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Marine Facilities	The Anchor Block cap is hollow to accommodate a splay chamber where the bridges cable strands are anchored to the cap. The piles are battered at a 4:10 slope in the bridge longitudinal direction. The piles are approximately 65 m long, determined from borehole 34, and are driven through the overburden material down to ...
Marine Facilities	Construction Access Providing adequate access to the marine foundations is a primary consideration. This is especially so, considering the marine foundations for the bridge are fairly sizable, and will require not only a significant amount of working area for construction, but also a fairly significant portion of the o...
Marine Facilities	Jack-Up Barge A jack-up barge comes equipped with legs or spuds which can be lowered to sit on the seabed and used to lift the hull of the barge up above the sea level providing a large fixed working platform unaffected by tides and swells as shown in Figure 2-1. Jack-up barges are fairly common in marine constructio...
Marine Facilities	Temporary Working Platform Supported on Temporary Piles With this method, the temporary pile supported working platform provides a fixed structure upon which a crane and equipment can be placed to install the bridge foundations. The platform would be supported on a series of additional temporary piles and would be requ...
Marine Facilities	Marine-Based Floating Equipment For the floating marine-based construction method, the cranes, equipment and materials are all brought to the work front on floating flat deck barges. The primary piece of equipment required for marine-based construction is the marine derrick, which is essentially a flat deck barge that ...
Marine Facilities	Temporary/Permanent Man-Made Islands Due to the shallow water depths at the proposed bridge foundations, the construction of a man-made island at each foundation location was considered as a means to provide uninterrupted construction access. Following construction of the bridge, the islands could be removed, in case o...
Marine Facilities	Construction Safety Zone and Navigation Protection Regardless of the method selected to gain access for constructing the bridge foundations, there should not be an impediment to marine traffic. The work faces will occur in relatively small areas in open waters away from or adjacent to approach channels and will be surr...
Marine Facilities	Construction Process Once equipment access and a working area at the foundation locations have been provided either through the use of a Jack-up barge, temporary work platforms, etc., the construction of each marine foundation is presumed to generally follow a similar process. This consists of cofferdam installation, p...
Marine Facilities	Cofferdam installation is required around each of the marine foundations to allow dewatering and excavation to the depth of the concrete pile cap soffit to facilitate concrete works and construction. It is anticipated the cofferdams would be constructed of steel sheet piles driven to depth in the soft sediments and ext...
Marine Facilities	Pile installation commences after the cofferdam is excavated and the steel pile template has been installed. The proposed construction method for pile installation involves the following steps: ? Set the pile into the sediments by gravity; ? Vibrate the pile open-ended though the sediment until the tip reaches bedrock;...
Marine Facilities	Concrete foundation construction would progress similar to onshore construction after completing pile installation. The connection between the piles and pile caps consists of a reinforced concrete plug inside each pile head with the reinforcement cage extending up into the mass concrete of the pilecap. Construction of ...
Marine Facilities	Cofferdam removal can commence once the required foundation concreting works are above the high water level. Excavated material can be placed back within the cofferdam allowing for the removal of internal bracing layer by layer. The steel sheet piles can be removed with a vibratory hammer. Consideration for leaving the...
Marine Facilities	Placement of scour protection around the perimeter of the Anchor Block would be conducted soon after removal of the cofferdam. Due to the shallow waters around the Anchor Block, the scour protection would be placed via marine-based methods using tidal windows and a flat deck barge equipped with an excavator or front en...
Marine Facilities	Construction of the SW Anchor Block will consume a considerable amount of the construction schedule and will be on the critical path. It is estimated to take approximately 24 months to construct the Anchor Block, with the following breakdown: 3 months to construct the cofferdam 10 months to install the piles and ro...
Marine Facilities	2.1.2.1 Overview The preliminary foundation design for the South West (SW) tower consists of 4 rows of 7 piles each (total of 28). The piles in the outer periphery of the pile group are battered at a 1:10 slope. The piles are 1800 mm diameter steel pipes, filled with concrete with rock socketed ends. The rock bed at th...
Marine Facilities	Construction Access Similar to the SW Anchor Block, there are several potential options for providing the required access to construct the tower foundation. The south edge of the footing cap however, is directly adjacent to Flora Bank and therefore there will be limited to no access on the south side of the foundation ...
Marine Facilities	Construction Process The SW Tower foundation will be constructed in the same manner as the SW Anchor Block, by installing a cofferdam around the perimeter of the foundation, installing piles and rock sockets and finally concreting the pile cap. Scour protection would be placed shortly after removal of the cofferdam on...
Marine Facilities	Construction Schedule Construction of the SW tower foundation will be on the critical path. It is estimated to take approximately 16 months to construct the foundation, with the following breakdown: 3 months to construct the cofferdam 9 months to install the piles and rock sockets 2 months to install the concrete...
Marine Facilities	Overview The 128 m long portion of the towers above the concrete base are composed of structural steel legs connected with cross-bracing. The towers are 125 m high above deck level. The thick walled steel boxes are 2.2 m wide and vary in length from 5.5 m at the top to 7.0 m at the bottom. Each segment is approximatel...
Marine Facilities	Construction Access Construction of the steel tower is done mainly from a tower crane and temporary work platforms supported off the permanent tower legs at required locations. The tower crane is supported on the permanent footing cap and is self-climbing (i.e. it increases in height as the tower height increases). The...
Marine Facilities	Temporary work platforms are installed to the tower segments before they are erected to provide access to the bolted connections. Work platforms are installed at the top of the tower legs to facilitate installation of the suspension cable saddles. The work platforms at the top of the towers typically remain in place fo...
Marine Facilities	Construction Process Construction of the steel tower segments consists mainly of lifting prefabricated structural steel segments off the barge and onto previously installed segments using the tower crane. There are two tower legs for the SW tower braced to one another by structural steel bracing. Tower segments are spl...
Marine Facilities	Construction Schedule The tower segments, with work platforms already installed, will be delivered using material supply barges with an anticipated delivery frequency of one barge per week. Construction of the SW Tower is estimated to take approximately 6 months.
Marine Facilities	Construction Schedule The tower segments, with work platforms already installed, will be delivered using material supply barges with an anticipated delivery frequency of one barge per week. Construction of the SW Tower is estimated to take approximately 6 months.
Marine Facilities	Overview The main suspension cables are fabricated from numerous small diameter (5 to 6 mm) high strength parallel wires that are galvanized. Cable clamps are provided every 10 m and serve two purposes. First the cable clamps are used to compact the parallel wires into a tight bundle of circular shape and minimum diame...
Marine Facilities	Construction Access The majority of the construction for the main suspension cable happens from a hanging catwalk system suspended from the suspension cable itself. Hence, there is very little marine based traffic required while constructing the main suspension cable. Barges will only be required for supplying material...
Marine Facilities	Construction Process The main suspension cable starts by stringing a small diameter pilot cable from the SW Anchor Block to the NE Anchorage. The pilot cable can be carried from one anchorage to the other by helicopter or by boat and then hoisted to the top of the towers using the tower cranes. Once the pilot cable is ...
Marine Facilities	With the main suspension cable and cable clamps completed, cable cranes that ride on top of the suspension cable are installed. The cable craned will be used to install the vertical hanger ropes and the bridge deck segments. After the superstructure has been constructed, finishing work on the main suspension cable is d...
Marine Facilities	Construction Schedule It is expected that installation of the main suspension cables lasts approximately 8 months and must be completed before the superstructure segments can be installed. Cable finishing works is expected to last approximately 8 months and will begin after the superstructure is complete. During work o...
Marine Facilities	Overview The suspended portion of the deck extends from the NE Tower to the SW Anchor Block (total length of 1490 m). Structurally the deck is composed of an orthotropic steel box girder supported on either side with the two suspension cable planes. The deck is suspended with four hanger cables spaced approximately 10 ...
Marine Facilities	Construction Access The steel box deck segments are lifted into position using a cable crane that travels along both suspension cables. The deck segments are delivered on a barge directly under their intended final position. Since the main span of the suspension bridge spans over the Flora Bank, all deck segments withi...
Marine Facilities	Construction Process The cable crane will hoist each segment from the barge into its final position where four hanger ropes will be attached. The segment is bolted to the previously installed segment and the cable crane is released. The cable crane walks itself up the suspension cable and sets itself into position for ...
Marine Facilities	Construction Schedule It is expected that construction of the suspended superstructure will last approximately 9 months. With an estimated 75 deck segments, it is anticipated that each deck segment will take approximately three to four days to install, with only one of these days involving marine traffic to transport t...
Marine Facilities	The construction methodologies described in this section are suitable for pile-and-deck structures as required for the LNG Jetty Trestle and Berth Structures component. Pile-and deck structures are commonly used for marine facilities in British Columbia. For this type of structure, individual support piles are either d...
Marine Facilities	Floating Marine-Based Method Where the water depths are sufficient enough to not limit construction to tidal windows, marine derricks and floating equipment may be used to install the Trestle and Berth Structures. There is less likelihood of barges grounding in deeper waters where the seabed is sub-tidal. Also sub-tida...
Marine Facilities	Construction Equipment The primary piece of equipment required for marine-based construction is the marine derrick. A marine derrick is essentially a flat deck barge that has a duty-cycle crawler crane mounted on it. In order to drive piles and drill into rock the crane must be able to accommodate various driving and d...
Marine Facilities	Marine-Based Construction Schedule and Equipment Profile With marine-based construction, the basic sequence for installation of the pile foundations and the trestle superstructure is similar to the Cantilever Method. For the most part the actual installation techniques will be the same except the equipment is based on ...
Marine Facilities	Cantilever Construction Method The Cantilever Construction Method, also known as the cantitravel, over-the-top or cantilevered bridge method, is a common method of constructing pile-and-deck trestles which has been used successfully around the world. This method uses a span by span approach for building the trest...
Marine Facilities	The structural design is typically optimized to suit the construction methodology in terms of the selected member sizes, spans, materials, connections, detailing, etc. As mentioned above, the working platform, also known as a cantitraveler or cantilevered bridge is a primary piece of equipment required for cantilev...
Marine Facilities	In general terms the construction cycle for any given pile foundation starts with the installation of the piles. The installation of the piles is followed by the erection and assembly of the transverse pile cap which essentially completes the pile bent foundation. Depending on the construction process, once a pile bent...
Marine Facilities	Construction Equipment Selection and design of the required construction equipment is integral with both the trestle design and the chosen construction methodology. The design of the trestle itself will typically be developed with consideration of the intended construction equipment, sequencing and overall process. Lik...
Marine Facilities	Cantitraveler Platform A cantitraveler platform as shown in Figure 3-2 is made up of a main carriage frame that supports a work deck for the crawler crane, equipment, and personnel. The main frame of the cantitraveler is mounted on steel wheel bogies which ride on rails attached to the top flanges of heavy rail girders...
Marine Facilities	Cantilevered Bridge Another type of platform which may be used in cantilevered construction is the cantilevered bridge as shown in Figure 3-3. A cantilevered bridge is comprised of a steel through-truss which extends over multiple spans of the trestle. The bridge has a platform on its upper chords for supporting a craw...
Marine Facilities	Crane The required crane size is directly related to the trestle span and weight of the structural members required to be installed by the crane. As the spans increase, the crane reach increases and a larger crane is required to lift the same weight at the extended reach. Also, as the span increases, in general, so wil...
Marine Facilities	The maximum size of crawler crane that local marine contractors have in their fleets is 350 tonnes. Although the trestle designs currently call for 36 m spans, as discussed above, it is likely that the trestle span will need to be reduced or temporary spud piles used to accommodate the Cantilever Method. Past projects ...
Marine Facilities	Construction Sequencing The basic construction cycle for building a trestle span, as shown in Figure 3-4, consists of the following general construction steps: 1. Installation of piles; 2. Installation of pile cap; 3. Installation of temporary longitudinal bracing; 4. Transfer of rail girders; 5. Movement of cantitrave...
Marine Facilities	Depending on the design and geotechnical conditions, the pipe piles may be either driven into the seabed overburden material, or driven through the overburden material and then drilled into the underlying bedrock to achieve the required bottom fixity. Various techniques for driving and drilling piles are described in m...
Marine Facilities	After all the piles for a particular bent have been installed and cut-off to the proper elevation, the pile cap is erected and attached to the pile heads thus completing the pile bent foundation. The connection between the pile heads and the pile cap varies depending on the type of materials used in the design: 1. For ...
Marine Facilities	Similar to the Marine-Based Method, placement of scour protection around the perimeter of each pile would be conducted soon after pile installation. The scour protection could be placed via marine-based methods using tidal windows and a flat deck barge equipped with an excavator or front end loader and a stockpile of r...
Marine Facilities	Cantilever Construction Schedule and Equipment Profile Mobilization and start-up includes assembly of the construction platform and crane over open waters. The initial pile bents will be installed using marine-based methods and then the cantilever work platform can be erected from barges using marine derricks so that t...
Marine Facilities	Once the trestle is complete, disassembly of the heavy construction crane and travelling platform will be conducted using floating marine derricks which will lift the crane and platform components onto flat deck barges for demobilization. The disassembly and demobilization process is estimated to take several weeks. Th...
Marine Facilities	Although marine derricks and scows would not be required for the Cantilever Construction Method other than the initial mobilization, delivery of piles and other construction materials will be required using supply barges. In shallow waters the supply barge movements would be dependent on tidal windows while for those s...
Marine Facilities	Pile Driving Techniques The pile installation techniques described below are applicable to either Cantilever or Marine Based Methods. The steel pipe piles proposed for the trestle foundations will be supplied in approximately 12 m (40 ft) long sections and will require welding to be assembled and spliced into their fin...
Marine Facilities	Once a pile is positioned by a crane and set into the seabed, it needs to be driven through the overburden material until it reaches bedrock. A pile may be driven either closed-ended or open-ended depending on the design requirements and geotechnical conditions. However if the pile is required to be socketed into the b...
Marine Facilities	Once the bedrock is reached, the impact hammer will drive the piles approximately 1 m into the bedrock to properly seat the pile and/or seal it for socketing. Although an impact hammer will be noisier than a vibratory hammer, it will only be required for a short duration to drive the pile the remaining depth and tap ...
Marine Facilities	Pile Drilling Techniques The pile drilling techniques described below are applicable to either Cantilever or Marine Based Methods. Driving piles into rock is not feasible, unless the rock is very soft and weak. Therefore for most types of rock, drilling equipment and techniques must be employed to fix piles into the ro...
Marine Facilities	For installing a pile into rock, initially the pipe pile must be driven a certain distance into the bedrock in order to seal the hole and prevent overburden material from sloughing in as the hole is advanced past the tip of the pipe pile. Various drill bits and techniques may be employed depending on the type of rock...
Marine Facilities	For a rock doweled pile, the hole must be drilled with a diameter large enough to allow the pile itself to be inserted. However, since the drill bit is generally smaller than the piles inside diameter (so that it may be inserted into the pile) special techniques must be used to drill an oversized hole. One method is t...
Marine Facilities	A third method for installing a rock dowel involves the use of a large diameter pipe casing. Using the same techniques as for piles, the oversized casing is driven down, sealed into the rock and cleaned out. Using standard rock socket drill techniques, a hole is drilled in the rock that is smaller than the casing but l...
Marine Facilities	MOF Construction Methodologies There are various design configurations for the MOF and as such the construction methodology will be tailored to suit the type of marine structure selected by the EPC contractor. Unlike the other marine facilities however, the MOF also has a requirement to dredge rock and sediment within ...
Marine Facilities	An estimated 200,000 m3 of marine sediment will have to be dredged prior to the commencement of the drilling blasting activities. All sediment will be disposed at sea in Browns Passage. The most common equipment for dredging marine sediments is a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD). The TSHD is a self propelled ves...
Marine Facilities	Drilling and Blasting Drilling and blasting is used to fragment the rock layers with explosives. Drilled holes are filled with explosives and laid out in a grid pattern. A common pattern for blasting operations consists of drilling holes of about 130 mm in diameter in a 3 m x 3 m square grid. The blasting material most...
Marine Facilities	Marine-Based Equipment The most common equipment for drilling in offshore areas is a jack-up barge (also known as a self elevating platform) equipped with multiple drilling towers. The jack-up barge consists of a floating pontoon with movable spuds, capable of raising its hull above water surface. An example of jack-up...
Marine Facilities	Land Based Equipment The upland area will be drilled with mobile drilling rigs and will need road access and level terrain for stability. Drilling rigs can be deployed on wheels or on tracks as shown in Figure 6-2. Therefore, it will be necessary to fill some upland areas to create level access to the rigs. Shallow are...
Marine Facilities	Marine Based Equipment The most suitable equipment for recovering blasted rock is the marine backhoe dredger (BHD), as shown in Figure 6-3. BHD is a stationary water-based excavator mounted on a dedicated dredging pontoon that has a rotating table. The position and stability is maintained by three spud poles, where two...
Marine Facilities	BHDs are becoming the dredging equipment of choice as dredging operations and projects have expanded. This equipment can dig at greater depths and have greater installed power, therefore can be utilized cost-effectively in heterogeneous soils containing a mixture of clay, sand, cobbles and boulders. Because BHDs can ge...
Marine Facilities	The main advantage of using a BHD is its ability to dig into hard soils containing boulders or debris due to its hydraulic power and can reach water depths up to 20 m. The main disadvantage of BHD is that it mainly relies on the pontoons buoyancy to support its weight as the pontoon spuds do not have the capacity to c...
Marine Facilities	It is suggested that rock disposal site be positioned on intertidal area with access to landbased equipment once water level drops. According to client communication the dredged rock will be used for civil works. Therefore, the split barge would have to dump the rock disposal material as close as possible to shore at h...
Marine Facilities	Land Based Equipment The most suitable equipment to dredge the upland areas as well as the intertidal areas that are inaccessible by a marine-based BHD, is an elevated land-based backhoe excavator mounted on an under-carriage with spread tracks as shown in Figure 6-4. This versatile equipment can operate at water depth...
Marine Facilities	Phasing and Schedule Marine sediment dredging equipment will have to be mobilized prior to drilling and blasting activities and rock dredging. It is recommended that the faster dredging method be selected in order to avoid delays in the schedule. Drilling and blasting activities will be performed from the same equipmen...
Marine Facilities	Construction Methodology The exact construction methodology for the MOF will be dependent on the type of marine structure selected by the EPC contractor. Based on the currently proposed FEED designs, the MOF is comprised of two wharf structures which, depending on the design concept, may be constructed using Concrete C...
Marine Facilities	For Steel Sheet Pile Bulkhead structures, a marine derrick and flat deck scow would be required similar to the Pile and Deck design. The marine derrick would use a vibratory hammer to install the sheet piles into the overburden sediments, thereby limiting noise levels. The flat deck scow would be used to stockpile the ...
Marine Facilities	For the Concrete Caisson concept, again the basic marine construction equipment deployed would be a marine derrick and flat deck scow. In addition, a hopper barge may be used for the initial placement of the engineered fill for the caisson mattress pad. The installation of concrete caissons will require more dredging a...
Marine Facilities	Construction Schedule and Equipment Profile The overall estimated construction schedule for the MOF construction is 12 months. Regardless of the configuration of the MOF wharf structures, the basic marine construction equipment deployed would be a spud barge type marine derrick and a flat deck scow. The activities perf...
Marine Facilities	Progression of Marine Facilities Design Although the marine facilities design has been advanced to a level sufficient for the purposes of planning and permitting, the design will be subject to change prior to the finalization of the design details. The current design details which have been submitted as part of the EA ...
Marine Facilities	Construction Schedule and Equipment Profile A summary of the estimated construction schedules and equipment profiles discussed above for each marine construction site is given in Figure 7-1. For the sake of conservatism, marine based construction methods have been assumed for all applicable construction sites, since th...
Marine Facilities	Daily transits are expected for much of the working vessels as they are deployed and recalled to accommodate tidal restrictions, weather conditions, material resupply, and work shift requirements. Staging areas and anchorages can be located to minimize disruptions to marine traffic. During construction activities much ...
Mining Concentrator Plants	The 40 ft (12.2 m) diameter 20 MW Cadia gearless SAG mill, was commissioned. This was a leap of over 40% above the largest operating SAG mill. A significant saving in capital cost gave the incentive necessary for a single mill line at Cadia, resulting in the selection of the 40 ft (12.2 m) diameter mill. Now, after 18 ...
Offshore Design & Installation	A typical subsea oil and gas field consists mainly of Xmas trees, manifolds, termination units and pipelines. The central in a subsea field is the manifold. It is the link between the subsea field and the production facility. The manifold consists of a network of pipes and valves for gathering and distribution of the...
Offshore Design & Installation	Platform solution Per definition, in this context (thesis), a platform is all kinds of offshore surface units, like fixed platforms, floaters, FPSOs, etc. used in conjunction with offshore oil and gas production. If a subsea field is connected to a platform in such way that the produced oil and gas is transported to th...
Offshore Design & Installation	Subsea-to-shore solution For this type of subsea solution, all produced oil and gas is transported (tie-back) to an onshore facility for processing. The transportation is in a long export flowline. The subsea fields Snøhvit and Ormen Lange, which are well known in Norway, comprise the subsea-to-shore solution.
Offshore Design & Installation	SUBSEA PIPELINE CONNECTIONS Subsea pipeline connections can be differentiated between pipe-to-pipe connections Pipe-to-pipe connection is the definition when to pipelines are connected to operate as one pipeline E.g If a long export flowline from shore is to be connected to a subsea facility, a spool is requir...
Offshore Design & Installation	PIPELINE END TERMINATION (PLET) A pipe-to-pipe connection can take place when a riser is connected to a subsea installed pipeline, or when an export flowline is connected to a spool. These types of connections, compared to the pipe-to-structure connections, do not have a given substructure for support. For a pipe-t...
Offshore Design & Installation	Figure 1.11 (overleaf) illustrates a difference between a platform solution and a subsea to- shore solution with respect to the use of a PLET. For the subsea-to-shore solution, the PLET is positioned at the connection point between the export flowline and a spool as the flowline cannot be connected directly into the ma...
Offshore Design & Installation	Generally, a PLET is positioned where a flowline is connected to a spool. Most of the flowlines in a subsea field are rigid pipelines (section 2.1), and spools are then required between the flowlines and the connection points on the subsea facilities to compensate the thermal expansions in the flowlines
Offshore Design & Installation	SUBSEA PIPELINES The most common way to fabricate a subsea pipeline is to weld a large number of pipe joints into each other on a special lay-vessel at the same time as the pipeline is lowered and installed on the seabed. Typical pipeline material is carbon steel or a type of alloy. Pipelines are generally regarded as ...
Offshore Design & Installation	Installation methods S-lay Pipe joints are welded to a pipeline on a lay-vessel. From the lay-vessel the pipeline appear as an S-curve to the seabed J-lay Pipe joints are welded to a pipeline on the lay-vessel. The welding is done with the pipe joints in vertical position Installation of spools and jumpers to a subse...
Offshore Design & Installation	PLET example 1 Figure 2.4 shows the PLET (fixed end), the termination (movable end) and the configuration before and after the connection operation. The termination is landed on the PLET, close to the Porch. A ROV operated connection tool executes the pull-in operation by pulling the termination towards the Porch. A to...
Offshore Design & Installation	Design challenges for flowline systems As offshore oil and gas production is moving into deeper waters, the risk of hydrate plugging and wax formation in flowlines increases, as does the cost of remediating any such plugs [45]. Hydrate and wax formation in subsea flowlines will cause undesired fluid properties and even...
Offshore Design & Installation	Risers A riser is a pipe or assembly of flexible or rigid pipes used to transfer produced fluids from the seabed to surface facilities, and transfer injection or control fluids from the surface facilities to the seabed [50]. Riser connects subsea to topside [12]. There are different types of risers [12]: ? Drilling Ris...
Offshore Design & Installation	Flexible risers Flexible pipes have been successful solutions for deep and shallow water riser and flowline systems worldwide. In such applications the flexible pipe section may be used along the entire riser length or limited to short dynamic sections such as jumpers.
Offshore Design & Installation	Steel catenary risers A Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) is a prolongation of a sub-sea pipeline attached to a floating production structure in a catenary shape. SCR lines are commonly subjected to fatigue loads, particularly in the touchdown zone, due to platform movements, Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) and sea currents. ...
Offshore Design & Installation	Primary Functions of Umbilicals An umbilical is defined as an assembly of fluid conduits, electrical and fibre optic cables, either on their own or in combination with each other, cabled together for flexibility
Offshore Design & Installation	Glycol dehydration (absorption) is the most commonly used method of natural gas dehydration. Glycol has the advantages of having a high affinity for water vapor, is non-corrosive and is fairly easy to regenerate with low chemical losses
Offshore Design & Installation	Operation Wet gas is injected into the bottom of an Absorber Column, also known as a Contactor, while lean or dry glycol is injected near the top. The glycol then cascades over a number of trays within the contactor, comingling the glycol with the gas stream; the lean glycol has an affinity for water vapor, which bonds...
Offshore Design & Installation	Amine Treatment Plant Processes The alkanolamine treatment process is the most commonly used process to sweeten natural gas. These are commonly referred to as amine treatment processes or plants. The most common alkanolamines used are Monethanolamine Diethanolamine Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) Other amines that ...
Offshore Design & Installation	The sour natural gas normally runs through an inlet scrubber to remove any slugs of liquid, liquid HC, grit or sand from the gas stream. After the scrubber the gas is introduced into the bottom of an absorber or contactor tower. Lean amine (amine that has been stripped of H?S and CO?) is injected into the top of the to...
Offshore Design & Installation	The now rich amine (amine that has absorbed H?S and CO?) is run through a flash tank separator to remove any natural gas that may have carried over in the rich amine. Any liquid HCs are removed via conventional oil/water separation in this separator and the rich amine is drained from the bottom of the flash tank separa...
Offshore Design & Installation	The rich amine is then preheated by a heat exchanger utilizing heat from the lean amine, which must be cooled before being reinjected to the contactor. The rich amine is injected into the top of a stripper column (regenerator) which is packed with trays. As the rich amine flows down through the regenerator column, it...
Offshore Design & Installation	The acid gas containing the concentrated H?S and CO? are sent to a flare, incinerator, reinjection to a depleted well, sulfur recovery or other disposal method. The lean amine is then sent through a filter followed by an activated charcoal filter to remove any particulate matter that may have been picked up during the ...

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