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Peak kilovoltage | Peak kilovoltage (kVp) refers to the maximum high voltage applied across an X-ray tube to produce the X-rays. During X-ray generation, surface electrons are released from a heated cathode by thermionic emission. The applied voltage (kV) accelerates these electrons toward an anode target, ultimately producing X-rays when the electrons are stopped in the anode. Thus, the kVp corresponds to the highest kinetic energy of the electrons striking the target, and is proportional to the maximum photon energy of the resulting X-ray emission spectrum. In early and basic X-ray equipment, the applied voltage varies cyclically, with one, two, or more pulses per mains AC power cycle. One standard way to measure pulsating DC is its peak amplitude, hence kVp. Most modern X-ray generators apply a constant potential across the X-ray tube; in such systems, the kVp and the steady-state kV are identical. |
Read-mostly memory | Read-mostly memory (RMM) is a type of memory that can be read fast, but written to only slowly. |
ICE Cubes Service | The International Commercial Experiment Cubes (ICE Cubes) service is a commercial service that offers access to space for research, technology and education.It allows public or private entities to run their experiments on board the International Space Station for access to microgravity. Examples of potential fields of research include pharmaceutical development, microbiology, stem cells, radiation, materials science, 3D printing, fluid sciences, and art. The service also allows to demonstrate and validate technologies in microgravity. |
Ethinylestradiol/desogestrel | Desogestrel/ethinylestradiol (EE/DSG), sold under the brand name Marvelon among others, is a fixed-dose combination of desogestrel (DSG), a progestin, and ethinylestradiol (EE), an estrogen, which is used as a birth control pill to prevent pregnancy in women. It is taken by mouth.It was approved for medical use in the United Kingdom in 1981, and in the United States in 1992. In 2020, it was the 120th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions. |
Bundle metric | In differential geometry, the notion of a metric tensor can be extended to an arbitrary vector bundle, and to some principal fiber bundles. This metric is often called a bundle metric, or fibre metric. |
Continuous q-Hermite polynomials | In mathematics, the continuous q-Hermite polynomials are a family of basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials in the basic Askey scheme. Roelof Koekoek, Peter A. Lesky, and René F. Swarttouw (2010, 14) give a detailed list of their properties. |
Aber Mawr Formation | The Aber Mawr Formation is a geological formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Arenig Series of the Ordovician period. |
Prepainted metal | According to EN 13523-0, a prepainted metal (or coil coated metal) is a ‘metal on which a coating material (e.g. paint, film…) has been applied by coil coating’. When applied onto the metallic substrate, the coating material (in liquid, in paste or powder form) forms a film possessing protective, decorative and/or other specific properties.
In 40 years, the European prepainted metal production has multiplied by 18. |
Lofting (bowling) | Lofting (by a bowler) in bowling is throwing a bowling ball a short or long distance down the lane. This is usually done with the bounce-pass technique, but can also be done with a straight ball. Lofting is sometimes discouraged by the bowling community and bowling alley employees, because it can sometimes cause damage to the ball and lanes. However, this is somewhat untrue. Loft will almost never cause major damage to a ball, nor will lofting cause damage to (synthetic) lanes. Many bowling alleys that use wooden lanes will either have signs that tell the bowlers not to loft, or an employee will inform the bowlers not to do so, because wooden lanes can be dented by a lofted ball. Lofting the ball before the arrows in some bowling alleys is not against the rules. Some professional bowlers do loft a considerable amount under certain lane conditions. Crankers and other high-rev players may be forced to loft under dry conditions in order to delay the ball's reaction and prevent it from over-hooking. Lofting over the gutter is known as "lofting the gutter cap," and is sometimes done when a bowler has to hook the whole lane on a very broken-down oil pattern. It's common for this to happen at qualifying rounds for the US Open. |
Volition (psychology) | Volition also known as will or conation is the cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action. It is defined as purposive striving and is one of the primary human psychological functions. Others include affect (feeling or emotion), motivation (goals and expectations), and cognition (thinking). Volitional processes can be applied consciously or they can be automatized as habits over time. |
DNS Long-Lived Queries | DNS Long-Lived Queries is a mechanism that allows DNS clients to learn about changes to DNS data without polling.DNS LLQ is currently used by Apple Inc.'s Back To My Mac (BTMM) service to track changes in the IP addresses of BTMM servers and clients. DNS LLQ has also been proposed as a solution for doing DNS-Based Service Discovery (DNS-SD) on routed networks, using long-lived TCP/IP connections. |
Passion fruit mousse | Passion fruit mousse (Portuguese: mousse de maracujá, sometimes spelled musse) is a passion fruit-flavored variation of mousse from Brazilian cuisine. It is usually less aerated than traditional mousses.
Recipes vary, but it is usually prepared using gelatin, egg whites, condensed milk and concentrated passion fruit juice. Ingredients often also include cream, either during preparation, or alongside the prepared mousse; sugar is sometimes used as well. |
Anterior meniscofemoral ligament | The anterior meniscofemoral ligament (ligament of Humphry) is a small fibrous band of the knee joint. It arises from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus and passes superiorly and medially in front of the posterior cruciate ligament to attach to the lateral surface of medial condyle of the femur. |
Simple Addition | Simple Addition or Totals is a family of patience or card solitaire games that share certain aims and procedures. |
Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually, but many more in miniature form are found embedded in integrated circuits. Because transistors are the key active components in practically all modern electronics, many people consider them one of the 20th century's greatest inventions.Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of a field-effect transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to construct a working device at that time. The first working device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs; the three shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement. The most widely used type of transistor is the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. Transistors revolutionized the field of electronics and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, computers, and other electronic devices. |
Four causes | The four causes or four explanations are, in Aristotelian thought, four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?", in analysis of change or movement in nature: the material, the formal, the efficient, and the final. Aristotle wrote that "we do not have knowledge of a thing until we have grasped its why, that is to say, its cause." While there are cases in which classifying a "cause" is difficult, or in which "causes" might merge, Aristotle held that his four "causes" provided an analytical scheme of general applicability.Aristotle's word aitia (Greek: αἰτία) has, in philosophical scholarly tradition, been translated as 'cause'. This peculiar, specialized, technical, usage of the word 'cause' is not that of everyday English language. Rather, the translation of Aristotle's αἰτία that is nearest to current ordinary language is "explanation."In Physics II.3 and Metaphysics V.2, Aristotle holds that there are four kinds of answers to "why" questions: Matter The material cause of a change or movement. This is the aspect of the change or movement that is determined by the material that composes the moving or changing things. For a table, this might be wood; for a statue, it might be bronze or marble. |
Journal of Zhejiang University Science A | The Journal of Zhejiang University Science A: Applied Physics & Engineering is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering applied physics and engineering. It was established in 2000 and is published by Zhejiang University Press and Springer Science+Business Media. |
Non-philosophy | Non-philosophy (French: non-philosophie) is a concept developed by French Continental philosopher François Laruelle (formerly of the Collège international de philosophie and the University of Paris X: Nanterre). |
Permutohedron | In mathematics, the permutohedron of order n is an (n − 1)-dimensional polytope embedded in an n-dimensional space. Its vertex coordinates (labels) are the permutations of the first n natural numbers. The edges identify the shortest possible paths (sets of transpositions) that connect two vertices (permutations). Two permutations connected by an edge differ in only two places (one transposition), and the numbers on these places are neighbors (differ in value by 1). |
Headlamp | A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to illuminate the road ahead. Headlamps are also often called headlights, but in the most precise usage, headlamp is the term for the device itself and headlight is the term for the beam of light produced and distributed by the device. |
Fresh Start (detergent) | Fresh Start was the first powdered detergent to come in a plastic bottle. It was also one of the first detergents to be highly concentrated, before all detergents went concentrated.
Fresh Start was a product of the Colgate-Palmolive company and was introduced in the late '70s. In 2005, Colgate-Palmolive sold the North American rights for Fresh Start to Phoenix Brands. The target audience of Fresh Start was mainly active women. Advertisements from that time also depict active women having fun without worrying about laundry. |
Saladitos | Saladitos are plums or apricots, which are dried, salted and which can also be sweetened with sugar and anise or coated in chili and lime. A common misconception is that saladitos and chamoy are the same thing; saladitos are the dried salted fruit, whereas chamoy is made from the leftover brine. |
Desoximetasone | Desoximetasone is a medication belonging to the family of medications known as topical corticosteroids. It is used for the relief of various skin conditions, including rashes. It helps to reduce redness, itching, and irritation. Desoximetasone is a synthetic corticosteroid, a class of primarily synthetic steroids used as anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic agents.
Three brand name products are available (availability depending on country): Topicort Emollient Cream (0.25% desoximetasone) Topicort LP Emollient Cream (0.05% desoximetasone) Topisolone Cream (0.25% desoximetasone) |
Lattice network | A symmetrical lattice is a two-port electrical wave filter in which diagonally-crossed shunt elements are present – a configuration which sets it apart from ladder networks. The component arrangement of the lattice is shown in the diagram below. The filter properties of this circuit were first developed using image impedance concepts, but later the more general techniques of network analysis were applied to it. |
Goursat tetrahedron | In geometry, a Goursat tetrahedron is a tetrahedral fundamental domain of a Wythoff construction. Each tetrahedral face represents a reflection hyperplane on 3-dimensional surfaces: the 3-sphere, Euclidean 3-space, and hyperbolic 3-space. Coxeter named them after Édouard Goursat who first looked into these domains. It is an extension of the theory of Schwarz triangles for Wythoff constructions on the sphere. |
Living shorelines | Living shorelines are a relatively new approach for addressing shoreline erosion and protecting marsh areas. Unlike traditional structures such as bulkheads or seawalls that worsen erosion, living shorelines incorporate as many natural elements as possible which create more effective buffers in absorbing wave energy and protecting against shoreline erosion. The process of creating a living shoreline is referred to as soft engineering, which utilizes techniques that incorporate ecological principles in shoreline stabilization. The natural materials used in the construction of living shorelines create and maintain valuable habitats. Structural and organic materials commonly used in the construction of living shorelines include sand, wetland plants, sand fill, oyster reefs, submerged aquatic vegetation, stones and coir fiber logs. |
Creative Diagnostics | Creative Diagnostics is an American biotechnology company that specializes in the research and manufacturing of antibodies, viral antigens, diagnostic components, and critical assay reagents. |
Reconstructor | Reconstructor is a commercial point cloud processing software. Developed and marketed by the Italian software house Gexcel, Reconstructor was first released in September 2007 and continuously updated since then. It's a complete point cloud processing software package that includes many post processing tools for 3D reconstruction, post processing, measurements, 3D modeling and content creation.
The Geomax, Stonex and Teledyne-Opetch manufacturers have chosen Reconstructor technology for their customers. |
Dishcloth | A dishcloth or dishrag is used in the kitchen to clean or dry dishes and surfaces. Dishcloths are typically made of cotton or other fibres, such as microfiber, and measure 11" to 13" inches square. Dishcloths used for drying dishes are also known as tea towels. |
Macintosh Processor Upgrade Card | The generically named Macintosh Processor Upgrade Card (code named STP) is a central processing unit upgrade card sold by Apple Computer, designed for many Motorola 68040-powered Macintosh LC, Quadra and Performa models. The card contains a PowerPC 601 CPU and plugs into the 68040 CPU socket of the upgraded machine. The Processor upgrade card required the original CPU be plugged back into the card itself, and gave the machine the ability to run in its original 68040 configuration, or through the use of a software configuration utility allowed booting as a PowerPC 601 computer running at twice the original speed in MHz (50 MHz or 66 MHz) with 32 KB of L1 Cache, 256 KB of L2 Cache and a PowerPC Floating Point Unit available to software. The Macintosh Processor Upgrade requires and shipped with System 7.5.Development of the card started in July 1993. The upgrade card was announced in January 1994 at the MacWorld Expo in San Francisco. Apple described the Macintosh Processor Upgrade Card as giving a performance increase of "two to four times" for general purposes, or "up to 10 times" for floating point intensive programs. |
Nyko Wand | The Wand is a line of game controllers released by Nyko as third-party alternatives to the official Nintendo Wii Remote. The original Wand duplicated the functionality of the Wii Remote, while the updated Wand+ added internal replication of the Wii MotionPlus for more advanced motion sensing, similar to Nintendo's later Wii Remote Plus. The Wand series also adds additional functionality through the use of a proprietary extension of the standard Wii Remote expansion port. |
Lagrange polynomial | In numerical analysis, the Lagrange interpolating polynomial is the unique polynomial of lowest degree that interpolates a given set of data.
Given a data set of coordinate pairs (xj,yj) with 0≤j≤k, the xj are called nodes and the yj are called values. The Lagrange polynomial L(x) has degree {\textstyle \leq k} and assumes each value at the corresponding node, L(xj)=yj.
Although named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange, who published it in 1795, the method was first discovered in 1779 by Edward Waring. It is also an easy consequence of a formula published in 1783 by Leonhard Euler.Uses of Lagrange polynomials include the Newton–Cotes method of numerical integration, Shamir's secret sharing scheme in cryptography, and Reed–Solomon error correction in coding theory.
For equispaced nodes, Lagrange interpolation is susceptible to Runge's phenomenon of large oscillation. |
Pluricentric language | A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several interacting codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries. Many examples of such languages can be found worldwide among the most-spoken languages, including but not limited to Chinese in mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore; English in the United Kingdom, the United States, India, and elsewhere; and French in France, Canada, and elsewhere. The converse case is a monocentric language, which has only one formally standardized version. Examples include Japanese and Russian. |
Stack Attack | Stack Attack was the game for the 2003 FIRST Robotics Competition. Two teams of two robots compete by moving large Sterilite bins into their zones and arranging them into stacks. |
Narrowband modem | In telecommunication, a narrowband modem is a modem whose modulated output signal has an essential frequency spectrum that is limited to that which can be wholly contained within, and faithfully transmitted through, a voice channel with a nominal 4 kHz bandwidth. Note: High frequency (HF) modems are limited to operation over a voice channel with a nominal 3 kHz bandwidth. |
Engagement marketing | Engagement marketing, sometimes called "experiential marketing", "event marketing", "on-ground marketing", "live marketing", "participation marketing", "Loyalty Marketing", or "special events", is a marketing strategy that directly engages consumers and invites and encourages them to participate in the evolution of a brand or a brand experience. Rather than looking at consumers as passive receivers of messages, engagement marketers believe that consumers should be actively involved in the production and co-creation of marketing programs, developing a relationship with the brand.Consumer engagement is when a brand and a consumer connect. According to Brad Nierenberg, experiential marketing is the live, one-on-one interactions that allow consumers to create connections with brands. Consumers will continue to seek and demand one-on-one, shareable interaction with a brand. |
Smoking jacket | A smoking jacket is an informal men's style of lounge jacket originally intended for tobacco smoking. Designed in the 1850s, a traditional smoking jacket has a shawl collar, turn-up cuffs, and is closed with either toggle or button fastenings, or with a tie belt. It is usually made from velvet and/or silk. |
Truncated icosidodecahedron | In geometry, a truncated icosidodecahedron, rhombitruncated icosidodecahedron, great rhombicosidodecahedron, omnitruncated dodecahedron or omnitruncated icosahedron is an Archimedean solid, one of thirteen convex, isogonal, non-prismatic solids constructed by two or more types of regular polygon faces. |
Chinese Characters Dictation Competition | Chinese Characters Dictation Competition (Chinese: 中国汉字听写大会; pinyin: Zhōngguó hànzì tīngxiě dàhuì) is a weekly television program where contestants write Chinese characters after hearing the words. The show now broadcasts on CCTV-1.The show was inspired by spelling bees in the United States. |
Bézier surface | Bézier surfaces are a species of mathematical spline used in computer graphics, computer-aided design, and finite element modeling. As with Bézier curves, a Bézier surface is defined by a set of control points. Similar to interpolation in many respects, a key difference is that the surface does not, in general, pass through the central control points; rather, it is "stretched" toward them as though each were an attractive force. They are visually intuitive and, for many applications, mathematically convenient. |
Rescue buoy | A rescue buoy or rescue tube or torpedo buoy is a piece of lifesaving equipment used in water rescue. This flotation device can help support the victim's and rescuer's weight to make a rescue easier. It is an essential part of the equipment that must be carried by lifeguards. It further can act as a mark of identification, identifying an individual as a lifeguard. |
Realmspace | Realmspace (product code SJR2) is an accessory for the Spelljammer campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. |
Mechanochromic luminescence | Mechanochromic luminescence (ML) references to intensity and/or color changes of (solid-state) luminescent materials induced by mechanical forces, such as rubbing, crushing, pressing, shearing, or smearing. Unlike "triboluminescence" which does not require additional excitation source other than force itself, ML is often manifested by external photoexcitation such as a UV lamp. The most common cause of ML is related to changes of intermolecular interactions of dyes and pigments, which gives rise to various strong (exciton splitting) and/or weak (Forster) excited state interactions. For example, a certain boron complex of sunscreen compound avobenzone exhibits reversible ML. A recent detailed study suggests that ML from the boron complex consists of two critical coupled steps: 1) generation of low energy exciton trap via mechanical perturbation; and 2) exciton migration from regions where photoexcitation results in a higher excited state. Since solid-state energy transfer can be very efficient, only a small fraction of the low-energy exciton traps is required when mechanical force is applied. As a result, for crystalline ML materials, XRD measurement may not able to detect changes before and after mechanical stimuli while its photoluminescence can be quite different. |
Deep social mind | Deep social mind is a concept in evolutionary psychology; it refers to the distinctively human capacity to 'read' (that is, to infer) the mental states of others while reciprocally enabling those others to read one's own mental states at the same time. The term 'deep social mind' was first coined in 1999 by Andrew Whiten, professor of Evolutionary and Developmental Psychology at St. Andrews University, Scotland. Together with closely related terms such as 'reflexivity' and 'intersubjectivity', it is now well-established among scholars investigating the evolutionary emergence of human sociality, cognition and communication. |
Elastic map | Elastic maps provide a tool for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. By their construction, they are a system of elastic springs embedded in the data space. This system approximates a low-dimensional manifold. The elastic coefficients of this system allow the switch from completely unstructured k-means clustering (zero elasticity) to the estimators located closely to linear PCA manifolds (for high bending and low stretching modules). With some intermediate values of the elasticity coefficients, this system effectively approximates non-linear principal manifolds. This approach is based on a mechanical analogy between principal manifolds, that are passing through "the middle" of the data distribution, and elastic membranes and plates. The method was developed by A.N. Gorban, A.Y. Zinovyev and A.A. Pitenko in 1996–1998. |
Parasyte: Part 1 | Parasyte: Part 1 (Japanese: 寄生獣, Hepburn: Kiseijū) is a 2014 Japanese science fiction action film directed by Takashi Yamazaki, starring Shota Sometani. It is the first film of the two Parasyte films, and was followed by Parasyte: Part 2. The films are based on the Parasyte manga series. |
ACE Yewt | The ACE Yewt is an electric light commercial vehicle (A-segment), produced by the ACE EV Group since 2021. |
Register (music) | A register is the "height" or range of a note, set of pitches or pitch classes, melody, part, instrument, or group of instruments. A higher register indicates higher pitch. Example 1: Violins are in a higher register than cellos.In woodwind and brass instruments, the word register usually distinguishes pitch ranges produced using different normal modes of the air column, with higher registers produced by overblowing. Often the timbres of different woodwind instrument registers tend to be markedly different. |
SAML-based products and services | Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is a set of specifications that encompasses the XML-format for security tokens containing assertions to pass information about a user and protocols and profiles to implement authentication and authorization scenarios. This article has a focus on software and services in the category of identity management infrastructure, which enable building Web-SSO solutions using the SAML protocol in an interoperable fashion. Software and services that are only SAML-enabled do not go here. |
Defected ground structure | A defected ground structure (DGS), is a purposefully created defect on the ground plane of a printed microstrip board. It is typically created in the form of an etched-out pattern on the ground plane. DGS is a simplified form of Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure. This EBG is a periodic pattern featuring a band-stop property in microstrip transmission line and circuit applications, but the DGS comprises a single defect or a very limited number of defects with periodic/aperiodic configurations. |
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery | The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (the IPDA) is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. It supplies the head of the pancreas, and the ascending and inferior parts of the duodenum. Rarely, it may have an aneurysm. |
Postal codes in the Faroe Islands | Postal codes in the Faroe Islands consist of the two letter ISO 3166 code "FO", followed by three digits: P/F Postverk Føroya Óðinshædd 22 FO-100 Tórshavn FAROE ISLANDS |
B'Twin | B’TWIN is a trademarked brand of bicycles as well as bicycle parts and accessories marketed by Decathlon.The bicycles are produced by several manufacturers in Asia and Europe. In 2010, a small part of the assembly process was relocated to France.
From 2008–18, more than 1 million bicycles were produced in Portugal. They also sold bike accessories and parts for budget prices. |
Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem | In mathematics, Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem bounds the order of the group of automorphisms, via orientation-preserving conformal mappings, of a compact Riemann surface of genus g > 1, stating that the number of such automorphisms cannot exceed 84(g − 1). A group for which the maximum is achieved is called a Hurwitz group, and the corresponding Riemann surface a Hurwitz surface. Because compact Riemann surfaces are synonymous with non-singular complex projective algebraic curves, a Hurwitz surface can also be called a Hurwitz curve. The theorem is named after Adolf Hurwitz, who proved it in (Hurwitz 1893). |
MOF Model to Text Transformation Language | MOF Model to Text Transformation Language (Mof2Text or MOFM2T) is an Object Management Group (OMG) specification for a model transformation language. Specifically, it can be used to express transformations which transform a model into text (M2T), for example a platform-specific model into source code or documentation. MOFM2T is one part of OMG's Model-driven architecture (MDA) and reuses many concepts of MOF, OMG's metamodeling architecture. Whereas MOFM2T is used for expressing M2T transformations, OMG's QVT is used for expressing M2M transformations. |
Match performance indicator | Match Performance Indicators (MPI) are the KPIs of sport. The term was created, and is widely used, in the scouting and analyzing system eye4TALENT.
Basically, the MPIs are set up as an indicator of a player's performance compared to a standard of a specific position on the field. When judging e.g. a football player's performance, it is then possible to compare his stats with the MPI of his playing position.
Since the introduction, the term has widely been used in various Danish media including Ekstra Bladet, BT, 6'eren and Kontra Magazine. |
TNFSF12 | Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 also known as TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF12 gene. |
Fully switched network | A fully switched network is a computer network which uses only network switches rather than Ethernet hubs on Ethernet networks. The switches provide a dedicated connection to each workstation. A switch allows for many conversations to occur simultaneously. Before switches, networks based on hubs data could only allow transmission in one direction at a time, this was called half-duplex. By using a switch this restriction is removed; full-duplex communication is maintained and the network is collision free. This means that data can now be transmitted in both directions at the same time. Fully switched networks employ either twisted-pair or fiber-optic cabling, both of which use separate conductors for sending and receiving data. In this type of environment, Ethernet nodes can forgo the collision detection process and transmit at will, since they are the only potential devices that can access the medium. This means that a fully switched network is a collision-free environment. |
Nif gene | The nif genes are genes encoding enzymes involved in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen available to living organisms. The primary enzyme encoded by the nif genes is the nitrogenase complex which is in charge of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to other nitrogen forms such as ammonia which the organism can use for various purposes. Besides the nitrogenase enzyme, the nif genes also encode a number of regulatory proteins involved in nitrogen fixation. The nif genes are found in both free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria and in symbiotic bacteria associated with various plants. The expression of the nif genes is induced as a response to low concentrations of fixed nitrogen and oxygen concentrations (the low oxygen concentrations are actively maintained in the root environment of host plants). The first Rhizobium genes for nitrogen fixation (nif) and for nodulation (nod) were cloned in the early 1980s by Gary Ruvkun and Sharon R. Long in Frederick M. Ausubel's laboratory. |
Piperylene | Piperylene or 1,3-pentadiene is an organic compound with the formula CH3−CH=CH−CH=CH2. It is a volatile, flammable hydrocarbon. It is one of the five positional isomers of pentadiene. |
Alastair J Sloan | Professor Alastair J Sloan is an applied bioscientist and expert in the broad field of mineralised connective tissues, and since January 2020 current head of the Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne. |
Clock and wavefront model | The clock and wavefront model is a model used to describe the process of somitogenesis in vertebrates. Somitogenesis is the process by which somites, blocks of mesoderm that give rise to a variety of connective tissues, are formed.
The model describes the splitting off of somites from the paraxial mesoderm as the result of oscillating expression of particular proteins and their gradients. |
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a chemical compound found in olive oil and beer. |
Basis (linear algebra) | In mathematics, a set B of vectors in a vector space V is called a basis (PL: bases) if every element of V may be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elements of a basis are called basis vectors. |
ORVYL and WYLBUR | ORVYL is a time-sharing monitor developed by Stanford University for IBM System/360 and System/370 computers in 1967–68. ORVYL was one of the first time-sharing systems to be made available for IBM computers. Wylbur is a text editor and word processor program designed to work either without ORVYL, or in conjunction with ORVYL. |
ISFiC Press | ISFiC Press is the small press publishing arm of ISFiC. It often produces books by the Author Guest of Honor at Windycon, an annual Chicago science fiction convention, launching the appropriate title at the convention.
Although the press officially released its first book, Robert J. Sawyer's Relativity, on November 12, 2004, the people responsible for the press issued a filk CD two years earlier, entitled A Walk on the Windy Side. That CD is considered to be the press's first project.
A Walk on the Windy Side includes songs by Charles de Lint and Juanita Coulson as well as readings by Frederik Pohl and Kristine Smith. |
An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything | "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything" is a physics preprint proposing a basis for a unified field theory, often referred to as "E8 Theory", which attempts to describe all known fundamental interactions in physics and to stand as a possible theory of everything. The paper was posted to the physics arXiv by Antony Garrett Lisi on November 6, 2007, and was not submitted to a peer-reviewed scientific journal. The title is a pun on the algebra used, the Lie algebra of the largest "simple", "exceptional" Lie group, E8. The paper's goal is to describe how the combined structure and dynamics of all gravitational and Standard Model particle fields are part of the E8 Lie algebra.The theory is presented as an extension of the grand unified theory program, incorporating gravity and fermions. The theory received a flurry of media coverage, but was also met with widespread skepticism. Scientific American reported in March 2008 that the theory was being "largely but not entirely ignored" by the mainstream physics community, with a few physicists picking up the work to develop it further. In July 2009, Jacques Distler and Skip Garibaldi published a critical paper in Communications in Mathematical Physics called "There is no 'Theory of Everything' inside E8", arguing that Lisi's theory, and a large class of related models, cannot work. Distler and Garibaldi offer a direct proof that it is impossible to embed all three generations of fermions in E8, or to obtain even one generation of the Standard Model without the presence of additional particles that do not exist in the physical world. |
Kilopondmetre | The Kilopondmetre is an obsolete unit of torque and energy in the gravitational metric system. It is abbreviated kp·m or m·kp, older publications often use mkg and kgm as well.
Torque is a product of the length of a lever and the force applied to the lever. One kilopond is the force applied to one kilogram due to gravitational acceleration; this force is exactly 9.80665 N.
This means 1 kp·m = 9.80665 kg·m/s2 = 9.80665 N·m. |
Materials (journal) | Materials is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering materials science and engineering. It was established in 2008 and is published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is Maryam Tabrizian (McGill University). The journal publishes reviews, regular research papers, short communications, and book reviews. There are currently hundreds of calls for submissions to special issues, a fact that has led to serious concerns. |
Europium(II) oxide | Europium(II) oxide (EuO) is a chemical compound which is one of the oxides of europium. In addition to europium(II) oxide, there is also europium(III) oxide and the mixed valence europium(II,III) oxide. |
Gynecologic Oncology (journal) | Gynecologic Oncology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of gynecologic oncology. The journal covers investigations relating to the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of female cancers, as well as research from any of the disciplines related to this field of interest. It is published by Elsevier and is the official journal of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. |
Spectacles (product) | Spectacles are smartglasses dedicated to recording video for the Snapchat service. This term is often used to address sunglasses and eyeglasses. They feature a camera lens and are capable of recording short video segments and syncing with a smartphone to upload to the user's online account. They were developed and manufactured by Snap Inc., and announced on September 23, 2016. The smartglasses were released on November 10, 2016. They are made for Snap's image messaging and multimedia platform, Snapchat, and were initially distributed exclusively through Snap's pop-up vending machine, Snapbot. On February 20, 2017, Snap Spectacles became available for purchase online.On April 26, 2018, a second-generation of the Spectacles launched in 17 countries. This version included both software and hardware updates including water resistance functionality and increased storage.On September 5, 2018, two improved second-generation Spectacles were released. The two new versions, dubbed Nico and Veronica, included major design changes that reflect more typical sunglasses styles. |
Lightface analytic game | In descriptive set theory, a lightface analytic game is a game whose payoff set A is a Σ11 subset of Baire space; that is, there is a tree T on ω×ω which is a computable subset of (ω×ω)<ω , such that A is the projection of the set of all branches of T.
The determinacy of all lightface analytic games is equivalent to the existence of 0#. |
Fitness function | A fitness function is a particular type of objective function that is used to summarise, as a single figure of merit, how close a given design solution is to achieving the set aims. Fitness functions are used in evolutionary algorithms (EA), such as genetic programming and genetic algorithms to guide simulations towards optimal design solutions.In the field of EAs, each design solution is commonly represented as a string of numbers (referred to as a chromosome). After each round of testing, or simulation, the idea is to delete the n worst design solutions, and to breed n new ones from the best design solutions. Each design solution, therefore, needs to be awarded a figure of merit, to indicate how close it came to meeting the overall specification, and this is generated by applying the fitness function to the test, or simulation, results obtained from that solution.Two main classes of fitness functions exist: one where the fitness function does not change, as in optimizing a fixed function or testing with a fixed set of test cases; and one where the fitness function is mutable, as in niche differentiation or co-evolving the set of test cases. Another way of looking at fitness functions is in terms of a fitness landscape, which shows the fitness for each possible chromosome. In the following, it is assumed that the fitness is determined based on an evaluation that remains unchanged during an optimization run. |
Helium storage and conservation | Helium storage and conservation is a process of maintaining supplies of helium and preventing wasteful loss. Helium is commercially produced as a byproduct of natural gas extraction. Until the mid-1990s, the United States Bureau of Mines operated a large scale helium storage facility to support government requirements for helium. The Helium Privatization Act of 1996 and subsequent increased demand for helium has led to market volatility and the entrance of significant new producers. Intermittent shortages or price increases have motivated helium users to find new ways to save on helium consumption. A lack of helium supply can affect researchers and industrial users of helium, and may lead to loss of research materials and equipment. |
Mathematische Nachrichten | Mathematische Nachrichten (abbreviated Math. Nachr.; English: Mathematical News) is a mathematical journal published in 12 issues per year by Wiley-VCH GmbH. It should not be confused with the Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten, an unrelated publication of the Austrian Mathematical Society. |
Time in Grenada | Grenada observes Atlantic Standard Time (UTC−4) year-round. |
Praseodymium | Praseodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Pr and the atomic number 59. It is the third member of the lanthanide series and is considered one of the rare-earth metals. It is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal, valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and pure praseodymium metal slowly develops a green oxide coating when exposed to air. |
2002 San Diego Padres season | The 2002 San Diego Padres season was the 34th season in franchise history. |
238P/Read | 238P/Read (P/2005 U1) is a main-belt comet discovered on 24 October 2005 by astronomer Michael T. Read using the Spacewatch 36-inch telescope on Kitt Peak National Observatory. It has an orbit within the asteroid belt and has displayed the coma of a traditional comet. It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a < aJupiter). |
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein | Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein, also known as PTB or hnRNP I, is an RNA-binding protein. PTB functions mainly as a splicing regulator, although it is also involved in alternative 3' end processing, mRNA stability and RNA localization. Two 2020 studies have shown that depleting PTB mRNA in astrocytes can convert these astrocytes to functional neurons. These studies also show that such a treatment can be applied to the substantia nigra of mice models of Parkinson's disease in order to convert astrocytes to dopaminergic neurons and as a consequence restore motor function in these mice. |
2011 Bulgaria foot-and-mouth disease outbreak | 2011 Bulgaria foot-and-mouth disease outbreak is an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurring in Southeastern Bulgaria in 2011. |
Huaguang Zhang | Huaguang Zhang is an engineer at Northeastern University China in Shenyang, China. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for his contributions to stability analysis of recurrent neural networks and intelligent control of nonlinear systems. |
CODY Assessment | The CODY Assessment (Computer aided Dyscalculia test and training) is a diagnostic screener for elementary school children from 2nd to 4th grade used to determine math weakness or dyscalculia. It also generates a detailed report evaluating each child's mathematical skills. It was developed in 2013 as a part of the CODY Project, which partnered psychologists at the University of Münster with technology experts at Kaasa health, a German software company. |
Deadheading (employee) | Deadheading is the practice of carrying, free of charge, a transport company's own staff on a normal passenger trip so that they can be in the right place to begin their duties. In United States railway usage, the term may also be used for movement of train crews to or from a train using another means of vehicular transportation, as passenger train service is infrequent or nonexistent in many areas. |
TestComplete | TestComplete is a functional automated testing platform developed by SmartBear Software. TestComplete gives testers the ability to create automated tests for Microsoft Windows, Web, Android (operating system), and iOS applications. Tests can be recorded, scripted or manually created with keyword driven operations and used for automated playback and error logging.
TestComplete contains three modules: Desktop Web MobileEach module contains functionality for creating automated tests on that specified platform.
TestComplete is used for testing many different application types including Web, Windows, Android, iOS, WPF, HTML5, Flash, Flex, Silverlight, .NET, VCL and Java. It automates functional testing and back-end testing like database testing. |
OD600 | OD600 (Also written as O.D. 600, D600, o.d. 600, OD600) is an abbreviation indicating the optical density of a sample measured at a wavelength of 600 nm. It is a commonly used in Spectrophotometry for estimating the concentration of bacteria or other cells in a liquid as the 600nm wavelength does little to damage or hinder their growth. Since optical density in case of OD600 measurements results from light scattering rather than absorption, size and shape as well as dead cells and debris of a cell may add to light dissipating. Distinctive cell types that are at densities of the same level (eg. cell/mL), may, therefore, show varying values OD600, when estimated on a similar instrument. |
Superior transverse scapular ligament | The superior transverse ligament (transverse or suprascapular ligament) converts the suprascapular notch into a foramen or opening.
It is a thin and flat fascicle, narrower at the middle than at the extremities, attached by one end to the base of the coracoid process and by the other to the medial end of the scapular notch.
The suprascapular nerve always runs through the foramen; while the suprascapular vessels cross over the ligament in most of the cases.The suprascapular ligament can become completely or partially ossified. The ligament also been found to split forming doubled space within the suprascapular notch. |
Scleraxis | The scleraxis protein is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors. Currently two genes (SCXA and SCXB respectively) have been identified to code for identical scleraxis proteins. |
CST11 | Cystatin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CST11 gene.The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. There are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. The type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions. The cystatin locus on chromosome 20 contains the majority of the type 2 cystatin genes and pseudogenes. This gene is located in the cystatin locus and encodes an epididymal-specific protein whose specific function has not been determined. Alternative splicing yields two variants encoding distinct isoforms. |
Reciprocal inhibition | Reciprocal inhibition describes the relaxation of muscles on one side of a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side. In some allied health disciplines, this is known as reflexive antagonism. The central nervous system sends a message to the agonist muscle to contract. The tension in the antagonist muscle is activated by impulses from motor neurons, causing it to relax. |
GPS disciplined oscillator | A GPS clock, or GPS disciplined oscillator (GPSDO), is a combination of a GPS receiver and a high-quality, stable oscillator such as a quartz or rubidium oscillator whose output is controlled to agree with the signals broadcast by GPS or other GNSS satellites.
GPSDOs work well as a source of timing because the satellite time signals must be accurate in order to provide positional accuracy for GPS in navigation. These signals are accurate to nanoseconds and provide a good reference for timing applications. |
Pyrimidine dimer | Pyrimidine dimers are molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reactions, commonly associated with direct DNA damage. Ultraviolet light (UV; particularly UVC) induces the formation of covalent linkages between consecutive bases along the nucleotide chain in the vicinity of their carbon–carbon double bonds. The photo-coupled dimers are fluorescent. The dimerization reaction can also occur among pyrimidine bases in dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)—uracil or cytosine. Two common UV products are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts. These premutagenic lesions alter the structure of the DNA helix and cause non-canonical base pairing. Specifically, adjacent thymines or cytosines in DNA will form a cyclobutane ring when joined together and cause a distortion in the DNA. This distortion prevents replication or transcription machinery beyond the site of the dimerization. Up to 50–100 such reactions per second might occur in a skin cell during exposure to sunlight, but are usually corrected within seconds by photolyase reactivation or nucleotide excision repair. In humans, the most common form of DNA repair is nucleotide excision repair (NER). In contrast, organisms such as bacteria can counterintuitively harvest energy from the sun to fix DNA damage from pyrimidine dimers via photolyase activity. If these lesions are not fixed, polymerase machinery may misread or add in the incorrect nucleotide to the strand. If the damage to the DNA is overwhelming, mutations can arise within the genome of an organism and may lead to the production of cancer cells. Uncorrected lesions can inhibit polymerases, cause misreading during transcription or replication, or lead to arrest of replication. It causes sunburn and it triggers the production of melanin. Pyrimidine dimers are the primary cause of melanomas in humans. |
Epidural abscess | An epidural abscess refers to a collection of pus and infectious material located in the epidural space superficial to the dura mater which surrounds the central nervous system. Due to its location adjacent to brain or spinal cord, epidural abscesses have the potential to cause weakness, pain, and paralysis. |
MMB-2201 | MMB-2201 (also known as 5F-MMB-PICA, 5F-AMB-PICA, and I-AMB) is a potent indole-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid, which has been sold as a designer drug and as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis blends. It was first reported in Russia and Belarus in January 2014, but has since been sold in a number of other countries. In the United States, MMB-2201 was identified in Drug Enforcement Administration drug seizures for the first time in 2018.MMB-2201 is the indole core analogue of 5F-AMB. Synthetic cannabinoid compounds with an indole-3-carboxamide or indazole-3-carboxamide core bearing a N-1-methoxycarbonyl group with attached isopropyl or tert-butyl substituent, have proved to be much more dangerous than older synthetic cannabinoid compounds previously reported, and have been linked to many deaths in Russia, Japan, Europe and the United States. |
Heart murmur | Heart murmurs are unique heart sounds produced when blood flows across a heart valve or blood vessel. This occurs when turbulent blood flow creates a sound loud enough to hear with a stethoscope. Turbulent blood flow is not smooth. The sound differs from normal heart sounds by their characteristics. For example, heart murmurs may have a distinct pitch, duration and timing. The major way health care providers examine the heart on physical exam is heart auscultation; another clinical technique is palpation, which can detect by touch when such turbulence causes the vibrations called cardiac thrill. |
Bioinspiration & Biomimetics | Bioinspiration & Biomimetics is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes research involving the study and distillation of principles and functions found in biological systems that have been developed through evolution. It was quarterly during 2006~2014 and became bimonthly in 2015.
The editor-in-chief is Robert J Full at the University of California, Berkeley, USA. |
Meta-circular evaluator | In computing, a meta-circular evaluator (MCE) or meta-circular interpreter (MCI) is an interpreter which defines each feature of the interpreted language using a similar facility of the interpreter's host language. For example, interpreting a lambda application may be implemented using function application. Meta-circular evaluation is most prominent in the context of Lisp. A self-interpreter is a meta-circular interpreter where the interpreted language is nearly identical to the host language; the two terms are often used synonymously. |
SEPT8 | Septin-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEPT8 gene. |
Scherbius Drive | The Static Scherbius Drive provides the speed control of a wound rotor motor below synchronous speed. The portion of rotor AC power is converted into DC by a diode bridge. This drive has the ability of flow the power both in the positive as well as the negative direction of the injected voltage. |
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