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Uniquely colorable graph | In graph theory, a uniquely colorable graph is a k-chromatic graph that has only one possible (proper) k-coloring up to permutation of the colors. Equivalently, there is only one way to partition its vertices into k independent sets and there is no way to partition them into k − 1 independent sets. |
Bimatoprost/timolol | Bimatoprost/timolol, sold under the brand name Ganfort, is a medication for the treatment of certain conditions involving high pressure in the eyes, specifically open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It is available as eye drops.It was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2006. |
Prism lighting | Prism lighting is the use of prisms to improve the distribution of light in a space. It is usually used to distribute daylight, and is a form of anidolic lighting.
Prism lighting was popular from its introduction in the 1890s through to the 1930s, when cheap electric lights became commonplace and prism lighting became unfashionable. While mass production of prism lighting systems ended around 1940, the 2010s have seen a revival using new materials. |
Multibook | A Multibook or a TACLANE Multibook is a single laptop that combines two to three different classified networks into a single device solution. Currently, most secure computing standards require the federal government and military personnel to maintain multiple PCs on different networks in an effort to allow users simultaneous access to unclassified and classified information. A multibook simply through a complex configuration allows separate enclaves and virtual machines through one display. |
Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives | Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives (1972) is a book about plant nutrition by Emanuel Epstein. |
Egg in the basket | Egg in the basket—also known by many other names—is an egg fried in a hole in a slice of bread. |
Non-innocent ligand | In chemistry, a (redox) non-innocent ligand is a ligand in a metal complex where the oxidation state is not clear. Typically, complexes containing non-innocent ligands are redox active at mild potentials. The concept assumes that redox reactions in metal complexes are either metal or ligand localized, which is a simplification, albeit a useful one.C.K. Jørgensen first described ligands as "innocent" and "suspect": "Ligands are innocent when they allow oxidation states of the central atoms to be defined. The simplest case of a suspect ligand is NO..." |
Phenylhydroxylamine | Phenylhydroxylamine is the organic compound with the formula C6H5NHOH. It is an intermediate in the redox-related pair C6H5NH2 and C6H5NO. Phenylhydroxylamine should not be confused with its isomer α-phenylhydroxylamine or O-phenylhydroxylamine. |
Circaseptan | A circaseptan rhythm is a cycle consisting of approximately 7 days in which many biological processes of life, such as cellular immune system activity, resolve. |
Gurrufío | Gurrufío is the Venezuelan term for a button whirligig or buzzer, a simply constructed traditional children’s toy. It consists of a central disk of wood, plastic or metal (even occasionally a soft drink bottle cap that has been hammered flat), with holes drilled or nailed equidistant and close to the center. A piece of string is inserted through both holes, leaving a length of about 15 to 30 centimeters on each side, and the loop is closed with a knot. |
Degree of start-stop distortion | In telecommunication, the term degree of start-stop distortion has the following meanings: In asynchronous serial communication data transmission, the ratio of (a) the absolute value of the maximum measured difference between the actual and theoretical intervals separating any significant instant of modulation (or demodulation) from the significant instant of the start element immediately preceding it to (b) the unit interval. |
Metabolic rift | Metabolic rift is Karl Marx's key conception of ecological crisis tendencies under capitalism, or in Marx's own words, it is the "irreparable rift in the interdependent process of social metabolism".: 949 Marx theorized a rupture in the metabolic interaction between humanity and the rest of nature emanating from capitalist agricultural production and the growing division between town and country. According to John Bellamy Foster, who coined the term, metabolic rift is the development of Marx's earlier work in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts on species-being and the relationship between humans and nature. Metabolism is Marx's "mature analysis of the alienation of nature": ix and presents "a more solid—and scientific—way in which to depict the complex, dynamic interchange between human beings and nature, resulting from human labor."As opposed to those who have attributed to Marx a disregard for nature and responsibility for the environmental problems of the Soviet Union and other purportedly communist states, Foster sees in the theory of metabolic rift evidence of Marx's ecological perspective. The theory of metabolic rift "enable[ed] [Marx] to develop a critique of environmental degradation that anticipated much of present-day ecological thought",: 142 including questions of sustainability as well as the limits of agricultural production using concentrated animal feeding operations. Researchers building on the original Marxist concept have developed other similar terms like carbon rift. |
Computer addiction | Computer addiction is a form of behavioral addiction that can be described as the excessive or compulsive use of the computer, which persists despite serious negative consequences for personal, social, or occupational function. Another clear conceptualization is made by Block, who stated that "Conceptually, the diagnosis is a compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder that involves online and/or offline computer usage and consists of at least three subtypes: excessive gaming, sexual preoccupations, and e-mail/text messaging". Computer addiction is not currently included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as an official disorder. The concept of computer addiction is broadly divided into two types, namely offline computer addiction, and online computer addiction. Offline computer addiction is normally used when speaking about excessive gaming behavior, which can be practiced both offline and online. Online computer addiction, also known as Internet addiction, gets more attention in general from scientific research than offline computer addiction, mainly because most cases of computer addiction are related to the excessive use of the Internet.Experts on Internet addiction have described this syndrome as an individual working intensely on the Internet, prolonged use of the Internet, uncontrollable use of the Internet, unable to use the Internet in an efficient, timely matter, not being interested in the outside world, not spending time with people from the outside world, and an increase in their loneliness and dejection. |
Tunisian units of measurement | A number of different units of measurement were used in Tunisia to measure length, mass, capacity, etc. In Tunisia, Metric System is compulsory since 1895. |
Anita Layton | Anita T. Layton is an applied mathematician who applies methods from computational mathematics and partial differential equations to model kidney function. She presently holds a Canada 150 Research Chair in Mathematical Biology and Medicine at the University of Waterloo. She is also a professor in the university's Department of Applied Mathematics. She joined the Waterloo faculty in 2018. Previously, she was the Robert R. & Katherine B. Penn Professor of Mathematics at Duke University, where she also held appointments in the department of biomedical engineering and the department of medicine. |
Safari Jack | Safari Jack is a 1998 board game published by Cheapass Games. |
Antigen presentation | Antigen presentation is a vital immune process that is essential for T cell immune response triggering. Because T cells recognize only fragmented antigens displayed on cell surfaces, antigen processing must occur before the antigen fragment, now bound to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is transported to the surface of the cell, a process known as presentation, where it can be recognized by a T-cell receptor. If there has been an infection with viruses or bacteria, the cell will present an endogenous or exogenous peptide fragment derived from the antigen by MHC molecules. There are two types of MHC molecules which differ in the behaviour of the antigens: MHC class I molecules (MHC-I) bind peptides from the cell cytosol, while peptides generated in the endocytic vesicles after internalisation are bound to MHC class II (MHC-II). Cellular membranes separate these two cellular environments - intracellular and extracellular. Each T cell can only recognize tens to hundreds of copies of a unique sequence of a single peptide among thousands of other peptides presented on the same cell, because an MHC molecule in one cell can bind to quite a large range of peptides. Predicting which (fragments of) antigens will be presented to the immune system by a certain MHC/HLA type is difficult, but the technology involved is improving. |
Semantic desktop | In computer science, the semantic desktop is a collective term for ideas related to changing a computer's user interface and data handling capabilities so that data are more easily shared between different applications or tasks and so that data that once could not be automatically processed by a computer could be. It also encompasses some ideas about being able to share information automatically between different people. This concept is very much related to the Semantic Web, but is distinct insofar as its main concern is the personal use of information. |
Fineness | The fineness of a precious metal object (coin, bar, jewelry, etc.) represents the weight of fine metal therein, in proportion to the total weight which includes alloying base metals and any impurities. Alloy metals are added to increase hardness and durability of coins and jewelry, alter colors, decrease the cost per weight, or avoid the cost of high-purity refinement. For example, copper is added to the precious metal silver to make a more durable alloy for use in coins, housewares and jewelry. Coin silver, which was used for making silver coins in the past, contains 90% silver and 10% copper, by mass. Sterling silver contains 92.5% silver and 7.5% of other metals, usually copper, by mass. |
Crypt (C) | crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the "traditional" one explained below). This output string forms a password record, which is usually stored in a text file. |
Brinkley stick | A Brinkley stick is a safety device used to discharge high voltage capacitors and ensure HT (high voltage) electrical circuits are discharged. The tool consists of a hook attached to the end of an insulated rod. The hook is connected by a length of insulated wire to a suitable ground or earth, often via a suitably valued resistor.
Named after Charles Brinkley, an amputee ferry boatman who carried radar staff across the river Deben. One of the Trade test colour films, On the Safe Side includes a fictionalised sequence during which the life of a technician is preserved by his decision to deploy a Brinkley stick. |
Paper-and-pencil game | Paper-and-pencil games or paper-and-pen games (or some variation on those terms) are games that can be played solely with paper and pencils (or other writing implements), usually without erasing. They may be played to pass the time, as icebreakers, or for brain training. In recent times, they have been supplanted by mobile games. Some popular examples of pencil-and-paper games include Tic-tac-toe, Sprouts, Dots and Boxes, Hangman, MASH, Paper soccer, and Spellbinder. The term is unrelated to the use in role-playing games to differentiate tabletop games from role-playing video games. |
Fractional wavelet transform | Fractional wavelet transform (FRWT) is a generalization of the classical wavelet transform (WT). This transform is proposed in order to rectify the limitations of the WT and the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT). The FRWT inherits the advantages of multiresolution analysis of the WT and has the capability of signal representations in the fractional domain which is similar to the FRFT. |
Submerged arc welding | Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a common arc welding process. The first SAW patent was taken out in 1935. The process requires a continuously fed consumable solid or tubular (metal cored) electrode. The molten weld and the arc zone are protected from atmospheric contamination by being "submerged" under a blanket of granular fusible flux consisting of lime, silica, manganese oxide, calcium fluoride, and other compounds. When molten, the flux becomes conductive, and provides a current path between the electrode and the work. This thick layer of flux completely covers the molten metal thus preventing spatter and sparks as well as suppressing the intense ultraviolet radiation and fumes that are a part of the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process.SAW is normally operated in the automatic or mechanized mode, however, semi-automatic (hand-held) SAW guns with pressurized or gravity flux feed delivery are available. The process is normally limited to the flat or horizontal-fillet welding positions (although horizontal groove position welds have been done with a special arrangement to support the flux). Deposition rates approaching 45 kg/h (100 lb/h) have been reported — this compares to ~5 kg/h (10 lb/h) (max) for shielded metal arc welding. Although currents ranging from 300 to 2000 A are commonly utilized, currents of up to 5000 A have also been used (multiple arcs). |
Toe board | A roofing toe board is one of the most basic pieces of safety equipment a roofer can use. A toe board is a long piece of 2 inch x 4 inch (a 2x4) wood nailed horizontally along a roof in various places. |
View camera | A view camera is a large-format camera in which the lens forms an inverted image on a ground-glass screen directly at the film plane. The image is viewed and then the glass screen is replaced with the film, and thus the film is exposed to exactly the same image as was seen on the screen.This type of camera was first developed in the era of the daguerreotype (1840s–1850s) and is still in use today, some with various drive mechanisms for movements (rather than loosen-move-tighten), more scale markings, and/or more spirit levels. It comprises a flexible bellows that forms a light-tight seal between two adjustable standards, one of which holds a lens, and the other a ground glass or a photographic film holder or a digital back. There are three general types, the rail camera, the field camera, and others that don't fit into either category. |
Scouring powder | Scouring powder is a household cleaning product consisting of an abrasive powder mixed with a dry soap or detergent, soda, and possibly dry bleach. Scouring powder is used to clean encrusted deposits on hard surfaces such as ceramic tiles, pots and pans, baking trays, grill, porcelain sinks, bathtubs, toilet bowls and other bathroom fixtures. It is meant to be rubbed over the surface with a little water. The abrasive removes the dirt by mechanical action, and is eventually washed away, together with the powder, by rinsing with water. Scouring powders are similar to scouring soaps and scouring creams in general composition and mode of action, but differ somewhat in the form (dry powder, instead of a bar or paste) and in the primary intended applications. Scouring powders compete in their intended uses with scouring pads and steel wool. |
Internet Routing Registry | An Internet Routing Registry (IRR) is a database of Internet route objects for determining, and sharing route and related information used for configuring routers, with a view to avoiding problematic issues between Internet service providers. |
Sigma Ursae Majoris | The Bayer designation σ Ursae Majoris (Sigma Ursae Majoris, σ UMa) is shared by two star systems in the constellation Ursa Major: σ1 (11 Ursae Majoris) σ2 (13 Ursae Majoris)They are separated by 0.33° in the sky.
The two stars, Sigma1 and Sigma2 together, are considered an optical double star. They are not a binary star, in that they are not gravitationally linked, but they are close to each other as seen in the sky. |
Phenylacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a phenylacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.5.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction phenylacetyl-CoA + H2O + 2 quinone ⇌ phenylglyoxylyl-CoA + 2 quinolThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are phenylacetyl-CoA, H2O, and quinone, whereas its two products are phenylglyoxylyl-CoA and quinol.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on CH or CH2 groups with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is phenylacetyl-CoA:quinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase. |
On- and off-hook | In telephony, on-hook and off-hook are two states of a communication circuit. On subscriber telephones the states are produced by placing the handset onto or off the hookswitch. Placing the circuit into the off-hook state is also called seizing the line. Off-hook originally referred to the condition that prevailed when telephones had a separate earpiece (receiver), which hung from its switchhook until the user initiated a telephone call by removing it. When off hook the weight of the receiver no longer depresses the spring-loaded switchhook, thereby connecting the instrument to the telephone line. |
Cafestol | Cafestol is a diterpenoid molecule present in coffee beans. It is one of the compounds that may be responsible for proposed biological and pharmacological effects of coffee. |
Nutrient agar | Nutrient agar is a general purpose liquid medium supporting growth of a wide range of non-fastidious organisms. It typically contains (mass/volume): 0.5% peptone - this provides organic nitrogen 0.3% beef extract/yeast extract - the water-soluble content of these contribute vitamins, carbohydrates, nitrogen, and salts 1.5% agar - this gives the mixture solidity 0.5% sodium chloride - this gives the mixture proportions similar to those found in the cytoplasm of most organisms distilled water - water serves as a transport medium for the agar's various substances pH adjusted to neutral (6.8) at 25 °C (77 °F).Nutrient broth has the same composition,but lacks agar.These ingredients are combined and boiled for approximately one minute to ensure they are mixed and then sterilized by autoclaving, typically at 121 °C (250 °F) for 15 minutes. Then they are cooled to around 50 °C (122 °F) and poured into Petri dishes which are covered immediately. Once the dishes hold solidified agar, they are stored upside down and are often refrigerated until used. Inoculation takes place on warm dishes rather than cool ones: if refrigerated for storage, the dishes must be rewarmed to room temperature prior to inoculation. |
Architect | An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that have human occupancy or use as their principal purpose. Etymologically, the term architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek (arkhi-, chief + tekton, builder), i.e., chief builder.The professional requirements for architects vary from location to location. An architect's decisions affect public safety and thus the architect must undergo specialized training consisting of advanced education and a practicum (or internship) for practical experience to earn a license to practice architecture. Practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction though the formal study of architecture in academic institutions has played a pivotal role in the development of the profession. |
Stadial | Stadials and interstadials are phases dividing the Quaternary period, or the last 2.6 million years. Stadials are periods of colder climate, and interstadials are periods of warmer climate. Each Quaternary climate phase is associated with a Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) number, which describes the alternation between warmer and cooler temperatures, as measured by oxygen isotope data. Stadials have even MIS numbers, and interstadials have odd MIS numbers. The current Holocene interstadial is MIS 1, and the Last Glacial Maximum stadial is MIS 2. Marine Isotope Stages are sometimes further subdivided into stadials and interstadials by minor climate fluctuations within the overall stadial or interstadial regime, which are indicated by letters. The odd-numbered interstadial MIS 5, also known as the Sangamonian interglacial, contains two periods of relative cooling, and so is subdivided into three interstadials (5a, 5c, 5e) and two stadials (5b, 5d). A stadial isotope stage like MIS 6 would be subdivided by periods of relative warming, and so in that case the first and last subdivisions would be stadials; MIS 6a, 6c and 6e are stadials while 6b and 6d are interstadials. |
Batter board | Batter boards (or battre boards, Sometimes mispronounced as "battle boads") are temporary frames, set beyond the corners of a planned foundation at precise elevations. These batter boards are then used to hold layout lines (construction twine) to indicate the limits (edges and corners) of the foundation. |
Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol | The Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP) is an obsolete protocol defined for routing datagrams between Internet gateways. It was first outlined in 1982.The Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol was designed as an Internet Protocol (IP) datagram service similar to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). However, it is classified as an Internet Layer protocol.GGP uses a minimum hop algorithm, in which it measures distance in router hops. A router is defined to be zero hops from directly connected networks, one hop from networks that are reachable through one other gateway. The protocol implements a distributed shortest-path methodology, and therefore requires global convergence of the routing tables after any change of link connectivity in the network. |
Minor planet | According to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is exclusively classified as neither a planet nor a comet. Before 2006, the IAU officially used the term minor planet, but that year's meeting reclassified minor planets and comets into dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies (SSSBs).Minor planets include asteroids (near-Earth objects, Mars-crossers, main-belt asteroids and Jupiter trojans), as well as distant minor planets (centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects), most of which reside in the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc. As of May 2022, there are 1,131,201 known objects, divided into 611,678 numbered (secured discoveries) and 519,523 unnumbered minor planets, with only five of those officially recognized as a dwarf planet.The first minor planet to be discovered was Ceres in 1801. The term minor planet has been used since the 19th century to describe these objects. The term planetoid has also been used, especially for larger, planetary objects such as those the IAU has called dwarf planets since 2006. Historically, the terms asteroid, minor planet, and planetoid have been more or less synonymous. This terminology has become more complicated by the discovery of numerous minor planets beyond the orbit of Jupiter, especially trans-Neptunian objects that are generally not considered asteroids. A minor planet seen releasing gas may be dually classified as a comet. |
Cyclogyro | The cyclogyro, or cyclocopter, is an aircraft configuration that uses a horizontal-axis cyclorotor as a rotor wing to provide lift and sometimes also propulsion and control. In principle, the cyclogyro is capable of vertical take off and landing and hovering performance like a helicopter, while potentially benefiting from some of the advantages of a fixed-wing aircraft.
The cyclogyro is distinct from the Flettner airplane which uses a cylindrical wing rotor to harness the Magnus effect. |
Magic polygon | A magic polygon is a polygonal magic graph with integers on its vertices. |
Scalable Link Interface | Scalable Link Interface (SLI) is the brand name for a now discontinued multi-GPU technology developed by Nvidia for linking two or more video cards together to produce a single output. SLI is a parallel processing algorithm for computer graphics, meant to increase the available processing power. |
AROS Public License | The AROS Public License (APL) is a software license which is primarily used as the license for the AROS Research Operating System software project. Version 1.1 is based on the text of Mozilla Public License 1.1, with some definitions added and Netscape-specific texts changed.
It has not been officially approved as a free or open source license by the FSF, OSI, or Debian. The license the APL is based on, MPL v1.1, is incompatible with the GPL, unless the developer offers the choice of licensing the program under the GPL or any other GPL-compatible license. |
Metisazone | Methisazone (USAN) or metisazone (INN) is an antiviral drug that works by inhibiting mRNA and protein synthesis, especially in pox viruses. During trials in the 1960s it showed promising results against smallpox infection, but widespread use was considered logistically impractical in the developing countries facing smallpox cases, and it saw only limited use. In developed countries able to cope with the logistic challenge, treatment of smallpox could be achieved just as effectively with immunoglobulin therapy, without the severe nausea associated with metisazone.Methisazone has been described as being used in prophylaxis since at least 1965.The condensation of N-methylisatin with thiosemicarbazide leads to methisazone. |
Early effect | The Early effect, named after its discoverer James M. Early, is the variation in the effective width of the base in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) due to a variation in the applied base-to-collector voltage. A greater reverse bias across the collector–base junction, for example, increases the collector–base depletion width, thereby decreasing the width of the charge carrier portion of the base. |
Onion soup | Onion soup is a type of vegetable soup with sliced onions as the main ingredient. It is prepared in different variations in many different countries, the most famous of which is the French onion soup or Parisian onion soup. Because of the affordable ingredients, it has primarily been a dish for the poor for a long time. |
Chainline | The chainline is the angle of a bicycle chain relative to the centerline of the bicycle frame. A bicycle is said to have perfect chainline if the chain is parallel to the centerline of the frame, which means that the rear sprocket is directly behind the front chainring. Chainline can also refer to the distance between a sprocket and the centerline of the frame. |
Zhu–Takaoka string matching algorithm | In computer science, the Zhu–Takaoka string matching algorithm is a variant of the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm. It uses two consecutive text characters to compute the bad-character shift. It is faster when the alphabet or pattern is small, but the skip table grows quickly, slowing the pre-processing phase. |
Product innovation | Product innovation is the creation and subsequent introduction of a goods or service that is either new, or an improved version of previous goods or services. This is broader than the normally accepted definition of innovation that includes the invention of new products which, in this context, are still considered innovative. |
Ewert Bengtsson | Ewert Bengtsson of Uppsala University, Sweden is a biomedical engineer who was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for his contributions to quantitative microscopy and biomedical image analysis. |
Reutericyclin | Reutericyclin is a bacteriocin produced by the bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri that has potential use as a food preservative. Reutericyclin is a hydrophobic, negatively charged molecule with the molecular formula C20H31NO4. Reutericyclin disrupts the cell membrane of sensitive bacteria by acting as a proton ionophore. Reutericyclin has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but has no effect on Gram-negative bacteria because the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria prevents access by hydrophobic compounds. |
Sexual fantasy | A sexual fantasy or erotic fantasy is an autoerotic mental image or pattern of thought that stirs a person's sexuality and can create or enhance sexual arousal. A sexual fantasy can be created by the person's imagination or memory, and may be triggered autonomously or by external stimulation such as erotic literature or pornography, a physical object, or sexual attraction to another person. Anything that may give rise to a sexual arousal may also produce a sexual fantasy, and sexual arousal may in turn give rise to fantasies. |
Service address | A service address is an address which can be used as an alternative to a residential address for the purpose of receiving post in the United Kingdom. Service address providers often scan and digitise mail received for the recipient to view online.
Service addresses have grown in popularity since 2009 as a method of keeping a residential address off public records and providing better protection for those who operate a business from home. |
InterActual Player | InterActual Player, known originally as PC Friendly, was a media player for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, included on some DVDs with movie files. In addition to providing DVD playback control it makes available extra material on some DVDs, including commentaries, pop-up notes, synchronized screenplays and games. It requires existing DVD player software, which it embeds in the interface for playing the actual DVDs. |
Milk (programming language) | Milk is a programming language "that lets application developers manage memory more efficiently in programs that deal with scattered data points in large data sets." |
DARPA TIPSTER Program | The DARPA TIPSTER Text program was started in 1991 by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It is a 9-year multi-million dollar initiative, which sought to improve HLT for the handling of multilingual corpora that are utilized within the intelligence process. It involved a cluster of joint projects by the government, academia, and private sector.The program supported research to improve informational retrieval and extraction software and worked to deploy these improved technologies to government users. This technology, which was of particular interest to defense and intelligence analysts who must review increasingly large amounts of text. The program had several phases. The first entailed the development of algorithms for information retrieval and extraction while the second phase developed an architecture.The program was considered successful so that it was commercialized under the National Institute of Standards and Technology. An evaluation noted that the third phase of the TIPSTER program, which involved the development of the architecture called GATE (General Architecture for Text Engineering) did not achieve its intended goals due to its short life span as well as the inability of the government to enforce standards imposed by the TIPSTER software architecture. |
Code-excited linear prediction | Code-excited linear prediction (CELP) is a linear predictive speech coding algorithm originally proposed by Manfred R. Schroeder and Bishnu S. Atal in 1985. At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit-rate algorithms, such as residual-excited linear prediction (RELP) and linear predictive coding (LPC) vocoders (e.g., FS-1015). Along with its variants, such as algebraic CELP, relaxed CELP, low-delay CELP and vector sum excited linear prediction, it is currently the most widely used speech coding algorithm. It is also used in MPEG-4 Audio speech coding. CELP is commonly used as a generic term for a class of algorithms and not for a particular codec. |
Large-scale coastal behaviour | Large-scale coastal behaviour is an attempt to model the morphodynamics of coastal change at time and space scales appropriate to management and prediction. Temporally this is at the decade to century scale, spatially at the scale of tens of kilometers. It was developed by de Vriend.
Modelling large-scale coastal behaviour involves some level of parameterisation rather than simply upscaling from process or downscaling from the geological scale. It attempts to recognise patterns occurring at these scales. Cowell and Thom (2005) recognise the need to admit uncertainty in large-scale coastal behaviour given incomplete process knowledge. |
Neural network quantum states | Neural Network Quantum States (NQS or NNQS) is a general class of variational quantum states parameterized in terms of an artificial neural network. It was first introduced in 2017 by the physicists Giuseppe Carleo and Matthias Troyer to approximate wave functions of many-body quantum systems.
Given a many-body quantum state |Ψ⟩ comprising N degrees of freedom and a choice of associated quantum numbers s1…sN , then an NQS parameterizes the wave-function amplitudes where F(s1…sN;W) is an artificial neural network of parameters (weights) W , N input variables ( s1…sN ) and one complex-valued output corresponding to the wave-function amplitude.
This variational form is used in conjunction with specific stochastic learning approaches to approximate quantum states of interest. |
Rhumb line | In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb (), or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true north. |
Diminished rhombicosidodecahedron | In geometry, the diminished rhombicosidodecahedron is one of the Johnson solids (J76). It can be constructed as a rhombicosidodecahedron with one pentagonal cupola removed. |
Truncated pentahexagonal tiling | In geometry, the truncated tetrahexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. There are one square, one decagon, and one dodecagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of t0,1,2{6,5}. Its name is somewhat misleading: literal geometric truncation of pentahexagonal tiling produces rectangles instead of squares. |
Hydrodealkylation | Hydrodealkylation is a chemical reaction that often involves reacting an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as toluene, in the presence of hydrogen gas to form a simpler aromatic hydrocarbon devoid of functional groups. An example is the conversion of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene to xylene. This chemical process usually occurs at high temperature, at high pressure, or in the presence of a catalyst. These are predominantly transition metals, such as chromium or molybdenum. |
Punnet | A punnet is a small box or square basket for the gathering, transport and sale of fruit and vegetables, typically for small berries susceptible to bruising, spoiling and squashing that are therefore best kept in small rigid containers. Punnets serve also as a rough measure for a quantity of irregular sized fruits. |
Binding site | In biochemistry and molecular biology, a binding site is a region on a macromolecule such as a protein that binds to another molecule with specificity. The binding partner of the macromolecule is often referred to as a ligand. Ligands may include other proteins (resulting in a protein-protein interaction), enzyme substrates, second messengers, hormones, or allosteric modulators. The binding event is often, but not always, accompanied by a conformational change that alters the protein's function. Binding to protein binding sites is most often reversible (transient and non-covalent), but can also be covalent reversible or irreversible. |
Bulletin of Materials Science | The Bulletin of Materials Science is a bimonthly peer-viewed scientific journal that publishes original research articles, review articles and rapid communications in all areas of materials science. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Indian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the Materials Research Society of India and the Indian National Science Academy. The editor-in-chief is Prof. Giridhar U Kulkarni (JNCASR). |
Software development process | In software engineering, a software development process is a process of planning and managing software development. It typically involves dividing software development work into smaller, parallel, or sequential steps or sub-processes to improve design and/or product management. It is also known as a software development life cycle (SDLC). The methodology may include the pre-definition of specific deliverables and artifacts that are created and completed by a project team to develop or maintain an application.Most modern development processes can be vaguely described as agile. Other methodologies include waterfall, prototyping, iterative and incremental development, spiral development, rapid application development, and extreme programming. |
MyOneLogin | myOneLogin was a Secure Cloud Identity Services platform launched by TriCipher in 2008.
It allows users access to many applications with a single secure login, addressing Identity and Access Management challenges. All services are fully integrated and deliver on-demand with no need to deploy hardware, software, or modifying applications.
TriCipher was founded in 2000 and is headquartered in Los Gatos, California. TriCipher was acquired by VMware, Inc. in September 2010. |
Kaolin deposits of the Charentes Basin | The Kaolin deposits of the Charentes Basin in France are clay deposits formed sedimentarily and then confined by other geological structures. |
Richard S. Kayne | Richard Stanley Kayne is Professor of Linguistics in the Linguistics Department at New York University. |
Reality principle | In Freudian psychology and psychoanalysis, the reality principle (German: Realitätsprinzip) is the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly, as opposed to acting according to the pleasure principle. The reality principle is the governing principle of the actions taken by the ego, after its slow development from a "pleasure-ego" into a "reality-ego". |
K2-58 | K2-58 (also designated as EPIC 206026904) is G-type main-sequence star in the constellation of Aquarius, approximately 596 light-years from Solar System. The star is metal-rich, having 155% of Solar abundance of elements heavier than helium. The star is located in the region allowing to see Venus transiting the Sun for hypothetical observer located in K2-58 system. |
Metameme | In the field of memetics, a metameme (or meta-meme) is defined as a meme about a meme. A metaphor or the idea of memetic engineering are, thus, metamemes. The concept of memes has been referred to as "The Metameme". Some other metamemes of interest include the meme tolerance and memeplexes.
Initial definitions of meta memes and the lingo surrounding the phenomenon have seen a recent overhaul, as a new perspective is beginning to emerge due to heightened interest from researchers and companies alike. |
Cascade refrigeration | A cascade refrigeration cycle is a multi-stage thermodynamic cycle. An example two-stage process is shown at right. (Bottom on mobile) The cascade cycle is often employed for devices such as ULT freezers.In a cascade refrigeration system, two or more vapor-compression cycles with different refrigerants are used. The evaporation-condensation temperatures of each cycle are sequentially lower with some overlap to cover the total temperature drop desired, with refrigerants selected to work efficiently in the temperature range they cover. The low temperature system removes heat from the space to be cooled using an evaporator, and transfers it to a heat exchanger that is cooled by the evaporation of the refrigerant of the high temperature system. Alternatively, a liquid to liquid or similar heat exchanger may be used instead. The high temperature system transfers heat to a conventional condenser that carries the entire heat output of the system and may be passively, fan, or water-cooled. |
OpenEMR | OpenEMR is a medical practice management software which also supports Electronic Medical Records (EMR). It is ONC Complete Ambulatory EHR certified and features fully integrated electronic medical records, practice management for a medical practice, scheduling, and electronic billing.
The server side is written in PHP and can be employed in conjunction with a LAMP "stack", though any operating system with PHP support is supported.
OpenEMR is free and open-source software subject to the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). It is actively internationalized and localized in multiple languages, and free support is available in online forums around the world. At the time of this writing, commercial support is offered by over 30 vendors in over 10 countries. |
Fus3 | Fus3 is a MAPK protein involved in the mating decision of yeast. The dissociation of Fus3 from scaffold protein Ste5 results in the switch-like mating decision observed in yeast. During this process, Fus3 competes with a phosphatase Ptc1, attempting to phosphorylate 4 key phosphorylation sites on Ste5. When all 4 sites on Ste5 have been dephosphorylated by Ptc1, Fus3 dissociates from Ste5 and trans locates to the nucleus.One regulator of Fus3 is Ste5. Ste5 causes autophosphorylation of one of two locations modulated by the MAPK kinase Ste7 (the main activator of Fus3). This single phosphorylation causes Fus3 to phosphorylate Ste5 leading to a decrease in signal. However, Ste5 also selectively catalytically unlocks Fus3 for phosphorylation by Ste7. Both the catalytic domain on Ste5 as well as Ste7 must be present in order to activate Fus3, which helps to explain why Fus3 is only activated during the mating pathway, and remains inactive in other situations which use Ste7. When binding to Ste5 is disrupted, Fus3 behaves like its homologue Kss1, and the cells no longer respond to a gradient or mate efficiently with distant partners.Fus3 is activated by Ste7 and its substrates include Ste12, Far1, Bni1, Sst2, Tec1, and Ste5. It can be localized to the cytoplasm, the mating projection tip, the nucleus, and the mitochondrion.Fus3 also serves to phosphorylate repressor proteins Rst1 and Rst1 (Dig1 and Dig2 respectively) which results in promotion of Ste12 dependent transcription of mating-specific genes. It also activates Far1 which goes on to inhibit the cyclins CLN1 and CLN2 leading to cell-cycle arrest. |
Overdetermined system | In mathematics, a system of equations is considered overdetermined if there are more equations than unknowns. An overdetermined system is almost always inconsistent (it has no solution) when constructed with random coefficients. However, an overdetermined system will have solutions in some cases, for example if some equation occurs several times in the system, or if some equations are linear combinations of the others. |
Visual communication | Visual communication is the use of visual elements to convey ideas and information which include (but are not limited to) signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, industrial design, advertising, animation, and electronic resources. Humans have used visual communication since prehistoric times. Within modern culture, there are several types of characteristics when it comes to visual elements, they consist of objects, models, graphs, diagrams, maps, and photographs. Outside the different types of characteristics and elements, there are seven components of visual communication: color, shape, tones, texture, figure-ground, balance, and hierarchy.Each of these characteristics, elements, and components play an important role in daily lives. Visual communication holds a specific purpose in aspects such as social media, culture, politics, economics, and science. In considering these different aspects, visual elements present various uses and how they convey information. Whether it is advertisements, teaching and learning, or speeches and presentations, they all involve visual aids that communicate a message. In reference to the visual aids, the following are the most common: chalkboard or whiteboard, poster board, handouts, video excerpts, projection equipment, and computer-assisted presentations. |
Volinanserin | Volinanserin (INN) (developmental code name MDL-100,907) is a highly selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist that is frequently used in scientific research to investigate the function of the 5-HT2A receptor. It was also tested in clinical trials as a potential antipsychotic, antidepressant, and treatment for insomnia but was never marketed. |
Cooper (profession) | A cooper is a person trained to make wooden casks, barrels, vats, buckets, tubs, troughs and other similar containers from timber staves that were usually heated or steamed to make them pliable.
Journeymen coopers also traditionally made wooden implements, such as rakes and wooden-bladed shovels. In addition to wood, other materials, such as iron, were used in the manufacturing process. The trade is the origin of the surname Cooper. |
MKL1 | MKL/megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (also termed MRTFA/myocardin related transcription factor A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKL1 gene. |
Connected Device Configuration | The Connected Device Configuration (CDC) is a specification of a framework for Java ME applications describing the basic set of libraries and virtual-machine features that must be present in an implementation. The CDC is combined with one or more profiles to give developers a platform for building applications on embedded devices ranging from pagers up to set-top boxes. The CDC was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 36 (CDC 1.0.2) and JSR 218 (CDC 1.1.2). |
MMS22L | Methyl methanesulfonate-sensitivity protein 22-like also known as MMS22-like, DNA repair protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MMS22L gene. |
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 | Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV2) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes two diseases in cattle, bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpy skin disease. BoHV2 is similar in structure to human herpes simplex virus.Pseudo-lumpy skin disease was originally discovered in South Africa where a similar but more serious disease caused by a poxvirus, lumpy skin disease, is also prevalent. Symptoms include fever and skin nodules on the face, back, and perineum. The disease heals within a few weeks. Bovine mammillitis is characterized by lesions restricted to the teats and udder. BoHV-2 probably spreads through an arthropod vector, but can also be spread through milkers and milking machines.A review publication from 2011 presents a series of controversial but scientifically based conclusions concerning the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the infection, among these that spread among cattle is preferably by the respiratory route, and that skin lesions result from viremic spread to epidermal foci and inflammation due to complement activation by the classical pathway at sites of virus propagation after formation of early antibody to BoHV2. Lesions may be aggravated by low skin temperature (e.g. in edematic or hairless skin areas) causing reduced blood circulation and hampered removal of cell-toxic inflammatory substances. |
Α-Aminobutyric acid | α-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as homoalanine in biochemistry, is a non-proteinogenic alpha amino acid with chemical formula C4H9NO2. The straight two carbon side chain is one carbon longer than alanine, hence the prefix homo-.
Homoalanine is biosynthesised by transaminating oxobutyrate, a metabolite in isoleucine biosynthesis. It is used by nonribosomal peptide synthases. One example of a nonribosomal peptide containing homoalanine is ophthalmic acid, which was first isolated from calf lens.
α-Aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two other are the neurotransmitter γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance.
The conjugate base of α-aminobutyric acid is the carboxylate α-aminobutyrate. |
CJK Compatibility Ideographs | CJK Compatibility Ideographs is a Unicode block created to contain Han characters that were encoded in multiple locations in other established character encodings, in addition to their CJK Unified Ideographs assignments, in order to retain round-trip compatibility between Unicode and those encodings. Such encodings include: South Korean KS X 1001:1998 (U+F900–U+FA0B, 268 characters) Taiwanese Big5 (U+FA0C–U+FA0D, 2 characters) Japanese IBM 32 (CP932 variant; U+FA0E–U+FA2D, 32 characters, 12 are unified) South Korean KS X 1001:2004 (U+FA2E–U+FA2F, 2 character) Japanese JIS X 0213 (U+FA30–U+FA6A, 59 characters) Japanese ARIB STD-B24 (U+FA6B–U+FA6D, 3 characters) North Korean KPS 10721-2000 (U+FA70–U+FAD9, 106 characters)In ensuing versions of the standard, more characters have been added to the block. These even include a few regular ideographs (with the Unified_Ideograph property) that are not found in the CJK Unified Ideographs block As of now, all the regular ideographs are from the IBM 32 source. The IBM 32 encoding already contained duplicates warranting the need to encode the duplicates in this block, but also included twelve rare kokuji characters. These are are: FA0E..FA0F FA11 FA13..FA14 FA1F FA21 FA23..FA24 FA27..FA29The block has dozens of ideographic variation sequences registered in the Unicode Ideographic Variation Database (IVD). |
Co-occurrence matrix | A co-occurrence matrix or co-occurrence distribution (also referred to as : gray-level co-occurrence matrices GLCMs) is a matrix that is defined over an image to be the distribution of co-occurring pixel values (grayscale values, or colors) at a given offset. It is used as an approach to texture analysis with various applications especially in medical image analysis. |
Desmethylchlorotrianisene | Desmethylchlorotrianisene (DMCTA) is a nonsteroidal estrogen which is thought to be the major active metabolite of chlorotrianisene (CTA; TACE). It is a 1:1 mixture of cis and trans isomers. DMCTA is produced from CTA via mono-O-demethylation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. CTA is thought to act as a long-lasting prodrug of DMCTA. |
Janus kinase 3 inhibitor | Janus kinase 3 inhibitors, also called JAK3 inhibitors, are a new class of immunomodulatory agents that inhibit Janus kinase 3. They are used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The Janus kinases are a family of four nonreceptor tyrosine-protein kinases, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. They signal via the JAK/STAT pathway, which is important in regulating the immune system. Expression of JAK3 is largely restricted to lymphocytes (predominant expression is in the hematopoietic system), while the others are ubiquitously expressed, so selective targeting of JAK3 over the other JAK isozymes is attractive as a possible treatment of autoimmune diseases. |
OffOn | OffOn is an experimental film created by Scott Bartlett made and released in 1968. |
Osteomyology | Osteomyology (sometimes neurosteomyology) is a multi-disciplined form of alternative medicine found almost exclusively in the United Kingdom and is loosely based on aggregated ideas from other manipulation therapies, principally chiropractic and osteopathy. It is a results-based physical therapy tailored specifically to the needs of the individual patient. Osteomyologists have been trained in osteopathy and chiropractic, but do not require to be regulated by the General Osteopathic Council (GOsC) or the General Chiropractic Council (GCC). |
Emotional flooding | Emotional flooding is a form of psychotherapy that involves attacking the unconscious and/or subconscious mind to release repressed feelings and fears. Many of the techniques used in modern emotional flooding practice have roots in history, some tracing as far back as early tribal societies. For more information on emotional flooding, see Flooding (psychology). |
Dual electrification | Dual electrification is a system whereby a railway line is supplied power both via overhead catenary and a third rail. This is done to enable trains that use either system of power to share the same railway line, for example in the case of mainline and suburban trains (as used at Hamburg S-Bahn between 1940 and 1955). |
Enyo (software) | Enyo is an open source JavaScript framework for cross-platform mobile, desktop, TV and web applications emphasizing object-oriented encapsulation and modularity. Initially developed by Palm, it was later acquired by Hewlett-Packard in April 2010 and then released under an Apache 2.0 license. It is sponsored by LG Electronics and Hewlett-Packard. |
VAT1L | Vesicle amine transport protein 1 homolog (T. californica)-like is a protein in humans that is encoded by the VAT1L gene.
In humans, the VAT1L gene is located on chromosome 16 locus q23.1. According to SAGE data, it is expressed mainly in the brain. |
Nous | Nous, or Greek νοῦς (UK: , US: ), sometimes equated to intellect or intelligence, is a concept from classical philosophy for the faculty of the human mind necessary for understanding what is true or real.Alternative English terms used in philosophy include "understanding" and "mind"; or sometimes "thought" or "reason" (in the sense of that which reasons, not the activity of reasoning). It is also often described as something equivalent to perception except that it works within the mind ("the mind's eye"). It has been suggested that the basic meaning is something like "awareness". In colloquial British English, nous also denotes "good sense", which is close to one everyday meaning it had in Ancient Greece. The nous performed a role comparable to the modern concept of intuition. |
Community Climate System Model | The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Energy (DoE), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The coupled components include an atmospheric model (Community Atmosphere Model), a land-surface model (Community Land Model), an ocean model (Parallel Ocean Program), and a sea ice model (Community Sea Ice Model, CICE). CCSM is maintained by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). |
Krishna Shenoy | Krishna Vaughn Shenoy (1968–2023) was an American neuroscientist and neuroengineer at Stanford University. Shenoy was the Hong Seh and Vivian W. M. Lim Professor in the Stanford University School of Engineering. He focused on neuroscience topics, including neurotechnology such as brain-computer interfaces. On 21 January 2023, he died after a long battle with pancreatic cancer. According to Google Scholar, he amassed an h-index of 79. |
Cheesemaking | Cheesemaking (or caseiculture) is the craft of making cheese. The production of cheese, like many other food preservation processes, allows the nutritional and economic value of a food material, in this case milk, to be preserved in concentrated form. Cheesemaking allows the production of the cheese with diverse flavors and consistencies. |
UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase | In enzymology, an UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP-glucuronate ⇌ UDP-L-iduronateHence, this enzyme has one substrate, UDP-glucuronate, and one product, UDP-L-iduronate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on carbohydrates and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase. Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoglucuronate 5'-epimerase, UDP-glucuronic acid 5'-epimerase, and C-5-uronosyl epimerase. This enzyme participates in nucleotide sugars metabolism. It employs one cofactor, NAD+. |
Pentanitroaniline | Pentanitroaniline, sometimes called hexyl, is an explosive organic compound. It is a relatively sensitive explosive (much more so than TNT) that can be used as a base charge for detonators, although it is uncommon in this application.
Pentanitroaniline can be reacted with ammonia in benzene, dichloromethane or another similar solvent to produce triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), an insensitive high explosive, used in nuclear bombs and other critical applications.
Pentanitroaniline is regulated by the United States Department of Transportation (DoT) as a "forbidden explosive" that is too dangerous to transport over public thoroughfares or by air. |
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