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Boatswain | A boatswain ( BOH-sən, formerly and dialectally also BOHT-swayn), bo's'n, bos'n, or bosun, also known as a deck boss, or a qualified member of the deck department, is the most senior rate of the deck department and is responsible for the components of a ship's hull. The boatswain supervises the other members of the ship's deck department, and typically is not a watchstander, except on vessels with small crews. Additional duties vary depending upon ship, crew, and circumstances. |
IgG4-related skin disease | IgG4-related skin disease is the recommended name for skin manifestations in IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Multiple different skin manifestations have been described. |
Formula 1 (video game) | Formula 1 is a racing video game developed by Bizarre Creations and published by Psygnosis for PlayStation and Microsoft Windows. It is the first installment in Sony's Formula One series. |
Bacon in the fabliaux | In fabliaux, bacon is one of the most commonly consumed foodstuffs, alongside capons and geese, cakes, bread, and wine. |
Aerial dance | Aerial modern dance is a subgenre of modern dance first recognized in the United States in the 1970s. The choreography incorporates an apparatus that is often attached to the ceiling, allowing performers to explore space in three dimensions. The ability to incorporate vertical, as well as horizontal movement paths, allows for innovations in choreography and movement. |
Landau's problems | At the 1912 International Congress of Mathematicians, Edmund Landau listed four basic problems about prime numbers. These problems were characterised in his speech as "unattackable at the present state of mathematics" and are now known as Landau's problems. They are as follows: Goldbach's conjecture: Can every even integer greater than 2 be written as the sum of two primes? Twin prime conjecture: Are there infinitely many primes p such that p + 2 is prime? Legendre's conjecture: Does there always exist at least one prime between consecutive perfect squares? Are there infinitely many primes p such that p − 1 is a perfect square? In other words: Are there infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1?As of August 2023, all four problems are unresolved. |
Hard candy | A hard candy (American English), or boiled sweet (British English), is a sugar candy prepared from one or more sugar-based syrups that is heated to a temperature of 160 °C (320 °F) to make candy. Among the many hard candy varieties are stick candy such as the candy cane, lollipops, rock, aniseed twists, and bêtises de Cambrai. "Boiled" is a misnomer, as sucrose (a disaccharide) melts fully at approximately 186 °C. Further heating breaks it into glucose and fructose molecules before it can vaporize.Most hard candy is nearly 100% sugar by weight, with a tiny amount of other ingredients for color or flavor, and negligible water content in the final product. Recipes for hard candy may use syrups of sucrose, glucose, fructose or other sugars. Sugar-free versions have also been created. |
OCC-1 | OCC-1 (overexpressed in colon carcinoma-1) is a protein, which in humans is encoded by the gene C12orf75. The gene is approximately 40,882 bp long and encodes 63 amino acids. OCC-1 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body. OCC-1 has shown to be overexpressed in various colon carcinomas.
Novel splice variant of this gene was also detected in various human cancer types; in addition to encoding a novel smaller protein (51 amino acids), OCC-1 gene produces a non-protein coding RNA splice variant lncRNA (called OCC-D variant). |
Pixel Visual Core | The Pixel Visual Core (PVC) is a series of ARM-based system in package (SiP) image processors designed by Google. The PVC is a fully programmable image, vision and AI multi-core domain-specific architecture (DSA) for mobile devices and in future for IoT.
It first appeared in the Google Pixel 2 and 2 XL which were introduced on October 19, 2017. It has also appeared in the Google Pixel 3 and 3 XL. Starting with the Pixel 4, this chip was replaced with the Pixel Neural Core. |
FREAK | FREAK ("Factoring RSA Export Keys") is a security exploit of a cryptographic weakness in the SSL/TLS protocols introduced decades earlier for compliance with U.S. cryptography export regulations. These involved limiting exportable software to use only public key pairs with RSA moduli of 512 bits or less (so-called RSA_EXPORT keys), with the intention of allowing them to be broken easily by the National Security Agency (NSA), but not by other organizations with lesser computing resources. However, by the early 2010s, increases in computing power meant that they could be broken by anyone with access to relatively modest computing resources using the well-known Number Field Sieve algorithm, using as little as $100 of cloud computing services. Combined with the ability of a man-in-the-middle attack to manipulate the initial cipher suite negotiation between the endpoints in the connection and the fact that the Finished hash only depended on the master secret, this meant that a man-in-the-middle attack with only a modest amount of computation could break the security of any website that allowed the use of 512-bit export-grade keys. While the exploit was only discovered in 2015, its underlying vulnerabilities had been present for many years, dating back to the 1990s. |
Atomic ratio | The atomic ratio is a measure of the ratio of atoms of one kind (i) to another kind (j). A closely related concept is the atomic percent (or at.%), which gives the percentage of one kind of atom relative to the total number of atoms. The molecular equivalents of these concepts are the molar fraction, or molar percent. |
Bear-in-the-hole Static Rook | In shogi, Bear-in-the-hole Static Rook or Anaguma Static Rook (居飛車穴熊 ibisha anaguma) is a Static Rook opening that utilizes a Bear-in-the-hole castle. It is typically played against Ranging Rook opponents. |
Mathematical structure | In mathematics, a structure is a set endowed with some additional features on the set (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology). Often, the additional features are attached or related to the set, so as to provide it with some additional meaning or significance.
A partial list of possible structures are measures, algebraic structures (groups, fields, etc.), topologies, metric structures (geometries), orders, events, equivalence relations, differential structures, and categories. |
Granule cell | The name granule cell has been used for a number of different types of neurons whose only common feature is that they all have very small cell bodies. Granule cells are found within the granular layer of the cerebellum, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the superficial layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the olfactory bulb, and the cerebral cortex. |
DEC PRISM | PRISM (Parallel Reduced Instruction Set Machine) was a 32-bit RISC instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It was the outcome of a number of DEC research projects from the 1982–1985 time-frame, and the project was subject to continually changing requirements and planned uses that delayed its introduction. This process eventually decided to use the design for a new line of Unix workstations. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) of the microPrism version had completed design in April 1988 and samples were fabricated, but the design of other components like the floating point unit (FPU) and memory management unit (MMU) were still not complete in the summer when DEC management decided to cancel the project in favor of MIPS-based systems. An operating system codenamed MICA was developed for the PRISM architecture, which would have served as a replacement for both VAX/VMS and ULTRIX on PRISM.PRISM's cancellation had significant effects within DEC. Many of the team members left the company over the next year, notably Dave Cutler who moved to Microsoft and led the development of Windows NT. The MIPS-based workstations were moderately successful among DEC's existing Ultrix users but had little success competing against companies like Sun Microsystems. Meanwhile, DEC's cash-cow VAX line grew increasingly less performant as new RISC designs outperformed even the top-of-the-line VAX 9000. As the company explored the future of the VAX they concluded that a PRISM-like processor with a few additional changes could address all of these markets. Starting where PRISM left off, the DEC Alpha program started in 1989. |
Data-flow diagram | A data-flow diagram is a way of representing a flow of data through a process or a system (usually an information system). The DFD also provides information about the outputs and inputs of each entity and the process itself. A data-flow diagram has no control flow — there are no decision rules and no loops. Specific operations based on the data can be represented by a flowchart.There are several notations for displaying data-flow diagrams. The notation presented above was described in 1979 by Tom DeMarco as part of structured analysis. |
Smoked sable | Smoked sable (also known as sable, sablefish, or smoked black cod), is sablefish that has been smoked. Smoked sable is often prepared with paprika. |
Zero wait state | Zero wait state is a feature of a processor or computer architecture in which the processor does not have to wait to perform memory access. Non-zero wait state describes the situation when a processor operates at a higher frequency than the memory, it has a wait state during which the processor is idle. |
Syntrophomonas | Syntrophomonas is a bacterial genus from the family of Syntrophomonadaceae. |
OR13C9 | Olfactory receptor 13C9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR13C9 gene.Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms. |
ㄴ | Nieun (sign: ㄴ; (Korean: 니은) is the second consonant of the Korean alphabet. The Unicode for ㄴ is U+3134. It makes an 'n' sound. The IPA pronunciation is [n]. |
Gazzi-Dickinson method | The Gazzi-Dickinson method is a point-counting technique used in geology to statistically measure the components of a sedimentary rock, chiefly sandstone. The main focus (and most controversial) part of the technique is counting all sand-sized components as separate grains, regardless of what they are connected to. Gazzi-Dickinson point counting is used in the creation of ternary diagrams, such as QFL diagrams. |
Surface feet per minute | Surface feet per minute (SFPM or SFM) is the combination of a physical quantity (surface speed) and an imperial and American customary unit (feet per minute or FPM). It is defined as the number of linear feet that a location on a rotating component travels in one minute. Its most common use is in the measurement of cutting speed (surface speed) in machining. It is a unit of velocity that describes how fast the cutting edge of the cutting tool travels. It correlates directly to the machinability of the workpiece material and the hardness of the cutting tool material. It relates to spindle speed via variables such as cutter diameter (for rotating cutters) or workpiece diameter (for lathe work). |
Addition principle | In combinatorics, the addition principle or rule of sum is a basic counting principle. Stated simply, it is the intuitive idea that if we have A number of ways of doing something and B number of ways of doing another thing and we can not do both at the same time, then there are A+B ways to choose one of the actions. In mathematical terms, the addition principle states that, for disjoint sets A and B, we have |A∪B|=|A|+|B| .The rule of sum is a fact about set theory.The addition principle can be extended to several sets. If S1,S2,…,Sn are pairwise disjoint sets, then we have:This statement can be proven from the addition principle by induction on n. |
Meta noise | Meta noise refers to inaccurate or irrelevant metadata. This is particularly prevalent in systems with a schema not based on a controlled vocabulary, such as certain folksonomies.Examples: misspelled tags (wihte instead of white), or tags with multiple spellings (hip-hop and hip hop) obviously inaccurate or joke tags (dog on a content object featuring only a cat) On systems open to large user groups, tags which are understood by only a minority of users. |
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | A pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia. As it rarely occurs as squamous or cuboidal epithelia, it is usually considered synonymous with the term pseudostratified columnar epithelium. |
Neuroscience of religion | The neuroscience of religion, also known as neurotheology and as spiritual neuroscience, attempts to explain religious experience and behaviour in neuroscientific terms. It is the study of correlations of neural phenomena with subjective experiences of spirituality and hypotheses to explain these phenomena. This contrasts with the psychology of religion which studies mental, rather than neural states.
Proponents of the neuroscience of religion say there is a neurological and evolutionary basis for subjective experiences traditionally categorized as spiritual or religious. The field has formed the basis of several popular science books. |
Michelin PAX System | The Michelin PAX is an automobile run-flat tire system that utilizes a special type of rim and tire to allow temporary use of a wheel if its tire is punctured. The core of Michelin's PAX system is the semi-rigid ring installed onto the rim using special equipment. It provides support to the tire and its sidewall to allow emergency operation at limited speed until such time as the tire can be replaced. Cars that use the system include supercars like the Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4, luxury cars like the Rolls-Royce Phantom, and more common vehicles like the Honda Odyssey and Nissan Quest. |
DocBook XSL | The DocBook XSL stylesheets are a set of XSLT stylesheets for the XML-based DocBook language. |
Indium(III) sulfide | Indium(III) sulfide (Indium sesquisulfide, Indium sulfide (2:3), Indium (3+) sulfide) is the inorganic compound with the formula In2S3. |
PVC Bendit | PVC Bendit is a tool that uses heat to soften PVC pipe from the inside. It consists of an electrical resistance heating element jacketed in a metal hose with a power supply cable. It is primarily used to bend PVC pipe, though it can also be used to bend other thermoplastic tubes and sheets. It works by bringing up the temperature of the pipe or sheet to the softening point of 176 degrees or higher. Naturally, the longer the pipe is on the bender, the hotter and softer it will get. Once the pipe is softened, it can be formed into different shapes within the limitations of the material. When cooled, the pipe will retain all of the properties of the original material, but it will have additional stress on the points of the pipe that are stretched or compressed in the bending process. |
LiteOS | Huawei Lite OS was a lightweight real-time operating system (RTOS) developed by Huawei. It is an open source, POSIX compliant operating system for Internet of things (IoT) devices, released under a three-clause BSD license. Microcontrollers of different architectures such as ARM (M0/3/4/7, A7/17/53, ARM9/11), x86, and RISC-V are supported by the project. Huawei LiteOS is part of Huawei's '1+8+N' Internet of Things solution, and has been featured in a number of open source development kits and industry offerings.Smartwatches by Huawei and its former Honor brand run LiteOS. LiteOS has since been incorporated into the IoT-oriented HarmonyOS with open source OpenHarmony. |
UBAP1 | Ubiquitin-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBAP1 gene.This gene is a member of the ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) family, whose members include proteins having connections to ubiquitin and the ubiquitination pathway. The ubiquitin associated domain is thought to be a non-covalent ubiquitin-binding domain consisting of a compact three-helix bundle. This particular protein originates from a gene locus in a refined region on chromosome 9 undergoing loss of heterozygosity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Taking into account its cytogenetic location, this UBA domain family member is being studies as a putative target for mutation in nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Truncating Mutations in UBAP1 Cause Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. |
VIVO (software) | VIVO is a web-based, open-source suite of computer software for managing data about researchers, scientists, and faculty members. VIVO uses Semantic Web techniques to represent people and their work. As of 2020, it is used by dozens of universities and the United States Department of Agriculture. |
Plate (dishware) | A plate is a broad, mainly flat vessel on which food can be served. A plate can also be used for ceremonial or decorative purposes. Most plates are circular, but they may be any shape, or made of any water-resistant material. Generally plates are raised round the edges, either by a curving up, or a wider lip or raised portion. Vessels with no lip, especially if they have a more rounded profile, are likely to be considered as bowls or dishes, as are very large vessels with a plate shape. Plates are dishware, and tableware. Plates in wood, pottery and metal go back into antiquity in many cultures. |
Floptical | Floptical refers to a type of floppy disk drive that combines magnetic and optical technologies to store data on media similar to standard 3+1⁄2-inch floppy disks. The name is a portmanteau of the words "floppy" and "optical". It refers specifically to one brand of drive and disk system, but is also used more generically to refer to any system using similar techniques. |
Adaptive voltage scaling | Adaptive voltage scaling (AVS) is a closed-loop dynamic power minimization technique that adjusts the voltage supplied to a computer chip to match the chip's power needs during operation. Many computer chips, especially those in mobile devices or Internet of things devices are constrained by the power available (for example, they are limited to the power stored in a battery) and face varying workloads. In other situations a chip may be constrained by the amount of heat it is allowed to generate. In addition, individual chips can vary in their efficiency due to many factors, including minor differences in manufacturing conditions. AVS allows the voltage supplied to the chip, and therefore its power consumption, to be continuously adjusted to be appropriate to the workload and the parameters of the specific chip. This is accomplished by integrating a device that monitors the performance of the chip (a hardware performance manager) into the chip, which then provides information to a power controller.AVS is similar in its goal to dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). All three approaches aim to reduce power usage and heat generation. However AVS adapts the voltage directly to the conditions on the chip, allowing it to address real-time power requirements as well as chip-to-chip variations and changes in performance that occur as the chip ages. |
Cytochrome c nitrite reductase | Cytochrome c nitrite reductase (ccNiR) (EC 1.7.2.2) is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the six electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia; an important step in the biological nitrogen cycle. The enzyme catalyses the second step in the two step conversion of nitrate to ammonia, which allows certain bacteria to use nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor, rather than oxygen, during anaerobic conditions. During this process, ccNiR draws electrons from the quinol pool, which are ultimately provided by a dehydrogenase such as formate dehydrogenase or hydrogenase. These dehydrogenases are responsible for generating a proton motive force.Cytochrome c Nitrite Reductase is a homodimer which contains five c-type heme cofactors per monomer. Four of the heme centers are bis-histidine ligated and presumably serve to shuttle electrons to the active site. The active site heme, however, is uniquely ligated by a single lysine residue. |
Cabotegravir | Cabotegravir, sold under the brand name Vocabria among others, is a antiretroviral medication used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is available in the form of tablets and as an intramuscular injection, as well as in an injectable combination with rilpivirine under the brand name Cabenuva.It is an integrase inhibitor with a carbamoyl pyridone structure similar to that of dolutegravir.In December 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved cabotegravir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in at-risk people under the brand name Apretude. |
COVID Moonshot | COVID Moonshot is a collaborative open-science project started in March 2020 with the goal of developing an un-patented oral antiviral drug to treat SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. |
GraphHopper | GraphHopper is an open-source routing library and server written in Java and provides a web interface called GraphHopper Maps as well as a routing API over HTTP. It runs on the server, desktop, Android, iOS or Raspberry Pi. By default OpenStreetMap data for the road network and elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission is used. |
Karen Aardal | Karen I. Aardal (born 1961) is a Norwegian and Dutch applied mathematician, theoretical computer scientist, and operations researcher. Her research involves combinatorial optimization, integer programming, approximation algorithms, and facility location, with applications such as positioning emergency vehicles to optimize their response time. She is a professor in the Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics at the Delft University of Technology, and the chair of the Mathematical Optimization Society for the 2016–2019 term. |
Gliese 357 d | Gliese 357 d is an exoplanet, considered to be a "Super-Earth" within the circumstellar habitable zone of its parent star. The planet orbits GJ 357, 31 light-years from the Solar System, The system is part of the Hydra constellation.The planet was discovered by the TESS team and announced in July 2019. The data confirming the presence of the planet was uncovered in ground based observation dating back to 1998 while confirming the TESS detection of GJ 357 b, a “hot earth” that orbits much closer to the parent star. Even though GJ 357d is 20% closer to GJ 357 than Earth is to the Sun, GJ 357 is much smaller than the Sun. So it receives as much energy as Mars. As a result it is estimated the average temperature is -64°F (-53°C) but this temperature is survivable for humans, if there is a thick enough atmosphere the actual temperature could be much higher. If humans traveled there using modern spacecraft, it would take them about 660,000 years to get there. The planet is 6 times more massive than Earth and twice Earth's size. |
Boat service | A boat service is regularly scheduled transport using one or more boats, typically on a river, at a set charge, normally depending on the length of the trip and the type of passenger. The service may only be available for foot passengers. |
NiCo riboswitch | The NiCo riboswitch is a riboswitch that senses nickel or cobalt ions. Thus, it is an RNA molecule that specifically binds these metal ions, and regulates genes accordingly. The riboswitch is thought to be a part of a system that responds to toxic levels of these metal ions, although the riboswitch might also participate in dealing with the situation where insufficient levels of these trace elements are present in the cell. The crystal structure of a NiCo riboswitch has been determined, and available evidence suggests that the riboswitches bind their metal-ion ligands cooperatively. |
Environmental disease | In epidemiology, environmental diseases are diseases that can be directly attributed to environmental factors (as distinct from genetic factors or infection). Apart from the true monogenic genetic disorders, which are rare, environment is a major determinant of the development of disease. Diet, exposure to toxins, pathogens, radiation, and chemicals found in almost all personal care products and household cleaners, stress, racism, and physical and mental abuse are causes of a large segment of non-hereditary disease. If a disease process is concluded to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factor influences, its etiological origin can be referred to as having a multifactorial pattern. |
Guard hair | Guard hair or overhair is the outer layer of hair of most mammals, which overlay the fur. Guard hairs are long and coarse and protect the rest of the pelage (fur) from abrasion and frequently from moisture. They are visible on the surface of the fur and usually lend a characteristic contour and colour pattern. Underneath the contour hair is the short, dense, fine down. There are three types of guard hair: awns, bristles, and spines. |
Cripple punk | The cripple punk movement, also known as cpunk, crippunk, or cr*pple punk, is a social movement regarding physical disability rights that rejects inspirational portrayals of those with physical disabilities on the sole basis of their physical disability.Started by Tyler Trewhella in 2014 on Tumblr, the movement draws inspiration from ideas and values of the punk subculture. It challenges the idea that people with physical disabilities need to appear morally good to deserve the conditional support of able-bodied people, and instead advocates for the solidarity of physically disabled people who appear not to conform to normative standards through their appearance, body size, dress, use of a mobility aid, drug use, or physical deformity. |
Heat escape lessening position | The heat escape lessening position (HELP) is a human position to reduce heat loss while immersed in cold water. |
4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain | 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A2 (solute carrier family 3 member 2) gene.SLC3A2 comprises the heavy subunit of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) that is also known as CD98 (cluster of differentiation 98). |
Headstarting | Headstarting is a conservation technique for endangered species, in which young animals are raised artificially and subsequently released into the wild. The technique allows a greater proportion of the young to reach independence, without predation or loss to other natural causes.For endangered birds and reptiles, eggs are collected from the wild are hatched using an incubator. For mammals such as Hawaiian monk seals, the young are removed from their mothers after weaning.The technique was trialled on land-based mammals for the first time in Australia. In the three years prior to May 2021, young bridled nail-tail wallabies were placed in a fenced-off area of 10-hectare (25-acre) area within Avocet Nature Refuge in Queensland. The population, safe from their main predator, feral cats, more than doubled over this period. |
Eul-yong Ta | Eul-yong Ta (Korean: 을용타; Hanja: 乙容打) is a South Korean internet phenomenon used to describe the incident when South Korean footballer Lee Eul-yong slapped Chinese forward Li Yi in the back of his head in a match against China in December 2003, or to describe the slap itself. The incident led to numerous parodies in South Korea.
Eul-yong Ta derives its name from Lee Eul-yong, who was carded for slapping Li Yi in the head, and ta (打), which means strike or blow in Hanja. The term would roughly translate as "Eul-yong Strike" or "Eul Yong Smash" in English. |
Nasal palatal approximant | The nasal palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j̃⟩, that is, a j with a tilde. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j~, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ỹ⟩.
The nasal palatal approximant is sometimes called a nasal yod; [j̃] and [w̃] may be called nasal glides. |
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology | The Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It was established in 1882 as the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry by The Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). In 1950 it changed its title to Journal of Applied Chemistry and volume numbering restarted at 1. In 1971 the journal changed its title to Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology and in 1983 it obtained the current title. It covers chemical and biological technology relevant for economically and environmentally sustainable industrial processes. The journal is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Society of Chemical Industry. |
MDGRAPE-4 | MDGRAPE-4 is a supercomputer under development at the RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC) in Suita, Osaka, Japan. |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005 | The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. |
Tunnel injection | Tunnel injection is a field electron emission effect; specifically a quantum process called Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, whereby charge carriers are injected to an electric conductor through a thin layer of an electric insulator. It is used to program NAND flash memory. The process used for erasing is called tunnel release. This injection is achieved by creating a large voltage difference between the gate and the body of the MOSFET. When VGB >> 0, electrons are injected into the floating gate. When VGB << 0, electrons are forced out of the floating gate. |
Camptodactyly, tall stature, and hearing loss syndrome | Camptodactyly, tall stature, and hearing loss syndrome, also known as CATSHL syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder which consists of camptodactyly, tall height, scoliosis, and hearing loss. Occasionally, developmental delay and intellectual disabilities are reported. About 30 (live) people with the disorder have been recorded in medical literature to date (May 2022); 27 people from a four-generation Utah family and 2 brothers from consanguineous Egyptian parents. This disorder is caused by autosomal dominant missense mutations in the FGFR3 gene. |
Pastiche | A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, music, or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche pays homage to the work it imitates, rather than mocking it.The word pastiche is a French cognate of the Italian noun pasticcio, which is a pâté or pie-filling mixed from diverse ingredients. Metaphorically, pastiche and pasticcio describe works that are either composed by several authors, or that incorporate stylistic elements of other artists' work. Pastiche is an example of eclecticism in art. |
Vitalism | Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy", "élan vital" (coined by vitalist Henri Bergson), "vital force", or "vis vitalis", which some equate with the soul. In the 18th and 19th centuries, vitalism was discussed among biologists, between those who felt that the known mechanics of physics would eventually explain the difference between life and non-life and vitalists who argued that the processes of life could not be reduced to a mechanistic process. Vitalist biologists such as Johannes Reinke proposed testable hypotheses meant to show inadequacies with mechanistic explanations, but their experiments failed to provide support for vitalism. Biologists now consider vitalism in this sense to have been refuted by empirical evidence, and hence regard it either as a superseded scientific theory, or, since the mid-20th century, as a pseudoscience.Vitalism has a long history in medical philosophies: many traditional healing practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in vital forces. |
Bunkering | Bunkering is the supplying of fuel for use by ships (such fuel is referred to as bunker), including the logistics of loading and distributing the fuel among available shipboard tanks. A person dealing in trade of bunker (fuel) is called a bunker trader. |
NADPH oxidase | NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that faces the extracellular space. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of phagosomes used by neutrophil white blood cells to engulf microorganisms. Human isoforms of the catalytic component of the complex include NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. |
Super Mutant | Super Mutants are a fictional race of posthuman beings from the post-apocalyptic Fallout video game franchise. The Super Mutants were first introduced in 1997's Fallout as the results of human experimentation with a strain of the Forced Evolutionary Virus (FEV), a genetically engineered viral mutagen which transforms the subjects into a hulking monstrous humanoid form. Within series lore, Super Mutants tend to be depicted as savage and innately violent beings who, as a result of their transformations, lost a substantial amount of intelligence and often have cannibalistic tendencies. While Super Mutants tend to form their own factions or societies and are usually hostile to civilized humans, some have chosen to live peacefully alongside humans in settlements across the post-apocalyptic wasteland. Among the most recognizable and integral elements of the Fallout intellectual property (IP), Super Mutants have appeared in every media of the franchise, and have been the subject of numerous fan mods of Fallout series games. Certain individual Super Mutant characters have been well received by critics for their characterization, although the role the Super Mutant race have played throughout the history of the franchise have been the source of contention for some commentators. |
Oncostatin M | Oncostatin M, also known as OSM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSM gene.OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the interleukin 6 group of cytokines. Of these cytokines it most closely resembles leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in both structure and function. As yet poorly defined, it is proving important in liver development, haematopoeisis, inflammation and possibly CNS development. It is also associated with bone formation and destruction.OSM signals through cell surface receptors that contain the protein gp130. The type I receptor is composed of gp130 and LIFR, the type II receptor is composed of gp130 and OSMR. |
Geographic Regions of the Dominican Republic | The Dominican Republic is divided into three macro-regions, which are in turn divided into ten regions.In 1858 the country was divided in 3 departments: Cibao (North), Ozama (Southwest), and Seybo (Southeast). |
ID3 (gene) | DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ID3 gene. |
Contour currents | The term contour currents was first introduced by Heezen et al in 1966 as bottom currents along the continental shelf driven by Coriolis effects and temperature/salinity dependent density gradients. Generally, the currents flow along depth contours, hence called contour currents. Sediments deposited and shaped by the contour currents are called contourites, which are commonly observed in continental rise. |
Protein poisoning | Protein poisoning (also referred to colloquially as rabbit starvation, mal de caribou, or fat starvation) is an acute form of malnutrition caused by a diet deficient in fat and carbohydrates, where almost all bioavailable calories come from the protein in lean meat. The concept is discussed in the context of paleoanthropological investigations into the diet of ancient humans, especially during the Last Glacial Maximum and at high latitude regions.The term rabbit starvation originates from the fact that rabbit meat is very low in fat, with almost all of its caloric content from the amino acids digested out of skeletal muscle protein, and therefore is a food which, if consumed exclusively, would cause protein poisoning. Animals in harsh, cold environments similarly become lean. The reported symptoms include initial nausea and fatigue, followed by diarrhea and ultimately death. |
Refractive error | Refractive error, also known as refraction error, is a problem with focusing light accurately on the retina due to the shape of the eye and or cornea. The most common types of refractive error are near-sightedness, far-sightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Near-sightedness results in far away objects being blurry, far-sightedness and presbyopia result in close objects being blurry, and astigmatism causes objects to appear stretched out or blurry. Other symptoms may include double vision, headaches, and eye strain.Near-sightedness is due to the length of the eyeball being too long, far-sightedness the eyeball too short, astigmatism the cornea being the wrong shape, and presbyopia aging of the lens of the eye such that it cannot change shape sufficiently. Some refractive errors occur more often among those whose parents are affected. Diagnosis is by eye examination.Refractive errors are corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgery. Eyeglasses are the easiest and safest method of correction. Contact lenses can provide a wider field of vision; however they are associated with a risk of infection. Refractive surgery permanently changes the shape of the cornea.The number of people globally with refractive errors has been estimated at one to two billion. Rates vary between regions of the world with about 25% of Europeans and 80% of Asians affected. Near-sightedness is the most common disorder. Rates among adults are between 15-49% while rates among children are between 1.2-42%. Far-sightedness more commonly affects young children and the elderly. Presbyopia affects most people over the age of 35.The number of people with refractive errors that have not been corrected was estimated at 660 million (10 per 100 people) in 2013. Of these 9.5 million were blind due to the refractive error. It is one of the most common causes of vision loss along with cataracts, macular degeneration, and vitamin A deficiency. |
Umbrella stand | An umbrella stand is a storage device for umbrellas and walking sticks. They are usually located inside the entrance of a home or public building, and are sometimes complemented by a hanger or mirror, or combined with a coat rack. |
Optimal computing budget allocation | In computer science, optimal computing budget allocation (OCBA) is an approach to maximize the overall simulation efficiency for finding an optimal decision. It was introduced in the mid-1990s by Dr. Chun-Hung Chen. |
ABCB11 | ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B member 11 also known as ABCB11 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ABCB11 gene. |
Hybrid electric bus | A hybrid electric bus is a bus that combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. These type of buses normally use a Diesel-electric powertrain and are also known as hybrid Diesel-electric buses.
The introduction of hybrid electric vehicles and other green vehicles for purposes of public transport forms a part of sustainable transport schemes. |
Gold halide | Gold halides are compounds of gold with the halogens. |
Xbox 360 controller | The Xbox 360 controller is the primary game controller for Microsoft's Xbox 360 home video game console that was introduced at E3 2005. The Xbox 360 controller comes in both wired and wireless versions. The Xbox controller is not compatible with the Xbox 360. The wired and wireless versions are also compatible with Microsoft PC operating systems, such as Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10, and Windows 11. |
Comparison of application virtualization software | Application virtualization software refers to both application virtual machines and software responsible for implementing them. Application virtual machines are typically used to allow application bytecode to run portably on many different computer architectures and operating systems. The application is usually run on the computer using an interpreter or just-in-time compilation (JIT). There are often several implementations of a given virtual machine, each covering a different set of functions. |
Dad joke | A dad joke is a joke, typically a pun, often presented as a one-liner or a question and answer, but less often a narrative. Generally inoffensive, dad jokes are stereotypically told with sincere humorous intent or to intentionally provoke a negative reaction to their overly simplistic humor. |
Identric mean | The identric mean of two positive real numbers x, y is defined as: lim lim exp ln ln if else It can be derived from the mean value theorem by considering the secant of the graph of the function ln x . It can be generalized to more variables according by the mean value theorem for divided differences. The identric mean is a special case of the Stolarsky mean. |
Keratin 2A | Keratin 2A also known as keratin 2E or keratin 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT2A gene.Keratin 2A is a type II cytokeratin. It is found largely in the upper spinous layer of epidermal keratinocytes and mutations in the gene encoding this protein have been associated with ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens. |
Floating airport | A floating airport is an airport built and situated on a very large floating structure (VLFS) located many miles out at sea utilizing a flotation type of device or devices such as pneumatic stabilized platform (PSP) technology.
As the population increases and land becomes more expensive and scarce, very large floating structures (VLFS) such as floating airports could help solve land use, pollution and aircraft noise issues. |
PIGA | Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A (PIG-A, or phosphatidylinositol glycan, class A) is the catalytic subunit of the phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzyme, which in humans is encoded by the PIGA gene.This gene encodes a protein required for synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol (GlcNAc-PI), the first intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of GPI anchor. The GPI anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, an acquired hematologic disorder, has been shown to result from somatic mutations in this gene. Alternate splice variants have been characterized.Multiple Congenital Anomalies-Hypotonia-Seizures syndrome type 2 (MCAHS2), also known as PIGA-CDG or PIGA deficiency, has been shown to result from germline mutations in the PIGA gene. |
12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.176) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate + NADP+ ⇌ 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate + NADPH + H+Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate, NADPH, and H+. |
Multiplicative partitions of factorials | Multiplicative partitions of factorials are expressions of values of the factorial function as products of powers of prime numbers. They have been studied by Paul Erdős and others.The factorial of a positive integer is a product of decreasing integer factors, which can in turn be factored into prime numbers. This means that any factorial can be written as a product of powers of primes. For example,If we wish to write {\textstyle 5!} as a product of factors of the form {\textstyle (p_{k})^{b_{k}}} , where each {\textstyle p_{k}} is a prime number, and the factors are sorted in nondecreasing order, then we have three ways of doing so:The number of such "sorted multiplicative partitions" of {\textstyle n!} grows with {\textstyle n} , and is given by the sequence 1, 1, 3, 3, 10, 10, 30, 75, 220, 220, 588, 588, 1568, 3696, 11616, ... (sequence A085288 in the OEIS).Not all sorted multiplicative partitions of a given factorial have the same length. For example, the partitions of {\textstyle 5!} have lengths 4, 3 and 5. In other words, exactly one of the partitions of {\textstyle 5!} has length 5. The number of sorted multiplicative partitions of {\textstyle n!} that have length equal to {\textstyle n} is 1 for {\textstyle n=4} and {\textstyle n=5} , and thereafter increases as 2, 2, 5, 12, 31, 31, 78, 78, 191, 418, 1220, 1220, 3015, ... (sequence A085289 in the OEIS).Consider all sorted multiplicative partitions of {\textstyle n!} that have length {\textstyle n} , and find the partition whose first factor is the largest. (Since the first factor in a partition is the smallest within that partition, this means finding the maximum of all the minima.) Call this factor {\textstyle m(n)} . The value of {\textstyle m(n)} is 2 for {\textstyle n=4} and {\textstyle n=5} , and thereafter grows as 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, ... (sequence A085290 in the OEIS).To express the asymptotic behavior of {\textstyle m(n)} , letAs {\textstyle n} tends to infinity, α(n) approaches a limiting value, the Alladi–Grinstead constant (named for the mathematicians Krishnaswami Alladi and Charles Grinstead). The decimal representation of the Alladi–Grinstead constant begins, 0.80939402054063913071793188059409131721595399242500030424202871504... (sequence A085291 in the OEIS).The exact value of the constant can be written as the exponential of a certain infinite series. Explicitly,where {\textstyle c} is given byThis sum can alternatively be expressed as follows, writing {\textstyle \zeta (n)} for the Riemann zeta function:This series for the constant {\textstyle c} converges more rapidly than the one before. The function {\textstyle m(n)} is constant over stretches of {\textstyle n} , but jumps from 5 to 7, skipping the value 6. Erdős raised the question of how large the gaps in the sequence of {\textstyle m(n)} can grow, and how long the constant stretches can be. |
Negligible function | In mathematics, a negligible function is a function μ:N→R such that for every positive integer c there exists an integer Nc such that for all x > Nc, |μ(x)|<1xc.
Equivalently, we may also use the following definition.
A function μ:N→R is negligible, if for every positive polynomial poly(·) there exists an integer Npoly > 0 such that for all x > Npoly poly (x). |
Log-polar coordinates | In mathematics, log-polar coordinates (or logarithmic polar coordinates) is a coordinate system in two dimensions, where a point is identified by two numbers, one for the logarithm of the distance to a certain point, and one for an angle. Log-polar coordinates are closely connected to polar coordinates, which are usually used to describe domains in the plane with some sort of rotational symmetry. In areas like harmonic and complex analysis, the log-polar coordinates are more canonical than polar coordinates. |
Excisive triad | In topology, a branch of mathematics, an excisive triad is a triple (X;A,B) of topological spaces such that A, B are subspaces of X and X is the union of the interior of A and the interior of B. Note B is not required to be a subspace of A. |
Strip the willow | Strip the willow is a country or barn dance. It has variations depending upon whether it is being performed as a movement in a larger dance or a complete dance in itself.
The form described here is that commonly used as part of a Scottish country dance. |
DOS | DOS (, ) is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. The DOS family primarily consists of Microsoft's MS-DOS and a rebranded version, IBM PC DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-DOS (1993), and FreeDOS (1998). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995. |
ATLO | In aerospace, Assembly, Test, and Launch Operations (ATLO), also known as Mission System Integration and Test (MSIT) is the phase of a spacecraft project that comprises building the spacecraft, testing it, and getting it launched. |
Rib cage | The rib cage is an endoskeletal enclosure in the thorax of most vertebrate animals that comprises the ribs, vertebral column and sternum, which protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs and great vessels. The circumferential enclosure formed by left and right rib cages, together known as the thoracic cage, is a semi-rigid bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the shoulder girdles to form the core part of the axial skeleton. |
Stochastic control | Stochastic control or stochastic optimal control is a sub field of control theory that deals with the existence of uncertainty either in observations or in the noise that drives the evolution of the system. The system designer assumes, in a Bayesian probability-driven fashion, that random noise with known probability distribution affects the evolution and observation of the state variables. Stochastic control aims to design the time path of the controlled variables that performs the desired control task with minimum cost, somehow defined, despite the presence of this noise. The context may be either discrete time or continuous time. |
Fumigaclavine A dimethylallyltransferase | Fumigaclavine A dimethylallyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.100, FgaPT1) is an enzyme with systematic name dimethylallyl-diphosphate:fumigaclavine A dimethylallyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction fumigaclavine A + dimethylallyl diphosphate ⇌ fumigaclavine C + diphosphateFumigaclavine C is an ergot alkaloid produced by some fungi of the Trichocomaceae family. |
Engineering science and mechanics | Engineering science and mechanics (ESM) is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary engineering program and/or academic department. It is available at various American universities, including Pennsylvania State University, University of Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and University of Alabama. |
Flavo-1 RNA motif | The Flavo-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was identified by bioinformatics. The vast majority of Flavo-1 RNAs are found in Flavobacteria, but some were detected in the phylum Bacteroidota, which contains Flavobacteria, or the phylum Spirochaetota, which is evolutionarily related to Bacteroidota. It was presumed that Flavo-1 RNAs function as non-coding RNAs. |
NLRP14 | NLRP14, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 14, is an intracellular protein of mammals associated with a role in spermatogenesis. It is also known as NALP14, NOD5, GC-LRR, Nalp-iota, PAN8, and CLR11.2, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the NOD-like receptor family of cytoplasmic receptors. NLRP14 is found exclusively in the testes where it is expressed within spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids. |
Voussoir | A voussoir () is a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, which is used in building an arch or vault.Although each unit in an arch or vault is a voussoir, two units are of distinct functional importance: the keystone and the springer. The keystone is the centre stone or masonry unit at the apex of an arch. The springer is the lowest voussoir on each side, located where the curve of the arch springs from the vertical support or abutment of the wall or pier.The keystone is often decorated or enlarged. An enlarged and sometimes slightly dropped keystone is often found in Mannerist arches of the 16th century, beginning with the works of Giulio Romano, who also began the fashion for using voussoirs above rectangular openings, rather than a lintel (Palazzo Stati Maccarani, Rome, circa 1522). |
Rød pølse | Rød pølse (listen , "red sausage") is a type of brightly red, boiled pork sausage very common in Denmark. Since hot dog stands are ubiquitous in Denmark, some people regard røde pølser as one of the national dishes. They are made of the Vienna type and the skin is colored with a traditional red dye (carmine). |
Audio/modem riser | The audio/modem riser (AMR) is a riser expansion slot found on the motherboards of some Pentium III, Pentium 4, Duron, and Athlon personal computers. It was designed by Intel to interface with chipsets and provide analog functionality, such as sound cards and modems, on an expansion card. |
Digital Author Identifier | In the Dutch research system, the Digital Author Identifier (DAI) system assigns a unique number to all academic authors as a form of authority control. The DAI links the PICA database in institutional libraries with the METIS national research information system.
The Digital Author Identifier is a unique national number for every author active within a Dutch university, university of applied sciences, or research institute. The DAI is prepared from the ISO standard “ISNI” (International Standard Name Identifier). The DAI brings several publications from an author together, and distinguishes between authors with the same name. |
Lateral shoot | A lateral shoot, commonly known as a branch, is a part of a plant's shoot system that develops from axillary buds on the stem's surface, extending laterally from the plant's stem. |
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