text
stringlengths 5
10.5k
| source
stringlengths 33
146
|
|---|---|
d x d A ) ⋅ d A d t + d x d A ⋅ d d t ( d A d t ) = d d A ( d x d A ) ⋅ ( d A d t ) 2 + d x d A ⋅ d 2 A d t 2 = d 2 x d A 2 ⋅ ( d A d t ) 2 + d x d A ⋅ d 2 A d t 2 = d 2 x d A 2 ⋅ ω 2 + d x d A ⋅ 0 = x ″ ⋅ ω 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lcl}a&=&{\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}\\&=&{\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {dx}{dt}}\\&=&{\frac {d}{dt}}({\frac {dx}{dA}}\cdot {\frac {dA}{dt}})\\&=&{\frac {d}{dt}}({\frac {dx}{dA}})\cdot {\frac {dA}{dt}}+{\frac {dx}{dA}}\cdot {\frac {d}{dt}}({\frac {dA}{dt}})\\&=&{\frac {d}{dA}}({\frac {dx}{dA}})\cdot ({\frac {dA}{dt}})^{2}+{\frac {dx}{dA}}\cdot {\frac {d^{2}A}{dt^{2}}}\\&=&{\frac {d^{2}x}{dA^{2}}}\cdot ({\frac {dA}{dt}})^{2}+{\frac {dx}{dA}}\cdot {\frac {d^{2}A}{dt^{2}}}\\&=&{\frac {d^{2}x}{dA^{2}}}\cdot \omega ^{2}+{\frac {dx}{dA}}\cdot 0\\&=&x''\cdot \omega ^{2}\\\end{array}}} === Scaling for angular velocity === From the foregoing, you can see that the time domain equations are simply scaled forms of the angle domain equations: x {\displaystyle x} is unscaled, x ′ {\displaystyle x'} is scaled by ω, and x ″ {\displaystyle x''} is scaled by ω². To convert the angle domain equations to time domain, first replace A with ωt, and then scale for angular velocity as follows: multiply x ′ {\displaystyle x'} by ω, and multiply x ″ {\displaystyle x''} by ω². == Velocity maxima and minima == By definition, the velocity maxima and minima occur at the acceleration zeros (crossings of the horizontal axis). === Crank angle not right-angled === The velocity maxima and minima (see the acceleration zero crossings in the graphs below) depend on rod length l {\displaystyle l} and half stroke r {\displaystyle r} and do not occur when the crank angle A {\displaystyle A} is right angled. === Crank-rod angle
|
{"page_id": 5175578, "title": "Piston motion equations"}
|
respectively R {\displaystyle R} is the ideal gas constant T {\displaystyle T} is the absolute temperature Note that the membrane is stationary and its velocity v m {\displaystyle v_{m}} is therefore set to zero. By considering only the coordinate perpendicular to the membrane surface, the ion flux ( v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} ) governed by diffusion, electromigration, and advection can be expressed as: v i = K w , i v w − K w , i D i , m ( d ln c i d x + z i d φ d x ) {\displaystyle v_{i}=K_{w,i}v_{w}-K_{w,i}D_{i,m}\left({\frac {d\ln c_{i}}{dx}}+z_{i}{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}\right)} D i , m {\displaystyle D_{i,m}} is the diffusion coefficient of ion inside the membrane, which is the inverse of f i − w {\displaystyle f_{i-w}} K w , i {\displaystyle K_{w,i}} characterizes the contribution of ion-water friction to the total friction ( f i − w f i − w + f i − m {\displaystyle {\frac {f_{i-w}}{f_{i-w}+f_{i-m}}}} ) c i {\displaystyle c_{i}} is the ion concentration z i {\displaystyle z_{i}} is the ion valence φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is the electrical potential == Water transport == Water transport is governed by the gradient of total pressure, counterbalanced by water-membrane and ion-water frictions. The balance is expressed as: − ∇ P tot = R T f w − m v w + R T ∑ i f i − w c i ( v w − v i ) {\displaystyle -\nabla P^{\text{tot}}=RTf_{w-m}v_{w}+RT\sum _{i}f_{i-w}c_{i}(v_{w}-v_{i})} P tot {\displaystyle P^{\text{tot}}} is the total pressure acting on a volume element of water, which is equal to the hydrostatic pressure minus the osmotic pressure ( P − Π ) {\displaystyle (P-\Pi )} K w , i {\displaystyle K_{w,i}} characterizes the contribution of ion-water friction to the total friction ( f i
|
{"page_id": 76517062, "title": "Solution-friction model"}
|
are everywhere, but don't feel pressed. yes, i'll forever watch your every move, and even though you've done good, i'll still send you to hell. because you belong there. you may begin now. make your tread strong yet gentle. it's not my expense, the water is cooler out here, anyways. i've had a rotten day, but i wasn't involved, rather- others force it upon me, for condolence's sake. ah, you've got plenty to be thankful about so why bother complaining? i often try to analyze this, because my life isn't perfect and i'm often ****** into an uncomfortable state, even when i had nothing to do with it. this was written during (+ after) a family argument about help and those who shouldn't help us, and telling others first, and letting everyone know. i think it's better to keep it to yourself or see a psychologist than starting a whole mess like this again. i know people hate that i don't like opening up and sharing but i'm doing it for the good of everyone. i'm the breadwinner of myself; others will only make me file more tax returns, it seems! so i'm upset and nervous and kind of scared. i want to explore it in a different angle and if i have to be crass and confrontational to do it, i say "full speed ahead!" Continue reading...") [Jose Luis Carreño Troncoso]( Nov 2020 [Daedalus]( Saint John the Apostle says: “Hellenika and Tsambika, they will be the lily, the saffron, the rose and the violet, but also new, like the calendula and the chamomile, making of all a crown headband, to ad put the world of the Duoverse in everything its radius, for the star that illuminates par excellence as
|
{"source": 982, "title": "from dpo"}
|
Laplacian simply works with the weighted degree instead of the plain degree. I.e. (i,j) is d[i], the weighted degree of vertex i if if i==j, -w if i!=j and there is an edge between vertices i and j with weight w, and 0 otherwise. The weighted degree of a vertex is the sum of the weights of its adjacent edges. Value A numeric matrix. 266 layout_ Normalization methods The Laplacian matrix L is defined in terms of the adjacency matrix A and a diagonal matrix D containing the degrees as follows: • "unnormalized": Unnormalized Laplacian, L = D − A.• "symmetric": Symmetrically normalized Laplacian, L = I − D− 12 AD − 12 .• "left": Left-stochastic normalized Laplacian, L = I − D−1A.• "rigth": Right-stochastic normalized Laplacian, L = I − AD −1. Related documentation in the C library igraph_get_laplacian_sparse() , igraph_get_laplacian() . Author(s) Gabor Csardi Examples > g <- make_ring(10) laplacian_matrix(g) laplacian_matrix(g, normalization = "unnormalized") laplacian_matrix(g, normalization = "unnormalized", sparse = FALSE) layout_ Graph layouts Description This is a generic function to apply a layout function to a graph. Usage layout_(graph, layout, ...) ## S3 method for class 'igraph_layout_spec ' print(x, ...) ## S3 method for class 'igraph_layout_modifier ' print(x, ...) Arguments graph The input graph. layout The layout specification. It must be a call to a layout specification function. ... Further modifiers, see a complete list below. For the print() methods, it is ignored. x The layout specification layout_as_bipartite 267 Details There are two ways to calculate graph layouts in igraph. The first way is to call a layout function (they all have prefix layout_() on a graph, to get the vertex coordinates. The second way (new in igraph 0.8.0), has two steps, and it is more flexible. First you call a layout specification function (the one without
|
{"source": 2689, "title": "from dpo"}
|
Native Americans are known to have been killed in the massacre at Wounded Knee, although the actual number may well be as high as 300. Only 25 U.S. soldiers were killed, most of them by “friendly fire” from other soldiers. According to Brown, the soldiers ordered the Native Americans to give up their rifles, but a young Minneconjou named Black Coy-ote did not give up his rifle. Some eyewitnesses say that Black Coyote opened fire on the soldiers; others say he was deaf and did not understand the soldiers. Therefore, based on this information, we may conclude that Black Coyote started the incident at Wounded Knee by firing on the soldiers. > 20. According to a recent poll, 90 percent of a randomly chosen sample of 4000 women in Mississippi reported that they believe that God exists. Hence, approximately 90 percent of American women believe that God exists. 10.3 Mill’s Methods and Scientific Reasoning Mill’s methods provide us with patterns of reasoning to use in reaching conclu-sions of the form “A causes B.” These patterns of reasoning are not valid, but the premises can provide significant support for their conclusions. Mill’s methods are useful in many kinds of situations, from mundane cause-and-effect issues to the rarefied and technical areas of modern science. Because Mill’s methods are used routinely by scientists, a discussion of Mill’s methods leads naturally to a consideration of scientifi c reasoning. # Mill’s Methods We often want to know what has caused some event or phenomenon. For example, when one is ill, one may visit a physician to discover the cause. When one’s auto-mobile will not run, one tries to find a competent mechanic to identify the cause. And when a friendship ceases to be enjoyable, one may speculate on the cause(s). Unfortunately, the word “cause” is
|
{"source": 4964, "title": "from dpo"}
|
$\tilde{O}(mn^k + n^{4k-3})$. Finally, we generalize the near-linear time $(2+\varepsilon)$-approximation algorithm of Quanrud (2019) for the graph $k$-way cut problem, achieving an approximation ratio of $r(1+\varepsilon)$ for hypergraphs of rank $r$. As a component, we provide an algorithm for finding a minimum hypertree with improved runtime compared to the prior result of Baïou and Barahona (2023). ### 436) Henry Jiang, The Axial Electric Potential and Length of a Torus Knot !Image 22 and Lipton, Townsend, and Strogatz (2022). However, little analysis has been done on the electric field and electric potential using calculations for specific knots. We focus on torus knots, specifically a parametrization that embeds it on a torus centered at the origin with rotational symmetry about the z-axis. Particularly, in this project, we analyze the electric field along the z-axis to take advantage of symmetry. We also analyze the length of the knot as a simpler integral. We show that the electric field is zero only at the origin, and investigate the extreme points of the electric field and electric potential using numerical methods and calculations. We also demonstrate a new way to apply methods for contour integration in complex analysis to calculate the length, electric potential, and electric field, and provide an explicit approximation for the length of a torus knot. ### 435) Eric Chen and Rohith Raghavan, Comparing Methods of Opportunistic Risk Limiting Audits ![Image 23]( 24]( Auditing elections is an important part
|
{"source": 5711, "title": "from dpo"}
|
function by mechanisms such as subfunctionalization, which preserves original gene function albeit by complementary action of the duplicates. The three mechanisms of functional divergence in genes are nonfunctionalization (or gene loss), neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization. During nonfunctionalization, or degeneration/gene loss, one copy of the duplicated gene acquires mutations that render it inactive or silent. Non-functionalization is often the result of single gene duplications. At this time, the gene has no function and is called a pseudogene. Pseudogenes can be lost over time due to genetic mutations. Neofunctionalization occurs when one copy of the gene accumulates mutations that give the gene a new, beneficial function that is different than the original function. Subfunctionalization occurs when both copies of the redundant gene acquire mutations. Each copy becomes only partially active; two of these partial copies then act as one normal copy of the original gene. Figure 2 to the right provides a visualization of this concept. ==== Transposable Elements ==== Transposable elements play various roles in functional differentiation. By enacting recombination, transposable elements can move redundant sequences in the genome. This change in sequence structure and location is a source of functional divergence. Transposable elements potentially impact gene expression, given that they contain a sizeable amount of micro-RNAs. == Gene Maintenance Hypotheses == The evolution and origin of redundant genes remain unknown, largely because evolution happens over such a long period of time. Theoretically, a gene can not be maintained without mutation unless it has a selective pressure acting on it. Gene redundancy, therefore, would allow both copies of the gene to accumulate mutations as long as the other was still able to perform its function. This means that all redundant genes should theoretically become a pseudogene and eventually be lost. Scientists have devised two hypotheses as to why redundant genes can remain
|
{"page_id": 19224530, "title": "Gene redundancy"}
|
A cell type is a classification used to identify cells that share morphological or phenotypical features. A multicellular organism may contain cells of a number of widely differing and specialized cell types, such as muscle cells and skin cells, that differ both in appearance and function yet have identical genomic sequences. Cells may have the same genotype, but belong to different cell types due to the differential regulation of the genes they contain. Classification of a specific cell type is often done through the use of microscopy (such as those from the cluster of differentiation family that are commonly used for this purpose in immunology). Recent developments in single cell RNA sequencing facilitated classification of cell types based on shared gene expression patterns. This has led to the discovery of many new cell types in e.g. mouse cortex, hippocampus, dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body (100–150 different cell types), compared with 10–20 in plants, fungi, and protists. The exact number of cell types is, however, undefined, and the Cell Ontology, as of 2021, lists over 2,300 different cell types. == Multicellular organisms == All higher multicellular organisms contain cells specialised for different functions. Most distinct cell types arise from a single totipotent cell that differentiates into hundreds of different cell types during the course of development. Differentiation of cells is driven by different environmental cues (such as cell–cell interaction) and intrinsic differences (such as those caused by the uneven distribution of molecules during division). Multicellular organisms are composed of cells that fall into two fundamental types: germ cells and somatic cells. During development, somatic cells will become more specialized and form the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. After formation of the three germ layers,
|
{"page_id": 167660, "title": "Cell type"}
|
The mobilome is the entire set of mobile genetic elements in a genome. Mobilomes are found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. The compositions of mobilomes differ among lineages of life, with transposable elements being the major mobile elements in eukaryotes, and plasmids and prophages being the major types in prokaryotes. Virophages contribute to the viral mobilome. == Mobilome in eukaryotes == Transposable elements are elements that can move about or propagate within the genome, and are the major constituents of the eukaryotic mobilome. Transposable elements can be regarded as genetic parasites because they exploit the host cell's transcription and translation mechanisms to extract and insert themselves in different parts of the genome, regardless of the phenotypic effect on the host. Eukaryotic transposable elements were first discovered in maize (Zea mays) in which kernels showed a dotted color pattern. Barbara McClintock described the maize Ac/Ds system in which the Ac locus promotes the excision of the Ds locus from the genome, and excised Ds elements can mutate genes responsible for pigment production by inserting into their coding regions. Other examples of transposable elements include: yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Ty elements, a retrotransposon which encodes a reverse transcriptase to convert its mRNA transcript into DNA which can then insert into other parts of the genome; and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) P-elements, which randomly inserts into the genome to cause mutations in germ line cells, but not in somatic cells. == Mobilome in prokaryotes == Plasmids were discovered in the 1940s as genetic materials outside of bacterial chromosomes. Prophages are genomes of bacteriophages (a type of virus) that are inserted into bacterial chromosomes; prophages can then be spread to other bacteria through the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle of viral replication. While transposable elements are also found in prokaryotic genomes, the most common mobile
|
{"page_id": 9500396, "title": "Mobilome"}
|
group sizes suggests that small groups are capable of effectively reducing risk. == See also == Altruism Human behavioral ecology Human evolution Parental investment == References ==
|
{"page_id": 53855904, "title": "Evolutionary models of food sharing"}
|
Aron David Mosnaim is a neuroscientist, researcher, and academic. He is an emeritus professor of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and an emeritus adjunct professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in the Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. Mosnaim is most known for his research covering the areas of basic and clinical neuro- and immunopharmacology of biogenic amines and opioid peptides in neuropsychiatric conditions, including depression, headache pain, as well as movement and posttraumatic stress disorders. He has co-edited four scientific books on Noncatecholic Phenylethylamines (2 volumes), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Tardive Dyskinesia. Mosnaim has served as a Consultant to the Pan American Health Organization (1982–1985), Member of the United States Pharmacopeia Convention (1990 and 1995), and Director of International Neuropsychiatry Consultants (1987–2020). Additionally, he is a Fellow of The Chemical Society (1977) and a Senior Fellow of the American Institute of Therapeutics (2019). == Early life and education == Mosnaim earned a Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences degree from the University of Chile (1964) and joined the Faculty of the university's School of Medicine. He was awarded a PhD degree in Organic Chemistry from Glasgow’s Strathclyde University (1969). After a brief tenure at the University of Chicago, he received a postdoctoral fellowship at Northwestern University (1970). == Career == In 1971, Mosnaim joined the University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School as an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology. He was promoted to Associate Professor and Acting Chairman (1974), and to a Full Professorship in 1979. He has been serving as a professor of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and adjunct professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at The Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University. Mosnaim holds an Honorary Full Professorship at the University of Chile College of Pharmaceutical Sciences. == Research == Mosnaim has published over
|
{"page_id": 73979118, "title": "Aron Mosnaim"}
|
so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inferences free of gaps . . . I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle; no matter how unwieldy the expressions I was ready to accept, I was less and less able, as the relations became more and more complex, to attain the precision that my purpose required. This deficiency led me to the idea of the present ideography. Its first purpose, therefore, is to provide us with the most reliable test of the validity of a chain of inferences and to point out every presupposition that tries to sneak in unnoticed" (Frege 1879 in van Heijenoort 1967:5). Dedekind 1887 describes his intent in the 1887 Preface to the First Edition of his The Nature and Meaning of Numbers. He believed that in the "foundations of the simplest science; viz., that part of logic which deals with the theory of numbers" had not been properly argued – "nothing capable of proof ought to be accepted without proof": In speaking of arithmetic (algebra, analysis) as a part of logic I mean to imply that I consider the number-concept entirely independent of the notions of intuitions of space and time, that I consider it an immediate result from the laws of thought . . . numbers are free creations of the human mind . . . [and] only through the purely logical process of building up the science of numbers . . . are we prepared accurately to investigate our notions of space and time by bringing them into relation with this number-domain created in our mind" (Dedekind 1887 Dover republication 1963 :31). Peano 1889 states his intent in his
|
{"page_id": 350672, "title": "Logicism"}
|
Phi Herculis (φ Her) is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Hercules. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.99 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 204 light years from the Sun. With a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.24, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 564.8 days and an eccentricity of 0.526. The primary, component A, is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B9VspHgMn. It is a chemically peculiar star of the type called a mercury-manganese star. The star is tentatively catalogued as an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable, with brightness variations of just 0.01 magnitudes. The secondary, component B, was first separated via interferometry in 2004. It is an A-type main sequence star of class A8V. The magnitude difference between the two components is 2.64. == References ==
|
{"page_id": 37091884, "title": "Phi Herculis"}
|
Austin Chalk formation in South Texas. The chalk had very little porosity, and even less permeability. However, tectonic stresses over time created one of the most extensive fractured reservoirs in the world. By predicting the location and connectivity of fracture networks, geologists were able to plan horizontal wellbores to intersect as many fracture networks as possible. Many people credit this field for the birth of true horizontal drilling in a developmental context. Another example in South Texas is the Georgetown and Buda limestone formations. Furthermore, the recent uprise in prevalence of unconventional reservoirs is actually, in part, a product of natural fractures. In this case, these microfractures are analogous to Griffith Cracks, however they can often be sufficient to supply the necessary productivity, especially after completions, to make what used to be marginally economic zones commercially productive with repeatable success. However, while natural fractures can often be beneficial, they can also act as potential hazards while drilling wells. Natural fractures can have very high permeability, and as a result, any differences in hydrostatic balance down the well can result in well control issues. If a higher pressured natural fracture system is encountered, the rapid rate at which formation fluid can flow into the wellbore can cause the situation to rapidly escalate into a blowout, either at surface or in a higher subsurface formation. Conversely, if a lower pressured fracture network is encountered, fluid from the wellbore can flow very rapidly into the fractures, causing a loss of hydrostatic pressure and creating the potential for a blowout from a formation further up the hole. == Fracture modeling == Since the mid-1980s, 2D and 3D computer modeling of fault and fracture networks has become common practice in Earth Sciences. This technology became known as "DFN" (discrete fracture network") modeling, later modified into
|
{"page_id": 6985160, "title": "Fracture (geology)"}
|
NGC 1351 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Fornax. It has a redshift of z=0.00505, and its distance from Earth can be estimated as 21 million parsecs (68 million light-years). It is elongated in shape, and was discovered by John Herschel on October 19, 1835. The diameter of the galaxy is about 33 kpc, which makes it a medium-size galaxy, and smaller than the Milky Way. It is a member of the Fornax Cluster, a cluster of approximately 200 galaxies. The galaxy possesses a bright nucleus at its center. It is currently receding from the Solar System at a velocity of 1514 km/s, and 1410 km/s from the cosmic microwave background. == See also == NGC 1399 NGC 1365 == References ==
|
{"page_id": 67840660, "title": "NGC 1351"}
|
low thickness of the films, accidental probing of the substrate is a concern. To avoid indenting beyond the film and into the substrate, penetration depths are often kept to less than 10% of the film thickness. For a conical or pyramidal indenters, the indentation depth scales as a / t {\displaystyle a/t} where a {\displaystyle a} is the radius of the contact circle and t {\displaystyle t} is the film thickness. The ratio of penetration depth h {\displaystyle h} and film thickness can be used as a scale parameter for soft films. ==== X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ==== X-ray diffraction is a powerful non-destructive technique for strain measurement in crystalline thin films. Accurate measurements of diffraction peak angular positions can be used to determine the lattice parameters of a thin film. Deviation from the unstrained lattice parameters yields the strain present in the film. For a biaxially stressed film with in-plane strain (ϵ∣∣) and out-of-plane strain (ϵ⊥), the out-of-plane strain can be calculated using the measured out-of-plane lattice parameter a⊥ through the following expression: ϵ ⊥ = a ⊥ − a 0 a 0 {\displaystyle \epsilon _{\perp }={\frac {a_{\perp }-a_{0}}{a_{0}}}} Assuming the film is isotropic, the in-plane strain can then be calculated using elasticity theory: ϵ ∥ = ν − 1 2 ν ϵ ⊥ {\displaystyle \epsilon _{\parallel }={\frac {\nu -1}{2\nu }}\epsilon _{\perp }} where ν {\displaystyle \nu } is the film's Poisson's ratio. ==== Raman Spectroscopy ==== Micro-Raman spectroscopy is often employed to noninvasively map strain states in monocrystalline thin films with high spatial resolution. Raman peak frequencies are sensitive to temperature, polarization, charge and defect density, as well as strain. Compressive strain typically blue shifts (increases) characteristic Raman peak frequencies while tensile strain results in redshift (decrease). Thickness-dependent strain can be directly calculated from shift magnitudes as long as
|
{"page_id": 1033036, "title": "Thin film"}
|
table is stored 17 Figure 2.4 – Translation of a virtual address to a physical address in main memory. For each process, the operating system uses a special register that references the page table base address, called the page table base register (PTBR). This register value is updated when a context switch occurs, and the operating system is responsible for this task. This is the basis for process isolation, where each process has its own virtual address mappings and can only access its own address space. > Figure 2.5 – Address translation for 4KB pages using a two-level page table. Starting from the PTBR that returns the specified process page table, the processor determines the physical address by gradually using parts of the virtual address. However, the physical memory occupied by this page table is a major drawback. For ex-ample, for a 32-bit address space with 4 KiB pages, a single-block page table would have 220 entries. Since modern micro-architectures run several processes in parallel, and the page table of each process occupies 4 MiB ( = 4 ∗220 ), thus a large part of DRAM memory 18 would be occupied by the page tables, which degrades the performance of the system. To solve this problem, the use of multi-level page tables was introduced. The goal is to store only the highest level of the page table in memory.Also, all page tables need to be in main memory only when they are needed. This avoids unnecessary memory consumption. For example, to translate a virtual address into a physical address using a two-level page table, the 32-bits virtual address space is divided into 1024 memory regions, each with 4 MiB page directory (PD) indexed by the most significant bits of the virtual address. Each PD entry (PDE) is associated with a
|
{"source": 2331, "title": "from dpo"}
|
Title: Understanding the Geometry of Structure Vectorized Representations URL Source: Markdown Content: # UNDERSTANDING THE GEOMETRY OF STRUCTURED VECTORIZED REPRESENTATIONS by Prince Osei Aboagye A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computing School of Computing The University of Utah August 2023 Copyright © Prince Osei Aboagye 2023 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Prince Osei Aboagye has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Jeffrey Phillips , Chair(s) 6/23/2023 > Date Approved Bei Wang Phillips , Member 7/9/2023 > Date Approved Ana Marasovic , Member Date Approved Shireen Youssef Elhabian , Member 6/26/2023 > Date Approved Yan Zheng , Member 6/24/2023 > Date Approved by Mary W. Hall , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of Computing and by Darr yl P. Butt , Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT In machine learning and deep learning paradigms, high-dimensional vectorized embeddings have emerged as a powerful and useful method for representing structured data, including images, audio, text, words, and knowledge graphs. However, there is a need to understand the underlying geometric structure of the high-dimensional space occupied by these representations. This un-derstanding provides valuable insights and practical solutions for various applications and tasks in machine learning and deep learning. The central theme of this dissertation revolves around understanding the geometry of high-dimensional structured embeddings to address key challenges in cross/multilingual alignment, bias mitigation, and interpretability of representations. In the context of cross-lingual Natural Language Processing (NLP), this dissertation develops a robust language embedding normalization procedure that successfully eliminates structural dif-ferences across languages without destroying their inherent meanings. This procedure ameliorates alignment across languages, thereby enhancing their performance on various tasks, such as Bilin-gual
|
{"source": 3662, "title": "from dpo"}
|
(Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) . Moreover, RSA is still important to support the existing RSA-based infrastructure. Therefore, supporting both modulo n operations and operations over a binary field GF(2 m)gives the opportunity to support various cryptosystems on the same hardware configuration. 3.1.1 Previous Work Much effort has been spent to speed up the performance of modular multiplica-tions. Among previously proposed algorithms, the Montgomery algorithm is considered one of the fastest algorithms for modular multiplication modulo n where n is an odd positive integer. The algorithm can be implemented with normal mul-tiplications and additions, and can avoid time-consuming trial divisions (Alg. 3.1). An integer X is represented as X · R mod n, which is called the Montgomery rep-resentation. A power of two is generally used for R, i.e. R = 2 r where the radix r determines the number of bits in the reduction. Multiplication is performed in this representation and division by n is replaced with division by R or r-bit right-shift operation. An extended Montgomery algorithm called FIOS (Finely Integrated Operand Scanning) was proposed by Tenca and Ko¸ c; it is suitable for a flexible hardware implementation or a software implementation on a w-bit datapath . Algorithm 3.1: Radix-2 r k-bit Montgomery modular multiplication. Require: integers n = ( nk−1, ..., n 0)R, X = ( xk−1, ..., x 0)R, Y = ( yk−1, ..., y 0)R, where 0 ≤ X, Y 1: T = ( tk, ..., t 0)R ← 0 > 2: for i from 0 to k − 1 do > 3: m ← (( t0 + xi · y0) · n′ ) mod R
|
{"source": 5676, "title": "from dpo"}
|
Mazur's main conjecture, we know that the $p$-adic $L$-function is going to be such a generator, thus providing us with information about its value. Thanks to relations between $p$-adic and classical $L$-functions, we can deduce the analytic rank is $0$ in this case too, and get the $p$-part of BSD formula in this case. Rank $1$ case is more interesting. By Kolyvagin's theorem, we know $E$ can't have analytic rank $0$, i.e. $L(E/\mathbb Q,s)=0$. For fairly general reasons, we can find a ("nice") imaginary quadratic field $K$ such that the twist $E^K$ has analytic rank $0$ over $\mathbb Q$. Consider now the factorization $L(E/K,s)=L(E/\mathbb Q,s)L(E^K/\mathbb Q,s)$. By taking derivatives and evaluating at $1$, we then get $L'(E/K,1)=L'(E/\mathbb Q,1)L(E^K/\mathbb Q,1)$. We know the last factor is nonzero, and by above we can understand its relation to the order of Tate-Shafarevich group. To get our hands on the other two factors, we need a new idea: anticyclotomic Iwasawa theory. Up to now, we were only working with cyclotomic extensions, as over $\mathbb Q$ they exhaust all abelian extensions. Over other number fields this is no longer the case, and in particular imaginary quadratic fields have another distinguished tower of extensions, the anticyclotomic $\mathbb Z_p$-extension $K_\infty^-$, which is characterized by the fact that $K_\infty^-/\mathbb Q$ is Galois, and conjugation by the nontrivial element of $Gal(K/\mathbb Q)$ acts on $Gal(K_\infty^-/K)$ as inversion (while for a cyclotomic tower, it acts as identity, hence the name "anticyclotomic"). Just as above, one can consider a tower of Selmer groups of $E/K_n^-$ which gives rise to a $\Lambda$-module. If $E$ has rank $1$ over $K$, this module satisfies a version of the control theorem which says that the value of the generator of its characteristic ideal is related to the order of the Tate-Shafarevich group, together with the
|
{"source": 6710, "title": "from dpo"}
|
Any terms of order higher than 2 are also called many-body potentials. In some interatomic potentials the many-body interactions are embedded into the terms of a pair potential (see discussion on EAM-like and bond order potentials below). In principle the sums in the expressions run over all N {\displaystyle N} atoms. However, if the range of the interatomic potential is finite, i.e. the potentials V ( r ) ≡ 0 {\displaystyle \textstyle V(r)\equiv 0} above some cutoff distance r c u t {\displaystyle \textstyle r_{\mathrm {cut} }} , the summing can be restricted to atoms within the cutoff distance of each other. By also using a cellular method for finding the neighbours, the MD algorithm can be an O(N) algorithm. Potentials with an infinite range can be summed up efficiently by Ewald summation and its further developments. == Force calculation == The forces acting between atoms can be obtained by differentiation of the total energy with respect to atom positions. That is, to get the force on atom i {\displaystyle i} one should take the three-dimensional derivative (gradient) of the potential V tot {\displaystyle V_{\text{tot}}} with respect to the position of atom i {\displaystyle i} : F → i = − ∇ r → i V T O T {\displaystyle {\vec {F}}_{i}=-\nabla _{{\vec {r}}_{i}}V_{\mathrm {TOT} }} For two-body potentials this gradient reduces, thanks to the symmetry with respect to i j {\displaystyle ij} in the potential form, to straightforward differentiation with respect to the interatomic distances r i j {\displaystyle \textstyle r_{ij}} . However, for many-body potentials (three-body, four-body, etc.) the differentiation becomes considerably more complex since the potential may not be any longer symmetric with respect to i j {\displaystyle ij} exchange. In other words, also the energy of atoms k {\displaystyle k} that are not direct neighbours of
|
{"page_id": 44847430, "title": "Interatomic potential"}
|
layer”. Approximately 100 species of photosynthetic partners from 40 genera and 5 distinct classes (prokaryotic: Cyanophyceae; eukaryotic: Trebouxiophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae) have been found to associate with the lichen-forming fungi. A particular fungus species and algal species are not necessarily always associated together in a lichen. One fungus, for example, can form lichens with a variety of different algae. The thalli produced by a given fungal symbiont with its differing partners will be similar, and the secondary metabolites identical, indicating that the fungus has the dominant role in determining the morphology of the lichen. Further, the same algal species can occur in association with different fungal partners. Lichens are known in which there is one fungus associated with two or even three algal species. Rarely, the reverse can occur, and two or more fungal species can interact to form the same lichen. === Green algae === About 90% of all known lichens have a green alga as a symbiont. 'Chlorococcoid' means a green alga (Chlorophyta) that has single cells that are globose, which is common in lichens. This was once placed in the order Chlorococcales, but new DNA data shows many independent lines of evolution exist among this formerly large taxonomic group. Chlorococcales is now a relatively small order and may no longer include any lichen photobionts. The term 'Trebouxioid' refers to green algal photobionts similar to those in genus Trebouxia. Taxonomic revisions have moved several photobionts outside of the genus, but mostly still within order Trebouxiales. === Cyanolichens === Although the photobionts are almost always green algae (Chlorophyta), sometimes the lichen contains Cyanobacteria, taxonomically bacteria, and sometimes both types of photobionts are found in the same lichen. A cyanolichen is a lichen with a cyanobacterium as its main photosynthetic component (photobiont). Many cyanolichens are small and black, and have limestone
|
{"page_id": 43889160, "title": "Symbiosis in lichens"}
|
Evolutionary function == Joseph Jordania recently suggested that the human ability to be entrained was developed by the forces of natural selection as an important part of achieving the specific altered state of consciousness, battle trance. Achieving this state, in which humans lose their individuality, do not feel fear and pain, are united in a shared collective identity, and act in the best interests of the group, was crucial for the physical survival of our ancestors against the big African predators, after hominids descended from the safer trees to the dangerous ground and became terrestrial. == Biological neuron model == In addition to transmitting signals to other parts of the brain, neurons can modify the rules which neighboring neurons to in a process called biological synchronization. The figure to the right illustrates entrainment between finger motion of the left and right hands, but only if the motion of both hands are moving in the same direction. To illustrate this, begin by slowly moving the index fingers slowly in an anti-phase manner, as shown in the bottom portion of the figure. Then, gradually increase the frequency to make the motion as rapid as possible. Eventually your fingers will be moving in phase, as shown in the top portion of the figure. It has been proposed that this behavior resembles the process by which neurons create a phase-locked loop that permits recognition of consonant musical intervals. == See also == Choir Evolutionary musicology Music therapy Unison Zoomusicology Restless legs syndrome == References == == Further reading == Clayton, M.; Sager, R.; Will, U. (2004). "In time with the music: The concept of entrainment and its significance for ethnomusicology" (PDF). ESEM Counterpoint. 1: 1–82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-05-05. Collins, Randall (March 2013). "Entering and leaving the tunnel of
|
{"page_id": 14949505, "title": "Entrainment (biomusicology)"}
|
1973–1990 === ACT-R is the ultimate successor of a series of increasingly precise models of human cognition developed by John R. Anderson. Its roots can be backtraced to the original HAM (Human Associative Memory) model of memory, described by John R. Anderson and Gordon Bower in 1973. The HAM model was later expanded into the first version of the ACT theory. This was the first time the procedural memory was added to the original declarative memory system, introducing a computational dichotomy that was later proved to hold in human brain. The theory was then further extended into the ACT* model of human cognition. === Integration with rational analysis: 1990–1998 === In the late eighties, Anderson devoted himself to exploring and outlining a mathematical approach to cognition that he named Rational analysis. The basic assumption of Rational Analysis is that cognition is optimally adaptive, and precise estimates of cognitive functions mirror statistical properties of the environment. Later on, he came back to the development of the ACT theory, using the Rational Analysis as a unifying framework for the underlying calculations. To highlight the importance of the new approach in the shaping of the architecture, its name was modified to ACT-R, with the "R" standing for "Rational" In 1993, Anderson met with Christian Lebiere, a researcher in connectionist models mostly famous for developing with Scott Fahlman the Cascade Correlation learning algorithm. Their joint work culminated in the release of ACT-R 4.0. Thanks to Mike Byrne (now at Rice University), version 4.0 also included optional perceptual and motor capabilities, mostly inspired from the EPIC architecture, which greatly expanded the possible applications of the theory. === Brain Imaging and Modular Structure: 1998–2015 === After the release of ACT-R 4.0, John Anderson became more and more interested in the underlying neural plausibility of his life-time
|
{"page_id": 821071, "title": "ACT-R"}
|
In finite group theory, a mathematical discipline, the Gilman–Griess theorem, proved by Robert H. Gilman and Robert L. Griess, classifies the finite simple groups of characteristic 2 type with e(G) ≥ 4 that have a "standard component", which covers one of the three cases of the trichotomy theorem. == References ==
|
{"page_id": 29949637, "title": "Gilman–Griess theorem"}
|
NCIS: Origins is an American police procedural television series, and the sixth installment in the NCIS franchise. It is a prequel to the original series and follows a younger Leroy Jethro Gibbs during his early career years as a Probationary NIS Agent while still processing the trauma of the murder of his wife and daughter. In February 2025, the series was renewed for a second season. == Synopsis == NCIS: Origins follows a young Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Austin Stowell) in 1991, years prior to the events of NCIS, and is narrated by the older Gibbs (Mark Harmon). In the series, Gibbs starts his career as a newly minted special agent at the fledgling NIS Camp Pendleton office, where he forges his place on a gritty, ragtag team led by NCIS legend Mike Franks (Kyle Schmid). == Cast == === Main === Austin Stowell as Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs, a newcomer to the Pendleton branch of the Naval Investigative Service, the precursor to NCIS. Mark Harmon reprises his role as the older Leroy Jethro Gibbs, a now-retired veteran NCIS agent who narrates the series. Kyle Schmid as Special Agent Mike Franks, a seasoned agent and leader of the team. Franks was played by Muse Watson in the original series. Mariel Molino as Special Agent Cecilia "Lala" Dominguez, a former Marine determined to stand out in the male-dominated workplace. Tyla Abercrumbie as Field Operation Support Officer Mary Jo Hayes, the self-described "Head Secretary in Charge". Diany Rodriguez as Special Agent Vera Strickland, a tough, no-nonsense agent. Roma Maffia played the character in the original series. Caleb Foote as Special Agent Bernard "Randy" Randolf, the team's golden boy. === Recurring === Tonantzin Carmelo as Tish Kwa'la, Mike Franks' ex-girlfriend. Patrick Fischler as Special Agent in Charge Cliff Wheeler, head of NIS's Pendleton
|
{"page_id": 76909999, "title": "NCIS: Origins"}
|
prefix atto (10−18) the first term in a sequence or series Reflectance == Bb == B represents: the digit "11" in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 12 or greater the second point of a triangle a ball (also denoted by ℬ ( B {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} ) or B {\displaystyle \mathbb {B} } ) a basis of a vector space or of a filter (both also denoted by ℬ ( B {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} )) in econometrics and time-series statistics it is often used for the backshift or lag operator, the formal parameter of the lag polynomial the magnetic field, denoted B {\displaystyle {\textbf {B}}} or B → {\displaystyle {\vec {B}}} B with various subscripts represents several variations of Brun's constant and Betti numbers; it can also be used to mean the Bernoulli numbers. B meson A blood type Boron Buoyancy Bulk modulus Luminance A spectral type b represents: the second side of a triangle (opposite point B) the impact parameter in nuclear scattering the second constant in a linear equation usually with an index, sometimes with an arrow over it, a basis vector a breadth the molality of a solution Bottom quark Barn (10−24 cm2) == Cc == C represents: the third point of a triangle the digit "12" in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 13 or greater the unit coulomb of electrical charge capacitance in electrical theory with indices denoting the number of combinations, a binomial coefficient together with a degree symbol (°), the Celsius measurement of temperature = °C the circumference of a circle or other closed curve with a subscript, a cycle on that many vertices with a subscript, a cyclic group of that order the complement of a set (lowercase c and the symbol ∁
|
{"page_id": 1978904, "title": "Latin letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering"}
|
The Carte du Ciel (French pronunciation: [kaʁt dy sjɛl]; literally, 'Map of the Sky') and the Astrographic Catalogue (or Astrographic Chart) were two distinct but connected components of a massive international astronomical project, initiated in the late 19th century, to catalogue and map the positions of millions of stars as faint as 11th or 12th magnitude. Twenty observatories from around the world participated in exposing and measuring more than 22,000 (glass) photographic plates in an enormous observing programme extending over several decades. Despite, or because of, its vast scale, the project was only ever partially successful – the Carte du Ciel component was never completed, and for almost half a century the Astrographic Catalogue part was largely ignored. However, the appearance of the Hipparcos Catalogue in 1997 has led to an important development in the use of this historical plate material. == Origins and goals == A vast and unprecedented international star-mapping project was initiated in 1887 by Paris Observatory director Amédée Mouchez, who realized the potential of the new dry plate photographic process to revolutionize the process of making maps of the stars. As a result of the Astrographic Congress of more than 50 astronomers held in Paris in April 1887, 20 observatories from around the world agreed to participate in the project, and two goals were established: For the first, the Astrographic Catalogue, the entire sky was to be photographed to 11 mag to provide a reference catalogue of star positions that would fill the magnitude gap between those previously observed by transit and meridian circle instrument observations down to 8 mag – this would provide the positions of a reasonably dense network of star positions which could in turn be used as a reference system for the fainter survey component (the Carte du Ciel). Different observatories around
|
{"page_id": 182353, "title": "Carte du Ciel"}
|
The Kyl–Bingaman Amendment (Public Law 104-201, Section 1064) is a United States law. It was put into force by the Military Defense National Defense Authorization Act for 1997. The Kyl–Bingaman Amendment (KBA) prohibits US authorities from granting a license for collecting or disseminating high resolution satellite imagery of Israel at a higher resolution than is available from other commercial sources, that is, from companies outside of the United States. An exception exists if this is done by a US federal agency, or if it is done in order to abolish the secrecy of such recordings. U.S. law mandates U.S. government censorship of American commercial satellite images of no country in the world besides that of Israel. The largest and most important global sources of commercial satellite imagery, such as Maxar Technologies, Capella, and Umbra, and the largest and widely-used online resources, such as Google and Bing, are American and this makes KBA a powerful instrument of U.S. government suppression of information. For example, as a result of KBA, images on internet platforms such as Google Earth have been deliberately blurred. == History == The Clinton Administration liberalized satellite communication and imaging technology for commercial uses and it declassified U.S. government satellite images taken decades before during the Cold War. The Israeli government successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for restrictions. The amendment is named after United States Senators Jon Kyl and Jeff Bingaman. == Image resolution limit == In August 2017 the Advisory Committee on Commercial Remote Sensing (ACCRES), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) which regulates the Kyl–Bingaman Amendment restrictions, announced a review of the current image resolution limit of 2 meter Ground Sampling Distance (GSD). This was done in response to evidence that commercial satellite companies outside the United States were selling images with resolution higher
|
{"page_id": 52125152, "title": "Kyl–Bingaman Amendment"}
|
Fallen Astronaut is a 3.5-inch (8.9 cm) aluminum sculpture created by Belgian artist Paul Van Hoeydonck. It is a stylized figure of an astronaut in a spacesuit, intended to commemorate the astronauts and cosmonauts who have died in the advancement of space exploration. It was commissioned and placed on the Moon by the crew of Apollo 15 at Hadley Rille on August 2, 1971, UTC, next to a plaque listing 14 names of those who had died up to that time. The statue lies on the ground among several footprints. The crew kept the memorial's existence a secret until after completing their mission. After public disclosure, the National Air and Space Museum requested a replica of the statue. Controversy soon followed, as Van Hoeydonck claimed a different understanding of the agreement with the astronauts and attempted to sell up to 950 copies of the figure. He finally relented under pressure from NASA, which had a strict policy against commercial exploitation of the US government space program. == Commission == Before his Apollo 15 lunar mission, astronaut David Scott met Belgian painter and printmaker Paul Van Hoeydonck (1925–2025) at a dinner party. They agreed that Van Hoeydonck would create a small statuette for Scott to place on the Moon, though their recollections of the details differ. Scott's purpose was to commemorate those astronauts and cosmonauts who had died in the furtherance of space exploration. He designed and separately made a plaque listing 14 American and Soviet names. Van Hoeydonck was given a set of design specifications: the sculpture was to be lightweight but sturdy, capable of withstanding the temperature extremes of the Moon; it could not be identifiably male or female, nor of any identifiable ethnic group. According to Scott, it was agreed Van Hoeydonck's name would not be made public
|
{"page_id": 3931064, "title": "Fallen Astronaut"}
|
INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES run(runId) ON DELETE CASCADE, configKey TEXT NOT NULL, configValue TEXT NOT NULL, configOrder INTEGER NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE scalar ( scalarId INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, runId INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES run(runId) ON DELETE CASCADE, moduleName TEXT NOT NULL, scalarName TEXT NOT NULL, scalarValue REAL -- cannot be NOT NULL, because sqlite converts NaN double value to NULL ); CREATE TABLE scalarAttr ( scalarId INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES scalar(scalarId) ON DELETE CASCADE, attrName TEXT NOT NULL, attrValue TEXT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE parameter ( paramId INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, runId INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES run(runId) ON DELETE CASCADE, moduleName TEXT NOT NULL, paramName TEXT NOT NULL, paramValue TEXT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE paramAttr ( paramId INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES parameter(paramId) ON DELETE CASCADE, attrName TEXT NOT NULL, attrValue TEXT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE statistic ( statId INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, runId INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES run(runId) ON DELETE CASCADE, moduleName TEXT NOT NULL, statName TEXT NOT NULL, isHistogram INTEGER NOT NULL, -- actually, BOOL isWeighted INTEGER NOT NULL, -- actually, BOOL statCount INTEGER NOT NULL, statMean REAL, -- note: computed; stored for convenience statStddev REAL, -- note: computed; stored for convenience statSum REAL, statSqrsum REAL, statMin REAL, statMax REAL, statWeights REAL, -- note: names of this and subsequent fields are consistent with textual sca file field names statWeightedSum REAL, statSqrSumWeights REAL, statWeightedSqrSum REAL ); CREATE TABLE statisticAttr ( statId INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES statistic(statId) ON DELETE CASCADE, attrName TEXT NOT NULL, attrValue TEXT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE histogramBin ( statId INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES statistic(statId) ON DELETE CASCADE, lowerEdge REAL NOT NULL, binValue REAL NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE vector ( vectorId INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, runId INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES run(runId) ON DELETE
|
{"source": 1766, "title": "from dpo"}
|
1.3 Exercise: Printable Library Scala provides a toString method to let us convert any value to a String .However, this method comes with a few disadvantages: it is implemented for every type in the language, many implementaঞons are of limited use, and we can’t opt-in to specific implementaঞons for specific types. Let’s define a Printable type class to work around these problems: 1. Define a type class Printable[A] containing a single method format . format should accept a value of type A and return a String .2. Create an object PrintableInstances containing instances of Printable for String and Int .3. Define an object Printable with two generic interface methods: format accepts a value of type A and a Printable of the correspond-ing type. It uses the relevant Printable to convert the A to a String . print accepts the same parameters as format and returns Unit . It prints the A value to the console using println .1.3. EXERCISE: PRINTABLE LIBRARY 19 See the soluঞon Using the Library The code above forms a general purpose prinঞng library that we can use in mulঞple applicaঞons. Let’s define an “applicaঞon” now that uses the library. First we’ll define a data type to represent a well-known type of furry animal: > final case class Cat(name: String, age: Int, color: String) Next we’ll create an implementaঞon of Printable for Cat that returns con-tent in the following format: > NAME is aAGE year-old COLOR cat. Finally, use the type class on the console or in a short demo app: create a Cat and print it to the console: > // Define a cat: val cat = Cat(/* ... */) // Print the cat! See the soluঞon Beer Syntax Let’s make our prinঞng library easier to use by defining some extension meth-ods to provide beer syntax:
|
{"source": 4183, "title": "from dpo"}
|
that this pattern continues up to $38$ terms, noticing that the "indexing" starts with $\dbinom32$ instead of $\dbinom12$. Thus, the value of the sum is $3 \cdot \dbinom{42}{37}=2552004 \equiv \boxed{\textbf{004}} \pmod{1000}$. ~A1001 As in solution 1, obtain $\sum_{i=3}^{40} \binom{\binom{i}{2}}{2} = \frac{1}{8} \sum_{i=3}^{40} i^4-2i^3-i^2+2i.$ Write this as \[\frac{1}{8}\left(\sum_{i=3}^{40} i^4 - 2\sum_{i=3}^{40}i^3 - \sum_{i=3}^{40}i^2 + 2\sum_{i=3}^{40}i\right).\] We can safely write this expression as $\frac{1}{8}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{40} i^4 - 2\sum_{i=1}^{40}i^3 - \sum_{i=1}^{40}i^2 + 2\sum_{i=1}^{40}i\right)$, since plugging $i=1$ and $i=2$ into $i^4-2i^3-i^2+2i$ both equal $0,$ meaning they won't contribute to the sum. Use the sum of powers formulae. We obtain \[\frac{1}{8}\left(\frac{i(i+1)(2i+1)(3i^2+3i-1)}{30} - \frac{i^2(i+1)^2}{2} - \frac{i(i+1)(2i+1)}{6} + i(i+1)\right) \text{ where i = 40.}\] We can factor the following expression as $\frac{1}{8}\left(\frac{i(i+1)(2i+1)(3i^2+3i-6)}{30} - \frac{i(i+1)}{2} (i(i+1)-2)\right),$ and simplifying, we have \[\sum_{i=3}^{40} \binom{\binom{i}{2}}{2} = \frac{i(i+1)(2i+1)(i^2+i-2)}{80}-\frac{i^2(i+1)^2-2i(i+1)}{16} \text{ where i = 40.}\] Substituting $i=40$ and simplifying gets $41\cdot 81\cdot 819 - 5\cdot 41\cdot 819,$ so we would like to find $819\cdot 76\cdot 41 \pmod{1000}.$ To do this, get $819\cdot 76\equiv 244 \pmod{1000}.$ Next, $244\cdot 41 \equiv \boxed{004} \pmod{1000}.$ -sirswagger21 To solve this problem, we need to use the following result: \[ \sum_{i=n}^m \binom{i}{k} = \binom{m+1}{k+1} - \binom{n}{k+1} . \] Now, we use this result to solve this problem. We have \begin{align*} \sum_{i=3}^{40} \binom{\binom{i}{2}}{2} & = \sum_{i=3}^{40} \binom{\frac{i \left( i - 1 \right)}{2}}{2} \\ & = \sum_{i=3}^{40} \frac{\frac{i \left( i - 1 \right)}{2} \left( \frac{i \left( i - 1 \right)}{2}- 1 \right)}{2} \\ & = \frac{1}{8} \sum_{i=3}^{40} i \left( i - 1 \right) \left( i \left( i - 1 \right) - 2 \right) \\ & = \frac{1}{8} \sum_{i=3}^{40} i \left( i - 1 \right) \left( \left( i - 2 \right) \left( i - 3 \right) + 4 \left( i - 2 \right) \right) \\ & = 3 \left( \sum_{i=3}^{40} \binom{i}{4} + \sum_{i=3}^{40} \binom{i}{3} \right) \\ & = 3 \left( \binom{41}{5} - \binom{3}{5} +
|
{"source": 6134, "title": "from dpo"}
|
in the supply chain production of lithium-ion batteries. These initiatives are already taking place with major mining companies, artisanal and small-scale mining companies (ASM). Car manufacturers and battery manufacturer supply chains: Tesla, VW, BMW, BASF and Glencore are participating in several initiatives, such as the Responsible Cobalt Initiative and Cobalt for Development study. In 2018 BMW Group in partnership with BASF, Samsung SDI and Samsung Electronics have launched a pilot project in the DRC over one pilot mine, to improve conditions and address challenges for artisanal miners and the surrounding communities. The political and ethnic dynamics of the region have in the past caused outbreaks of violence and years of armed conflict and displaced populations. This instability affected the price of cobalt and also created perverse incentives for the combatants in the First and Second Congo Wars to prolong the fighting, since access to diamond mines and other valuable resources helped to finance their military goals—which frequently amounted to genocide—and also enriched the fighters themselves. While DR Congo has in the 2010s not recently been invaded by neighboring military forces, some of the richest mineral deposits adjoin areas where Tutsis and Hutus still frequently clash, unrest continues although on a smaller scale and refugees still flee outbreaks of violence. Cobalt extracted from small Congolese artisanal mining endeavors in 2007 supplied a single Chinese company, Congo DongFang International Mining. A subsidiary of Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, one of the world's largest cobalt producers, Congo DongFang supplied cobalt to some of the world's largest battery manufacturers, who produced batteries for ubiquitous products like the Apple iPhones. Because of accused labour violations and environmental concerns, LG Chem subsequently audited Congo DongFang in accordance with OECD guidelines. LG Chem, which also produces battery materials for car companies, imposed a code of conduct on all suppliers
|
{"page_id": 24580536, "title": "Cobalt"}
|
Professor August Musger (February 10, 1868 in Eisenerz, Duchy of Styria, Austria-Hungary – October 30, 1929 in Graz, Styria, Austria) was an Austrian priest and physicist who is best remembered for his invention of slow motion. == Invention == Musger invented the slow motion technique using a mirrored drum as a synchronizing mechanism. The device he used was patented in 1904 and was first presented in Graz, Styria in 1907 using a projector made by K. Löffler, owner of a cinema. == Notes and references ==
|
{"page_id": 8548275, "title": "August Musger"}
|
into his controlled environment because what he does is "ephemeral, it's not moveable, it can't be in a museum" (it was also impractical to move all his equipment there). It was then agreed upon that every day, two names would be selected at random and those names would be the diners who would be able to see his 'pavilion'. The collection of these experiences were documented, along with photographs and interviews from an eclectic group of figures in the art world (including Massimo De Carlo, Bice Curiger, Anya Gallaccio, Massimiliano Gioni, Carsten Höller, Peter Kubelka, Antoni Miralda, Jerry Saltz, Adrian Searle, Vicente Todolí and Richard Hamilton), and were published in Food for Thought, Thought for Food. However, there was some controversy regarding Adrià's participation in documenta, "some questioning the idea that cooking and art were co-extensive." Despite the fact that dishes from avant-garde cuisine are aesthetically pleasing (you eat first with your eyes), one of his colleagues, Chef Heston Blumenthal from the Fat Duck in Great Britain, "is uneasy about the idea that he might be an artist, although he does compare restaurant going to a trip to the theater, the cinema or an art gallery." Adrià himself has compared a dinner at his restaurant to a night out at the theater. When people discuss a meal there, they usually talk about the rhythm and flow of the dishes, and that the movements of the waiters and sommeliers are amazingly choreographed. He said he has "turned eating into an experience that supersedes eating." == Controversy == Adrià denounced his fellow 3-star Michelin cook Santi Santamaria who described his approach to cuisine as "pretentious". Traditionalist Santi Santamaria attacked Adrià's dishes in elBulli as unhealthy, alleging that "Adrià's dishes are designed to impress rather than satisfy and used chemicals that actually put
|
{"page_id": 1562033, "title": "Ferran Adrià"}
|
Epidemiological studies on the relations between cardiovascular health and siesta have led to conflicting conclusions, possibly because of poor control of confounding variables, such as physical activity. It is possible that people who take a siesta have different physical activity habits, for example, waking earlier and scheduling more activity during the morning. Such differences in physical activity may lead to different 24-hour profiles in cardiovascular function. Even if such effects of physical activity can be discounted in explaining the relationship between siesta and cardiovascular health, it is still not known whether the daytime nap itself, a supine posture, or the expectancy of a nap is the most important factor. == See also == Aestivation == References == === Works cited === Naska, A.; Oikonomou, E.; Trichopoulou, A.; Psaltopoulou, T.; Trichopoulos, D. (2007). "Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population". Archives of Internal Medicine. 167 (3): 167, 296–301. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.3.296. PMID 17296887. Zaregarizi, MohammadReza (March 2012). Effects of Exercise & Daytime Sleep on Human Haemodynamics: With Focus on Changes in Cardiovascular Function during Daytime Sleep Onset. ISBN 978-3-8484-1726-1. == Further reading == Zaregarizi, Mohammad Reza; Edwards, Ben; George, Keith; Harrison, Yvonne; Jones, Helen; Atkinson, Greg (2007). "Acute changes in cardiovascular function during the onset period of daytime sleep: Comparison to lying awake and standing". J Appl Physiol. 103 (4): 1332–1338. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00474.2007. PMID 17641220. == External links == Why we could all do with a Siesta – An article about research results from the University of Manchester. Is there a decline in Siesta – An article about the decline in siesta. Medical disadvantages correlated with Siesta – An article from the Oxford Journal.
|
{"page_id": 541000, "title": "Siesta"}
|
better materials for sewing up wounds such as linen sutures. Around 2500 BC in ancient India, skin grafts were developed by cutting skin from the buttock and suturing it to wound sites in the ear, nose, or lips. Ancient Egyptians often would graft skin from corpses onto living humans and even attempted to use honey as a type of antibiotic and grease as a protective barrier to prevent infection. In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, Gallo-Romans developed wrought iron implants and dental implants could be found in ancient Mayans. === Enlightenment (17th century–19th century) === While these ancient societies had developed techniques that were way ahead of their time, they still lacked a mechanistic understanding of how the body was reacting to these procedures. This mechanistic approach came along in tandem with the development of the empirical method of science pioneered by René Descartes. Sir Isaac Newton began to describe the body as a "physiochemical machine" and postured that disease was a breakdown in the machine. In the 17th century, Robert Hooke discovered the cell and a letter from Benedict de Spinoza brought forward the idea of the homeostasis between the dynamic processes in the body. Hydra experiments performed by Abraham Trembley in the 18th century began to delve into the regenerative capabilities of cells. During the 19th century, a better understanding of how different metals reacted with the body led to the development of better sutures and a shift towards screw and plate implants in bone fixation. Further, it was first hypothesized in the mid-1800s that cell-environment interactions and cell proliferation were vital for tissue regeneration. === Modern era (20th and 21st centuries) === As time progresses and technology advances, there is a constant need for change in the approach researchers take in their studies. Tissue engineering has
|
{"page_id": 307065, "title": "Tissue engineering"}
|
to limitations from Apple. Voice calls between two accounts were added to the app in March and April 2015. By June 2016, the company's blog reported more than 100 million voice calls per day were being placed on WhatsApp. On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a beta version of two-factor authentication for Android users, which allowed them to use their email addresses for further protection. Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe. Later that month, video calls between two accounts were introduced. On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp's 8th birthday), WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories. In July 2017, WhatsApp added support for file uploads of all file types, with a limit of 100 MB. Previously between March 2016 and May 2017, only limited file types categorised as images (JPG, PNG, GIF), videos (MP4, AVI), and documents (CSV, DOC/DOCX, PDF, PPT/PPTX, RTF, TXT, XLS/XLSX), were allowed to be shared for file attachments. Later in September 2018, WhatsApp introduced group audio and video call features. In October, the "Swipe to Reply" option was added to the Android beta version, 16 months after it was introduced for iOS. On October 25, 2018, WhatsApp announced support for Stickers. But unlike other platforms WhatsApp requires third-party apps to add Stickers to WhatsApp. In October 2019, WhatsApp officially launched a new fingerprint app-locking feature for Android users. In early 2020, WhatsApp launched its "dark mode" for iPhone and Android devices – a new design consisting of a darker palette. In October 2020, WhatsApp rolled out a feature allowing users to mute both individuals and group chats forever. The mute options are "8 hours", "1 week", and "Always". The "Always" option replaced the "1 year" option that was originally part of the settings. In March
|
{"page_id": 32058867, "title": "WhatsApp"}
|
workload imposed on the host OS due to serving network traffic for each individual guest OS might not be easily distinguishable, because it mainly involves kernel-level device drivers and the networking infrastructure (on the host OS). Some techniques for mitigating such problems have been proposed for the Xen case. Along the lines of adaptive reservations, it is possible to apply feedback-control strategies to dynamically adapt the amount of resources reserved to each virtual machine to maintain stable performance for the virtualized application(s). Following the trend of adaptiveness, in those cases in which a virtualized system is not fulfilling the expected performance levels (either due to unforeseen interferences of other concurrently running VMs, or due to a bad deployment strategy that simply picked up a machine with insufficient hardware resources), it is possible to live-migrate virtual machines while they are running, so as to host them on a more capable (or less loaded) physical host. == References ==
|
{"page_id": 27903154, "title": "Temporal isolation among virtual machines"}
|
Charge trap flash (CTF) is a semiconductor memory technology used in creating non-volatile NOR and NAND flash memory. It is a type of floating-gate MOSFET memory technology, but differs from the conventional floating-gate technology in that it uses a silicon nitride film to store electrons rather than the doped polycrystalline silicon typical of a floating-gate structure. This approach allows memory manufacturers to reduce manufacturing costs five ways: Fewer process steps are required to form a charge storage node Smaller process geometries can be used (therefore reducing chip size and cost) Multiple bits can be stored on a single flash memory cell Improved reliability Higher yield since the charge trap is less susceptible to point defects in the tunnel oxide layer While the charge-trapping concept was around earlier, it wasn't until 2002 that AMD and Fujitsu produced high-volume charge-trapping flash memory. They began the commercial production of charge-trapping flash memory with the introduction of the GL NOR flash memory family. The same business, now operating under the Spansion name, has produced charge trapping devices in high volume since that time. Charge trapping flash accounted for 30% of 2008's $2.5 billion NOR flash market. Saifun Semiconductors, who licensed a large charge trapping technology portfolio to several companies, was acquired by Spansion in March 2008. From the late 2000s, CTF became a core component of 3D V-NAND flash memory developed by Toshiba and Samsung Electronics. == Origins == In 1957, Frosch and Derick were able to manufacture the first silicon dioxide field effect transistors at Bell Labs, the first transistors in which drain and source were adjacent at the surface. Subsequently, Dawon Kahng led a paper demonstrating a working MOSFET with their Bell Labs team in 1960. The team included E. E. LaBate and E. I. Povilonis who fabricated the device; M. O.
|
{"page_id": 6973208, "title": "Charge trap flash"}
|
are considered a separate group, based on melting model criteria, but there are ultrapotassic and highly silica-under-saturated rocks with >18% MgO which can be considered "ultramafic". Ultrapotassic, ultramafic igneous rocks such as lamprophyre, lamproite and kimberlite are known to have reached the surface of the Earth. Although no modern eruptions have been observed, analogues are preserved. Most of these rocks occur as dikes, diatremes, lopoliths or laccoliths, and very rarely, intrusions. Most kimberlite and lamproite occurrences occur as volcanic and subvolcanic diatremes and maars; lavas are virtually unknown. Vents of Proterozoic lamproite (Argyle diamond mine), and Cenozoic lamproite (Gaussberg, Antarctica) are known, as are vents of Devonian lamprophyre (Scotland). Kimberlite pipes in Canada, Russia and South Africa have incompletely preserved tephra and agglomerate facies. These are generally diatreme events and as such are not lava flows although tephra and ash deposits are partially preserved. These represent low-volume volatile melts and attain their ultramafic chemistry via a different process than typical ultramafic rocks. == Metamorphic ultramafic rocks == Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks in the presence of water and/or carbon dioxide results in two main classes of metamorphic ultramafic rock; talc carbonate and serpentinite. Talc carbonation reactions occur in ultramafic rocks at lower greenschist through to granulite facies metamorphism when the rock in question is subjected to metamorphism and the metamorphic fluid has more than 10% molar proportion of CO2 (carbon dioxide). When such metamorphic fluids have less than 10% molar proportion of CO2, reactions favor serpentinisation, resulting in chlorite-serpentine-amphibole type assemblages. == Distribution in space and time == The majority of ultramafic rocks are exposed in orogenic belts, and predominate in Archaean and Proterozoic terranes. Ultramafic magmas in the Phanerozoic are rarer, and there are very few recognised true ultramafic lavas in the Phanerozoic. Many surface exposures of ultramafic rocks occur
|
{"page_id": 1244173, "title": "Ultramafic rock"}
|
no access whatsoever to broadband. An FCC survey, "Broadband Adoption and Use in America," gave the average price of broadband access as $41/month, and said 36 percent those non-users surveyed said the service was too expensive. 12 percent lacked skills, 10 percent worried about "safety and privacy", and 19 percent were just not interested. One way to increase access would be to provide a block of spectrum to service providers who agreed to offer free or low-cost service to certain subscribers. One way to pay for this would be to transfer $15.5 billion to a Connect America Fund for areas not adequately served. This money would come from the Universal Service Fund created for telephone service for individuals and Internet access for schools and libraries. In addition, a Mobility Fund would provide funds for states to offer their own broadband programs. Also, Digital Literacy Corps would help people learn about the Internet in areas with low usage rates. And broadband would be added to the FCC's Lifeline and Link-Up program to provide phone service to the poor. == Opposition == The FCC has been quoted as saying the plan could cost anywhere from $20 billion to $350 billion, and these costs only take into account the cost of implementing the system and getting it up and running, not the costs of maintaining it in the future. Some other costs to take into account are the cost of the National Emergency Response Network, which officials have said will cost at least $12 billion to $16 billion to build. Another cost that must be taken into account is the cost of subsidizing materials like computers for households that cannot afford them. Those citizens would then need to receive training on how to use the computers and Internet effectively. All of these costs
|
{"page_id": 26710541, "title": "National Broadband Plan (United States)"}
|
used to enforce the security policy have uninterrupted protection that is consistent with the security policy and the security architecture assumptions. No assurances that the system can provide the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and privacy protections for its design capability can be made if there are gaps in the protection. Any assurances about the ability to secure a delivered capability require that data and information are continuously protected. That is, there are no periods during which data and information are left unprotected while under control of the system (i.e., during the creation, storage, processing, or communication of the data and information, as well as during system initialization, execution, failure, interruption, and shutdown). Continuous protection requires adherence to the precepts of the reference monitor concept (i.e., every request is validated by the reference monitor; the reference monitor is able to protect itself from tampering; and sufficient assurance of the correctness and completeness of the mechanism can be ascertained from analysis and testing) and the principle of secure failure and recovery (i.e., preservation of a secure state during error, fault, failure, and successful attack; preservation of a secure state during recovery to normal, degraded, or alternative operational modes). Continuous protection also applies to systems designed to operate in varying configurations, including those that deliver full operational capability and degraded-mode configurations that deliver partial operational capability. The continuous protection principle requires that changes to the system security policies be traceable to the operational need that drives the configuration and be verifiable (i.e., it is possible to verify that the proposed changes will not put the system into an insecure state). Insufficient traceability and verification may lead to inconsistent states or protection discontinuities due to the complex or undecidable nature of the problem. The use of pre-verified configuration definitions that reflect the new security policy
|
{"source": 985, "title": "from dpo"}
|
43 > 47 > 62 > 38 > 41 > 61 > 63 > 52 > 60 > 42 > 55 > 35 > 10 > 40 > 54 > 6 > 17 > 34 > 46 > 29 > 20 > 22 37 > 19 > 44 > 59 > 36 > 45 > 58 > 64 > 13 > 50 > 56 > 18 > 51 > 30 > 31 > 25 > 28 48 > 26 > 32 > 21 > 57 > 9 > 12 > 0 50 100 150 NCAA Teams hclust (*, "ward") d > Height > Figure 17 .5: NCAA data, hierarchi-cal cluster example. 438 data science : theories , models , algorithms , and analytics -4 -2 0 2 4 > -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 > CLUSPLOT( ncaa[, 3:14] ) > Component 1 > Component 2 > These two components explain 42.57 % of the point variability. > 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > 6 > 7 > 8 > 9 > 10 > 11 > 12 > 13 > 14 > 15 > 16 > 17 > 18 > 19 > 20 > 21 > 22 > 23 > 24 > 25 > 26 > 27 28 > 29 > 30 > 31 > 32 33 > 34 > 35 > 36 > 37 > 38 > 39 > 40 > 41 > 42 > 43 > 44 > 45 46 > 47 > 48 > 49 > 50 > 51 > 52 > 53 > 54 > 55 > 56 > 57 58 > 59 > 60 > 61 > 62 > 63 > 64 > 1 > 2 > 34 > Figure 17 .6: NCAA data, hierarchi-cal cluster example with clusters on
|
{"source": 2689, "title": "from dpo"}
|
propose a delay-agnostic asynchronous coordinate update algorithm (DEGAS) for computing operator fixed points, with applications to asynchronous optimization. Xuyang Wu; Changxin Liu; Sindri Magnússon; Mikael Johansson; 637 FedCR: Personalized Federated Learning Based on Across-Client Common Representation with Conditional Mutual Information Regularization Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts View Highlight: In personalized federated learning (PFL), multiple clients train customized models to fulfill their personal objectives, which, however, are prone to overfitting to local data due to the heterogeneity and scarcity of local data. To address this, we propose from the information-theoretic perspective a personalized federated learning framework based on the common representation learned across clients, named FedCR. Hao Zhang; Chenglin Li; Wenrui Dai; Junni Zou; Hongkai Xiong; 638 Lifelong Language Pretraining with Distribution-Specialized Experts Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts View Highlight: Thus, we propose Lifelong-MoE, an extensible MoE (Mixture-of-Experts) architecture that dynamically adds model capacity via adding experts with regularized pretaining. Wuyang Chen; Yanqi Zhou; Nan Du; Yanping Huang; James Laudon; Zhifeng Chen; Claire Cui; 639 Revisiting Over-smoothing and Over-squashing Using Ollivier-Ricci Curvature Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts Related Code View Highlight: Based on our theory, we propose the Batch Ollivier-Ricci Flow, a novel rewiring algorithm capable of simultaneously addressing both over-smoothing and over-squashing. Khang Nguyen; Nong Minh Hieu; Vinh Duc NGUYEN; Nhat Ho; Stanley Osher; Tan Minh Nguyen; 640 AudioLDM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Diffusion Models Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts Related Code View Highlight: In this study, we propose AudioLDM, a TTA system that is built on a latent space to learn continuous audio representations from contrastive language-audio pretraining (CLAP) embeddings. Haohe Liu; Zehua Chen; Yi Yuan; Xinhao Mei; Xubo Liu; Danilo Mandic; Wenwu Wang; Mark D Plumbley; 641 Accounting
|
{"source": 4966, "title": "from dpo"}
|
Title: CSI-Otter: isogeny-based (partially) blind signatures from the class group action with a twist URL Source: Markdown Content: 1 About ------- An extended abstract of this work was published in CRYPTO 2023 [56 blind signatures from the class group action with a twist. In: CRYPTO 2023, Part III. LNCS, pp. 729–761. Springer (2023). .")]. This is a full version of that paper. In particular, in this work we present additional explanation of the framework of Kastner et al. [55 ASIACRYPT 2022, Part IV. LNCS, vol. 13794, pp. 279–309. Springer (2022). .")] in the context of our work; provide complete security proofs for the blind signature scheme of Sect.5, which is required for our optimizations in Sect.7 CRYPTO’82, pp. 199–203. Plenum Press, New York (1982).")], allow a user to obtain a signature on a message from a signer, while the
|
{"source": 6281, "title": "from dpo"}
|
populations of at least two Texas counties, even though tularemia is not normally associated with pigs at all. Precautions were recommended for those who hunt, dress, or prepare feral hogs. Since feral hogs roam over large distances, concern exists that tularemia may spread or already be present in feral hogs over a wide geographic area. In November 2011, it was found in Tasmania. Reports claimed it to be the first in the Southern Hemisphere. However, the causative organism was documented to have been isolated from a foot wound in the Northern Territory in 2003. In 2014, at least five cases of tularemia were reported in Colorado and at least three more cases in early 2015, including one death as a result of lawn mowing, as noted above. In the summer of 2015, a popular hiking area just north of Boulder was identified as a site of animal infection and signs were posted to warn hikers. == History == The tularemia bacterium was first isolated by G.W. McCoy of the United States Public Health Service plague lab and reported in 1912. Scientists determined tularemia could be dangerous to humans; a human being may catch the infection after contacting an infected animal. The ailment soon became associated with hunters, cooks and agricultural workers. == Biological weapon == The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regard F. tularensis as a viable biological warfare agent, and it has been included in the biological warfare programs of the United States, Soviet Union and Japan at various times. A former Soviet biological weapons scientist, Ken Alibek, has alleged that an outbreak of tularemia among German soldiers shortly before the Battle of Stalingrad was due to the release of F. tularensis by Soviet forces. Others who have studied the pathogen "propose that an outbreak resulting from
|
{"page_id": 274848, "title": "Tularemia"}
|
award damages for such copying" when that article is ineligible for patent protection. In Sears, the question was whether the defendant, Sears Roebuck & Co., could be held liable under state law for copying a lamp design whose patent protection had expired. The Court explained that "when the patent expires the monopoly created by it expires, too, and the right to make the article—including the right to make it in precisely the shape it carried when patented—passes to the public." The Court further clarified that "[a]n unpatentable article, like an article on which the patent has expired, is in the public domain and may be made and sold by whoever chooses to do so." Roslin's claimed clones are exact genetic copies of patent ineligible subject matter. Accordingly, they are not eligible for patent protection. Roslin argued that "environmental factors" lead to differences in shape, size, color, and behavior, that result from aging and the interaction of the animal with its environment. But Roslin acknowledged that any differences came about or were produced "quite independently of any effort of the patentee." As in the Funk case: "Their qualities are the work of nature. Those qualities are of course not patentable. For patents cannot issue for the discovery of the phenomena of nature." Roslin also argued that its clones are distinguishable from their original donor mammals because of differences in mitochondrial DNA, which originates from the donor egg rather than the donor nucleus. But the claims do not describe clones that have markedly different characteristics from the donor animals of which they are copies. Finally, Roslin argued that its clones are patent eligible because "they are time-delayed versions of their donor mammals, and therefore different from their original mammals," but that is always true of any copy of an original. == Commentary
|
{"page_id": 52793670, "title": "In re Roslin Institute (Edinburgh)"}
|
Chemical genetics is the investigation of the function of proteins and signal transduction pathways in cells by the screening of chemical libraries of small molecules. Chemical genetics is analogous to classical genetic screen where random mutations are introduced in organisms, the phenotype of these mutants is observed, and finally the specific gene mutation (genotype) that produced that phenotype is identified. In chemical genetics, the phenotype is disturbed not by introduction of mutations, but by exposure to small molecule tool compounds. Phenotypic screening of chemical libraries is used to identify drug targets (forward genetics or chemoproteomics) or to validate those targets in experimental models of disease (reverse genetics). Allelic Scanning (forward genetics) is also used to map loci of interest by determining if the specific loci is responsible for the phenotypic appearance. Recent applications of this topic have been implicated in signal transduction, which may play a role in discovering new cancer treatments. Chemical genetics can serve as a unifying study between chemistry and biology. The approach was first proposed by Tim Mitchison in 1994 in an opinion piece in the journal Chemistry & Biology entitled "Towards a pharmacological genetics". == Method == Chemical genetic screens are performed using libraries of small molecules that have known activities or simply diverse chemical structures. These screens can be done in a high-throughput mode, using 96 well-plates, where each well contains cells treated with a unique compound. In addition to cells, Xenopus or zebrafish embryos can also be screened in 96 well format where compounds are dissolved in the media in which embryos grow. Embryos are developed until the stage of interest and then the phenotype can be analyzed. Several concentrations can be tested in order to determine the toxic and the optimal concentrations. == Applications == Adding compounds to developing embryos allow comprehension
|
{"page_id": 36436244, "title": "Chemical genetics"}
|
Wildcard The wildcard . matches any character. For example, a.b matches any string that contains an "a", and then any character and then "b". a.*b matches any string that contains an "a", and then the character "b" at some later point. These constructions can be combined to form arbitrarily complex expressions, much like one can construct arithmetical expressions from numbers and the operations +, −, ×, and ÷. The precise syntax for regular expressions varies among tools and with context; more detail is given in § Syntax. == Formal language theory == Regular expressions describe regular languages in formal language theory. They have the same expressive power as regular grammars. But the language of regular expressions itself, is context-free language. === Formal definition === Regular expressions consist of constants, which denote sets of strings, and operator symbols, which denote operations over these sets. The following definition is standard, and found as such in most textbooks on formal language theory. Given a finite alphabet Σ, the following constants are defined as regular expressions: (empty set) ∅ denoting the set ∅. (empty string) ε denoting the set containing only the "empty" string, which has no characters at all. (literal character) a in Σ denoting the set containing only the character a. Given regular expressions R and S, the following operations over them are defined to produce regular expressions: (concatenation) (RS) denotes the set of strings that can be obtained by concatenating a string accepted by R and a string accepted by S (in that order). For example, let R denote {"ab", "c"} and S denote {"d", "ef"}. Then, (RS) denotes {"abd", "abef", "cd", "cef"}. (alternation) (R|S) denotes the set union of sets described by R and S. For example, if R describes {"ab", "c"} and S describes {"ab", "d", "ef"}, expression (R|S)
|
{"page_id": 25717, "title": "Regular expression"}
|
National Space Society has remained a conduit for education, substantive dialogue, and impact player in the commercial and private space sector communities. The organization garnered the "Five-Star Best in America" award by the Independent Charities of America organization in 2005. In 2014, the National Space Society launched the Enterprise In Space program in order to ignite interest in space and science, technology, engineering, art and math (STEAM) education. In 2023, the National Space Society elected Isaac Arthur as President for a two-year term. == Ad Astra == The Society publishes a magazine Ad Astra, which appears quarterly in print and electronic form. == International Space Development Conference == The society hosts an annual International Space Development Conference (ISDC) held in major cities throughout the United States, often during or close to the Memorial Day weekend. == NSS Chapters network == As listed in each quarterly issue of Ad Astra, a large number of NSS chapters exist around the world. The chapters may serve a local area such as a school, city or town, or have a topical or special interest focus, such as a rocketry or astronomy club, or educational/community outreach program. Chapters are the peripheral organs of the society by organizing events, communicating with the public on the merits and benefits of space exploration, and working to educate political leaders. === National Space Society of Australia === A strong contingent of chapters is located in Australia. Prior to the NSI-L5 merger, the L5 Society had been developing chapters around the world, and in Australia, three chapters had been established. The 'Southern Cross L5 Society' was formed in 1979, with groups in Sydney, Adelaide (in 1984) and Brisbane (in 1986). It was decided in late 1989 to create the National Space Society of Australia (NSSA) which could act as an
|
{"page_id": 317304, "title": "National Space Society"}
|
Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is a property of some materials, mostly manganese-based perovskite oxides, that enables them to dramatically change their electrical resistance in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetoresistance of conventional materials enables changes in resistance of up to 5%, but materials featuring CMR may demonstrate resistance changes by orders of magnitude. This technology may find uses in disk read-and-write heads, allowing for increases in hard disk drive data density. However, so far it has not led to practical applications because it requires low temperatures and bulky equipment. == History == Initially discovered in mixed-valence perovskite manganites in the 1950s by G. H. Jonker and J. H. van Santen, a first theoretical description in terms of the double-exchange mechanism was given early on. In this model, the spin orientation of adjacent Mn moments is associated with kinetic exchange of eg-electrons. Consequently, alignment of the Mn spins by an external magnetic field causes higher conductivity. Relevant experimental work was done by Volger, Wollan and Koehler, and later on by Jirak et al. and Pollert et al. However, the double exchange model did not adequately explain the high insulating-like resistivity above the transition temperature. In the 1990s, work by R. von Helmolt et al. and Jin et al. initiated a large number of further studies. Although there is still no complete understanding of the phenomenon, there is a variety of theoretical and experimental work providing a deeper understanding of the relevant effects. == Theory == One prominent model is the so-called half-metallic ferromagnetic model, which is based on spin-polarized (SP) band structure calculations using the local spin-density approximation (LSDA) of the density functional theory (DFT) where separate calculations are carried out for spin-up and spin-down electrons. The half-metallic state is concurrent with the existence of a metallic majority spin band
|
{"page_id": 875676, "title": "Colossal magnetoresistance"}
|
These patents involved many new principles, the chef-d'oeuvre of which was a method for distributing capacity and inductance instead of localizing these coefficients of the oscillator as in previous systems. By the summer of 1906, a machine producing 50 kilohertz was installed at the Brant Rock station, and in the fall of 1906, what was called an electric alternating dynamo was working regularly at 75 kilohertz, with an output of 0.5 kW. Fessenden used this for wireless telephoning to Plymouth, Massachusetts, a distance of approximately 11 miles (18 km). In the following year machines were constructed having a frequency of 96 kilohertz and outputs of 1 kW and 2 kW. Fessenden believed that the damped wave-coherer system was essentially and fundamentally incapable of development into a practical system. He would employ a two-phase high frequency alternator method and the continuous production of waves with changing constants of sending circuit. Fessenden would also use duplex and multiplex commutator methods. On 11 December 1906, operation of the wireless transmission in conjunction with the wire lines took place. In July 1907 the range was considerably extended and speech was successfully transmitted between Brant Rock and Jamaica, on Long Island, a distance of nearly 200 miles (320 km), in daylight and mostly over land, the mast at Jamaica being approximately 180 feet (55 m) high. === Fleming === In November 1904, the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming invented the two-electrode vacuum-tube rectifier, which he called the Fleming oscillation valve. for which he obtained GB patent 24850 and U.S. patent 803,684. This "Fleming Valve" was sensitive and reliable, and so it replaced the crystal diode used in receivers used for long-distance wireless communication. It had an advantage, that it could not be permanently injured or set out of adjustment by any exceptionally strong stray signal,
|
{"page_id": 3800477, "title": "Invention of radio"}
|
JVCKenwood Corporation (株式会社JVCケンウッド, Kabushiki-gaisha Jē bui shi Ken'uddo), stylized as JVCKENWOOD, is a Japanese multinational electronics company headquartered in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It was formed from the merger of Victor Company of Japan, Ltd. (JVC) and Kenwood Corporation on October 1, 2008. Upon creation, Haruo Kawahara of Kenwood was the holding company's chairman, while JVC President Kunihiko Sato was the company's president. JVCKenwood focuses on car and home electronics, wireless systems for the worldwide consumer electronics market, professional broadcast, CCTV and digital and analogue two-way radio equipment and systems. == History == On October 1, 2008, Victor Company of Japan, Ltd (JVC) and Kenwood Corporation signed an agreement to integrate their management through the establishment of a joint holding company (stock transfer). The joint holding company was named JVC Kenwood Holdings, Inc. On Monday, May 31, 2010, JVC Kenwood announced that it would end camcorder production in Japan by March 2011 and shift production overseas to cut losses. On August 1, 2011, JVC Kenwood Holdings, Inc. was renamed to JVCKenwood Corporation and an absorption-type merger was finalized for the JVC and Kenwood subsidiaries, which occurred two months later. The absorption merger ended the separated operation of two companies. On March 25, 2014, JVCKenwood acquired 100% ownership of EF Johnson Technologies, in order to "increase its P25 North American public safety and professional LMR system market share". EF Johnson became a wholly owned subsidiary. On December 10, 2018, JVCKenwood acquired 40% ownership of Tait Communications. In 2020, JVCKenwood Launched its first virtual reality headset for entertainment experiences. In 2023, JVCKenwood streamlined its finance operations by automating processes on a unified Oracle Cloud platform. == Units == === Brands === JVC – consists of audio equipment, cameras, medical monitors, security utilities and projectors. Known for producing the first television for the
|
{"page_id": 26183759, "title": "JVCKenwood"}
|
Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial, UN Special (magazine), No. 699 Tom Armstrong (1976). 200 years of American sculpture, Whitney Museum of American Art (1985) Paul Manship: changing taste in America: 19 May to 18 August 1985, Minnesota Museum of Art, Landmark Center. (2000). Booklet “The Dutch 17th Century in Etchings” for the exhibition of Rembrandt at the United Nations by Museum Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis (with the project proposals by Maecenas World Patrimony Foundation ((www.maecenasworldpatrimony.org) “Contribute to the Cycle of Life – the restoration of the Armillary Sphere”, Geneva. Alastair Duncan (1986). American art deco, Abrams. Carol Hynning Smith (1987). Drawings by Paul Manship: the Minnesota Museum of Art collection, Minnesota Museum of Art. == External links == Genève tourisme Archived 2005-03-18 at the Wayback Machine La Genève internationale Peace monuments in Switzerland UN Special magazine Maecenas World Patrimony Foundation
|
{"page_id": 27733408, "title": "Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial"}
|
Aerographite is a synthetic foam consisting of a porous interconnected network of tubular carbon. With a density of 180 g/m3 it is one of the lightest structural materials ever created. It was developed jointly by a team of researchers at the University of Kiel and the Technical University of Hamburg in Germany, and was first reported in a scientific journal in June 2012. == Structure and properties == Aerographite is a black freestanding material that can be produced in various shapes occupying a volume of up to several cubic centimeters. It consists of a seamless interconnected network of carbon tubes that have micron-scale diameters and a wall thickness of about 15 nm. Because of the relatively lower curvature and larger wall thickness, these walls differ from the graphene-like shells of carbon nanotubes and resemble vitreous carbon in their properties. These walls are often discontinuous and contain wrinkled areas that improve the elastic properties of aerographite. The carbon bonding in aerographite has an sp2 character, as confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. Upon external compression, the conductivity increases, along with material density, from ~0.2 S/m at 0.18 mg/cm3 to 0.8 S/m at 0.2 mg/cm3. The conductivity is higher for a denser material, 37 S/m at 50 mg/cm3. Owing to its interconnected tubular network structure, aerographite resists tensile forces much better than other carbon foams as well as silica aerogels. It sustains extensive elastic deformations and has a very low Poisson's ratio. A complete shape recovery of a 3-mm-tall sample after it was compressed down to 0.1 mm is possible. Its ultimate tensile strength (UTS) depends on material density and is about 160 kPa at 8.5 mg/cm3 and 1 kPa at 0.18 mg/cm3; in comparison, the strongest silica aerogels have a UTS of 16 kPa at 100 mg/cm3.
|
{"page_id": 36423257, "title": "Aerographite"}
|
equivalent ways of viewing and deriving prin-cipal components. The first approach is based on the directions of maximal variance . Any unit-norm vector α ∈ Rp leads to a one-dimensional projection of the data, namely the N -vector Xα.1 Assuming that the columns of X have been centered, the sample variance of the projected data vector is given by > 1In this chapter we deal with multivariate methods applied to a data matrix X∈RN×p;we hence adhere to our convention of representing N-vectors and all matrices in boldface, and p-vectors in plain text. SPARSE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 203 ̂ Var( Xα) = 1 > N ∑Ni=1 (xTi α)2. Principal components analysis finds the direction that maximizes the sample variance v1 = arg max > ‖α‖2=1 {̂ Var( Xα) } = arg max > ‖α‖2=1 { αT XT X N α } . (8.1) Hence the first principal component direction corresponds to the largest eigen-value of the sample covariance XT X/N , which provides the link to the notion of maximal variance at the population level. See Exercise 8.1 for further de-tails. Figure 8.1 illustrates the geometry of this optimization problem. The resulting projection z1 = Xv1 is called the first principal component of the data X, and the elements of v1 are called the principal component loadings .The vector v1 is easily seen to be the right singular vector corresponding to the largest singular value d1 of X. Similarly z1 = u1d1, where u1 is the corresponding left singular vector. Subsequent principal-component directions (eigen-vectors) v2, v 3, . . . , v p correspond to maxima of ̂ Var( Xvj ) subject to ‖vj ‖2 = 1 and vj orthogonal to v1, . . . v j−1. This property also implies that the zj are mutually uncorrelated (see Exercise 8.2). In
|
{"source": 1206, "title": "from dpo"}
|
IU = $0.001 per second [$0.0005 x 2] Price for 3 IU = $0.0015 per second [$0.0005 x 3] * * * ### Example 4 - Analyzing customer comments using the custom entities API Let us say you want to train a custom entity model to automatically extract custom terms from customer feedback that comes in from your website. The training job takes 1.5 hours, and you analyze 10,000 pieces of customer feedback that are 550 characters each. You are planning to keep this model for a month. Let us also assume that you are in the second year of your use of the service and are not eligible for the free tier offering. **Total charge calculation:** Size of each request = 5,500,000 characters Number of units per request = 55,000 units [5,500,000 characters÷ 100 character per unit] Price per unit = $0.0005 Total cost for units = $27.5 [55,000 units x $0.0005] Total hours for model training = 1.5 hours Price per hour = $3 Total cost for model training = $4.5 [1.5 hours x $3] Number of months for model management = 1 month Price per month = $0.50 Total cost for model management = $0.50 [1 month x $0.50] **Total cost = $37 [$27.5 + $4.5 + $0.50]** * * * ### Example 5 – Extracting events and the associated information using event detection Let’s assume you want to extract 3 event types from 3,000 articles of 500 characters each and you are in the second year of your use of the service. **Total charge calculation:** Number of characters processed = 1,500,000 characters [3,000 articles x 500 characters] Number of units processed = 45,000 units [1,500,000 x 3 event types ÷ 100 characters per unit] Price per unit = $0.003 **Total cost for units = $135 [45,000
|
{"source": 3672, "title": "from dpo"}
|
673, 684 (6th Cir. 1998); Walls v. City of Petersburg, 895 F.2d 188, 192 (4th Cir. 1990); Barry > v. City of New York, 712 F.2d 1554, 1559 (2d Cir. 1983). For an overview of the caselaw, see SOLOVE > & > SCHWARrz, supra note 30, at 565-81. > 120. Schwartz, supra note 112, at 381-87. > 121. 564 U.S. 552, 557 (2011). > 122. Id. > 123. CHRIS JAY HOOFNAGLE, FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION PRIVACY LAW AND POLICY 286 (2016). > 124. Clapper v. Amnesty Int'l USA, 133 S. Ct. 1138, 1155 (2013). > 125. Joel R. Reidenberg, Privacy Wrongs in Search of Remedies, 54 HASTINGS L.J. 877, 877 (2002). 2017] TRANSATLANTIC DATA PRIVACY LAw 135 ing practices are "wrongs," that is, whether these practices constitute enough of an injury to consumers to merit legal remedy. The Supreme Court has also begun to establish constitutional parameters for standing in information privacy cases. In Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, the Supreme Court decided that Article III created a mandate for "a concrete harm" even when a privacy statute allowed actions for violation of its provisions and provided liquidated damages for recovery. 126 Spokeo, the defendant in that case, operates a website that allows users to search for data about individuals. Robins, who filed a class action complaint against Spokeo, argued the company quali - fied as a "consumer reporting agency" that was obliged to follow the require - ments of the FCRA. 12 7 Robins also alleged that Spokeo willfully failed to comply with its legal obligations under this statute. Robins could also point to the FCRA's favorable provisions for liquidated damages when a consumer reporting agency failed to provide "reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy of' consumer reports, to provide access to consumer reports, to restrict the circumstances in which
|
{"source": 5718, "title": "from dpo"}
|
HTML convention of numbered heading levels instead. Microsoft Word supports auto-formatting paragraphs as headings if they do not contain more than a handful of words, no period at the end and the user hits the enter key twice. For lower levels, the user may press the tabulator key the according number of times before entering the text, i.e. one through eight tabs for heading levels two through nine. === Link syntax === Hyperlinks can either be added inline, which may clutter the code because of long URLs, or with named alias or numbered id references to lines containing nothing but the address and related attributes and often may be located anywhere in the document. Most languages allow the author to specify text Text to be displayed instead of the plain address http://example.com and some also provide methods to set a different link title Title which may contain more information about the destination. LMLs that are tailored for special setups, e.g. wikis or code documentation, may automatically generate named anchors (for headings, functions etc.) inside the document, link to related pages (possibly in a different namespace) or provide a textual search for linked keywords. Most languages employ (double) square or angular brackets to surround links, but hardly any two languages are completely compatible. Many can automatically recognize and parse absolute URLs inside the text without further markup. Gemtext and setext links must be on a line by themselves, they cannot be used inline. Org-mode's normal link syntax does a text search of the file. You can also put in dedicated targets with <<id>>. === Media and external resource syntax === === List syntax === HTML requires an explicit element for the list, specifying its type, and one for each list item, but most lightweight markup languages need only different line prefixes
|
{"page_id": 780817, "title": "Lightweight markup language"}
|
deficient in BLM have suggested that the mutation gives rise to cancer through a loss of heterozygosity caused by increased homologous recombination. A loss in heterozygosity refers to the loss of one of two versions—or alleles—of a gene. If one of the lost alleles helps to suppress tumors, like the gene for the retinoblastoma protein for example, then the loss of heterozygosity can lead to cancer.: 1236 Decreased rates of homologous recombination cause inefficient DNA repair,: 310 which can also lead to cancer. This is the case with BRCA1 and BRCA2, two similar tumor suppressor genes whose malfunctioning has been linked with considerably increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Cells missing BRCA1 and BRCA2 have a decreased rate of homologous recombination and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation, suggesting that decreased homologous recombination leads to increased susceptibility to cancer. Because the only known function of BRCA2 is to help initiate homologous recombination, researchers have speculated that more detailed knowledge of BRCA2's role in homologous recombination may be the key to understanding the causes of breast and ovarian cancer. Tumours with a homologous recombination deficiency (including BRCA defects) are described as HRD-positive. == Evolutionary conservation == While the pathways can mechanistically vary, the ability of organisms to perform homologous recombination is universally conserved across all domains of life. Based on the similarity of their amino acid sequences, homologs of a number of proteins can be found in multiple domains of life indicating that they evolved a long time ago, and have since diverged from common ancestral proteins. RecA recombinase family members are found in almost all organisms with RecA in bacteria, Rad51 and DMC1 in eukaryotes, RadA in archaea, and UvsX in T4 phage. Related single stranded binding proteins that are important for homologous recombination, and many other processes, are also
|
{"page_id": 2631477, "title": "Homologous recombination"}
|
UN numbers from UN0301 to UN0400 as assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are as follows: == UN 0301 to UN 0400 == == See also == Explosives shipping classification system == External links == ADR Dangerous Goods, cited on 3 July 2015. UN Dangerous Goods List from 2015, cited on 3 July 2015. UN Dangerous Goods List from 2013, cited on 3 July 2015.
|
{"page_id": 9024414, "title": "List of UN numbers 0301 to 0400"}
|
and AMS. AAPG respects these scientific opinions but wants to add that the current climate warming projections could fall within well-documented natural variations in past climate and observed temperature data. These data do not necessarily support the maximum case scenarios forecast in some models." == Affiliated organizations == Organizations may request affiliation with AAPG if they meet a set of criteria including goals compatible with those of AAPG; membership of at least 60% professional geologists with degrees; dissemination of scientific information through publications or meetings; and membership not restricted by region. Pittsburgh Association of Petroleum Geologists Pittsburgh Geological Society Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Pacific Section of AAPG (PSAAPG) == See also == Betty Ann Elliott Randi Martinsen Fred Meissner List of geoscience organizations Society of Exploration Geophysicists Society of Petroleum Engineers European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Denise M. Stone == References == == External links == Official website
|
{"page_id": 794229, "title": "American Association of Petroleum Geologists"}
|
Capacitively coupled plasma Induction plasma technology Pulsed inductive thruster == References ==
|
{"page_id": 821877, "title": "Inductively coupled plasma"}
|
of propagation, just like the photon.) The advantage of this formulation is that the scalar, vector and tensor evolution equations are decoupled. In representation theory, this corresponds to decomposing perturbations under the group of spatial rotations. Two scalar components and one vector component can further be eliminated by gauge transformations. However, the vector components are generally ignored, as there are few known physical processes in which they can be generated. As indicated above, the tensor components correspond to gravitational waves. The tensor S T i j {\displaystyle S^{T}{}_{ij}} is gauge invariant: it does not change under infinitesimal coordinate transformations. == See also == Helmholtz decomposition == Notes == == References == E. Bertschinger (2001). "Cosmological perturbation theory and structure formation". arXiv:astro-ph/0101009. Bibcode:2001astro.ph..1009B. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) E. M. Lifshitz (1946). "On the gravitational stability of the expanding universe". J. Phys. USSR. 10: 116. Eanna E. Flanagan, Scott A. Hughes (2005). "The basics of gravitational wave theory". New Journal of Physics. 7: 204. arXiv:gr-qc/0501041. Bibcode:2005NJPh....7..204F. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/204. S2CID 9530657. E. Poisson, C. M. Will (2014). Gravity: Newtonian, Post-Newtonian, Relativistic. Cambridge University Press. p. 257.
|
{"page_id": 3998066, "title": "Scalar–vector–tensor decomposition"}
|
quantum dot size can be controlled by the reaction temperature during thermal disproportionation of silsesquioxanes. Similarly, the plasma residence time in non-thermal plasma methods is a key factor. Alternatively, post-synthetic protocols, such as density gradient ultracentrifugation, can be used to narrow the size distribution through separation. === Surface passivation and modification === The synthesis methods used to prepare SiQDs often result in reactive surfaces. Hydride-terminated SiQDs require post synthesis modification because they tend to oxidize under ambient conditions and exhibit limited solution processability. These surfaces are often passivated with organic molecules (e.g., alkyl chains) to render SiQDs resistant to oxidation and compatible with common solvents. This can then be passivated through methods, such as hydrosilylation. Much of the developed surface chemistry draws on well-established procedures used to modify the surface of porous silicon and silicon wafers. Hydrosilylation, which involves the formal addition of a Si-H bond across a C-C double or triple bond, is commonly used to introduce alkenes and alkynes to silicon quantum dot surfaces and also provides access to useful terminal functional groups (e.g., carboxylic acid, ester, silanes) that can define solvent compatibility and provide locations for further derivatization. The covalent bonding between the surface groups and the silicon quantum dot is robust and is not readily exchangeable – this is very different from the ionic bonding commonly used to tether surface groups to other types of quantum dots. == Applications == Silicon quantum dots have been used in prototype applications owing to their biocompatibility and the ubiquitous nature of silicon, compared to other types of quantum dots. In addition to these fundamental properties, the unique optical properties of silicon quantum dots (i.e., long-lived excited states, large Stokes shift and tunable luminescence) can be advantageous for certain applications. Owing to these (and other) properties, the potential applications of
|
{"page_id": 69832813, "title": "Silicon quantum dot"}
|
will be overwritten by the value of the Shadow registers during the next vertical blank. Some Write registers do not have corresponding Shadow registers. They can be safely written by an application without the value being overwritten during the vertical blank. If the application needs to know the last state of the register then it is the responsibility of the application to remember what it wrote. Operating System Shadow registers also exist for some Read registers where reading the value directly from hardware at an unknown stage in the display cycle may return inconsistent results. In the individual register listings below the following legend applies: === Player/Missile Horizontal Coordinates === These registers specify the horizontal position in color clocks of the left edge (the high bit of the GRAF* byte patterns) of Player/Missile objects. Coordinates are always based on the display hardware's color clock engine, NOT simply the current Playfield display mode. This also means Player/Missile objects can be moved into overscan areas beyond the current Playfield mode. Note that while Missile objects bit patterns share the same byte for displayed pixels (GRAFM) each Missile can be independently positioned. When the "fifth Player" option is enabled (See PRIOR/GPRIOR register) turning the four Missiles into one "Player" the Missiles switch from displaying the color of the associated Player object to displaying the value of COLPF3. The new "Player's" position on screen must be set by specifying the position of each Missile individually. Player/Missile pixels are only rendered within the visible portions of the GTIA's pixel engine. Player/Missile objects are not rendered during the horizontal blank or the vertical blank. However, an object can be partially within the horizontal blank. The objects' pixels that fall outside of the horizontal blank are then within the visible portion of the display and can still
|
{"page_id": 931106, "title": "CTIA and GTIA"}
|
Dagbladet, a Swedish far-right online newspaper. In response, Tegmark said that the institute had only become aware of Nya Dagbladet's positions during due diligence processes a few months after the grant was initially offered, and that the grant had been immediately revoked. === Open letter on an AI pause === In March 2023, FLI published a letter titled "Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter". This called on major AI developers to agree on a verifiable six-month pause of any systems "more powerful than GPT-4" and to use that time to institute a framework for ensuring safety; or, failing that, for governments to step in with a moratorium. The letter said: "recent months have seen AI labs locked in an out-of-control race to develop and deploy ever more powerful digital minds that no-one - not even their creators - can understand, predict, or reliably control". The letter referred to the possibility of "a profound change in the history of life on Earth" as well as potential risks of AI-generated propaganda, loss of jobs, human obsolescence, and society-wide loss of control. Prominent signatories of the letter included Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Evan Sharp, Chris Larsen, and Gary Marcus; AI lab CEOs Connor Leahy and Emad Mostaque; politician Andrew Yang; deep-learning researcher Yoshua Bengio; and Yuval Noah Harari. Marcus stated "the letter isn't perfect, but the spirit is right." Mostaque stated, "I don't think a six month pause is the best idea or agree with everything but there are some interesting things in that letter." In contrast, Bengio explicitly endorsed the six-month pause in a press conference. Musk predicted that "Leading AGI developers will not heed this warning, but at least it was said." Some signatories, including Musk, said they were motivated by fears of existential risk from artificial general intelligence. Some
|
{"page_id": 42912557, "title": "Future of Life Institute"}
|
ADP reliability is its zero aging characteristics; the crystal keeps its parameters even over prolonged storage. Another application was for acoustic homing torpedoes. Two pairs of directional hydrophones were mounted on the torpedo nose, in the horizontal and vertical plane; the difference signals from the pairs were used to steer the torpedo left-right and up-down. A countermeasure was developed: the targeted submarine discharged an effervescent chemical, and the torpedo went after the noisier fizzy decoy. The counter-countermeasure was a torpedo with active sonar – a transducer was added to the torpedo nose, and the microphones were listening for its reflected periodic tone bursts. The transducers comprised identical rectangular crystal plates arranged to diamond-shaped areas in staggered rows. Passive sonar arrays for submarines were developed from ADP crystals. Several crystal assemblies were arranged in a steel tube, vacuum-filled with castor oil, and sealed. The tubes then were mounted in parallel arrays. The standard US Navy scanning sonar at the end of World War II operated at 18 kHz, using an array of ADP crystals. Desired longer range, however, required use of lower frequencies. The required dimensions were too big for ADP crystals, so in the early 1950s magnetostrictive and barium titanate piezoelectric systems were developed, but these had problems achieving uniform impedance characteristics, and the beam pattern suffered. Barium titanate was then replaced with more stable lead zirconate titanate (PZT), and the frequency was lowered to 5 kHz. The US fleet used this material in the AN/SQS-23 sonar for several decades. The SQS-23 sonar first used magnetostrictive nickel transducers, but these weighed several tons, and nickel was expensive and considered a critical material; piezoelectric transducers were therefore substituted. The sonar was a large array of 432 individual transducers. At first, the transducers were unreliable, showing mechanical and electrical failures and deteriorating
|
{"page_id": 29438, "title": "Sonar"}
|
( x n ) d x , {\displaystyle G_{n}={\frac {1}{n!}}\int _{0}^{1}x(x-1)(x-2)\cdots (x-n+1)\,dx=\int _{0}^{1}{\binom {x}{n}}\,dx,} which can be proved by integrating ( 1 + z ) x {\displaystyle (1+z)^{x}} between 0 and 1 with respect to x {\displaystyle x} , once directly and the second time using the binomial series expansion first. It implies the finite summation formula n ! G n = ∑ ℓ = 0 n s ( n , ℓ ) ℓ + 1 , {\displaystyle n!G_{n}=\sum _{\ell =0}^{n}{\frac {s(n,\ell )}{\ell +1}},} where s(n,ℓ) are the signed Stirling numbers of the first kind. and Schröder's integral formula G n = ( − 1 ) n − 1 ∫ 0 ∞ d x ( 1 + x ) n ( ln 2 x + π 2 ) , {\displaystyle G_{n}=(-1)^{n-1}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {dx}{(1+x)^{n}(\ln ^{2}x+\pi ^{2})}},} == Bounds and asymptotic behavior == The Gregory coefficients satisfy the bounds 1 6 n ( n − 1 ) < | G n | < 1 6 n , n > 2 , {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{6n(n-1)}}<{\big |}G_{n}{\big |}<{\frac {1}{6n}},\qquad n>2,} given by Johan Steffensen. These bounds were later improved by various authors. The best known bounds for them were given by Blagouchine. In particular, 1 n ln 2 n − 2 n ln 3 n ⩽ | G n | ⩽ 1 n ln 2 n − 2 γ n ln 3 n , n ⩾ 5 . {\displaystyle {\frac {\,1\,}{\,n\ln ^{2}\!n\,}}\,-\,{\frac {\,2\,}{\,n\ln ^{3}\!n\,}}\leqslant \,{\big |}G_{n}{\big |}\,\leqslant \,{\frac {\,1\,}{\,n\ln ^{2}\!n\,}}-{\frac {\,2\gamma \,}{\,n\ln ^{3}\!n\,}}\,,\qquad \quad n\geqslant 5\,.} Asymptotically, at large index n, these numbers behave as | G n | ∼ 1 n ln 2 n , n → ∞ . {\displaystyle {\big |}G_{n}{\big |}\sim {\frac {1}{n\ln ^{2}n}},\qquad n\to \infty .} More accurate description of Gn at large n may be found
|
{"page_id": 50593506, "title": "Gregory coefficients"}
|
* Nov 21: No Lunch (Thanksgiving) * Nov 14: Turing Laureate Lunch - Andrew Yao * Nov 07: Turing Laureate Lunch - William Kahan * Oct 31: Turing Laureate Lunch - Michael Stonebraker * Oct 24: Turing Laureate Lunch - Richard Karp * Oct 17: Turing Laureate Lunch - Manuel Blum * Oct 10: Turing Laureate Lunch - David Patterson * Oct 03: Turing Laureate Lunch - Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali * Sep 26: Urmila Mahadev on [Classical Homomorphic Encryption for Quantum Circuits]( discuss the question of blind quantum computation on the cloud: can a classical client delegate a desired quantum computation to a remote quantum server while hiding all data from the server? This question has been studied since 2005 in various settings, and I will begin by giving a brief history of previous work. I will then describe a recent result which shows that certain classical homomorphic encryption schemes suffice for this task. * Sep 19: [Aloni Cohen]( on [Towards Modeling Singling Out]( privacy laws---like HIPAA, FERPA, Title 13 in the US, and the GDPR in the EU---govern the use of sensitive personal information. They aim to delineate normative boundaries of appropriate use and impose steep penalties upon rule breakers. Conceptually, these laws are based on notions including personally-identifiable information, linkage, distinguishability, anonymization, and inference. Practically, adherence to these laws is often achieved using a variety of ad hoc privacy enhancing techniques, including k-anonymity, bucketing, rounding, pseudonymization, and swapping. It is becoming increasingly clear that these techniques are often inadequate for providing the privacy protection envisioned by these laws. New techniques for data privacy are being developed in industry, government, and the academy. But a significant conceptual gap still exists between legal and technical thinking around data privacy. This has resulted in uncertainty as to the which
|
{"source": 6632, "title": "from dpo"}
|
2007 at 2:30 pm. **Location:** MEB 238 **Speaker:** Russell Lyons (Indiana University and Microsoft) **Title:** SPANNING TREES, RANDOM GRAPHS, AND RANDOM WALKS **Abstract:** In the usual Erd\"os-R\'enyi model of random graphs, each pair of $n$ vertices is connected by an edge independently with probability $c/n$ for some constant $c$. When $c > 1$, it has a unique ``giant'' component. How quickly does the number of spanning trees of the giant component grow with $n$ compared to the growth in the number of its vertices? Is it monotonic in $c$? We answer this in joint work with Ron Peled and Oded Schramm. * * * **Time:** Monday, April 2, 2007 at 2:30 pm. **Location:** MEB 238 **Speaker:** Jason Swanson (University of Wisconsin, Madison) **Title:** STOCHASTIC INTEGRATION WITH RESPECT TO A QUARTIC VARIATION PROCESS **Abstract:** Brownian motion (BM) is used to model a wide array of stochastic phenomena in a variety of scientific disciplines. Typically, this is done by using BM as a driving term in a stochastic differential equation (SDE). We are able to define and study these SDEs using Ito's stochastic calculus. Similarly, stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) are often used to model stochastic phenomena. In this talk, we consider a very simple example of a stochastic heat equation. The solution to this SPDE, when regarded as a process indexed by time, has a nontrivial 4-variation. It follows that we cannot use the traditional methods of the Ito calculus to define an SDE driven by this process. In this talk, I will describe work in progress toward constructing a stochastic integral with respect to this process and a corresponding Ito-like change-of-variables formula. The integral being constructed is a limit of discrete Riemann sums. It turns out that the process we are considering has a very close relationship to a certain
|
{"source": 4188, "title": "from dpo"}
|
Revocation List CA Certification Authority CP Certificate Policy CPS Certification Practice Statement CRL Certificate Revocation List CSOR Computer Security Object Registry DN Distinguished Name DSA Digital Signature Algorithm DSS Digital Signature Standard ECA External certification authority ERC Enhanced Reliability Check FAR Federal Acquisition Regulations FBCA Federal Bridge Certification Authority FBCA OA Federal Bridge Certification Authority Operational Authority FED-STD Federal Standard FIPS PUB Federal Information Processing Standard Publication FPKISC Federal PKI Steering Committee FPKIPA Federal PKI Policy Authority GITSB Government Information Technology Services Board GPEA Government Paperwork Elimination Act of 1998 IETF Internet Engineering Task Force ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunications Union ITU-T International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications Sector ITU-TSS International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications System Sector MOA Memorandum of Agreement (as used in the context of this CP, between an Agency and the FPKIPA allowing interoperation between the FBCA and Agency Principal CA) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NSA National Security Agency OID Object Identifier PIN Personal Identification Number PKI Public Key Infrastructure PKIX Public Key Infrastructure X.509 RA Registration Authority RFC Request For Comments RSA Rivest-Shamir-Adleman SHA-1 Secure Hash Algorithm, Version 1 SSL Secure Sockets Layer URL Uniform Resource Locator U.S.C. United States Code WWW World Wide Web 46 # 9 GLOSSARY Access Ability to make use of any information system (IS) resource. Access Control Process of granting access to information system resources only to authorized users, programs, processes, or other systems. Accreditation Formal declaration by a Designated Approving Authority that an Information System is approved to operate in a particular security mode using a prescribed set of safeguards at an acceptable level of risk. Activation Data Private data, other than keys, that are required to access cryptographic modules (i.e., unlock private keys for signing or decryption events). Agency Any department, subordinate element of
|
{"source": 6045, "title": "from dpo"}
|
of the kinases to progress the cells through mitosis is also controlled. Calcium is also important for a cell’s progression through the cell cycle. Calcium binds to a small protein, calmodulin. The calcium–calmodulin complex is a necessary com - ponent of the spindle apparatus that separates the two copies of the DNA produced during the S phase of the cell cycle. Calmodulin also makes structural changes inside the cell to induce replication of the DNA during the S phase (Freinkel and Woodley, 2001, p 204). 2.3.3.3 Inhibitors of Mitosis. If the basal cells are respon - sible for balancing the number of cells produced with the number of cells leaving the surface, there must be some mechanism for them to “know” how many cells are in the outer layers so they can shut down production as needed. This process, common to all living organisms, is called a feedback mechanism. As the keratinocytes are pushed toward the surface, they undergo radical changes in their internal and external biochemistry. When the cells reach the stratum granulo - sum, they release the contents of the lamellar granules to provide the “mortar” between the cells. Molecules released by the differentiating cells, referred to as cha - lones, diffuse through the intercellular spaces and eventu - ally reach the basal cells (Freinkel and Woodley, 2001, p 205). The basal cells, via cell surface receptors, monitor the concentration of chalones. The more cells that differentiate, the higher the concentration of chalones. If the concentra - tion becomes too high, the chalones signal the basal cells to halt the cell cycle. In this manner, the chalones provide feedback to the basal cells regarding the number of differentiating cells in the outer layers. 2.3.3.4 Genetics of Cell Cycle Regulation. Stimulatory signals and inhibitory signals act on oncogenes and
|
{"source": 4211, "title": "from dpo"}
|
come from ionized atoms such as helium. Although there was some controversy, these were accepted as hydrogen-deficient stars in the 1980s. Helium-rich B stars, such as σ Orionis E, are chemically unusual spectral B or OB main sequence stars that show strong neutral helium lines. Hydrogen-deficient binaries, such as υ Sgr, have helium lines on a metallic spectrum and show large radial velocities that are thought to result from Population I stars orbiting the Galactic Center. Type Ib and Ic supernovae show no hydrogen absorption lines and are associated with stars that have lost their hydrogen envelope through supernova core collapse. === Low-mass supergiants === This type of hydrogen-deficient star occurs at late stages of stellar evolution. R CrB stars are hydrogen-deficient, carbon-rich stars that are notable for their light variation; they may dim by five stellar magnitudes over a period of days, then recover. These dimming events likely arise from stellar surface dynamics, rather than their exceptional chemical composition. Extreme helium stars have absent hydrogen emission or absorption lines, but have strong neutral helium lines and strong CII and NII lines. Born-again stars are stars that evolve over a period of years to migrate between the post-AGB and AGB regions of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. For example, Sakurai’s Object (V4334 Sgr) evolved from a faint blue star in 1994 to a yellow supergiant in 1996. One proposed mechanism for this migration is the final helium flash scenario. === Hot subdwarfs === He-sdB are subdwarfs with class B spectra with broader than usual H, HeI, and HeII lines. JL 87 in 1991 was the first He-sdB star to be reported. Since then this class of stars has been shown to have a wide range of hydrogen-to-helium ratios. Compact He-sdO stars have class O spectra, are typically nitrogen-rich, and may or may
|
{"page_id": 55557578, "title": "Hydrogen-deficient star"}
|
in capacitors. Electrostriction, a change in volume due to an electric field, or more accurately polarization density. Flexoelectricity, where there is a coupling between strain gradients and polarization. This plays a role in the generation of static electricity due to the triboelectric effect. Piezoelectricity, a coupling between polarization and linear strains. A decreased resistance with temperature, due to having more carriers (via Fermi–Dirac statistics) available in partially occupied higher energy bands Increased conductivity when illuminated with light or ultraviolet radiation, called photoconductivity. This is similar to the effect of temperature, but with the photons exciting electrons into partially occupied states. Transmit electric fields as in the capacitor figure above; in a metal there is electric-field screening that prevents this beyond very small distances, see Classical Electrodynamics. == See also == Abundance of the chemical elements Charge-transfer insulators – Nonmetal due to charge transfer between atoms Charge transport mechanisms – Models for electric current flow Dielectric strength – Degree of insulation Electrical conduction – Measure of a substance's ability to resist or conduct electric currentPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Kondo insulator – Strongly correlated system with a narrow band gap at low temperatures List of data references for chemical elements List of manufacturing processes – Manufacturing processes List of materials properties List of states of matter – States of Matter Metallicity distribution function – Distribution within a group of stars of the ratio of iron to hydrogen in a star Mott insulator – Materials classically predicted to be conductors, that are actually insulators Superconductor-insulator transition – Type of quantum phase transitionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Topological insulator – State of matter with insulating bulk but conductive boundary == References ==
|
{"page_id": 77121003, "title": "Nonmetallic material"}
|
impact on political bias. Political party supporters are more prone to reject failures as the result of unfair opposition, while attributing their party's accomplishments to inherent traits like intelligence, commitment, or ability. Constructive political conversation declines and polarisation is strengthened when political opponents' shortcomings are perceived as evidence of their own inexperience or dishonesty. === Media representation === The media and entertainment frequently reinforce attribution biases by utilising negative dispositional lenses to depict members of the out-group and situational explanations to justify in-group behaviour. According to research, how crime, immigration, and social unrest are portrayed in the media frequently presents marginalised groups as innately prone to bad behaviour, which fuels prejudice and stereotypes. == Original theory == In the case of negative attribution of outgroup member's positive behaviours, four categories were proposed. The four categories each correspond to combinations of two factors: perceived degree of controllability of act (low vs high) and perceived locus of control of act (internal vs external). === Exceptional case === The "exceptional case" explanation is created at the intersection of low controllability of act and internal locus of control. Using this mode of reasoning, an individual excludes the particular outgroup member from the outgroup. That is, they individuate the outgroup member, disassociating them from the group. This view allows for the maintenance of prejudiced beliefs through categorizing the "good" member as an exceptional case, while the other members of their group are still seen as "bad". === Luck or special advantage === The "luck or special advantage" explanation is created at the intersection of low-perceived controllability of act and external locus of control. This reasoning suggests that the outgroup member's positive behavior is not rooted in their skill, ability, or hard work. Rather, their positive outcome is beyond their immediate control and therefore of little
|
{"page_id": 19678111, "title": "Ultimate attribution error"}
|
the crosspoints must be determined and then set millions or billions of times per second. One approach for making these decisions quickly is through the use of a wavefront arbiter. == See also == Matrix mixer Nonblocking minimal spanning switch - describes how to combine crossbar switches into larger switches. RF switch matrix == References == == Further reading == Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company. General Administration Engineering Section (1956). Survey of telephone switching. San Francisco, California. OCLC 11376478.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Scudder, F. J.; Reynolds, J. N. (January 1939). "Crossbar Dial Telephone Switching System". Bell System Technical Journal. 18 (1): 76–118. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1939.tb00808.x. Retrieved 23 April 2015. Scudder, F. J.; Reynolds, J. N. (1939). "Crossbar dial telephone switching system". Electrical Engineering. 58 (5): 179–192. doi:10.1109/EE.1939.6431910. == External links == Images on an Ericsson ARF crossbar switch(in Dutch)
|
{"page_id": 45456, "title": "Crossbar switch"}
|
A sacral dimple (also termed pilonidal dimple or spinal dimple) is a small depression in the skin, located just above the buttocks. The name comes from the sacrum, the bone at the end of the spine, over which the dimples are found. Sacral dimples can be discovered during routine exams of newborn children (neonate). A sacral dimple on a neonate is defined as a midline dimple less than 5 mm in diameter and no further than 2.5 cm from the anus without associated visible drainage or hairy tuft. Sacral dimples are common benign congenital anomalies found in up to 4% of the population. Other common benign congenital anomalies include supernumerary digits, third nipples and natal teeth. Most sacral dimple cases are minor and do not relate to any underlying medical problem, but some can result from disease, notably spina bifida. If so, this is usually the spina bifida occulta form, which is the least serious kind. Simple dimples are typically small, measuring less than 5 mm in size. They are positioned in the midline, within 2.5 cm of the anus, and do not have any other associated skin abnormalities. Atypical dimples, on the other hand, have different characteristics. They are larger than 5 mm in size and are located within 2.5 cm of the anus. Atypical dimples can also be deep, positioned above the gluteal crease, located outside the midline, or occur as multiple dimples. Sacral dimples are often spotted in post-natal checks by pediatricians, who can check: whether the floor of the dimple is covered with skin; whether there is a tuft of hair in the dimple; whether there are potentially related problems such as weak lower limbs; the distance from the buttocks to the dimple. For clinicians dealing with infants who have sacral dimples, it is essential to
|
{"page_id": 6369505, "title": "Sacral dimple"}
|
In computer science, clamping, or clipping is the process of limiting a value to a range between a minimum and a maximum value. Unlike wrapping, clamping merely moves the point to the nearest available value. In Python, clamping can be defined as follows: This is equivalent to max(minimum, min(x, maximum)) for languages that support the functions min and max. == Uses == Several programming languages and libraries provide functions for fast and vectorized clamping. In Python, the pandas library offers the Series.clip and DataFrame.clip methods. The NumPy library offers the clip function. In the Wolfram Language, it is implemented as Clip[x, {minimum, maximum}]. In OpenGL, the glClearColor function takes four GLfloat values which are then 'clamped' to the range [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle [0,1]} . One of the many uses of clamping in computer graphics is the placing of a detail inside a polygon—for example, a bullet hole on a wall. It can also be used with wrapping to create a variety of effects. In CSS, clamp() can help to implement responsive typography or responsive designs generally. Although spreadsheets like Excel, Open Office Calc, or Google Sheets don't provide a clamping function directly, the same effect can be achieved by using functions like MAX & MIN together, by MEDIAN, or with cell function macros. When attempting to do a clamp where the input is an array, other methods must be used. == References ==
|
{"page_id": 6664825, "title": "Clamp (function)"}
|
Multiverse is a British educational technology company founded in 2016 by Euan Blair and Sophie Adelman. Based in London, United Kingdom, the company provides a platform for companies to recruit school leavers through apprenticeships. == History == Multiverse was founded in 2016 by friends Euan Blair and Sophie Adelman under the name WhiteHat, which was named after the hackers employed by companies to test their IT security. The company rebranded to Multiverse in 2011. In 2018, the company announced it had raised £3 million ($4 million) of seed investment from Lightspeed Venture Partners. In 2021, Adelman stepped back from the company but retained a seat on its board and a shareholding. In September of that year, Multiverse raised £97 million ($130 million) from multiple investors including D1 Capital Partners and BOND. In June 2022, Multiverse raised £163 million ($220 million) of investment which valued the company at £1.2 billion ($1.7 billion). The company received investment from investors including Lightspeed Venture Partners, General Catalyst, StepStone Group and Founders Circle Capital. The fundraise gave the company 'unicorn’ status. In the same month, the company appointed Youngme Moon as a non-executive director. In 2022, the company reported a loss of £10.9 million to 31 March 2021 on revenues of £10.1 million. In September 2022, the company was granted a license to award degrees with all learning taught through apprenticeships rather than through university. In 2023, it was reported that Multiverse received an investment by the Walton family. In April 2024, Multiverse acquired SearchLight, a US recruitment software company. In the announcement, Blair said the acquisition will 'combine Multiverse's scale with Searchlight’s technology'. In November 2024, the company appointed Martha Lane Fox as a non-executive director. In March 2025, the company reported revenues of £58.4 million to March 2024 and losses of £60.6 million.
|
{"page_id": 80112112, "title": "Multiverse (company)"}
|
is part of a system's live-assist mode. The use of automation software and voice tracks to replace live DJs is a current trend in radio broadcasting, done by many Internet radio and adult hits stations. Stations can even be voice-tracked from another city far away, now often delivering sound files over the Internet. In the U.S., this is a common practice under controversy for making radio more generic and artificial. Having local content is also touted as a way for traditional stations to compete with satellite radio, where there may be no radio personality on the air at all. A commercially available, for-sale product named Audicom was introduced by Oscar Bonello in 1989. It is based on psychoacoustic lossy compression, the same principle being used in most modern lossy audio encoders such as MP3 and Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), and it allowed both broadcast automation and recording to hard drives. === Television === In television, playout automation is also becoming more practical as the storage space of hard drives increases. Television shows and television commercials, as well as digital on-screen graphics (DOG or BUG), can all be stored on video servers remotely controlled by computers utilizing the 9-Pin Protocol and the Video Disk Control Protocol (VDCP). These systems can be very extensive, tied-in with parts that allow the "ingest" (as it is called in the industry) of video from satellite networks and electronic news gathering (ENG) operations and management of the video library, including archival of footage for later use. In ATSC, Programming Metadata Communication Protocol (PMCP) is then used to pass information about the video through the airchain to Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP), which transmits the current electronic program guide (EPG) information over digital television to the viewer. == See also == Audicom Centralcasting Community radio Emergency
|
{"page_id": 983002, "title": "Broadcast automation"}
|
{\displaystyle f(a)=c} and f ( b ) = d {\displaystyle f(b)=d} , the theorem can be written: ∫ c d f − 1 ( y ) d y + ∫ a b f ( x ) d x = b d − a c . {\displaystyle \int _{c}^{d}f^{-1}(y)\,dy+\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx=bd-ac.} The figure on the right is a proof without words of this formula. Laisant does not discuss the hypotheses necessary to make this proof rigorous, but this can be proved if f {\displaystyle f} is just assumed to be strictly monotone (but not necessarily continuous, let alone differentiable). In this case, both f {\displaystyle f} and f − 1 {\displaystyle f^{-1}} are Riemann integrable and the identity follows from a bijection between lower/upper Darboux sums of f {\displaystyle f} and upper/lower Darboux sums of f − 1 {\displaystyle f^{-1}} . The antiderivative version of the theorem then follows from the fundamental theorem of calculus in the case when f {\displaystyle f} is also assumed to be continuous. === Third proof === Laisant's third proof uses the additional hypothesis that f {\displaystyle f} is differentiable. Beginning with f − 1 ( f ( x ) ) = x {\displaystyle f^{-1}(f(x))=x} , one multiplies by f ′ ( x ) {\displaystyle f'(x)} and integrates both sides. The right-hand side is calculated using integration by parts to be x f ( x ) − ∫ f ( x ) d x {\textstyle xf(x)-\int f(x)\,dx} , and the formula follows. === Details === One may also think as follows when f {\displaystyle f} is differentiable. As f {\displaystyle f} is continuous at any x {\displaystyle x} , F := ∫ 0 x f {\displaystyle F:=\int _{0}^{x}f} is differentiable at all x {\displaystyle x} by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Since f {\displaystyle f} is invertible,
|
{"page_id": 41385213, "title": "Integral of inverse functions"}
|
instead must do D, E, and F, or else! And oh, by the way, any step along this journey will cost you time, money, and energy. Getting the “appropriate” clothes for each age, getting that Swimsuit For Every Body guide that only ends up trying to squeeze you into the sole accepted shape for other people to look at, assuring you that 90 is the new 50!!! —but only if you do and acquire this list of things with price tags. Because god forbid you show one iota of having lived, ever. Bah!! Ask your friends when you should hold the wake for them, since they obviously are all prepared to die any second. ▼ Collapse 4 replies anonforthis* November 7, 2021 at 3:01 pm Lol! I just might end up repeating your last sentence. ▼ Collapse 1 reply Workerbee* November 7, 2021 at 7:49 pm Their reactions can be very amusing! Batgirl* November 8, 2021 at 7:26 am This is so true, and I think we make young people miserable by telling them to live A Very Specific Life “while you’re young”, and also by making people feel they are Past Being Valuable or Unbelievable as a Protagonist, if they’ve not got the weight or face of a teenager or if they’re not indulging in very specific pastimes. ▼ Collapse 1 reply anonforthis* November 8, 2021 at 10:35 am The annoying thing is, when I was in my early twenties, I was too broke to enjoy a lot of the stereotypical “twenty something” activities. I couldn’t afford to go out, eat and drink out, take classes, or a lot of activities that required money. Now I actually have the financial stability to enjoy my life and am getting judged for it! Girasol* November 7, 2021 at 1:46 pm The
|
{"source": 990, "title": "from dpo"}
|
customized reports, letters, etc. that can be produced. And that will lead to new kinds of jobs—managing, analyzing, validating etc. all that mass-customized text. Not to mention the need for prompt engineers (a job category that just didn’t exist until a few months ago), and what amount to AI wranglers, AI psychologists, etc. But let’s talk about today’s “frontier” of jobs that haven’t been “automated away”. There’s one category that in many ways seems surprising to still be “with us”: jobs that involve lots of mechanical manipulation, like construction, fulfillment, food preparation, etc. But there’s a missing piece of technology here: there isn’t yet good general-purpose robotics (as there is general-purpose computing), and we humans still have the edge in dexterity, mechanical adaptability, etc. But I’m quite sure that in time—and perhaps quite suddenly—the necessary technology will be developed (and, yes, I have ideas about how to do it). And this will mean that most of today’s “mechanical manipulation” jobs will be “automated away”—and won’t need people to do them. But then, just as in our other examples, this will mean that mechanical manipulation will become much easier and cheaper to do, and more of it will be done. Houses might routinely be built and dismantled. Products might routinely be picked up from wherever they’ve ended up, and redistributed. Vastly more ornate “food constructions” might become the norm. And each of these things—and many more—will open up new jobs. But will every job that exists in the world today “on the frontier” eventually be automated? What about jobs where it seems like a large part of the value is just “having a human be there”? Jobs like flying a plane where one wants the “commitment” of the pilot being there in the plane. Caregiver jobs where one wants the “connection”
|
{"source": 2743, "title": "from dpo"}
|
A DNA I.D. TO CHARGE SOMEONE WITH SODOMY AND/OR RAPE OR HUMAN TRAFFICKING WHICH IS A VIOLATION OF MISSOURI HOUSE BILL 214... NOTE I DID VISIT ANY HOSPITAL NOR MENTAL FACILITY..AGAIN AT BALLAS TRANSIT CENTER.. IN CREVE COEUR.. SEE IF SOMEONE MADE A BILL FOR ME OR TRANSPORTED ME.. FOR I STILL HAD FECAL/URINE TASTE IN MY MOUTH.. AND MY BACK COMPLETELY SORE.. CHECK OUT TOWN AND COUNTRY POLICE JAIL FOR HOSTAGES...HELD BY ... THANK YOU! _____________________________________________________________________________ # Ticket: # 1391324 - Complaint RE: Comcast unauthorized hotspot activation Date: 1/11/2017 2:34:08 PM City/State/Zip: Brick, New Jersey 08723 Company Complaining About: Comcast _____________________________________________________________________________ # Description Dear Madam/Sir, I have been a Comcast customer for nearly 4 years. I rent my wireless gateway from Comcast at 10$ per month. However, Comcast is back at it, by "Activating" Public Hotspots on "MY" Wireless Router, illegally. Comcast was sued for Millions of dollars in 2014 for activating "Customer" Hot-Spots for public use without permission from the paying customer. Comcast is now doing this again, which is illegal. I have spoken to Comcast about this issue to no Avail, only the run around. Comcast claims they are not turning on Public Hotspots, by using my home & other accounts here in New Jersey. I have been forced to log into my modem and turn this feature off. Comcast claims they can't fix this problem and they are not responsible, which is ridiculous. Comcast is intentionally activating my hotspot every 24 hours. This Behavior by Comcast is not only happening to myself Kama it is also happening to my mother who lives in the same town. Is Comcast looking to be sued again for activation of it's customers' Home Hot-Spots without authorization, yet again? This behavior is unacceptable. Comcast is deliberately activating hot spots on private
|
{"source": 4974, "title": "from dpo"}
|
only a single corresponding eigenvector, which we may take as ξ T = (1, −1). Thus one solution of the system (8) is x(1) (t) = ( 1 −1 ) e2t , (9) but there is no second solution of the form x = ξ e rt .Based on the procedure used for second order linear equations in Section 3.4, it may be natural to attempt to find a second solution of the system (8) of the form x = ξ te 2t , (10) 424 Chapter 7. Systems of First Order Linear Equations 21–1 –2 –2 –1 1 2 x1 x2 FIGURE 7.8.1 A direction field for the system (8). where ξ is a constant vector to be determined. Substituting for x in Eq. (8) gives 2ξ te 2t + ξ e2t − Aξ te 2t = 0. (11) For Eq. (11) to be satisfied for all t, it is necessary for the coefficients of te 2t and e2t both to be zero. From the term in e2t we find that ξ = 0. (12) Hence there is no nonzero solution of the system (8) of the form (10). Since Eq. (11) contains terms in both te 2t and e2t , it appears that in addition to ξ te 2t , the second solution must contain a term of the form ηe2t ; in other words, we need to assume that x = ξ te 2t + ηe2t , (13) where ξ and η are constant vectors to be determined. Upon substituting this expression for x in Eq. (8), we obtain 2ξ te 2t + (ξ + 2η)e2t = A(ξ te 2t + ηe2t ). (14) Equating coefficients of te 2t and e2t on each side of Eq. (14) gives the conditions (A − 2I)ξ = 0 (15) and
|
{"source": 6286, "title": "from dpo"}
|
p p ∗ = − 1 + 4 ( T 2 T ∗ ) 1 / 2 − 3 ( T 2 T ∗ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {p}{p^{*}}}=-1+4\left({\frac {T}{2T^{*}}}\right)^{1/2}-3\left({\frac {T}{2T^{*}}}\right)} where, for simplicity, a , b , R {\displaystyle a,b,R} have been replaced by p ∗ , T ∗ {\displaystyle p^{*},T^{*}} . A plot of the curve, in reduced variables, is shown in green in Figure 5. Sommerfeld also displays this plot, together with a curve drawn using experimental data from H2. The two curves agree qualitatively, but not quantitatively. Figure 5 shows an overlap between the saturation curve and the inversion curve plotted in the same region. This crossover means a van der Waals gas can be liquified by passing it through a throttling process under the proper conditions; real gases are liquified in this way. == Compressibility factor == Real gases are characterized by their difference from ideal gases by writing p v = Z R T {\displaystyle pv=ZRT} , where Z {\displaystyle Z} , called the compressibility factor. It is expressed either as Z ( p , T ) {\displaystyle Z(p,T)} or Z ( ρ , T ) {\displaystyle Z(\rho ,T)} , because in either case (pressure, p {\displaystyle p} , or density, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } ) the limit as p {\displaystyle p} or ρ {\displaystyle \rho } approaches zero is 1, and Z {\displaystyle Z} takes the ideal gas value. In the second case Z ( ρ , T ) = p ( ρ , T ) / ρ R T {\displaystyle Z(\rho ,T)=p(\rho ,T)/\rho RT} , so for a van der Waals fluid from Eq (‘’’1’’’) the compressibility factor is or in terms of reduced variables Z = 3 3 − ρ r − 9 ρ r 8 T r {\displaystyle Z={\frac {3}{3-\rho _{r}}}-{\frac
|
{"page_id": 206064, "title": "Van der Waals equation"}
|
corn seed is priced at $270. == Seed production == Seed production in natural plant populations varies widely from year to year in response to weather variables, insects and diseases, and internal cycles within the plants themselves. Over a 20-year period, for example, forests composed of loblolly pine and shortleaf pine produced from 0 to nearly 5.5 million sound pine seeds per hectare. Over this period, there were six bumper, five poor, and nine good seed crops, when evaluated for production of adequate seedlings for natural forest reproduction. === Edible seeds === Many seeds are edible and the majority of human calories comes from seeds, especially from cereals, legumes and nuts. Seeds also provide most cooking oils, many beverages and spices and some important food additives. In different seeds the seed embryo or the endosperm dominates and provides most of the nutrients. The storage proteins of the embryo and endosperm differ in their amino acid content and physical properties. For example, the gluten of wheat, important in providing the elastic property to bread dough is strictly an endosperm protein. Seeds are used to propagate many crops such as cereals, legumes, forest trees, turfgrasses, and pasture grasses. Particularly in developing countries, a major constraint faced is the inadequacy of the marketing channels to get the seed to poor farmers. Thus the use of farmer-retained seed remains quite common. Seeds are also eaten by animals (seed predation), and are also fed to livestock or provided as birdseed. === Poison and food safety === While some seeds are edible, others are harmful, poisonous or deadly. Plants and seeds often contain chemical compounds to discourage herbivores and seed predators. In some cases, these compounds simply taste bad (such as in mustard), but other compounds are toxic or break down into toxic compounds within the
|
{"page_id": 37694, "title": "Seed"}
|
Large dense core vesicle (LDCVs) are lipid vesicles in neurons and secretory cells which may be filled with neurotransmitters, such as catecholamines or neuropeptides. LDVCs release their content through SNARE-mediated exocytosis similar to synaptic vesicles. One key difference between synaptic vesicles and LDCVs is that protein synaptophysin which is present in the membrane of synaptic vesicles is absent in LDCVs. LDCVs have an electron dense core which appear as a black circle in micrographs obtained with transmission electron microscopy. == References ==
|
{"page_id": 78445291, "title": "Large dense core vesicles"}
|
diamond. A chiral tetragonal form called α-cristobalite (space group either P41212, No. 92, or P43212, No. 96, at random) occurs on cooling below about 250 °C at ambient pressure and is related to the cubic form by static tilting of the silica tetrahedra in the framework. This transition is variously called the low-high or α − β {\displaystyle \alpha {-}\beta } transition. It may be termed "displacive"; i.e., it is not generally possible to prevent the cubic β form from becoming tetragonal by rapid cooling. Under rare circumstances the cubic form may be preserved if the crystal grain is pinned in a matrix that does not allow for the considerable spontaneous strain that is involved in the transition, which causes a change in shape of the crystal. This transition is highly discontinuous. Going from the α form to the β form causes an increase in volume of 3 or 4 percent. The exact transition temperature depends on the crystallinity of the cristobalite sample, which itself depends on factors such as how long it has been annealed at a particular temperature. The cubic β phase consists of dynamically disordered silica tetrahedra. The tetrahedra remain fairly regular and are displaced from their ideal static orientations due to the action of a class of low-frequency phonons called rigid unit modes. It is the "freezing" of one of these rigid unit modes that is the soft mode for the α–β transition. In β-cristobalite, there are right-handed and left-handed helices of tetrahedra (or of silicon atoms) parallel to all three axes. In the α–β phase transition, however, only the right-handed or the left-handed helix in one direction is preserved (the other becoming a two-fold screw axis), so only one of the three degenerate cubic crystallographic axes retains a fourfold rotational axis (actually a screw axis)
|
{"page_id": 550450, "title": "Cristobalite"}
|
for both the position and momentum of a particle at a given point in time. This became known as the uncertainty principle, formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927. In this concept, for a given accuracy in measuring a position one could only obtain a range of probable values for momentum, and vice versa. Thus, the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be found. This model was able to explain observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not, such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms larger than hydrogen. == Structure == === Subatomic particles === Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into smaller particles, in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles. The constituent particles of an atom are the electron, the proton, and the neutron. The electron is the least massive of these particles by four orders of magnitude at 9.11×10−31 kg, with a negative electrical charge and a size that is too small to be measured using available techniques. It was the lightest particle with a positive rest mass measured, until the discovery of neutrino mass. Under ordinary conditions, electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus by the attraction created from opposite electric charges. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than its atomic number, then it becomes respectively negatively or positively charged as a whole; a charged atom is called an ion. Electrons have been known since the late 19th century, mostly thanks to J.J. Thomson; see history of subatomic physics for details. Protons have a positive charge and a mass of 1.6726×10−27 kg. The number of protons in an atom is
|
{"page_id": 902, "title": "Atom"}
|
work CD Projekt spent on reworking Cyberpunk 2077 following its initial launch in 2020. He liked the new ending, and praised the gameplay improvements which made stealth gameplay enjoyable. Writing for GameSpot, Michael Higham gave the game a perfect score, giving strong praise to the game's story, side content and characters. He concluded his review by saying that "Phantom Liberty is Cyberpunk 2077 at its best", and praised it for respecting genre traditions and delivering a story that is "cruel, sobering, and bittersweet". === Sales === As of October 2023, Phantom Liberty has sold 3 million units in a week after release. By November 2023, Phantom Liberty had sold 4.3 million units. In December 2024, CD Projekt said that the expansion had sold over 8 million units. === Accolades === == References == == External links == Official website
|
{"page_id": 74014598, "title": "Cyberpunk 2077: Phantom Liberty"}
|
typically undergoes treatment before recycling or final disposal, leading to a form less harmful to the environment. Additionally, the treatment of emissions results in residues that require proper handling for recycling or final disposal (for instance, the pollution abatement process of sulfur dioxide involves its conversion into gypsum or sulfuric acid). Leontief's pioneering pollution abatement IO model did not address this aspect, whereas Duchin later incorporated it in a simplified illustrative case of wastewater treatment. In waste management, it is common for various treatment methods to be applicable to a single type of waste. For instance, organic waste might undergo landfilling, incineration, gasification, or composting. Conversely, a single treatment process may be suitable for various types of waste; for example, solid waste of any type can typically be disposed of in a landfill. Formally, this implies that there is no one-to-one correspondence between treatment methods and types of waste. A theoretical drawback of the Leontief-Duchin EEIO model is that it considers only cases where this one-to-one correspondence between treatment methods and types of waste applies, which makes the model difficult to apply to real waste management issues. The WIO model addresses this weakness by introducing a general mapping between treatment methods and types of waste, establishing a highly adaptable link between waste and treatment. This results in a model that is applicable to a wide range of real waste management issues. == The Methodology == We describe below the major features of the WIO model in its relationship to the Leontief-Duchin EEIO model, starting with notations. Let there be n P {\displaystyle n_{P}} producing sectors (each producing a single primary product), n T {\displaystyle n_{T}} waste treatment sectors, and n w {\displaystyle n_{w}} waste categories. Now, let's define the matrices and variables: Z P {\displaystyle Z_{P}} : an n P
|
{"page_id": 76415171, "title": "Waste input-output model"}
|
or other receptor antagonists. Specifically, they focused on the genes encoding extracellular factors, receptors, modulators, and intracellular signaling molecules. These can be regulated by chronic cocaine treatment via D1 receptors, and all of the genes contain AP-1 transcriptional complex binding sites in their promoter regions. For extracellular signaling molecules, they looked at the expression of the genes IGFBP6 and SDF1. Both of these were induced in the caudate putamen in wild-type mice but attenuated in the D1 receptor mutants. This suggests that IGFBP6 and SDF1 can be induced by repeat cocaine administration, and also that this interaction is partially dependent on a functional D1 receptor. === Direct changes to functional groups === Zhang et al. had previously seen that chronic cocaine administration leads to increased dendritic branching and spine density on medium spine neurons and prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons, which may contribute to cocaine-induced neuroadaptations. When investigating the genes that were receptors and modulators, they found that expression of the sigma 1 receptor and RGS4 was not upregulated after repeat cocaine administration in DA D1 receptor mutants, suggesting functional dopamine D1 receptor is necessary for their induction. This receptor had been seen to modulate the rewarding effects of cocaine, and receptor antagonists had blocked the acute locomotor stimulating effect and lowered behavioral sensitization. Changes in the sigma 1 receptor have been shown to modulate dopamine release, so shifts in its expression can change the behavioral responses to cocaine with pre and post-synaptic influences. They knew that RGS4 proteins can modulate G-protein-coupled receptor function, and since RGS4 levels can increase or decrease in response to D1/D2 receptor stimulation it could be involved in alterations of the signal transduction pathway after D1 receptor activation from repeat cocaine stimulation. For the genes that encoded intracellular signaling molecules, Zhang et al. focused on the
|
{"page_id": 35822485, "title": "Epigenetics of cocaine addiction"}
|
image sensors are efficient to collect vertical deflections at about 10 field stations per night. Zenith cameras have been used for accurate local surveys of Earth's gravity field (geoid, quasigeoid). == See also == Geodetic astronomy Geoid IERS Zenith telescope == References == == Further reading == Hirt, C.; Seeber, G. Accuracy analysis of vertical deflection data observed with the Hannover Digital Zenith Camera System TZK2-D. Journal of Geodesy 82(6): 347–356. doi:10.1007/s00190-007-0184-7. (PDF).
|
{"page_id": 2044015, "title": "Zenith camera"}
|
the term Spatial Computing to describe the interaction between individual people and 3D spaces, operating more at the human end of the scale than previous GIS examples may have contemplated. The company built a CAVE-like environment it called the Virtual Environment Theater, whose 3D experience was of a virtual flyover of the Giza Plateau, circa 3000 BC. Robert Jacobson, CEO of Worldesign, attributes the origins of the term to experiments at the Human Interface Technology Lab, at the University of Washington, under the direction of Thomas A. Furness III. Jacobson was a co-founder of that lab before spinning off this early VR startup. In 1997, an academic publication by T. Caelli, Peng Lam, and H. Bunke called "Spatial Computing: Issues in Vision, Multimedia and Visualization Technologies" introduced the term more broadly for academic audiences, focusing on a variety of topics such as image processing, dead reckoning navigation, object recognition, and visualizing spatial data. The specific term "spatial computing" was later referenced again in 2003 by Simon Greenwold, as "human interaction with a machine in which the machine retains and manipulates referents to real objects and spaces". MIT Media Lab alumnus John Underkoffler gave a TED talk in 2010 giving a live demo of the multi-screen, multi-user spatial computing systems being developed by Oblong Industries, which sought to bring to life the futuristic interfaces conceptualized by Underkoffler in the films Minority Report and Iron Man. Google Earth, initially released by Keyhole Inc. in 2001 and re-released by Google in 2005 can be considered a capable GIS and includes advanced geospatial tools and capabilities. == Notable instances of the use of spatial computing == In 2019, Microsoft HoloLens released a video outlining Airbus' partnership with Microsoft Azure to utilize the latter's mixed reality services for streamlining and improving the aircraft design process,
|
{"page_id": 62638470, "title": "Spatial computing"}
|
Neural Network Verification with Rapid and Massively Parallel Incomplete Verifiers Kaidi Xu, Huan Zhang, Shiqi Wang, Yihan Wang, Suman Jana, Xue Lin, Cho-Jui Hsieh rating : 5.5 - [7, 5, 5, 5] - Accept (Poster) tl;dr: We use fast bound propagation methods on GPUs for complete neural network verification and achieve large speedup compared to SOTA. Formal verification of neural networks (NNs) is a challenging and important problem. Existing efficient complete solvers typically require the branch-and-bound (BaB) process, which splits the problem domain into sub-domains and solves each sub-domain using faster but weaker incomplete verifiers, such as Linear Programming (LP) on linearly relaxed sub-domains. In this paper, we propose to use the backward mode linear relaxation based perturbation analysis (LiRPA) to replace LP during the BaB process, which can be efficiently implemented on the typical machine learning accelerators such as GPUs and TPUs. However, unlike LP, LiRPA when applied naively can produce much weaker bounds and even cannot check certain conflicts of sub-domains during splitting, making the entire procedure incomplete after BaB. To address these challenges, we apply a fast gradient based bound tightening procedure combined with batch splits and the design of minimal usage of LP bound procedure, enabling us to effectively use LiRPA on the accelerator hardware for the challenging complete NN verification problem and significantly outperform LP-based approaches. On a single GPU, we demonstrate an order of magnitude speedup compared to existing LP-based approaches. 842. Incremental few-shot learning via vector quantization in deep embedded space Kuilin Chen, Chi-Guhn Lee rating : 5.5 - [5, 6, 6, 5] - Accept (Poster) The capability of incrementally learning new tasks without forgetting old ones is a challenging problem due to catastrophic forgetting. This challenge becomes greater when novel tasks contain very few labelled training samples. Currently, most methods are dedicated
|
{"source": 1216, "title": "from dpo"}
|
new pressure in the can? Solution (a) The can contains an amount of isobutane gas at a constant volume, so if the temperature is increased by heating, the pressure will increase proportionately. High temperature could lead to high pressure, causing the can to burst. (Also, isobutane is combustible, so incineration could cause the can to explode.) > Chapter 9 | Gases 471 (b) We are looking for a pressure change due to a temperature change at constant volume, so we will use Amontons’s/Gay-Lussac’s law. Taking P1 and T1 as the initial values, T2 as the temperature where the pressure is unknown and P2 as the unknown pressure, and converting °C to K, we have: P1 T1 = P2 T2 which means that 360 kPa 297 K = P2 323 K Rearranging and solving gives: P2 = 360 kPa × 323 K 297 K = 390 kPa Check Your Learning A sample of nitrogen, N 2, occupies 45.0 mL at 27 °C and 600 torr. What pressure will it have if cooled to –73 °C while the volume remains constant? Answer: 400 torr # Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law If we fill a balloon with air and seal it, the balloon contains a specific amount of air at atmospheric pressure, let’s say 1 atm. If we put the balloon in a refrigerator, the gas inside gets cold and the balloon shrinks (although both the amount of gas and its pressure remain constant). If we make the balloon very cold, it will shrink a great deal, and it expands again when it warms up. This video ( shows how cooling and heating a gas causes its volume to decrease or increase, respectively. These examples of the effect of temperature on the volume of a given amount of a confined gas at constant
|
{"source": 3700, "title": "from dpo"}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.