP 944-20, the closest M-type brown dwarf. ==== Spectral class L ==== The defining characteristic of spectral class M, the coolest type in the long-standing classical stellar sequence, is an optical spectrum dominated by absorption bands of titanium(II) oxide (TiO) and vanadium(II) oxide (VO) molecules. However, GD 165B, the cool companion to the white dwarf GD 165, had none of the hallmark TiO features of M dwarfs. The subsequent identification of many objects like GD 165B ultimately led to the definition of a new spectral class, the L dwarfs, defined in the red optical region of the spectrum not by metal-oxide absorption bands (TiO, VO), but by metal hydride emission	{"page_id": 44401, "title": "Brown dwarf"}
an unknown constant that could not be found experimentally. The morphology and topography of the slope that any turbidite channel crosses is inevitably going to affect the geometry of the channel. This can result in subtle changes in channel path to major diversions in channel flow. Topographic influences can come in the form of the surface expression of faults or changes in topography as a result of salt/shale tectonics, whether through diapirism or subsurface folding. == Underwater waves == Underwater channels can carry underwater waves. == See also == Abyssal fan List of landforms § Coastal and oceanic landforms Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel Sea mount Sea basin Sea canyon Submarine canyon Turbidity current == References ==	{"page_id": 16853719, "title": "Abyssal channel"}
In crystallography, direct methods are a family of methods for estimating the phases of the Fourier transform of the scattering density from the corresponding magnitudes. The methods generally exploit constraints or statistical correlations between the phases of different Fourier components that result from the fact that the scattering density must be a positive real number. In two dimensions, it is relatively easy to solve the phase problem directly, but not so in three dimensions. The key step was taken by Hauptman and Karle, who developed a practical method to employ the Sayre equation for which they were awarded the 1985 Nobel prize in Chemistry. The Nobel Prize citation was "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures." At present, direct methods are the preferred method for phasing crystals of small molecules having up to 1000 atoms in the asymmetric unit. However, they are generally not feasible by themselves for larger molecules such as proteins. Several software packages implement direct methods. == See also == Direct methods (electron microscopy) Phase problem X-ray crystallography == References ==	{"page_id": 11125044, "title": "Direct methods (crystallography)"}
"First Stories" program for emerging Indigenous directors from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Twelve five-minute films were produced through the program, with four from each province. First Stories was followed by "Second Stories," in which three filmmakers from the previous program—Gerald Auger, Tessa Desnomie and Lorne Olson—were invited back to create 20 minute films.< ===== Wapikoni Mobile ===== The NFB was a founding partner in Wapikoni Mobile, a mobile film and media production unit for emerging First Nations filmmakers in Quebec. === Women === The NFB has been a leader in films by women, with the world's first publicly funded women's film's studio, Studio D, followed subsequently by its French-language equivalent, Studio des femmes. Beginning on March 8, 2016, International Women's Day, the NFB began introducing a series of gender parity initiatives. ==== Studio D ==== In 1974, in conjunction with International Women's Year, the NFB created Studio D on the recommendation of long-time employee Kathleen Shannon. Shannon was designated as Executive Director of the new studio—the first government-funded film studio dedicated to women filmmakers in the world—which became one of the NFB's most celebrated filmmaking units, winning awards and breaking distribution records. Notable films produced by the studio include three Academy Award-winning documentaries I'll Find a Way (1977), If You Love This Planet (1982) and Flamenco at 5:15 (1983), as well as Not a Love Story (1982) and Forbidden Love: The Unashamed Stories of Lesbian Lives (1992). Studio D was shut down in 1996, amidst a sweeping set of federal government budget cuts, which impacted the NFB as a whole. As of March 8, 2016, researchers and librarians at the University of Calgary announced an archival project to preserve records of Studio D. == Gender parity initiatives == On March 8, 2016, NFB head Claude Joli-Coeur announced a new gender-parity	{"page_id": 156732, "title": "National Film Board of Canada"}

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