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Southerly Buster | A southerly buster is the colloquial name of an abrupt southerly wind change in the southern regions of New South Wales and Victoria, Australia, which approaches from the southeast, mainly on a hot day, bringing in cool, usually severe weather and a dramatic temperature drop, thus ultimately replacing and relieving the prior hot conditions. Marking the boundary between hot and cool air masses, a southerly buster is sometimes represented by a roll-up cloud perpendicular to the coast, which appears from the south and coexists with the wind change, though sometimes there is little visual signal of the southerly's arrival.Southerly busters occur in the backside of a low pressure trough, followed by the speedy advance of an anticyclone from Western Australia. They are caused by the interaction of a shallow cold front with the blocking mountain range that aligns the coast, and frictional contrasts over the mainland and the ocean that disconnect the flow. Southerly busters occur about 32 times each year on the coast of southeastern Australia, with variable strength, usually in spring and summer. Although southerly busters are often associated with NSW and Victoria, they also occur on the east coast of Tasmania, New Zealand, and in Argentina and Chile. |
Biofactories | The name biofactory comes from the improvements which different installments of traditional health services (wastewater treatment and water treatment plants) have been through; this has been done by reassessing them into a Circular Economy (CE). The concept was first used by Chilean company Aguas Andinas’ CEO, Narcís Berberana. Yves Lesty, Carlos Castro and Lisette Gajardo were the engineers that took part in its origin. |
Germ-Soma Differentiation | Germ-Soma Differentiation is the process by which organisms develop distinct germline and somatic cells. The development of cell differentiation has been one of the critical aspects of the evolution of multicellularity and sexual reproduction in organisms. Multicellularity has evolved upwards of 25 times, and due to this there is great possibility that multiple factors have shaped the differentiation of cells. There are three general types of cells: germ cells, somatic cells, and stem cells. Germ cells lead to the production of gametes, while somatic cells perform all other functions within the body. Within the broad category of somatic cells, there is further specialization as cells become specified to certain tissues and functions. In addition, stem cell are undifferentiated cells which can develop into a specialized cell and are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. Due to the differentiation in function, somatic cells are found ony in multicellular organisms, as in unicellular ones the purposes of somatic and germ cells are consolidated in one cell. |
TRIANGLE disease | TRIANGLE disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system. TRIANGLE stands for “TPPII-related immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and neurodevelopmental delay with impaired glycolysis and lysosomal expansion” where TPP2 is the causative gene. This disease manifests as recurrent infection, autoimmunity, and neurodevelopmental delay. TRIANGLE disease was first described in a collaborative study by Dr. Helen C. Su from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and Dr. Sophie Hambleton from the University of Newcastle and their collaborators in 2014. The disease was also described by the group of Ehl et al. |
Rhoifolin | Rhoifolin is a chemical compound. It is first isolated from plant Rhus succedanea. The term "Rhoi" derived from generic name of plant Rhus. It is a flavone, a type of flavonoid isolated from Boehmeria nivea, China grass or ramie (leaf), from Citrus limon, Canton lemon (leaf), from Citrus x aurantium, the bigarade or bitter orange (plant), from Citrus x paradisi, the grapefruit (leaf), from Ononis campestris, the cammock (shoot) and from Sabal serratula, the serenoa or sabal fruit (plant). |
Hard landscape materials | The term hard landscape is used by practitioners of landscape architecture and garden design to describe the construction materials which are used to improve a landscape by design. The corresponding term soft landscape materials is used to describe vegetative materials such as plants, grasses, shrubs, trees, etc. to improve landscape or outdoor space. |
G&T-Seq | G&T-seq (short for single cell genome and transcriptome sequencing) is a novel form of single cell sequencing technique allowing one to simultaneously obtain both transcriptomic and genomic data from single cells, allowing for direct comparison of gene expression data to its corresponding genomic data in the same cell... |
Multi-frequency receiver | Multi-Frequency signalling, (MF), is similar to the European version, CCITT Signaling System 5, (SS5). The original format was five tones used in pairs. This later evolved to six tones. Because its six tones are used only in pairs, this signaling format is sometimes referred to as "two-out-of-five code" or "two of six." Multi-Frequency receivers have been present in US telephony at least since the late 1940s. In 1940s technology, receivers in 4XB and similar equipment used vacuum tubes. Later ones used RC filters and transistors. Digital filters became commonplace in electronic switching systems of the 1980s. For example, in 5ESS switch such jobs are done by DSPs in the Global Digital Services Unit (GDSU). |
Fat binary | A fat binary (or multiarchitecture binary) is a computer executable program or library which has been expanded (or "fattened") with code native to multiple instruction sets which can consequently be run on multiple processor types. This results in a file larger than a normal one-architecture binary file, thus the name. |
Dimond ring | A Dimond ring or Dimond ring translator was an early type of computer memory, created in the early 1940s by T. L. Dimond at Bell Laboratories for Bell's #5 Crossbar Switch, a type of early telephone switch. |
Inferior hypogastric plexus | The inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus in some texts) is a network (plexus) of nerves that supplies the organs of the pelvic cavity. The inferior hypogastric plexus gives rise to the prostatic plexus in males and the uterovaginal plexus in females.The inferior hypogastric plexus is a paired structure, meaning there is one on the left and the right side of the body. These are located on either side of the rectum in males, and at the sides of the rectum and vagina in females. For this reason, injury to this structure can arise as a complication of pelvic surgeries and may cause urinary dysfunction and urinary incontinence. Testing of bladder function is used in that case to show a poorly compliant bladder, with bladder neck incompetence, and fixed external sphincter tone. |
Nucleoporin 35 | Nucleoporin 35 (Nup35) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP35 gene. |
Doubly connected edge list | The doubly connected edge list (DCEL), also known as half-edge data structure, is a data structure to represent an embedding of a planar graph in the plane, and polytopes in 3D. This data structure provides efficient manipulation of the topological information associated with the objects in question (vertices, edges, faces). It is used in many algorithms of computational geometry to handle polygonal subdivisions of the plane, commonly called planar straight-line graphs (PSLG). For example, a Voronoi diagram is commonly represented by a DCEL inside a bounding box. This data structure was originally suggested by Muller and Preparata for representations of 3D convex polyhedra. Later, a somewhat different data structure was suggested, but the name "DCEL" was retained. |
Bioreactor landfill | Landfills are the primary method of waste disposal in many parts of the world, including United States and Canada. Bioreactor landfills are expected to reduce the amount of and costs associated with management of leachate, to increase the rate of production of methane (natural gas) for commercial purposes and reduce the amount of land required for land-fills. Bioreactor landfills are monitored and manipulate oxygen and moisture levels to increase the rate of decomposition by microbial activity. |
Roland MC-303 | The Roland MC-303 is the first of a series of musical instruments known as a groovebox. It combines a simple sound module with a sequencer to record and store notation, along with controls aimed at encouraging the musician to improvise the music while it is playing. Despite the number in its name and the attention it received at its launch, the MC-303 has more in common with other MC prefixed synthesizers (such as the Roland MC-202), which contain built-in sequencers, than it does with the famous Roland TB-303. As the first Groovebox, the MC-303 was the first in a line of inexpensive products specifically targeted towards house DJs and amateur home musicians rather than professional producers. It was superseded by the Roland MC-505. It is the predecessor to the Roland JX-305, Roland D2, Roland MC-307, Roland EG-101, Roland MC-09, Roland MC-909, Roland MC-808, and most recently the Roland MC-707 in 2019, along with its more portable sibling, the Roland MC-101. |
Jonathan S. Turner | Jonathan Shields Turner is a senior professor of Computer Science in the School of Engineering and Applied Science at Washington University in St. Louis. His research interests include the design and analysis of high performance routers and switching systems, extensible communication networks via overlay networks, and probabilistic performance of heuristic algorithms for NP-complete problems. |
Supergravity | In theoretical physics, supergravity (supergravity theory; SUGRA for short) is a modern field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity; this is in contrast to non-gravitational supersymmetric theories such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Supergravity is the gauge theory of local supersymmetry. Since the supersymmetry (SUSY) generators form together with the Poincaré algebra a superalgebra, called the super-Poincaré algebra, supersymmetry as a gauge theory makes gravity arise in a natural way. |
Space sustainability | Space sustainability aims to maintain the safety and health of the space environment.Similar to sustainability initiatives on Earth, space sustainability seeks to use the environment of space to meet the current needs of society without compromising the needs of future generations. It usually focuses on space closest to Earth, Low Earth Orbit (LEO), since this environment is the one most used and therefore most relevant to humans. It also considers Geostationary Equatorial Orbit (GEO) as this orbit is another popular choice for Earth-orbiting mission designs.The issue of space sustainability is a new phenomenon that is gaining more attention in recent years as the launching of satellites and other space objects has increased. These launches have resulted in more space debris orbiting Earth, hindering the ability of nations to operate in the space environment while increasing the risk of a future launch-related accident that could disrupt its proper use. Space weather also acts as an outstanding factor for spacecraft failure. The current protocol for spacecraft disposal at end-of-life has, at large, not been followed in mission designs and demands extraneous amounts of time for disposal.Precedent created through prior policy initiatives has facilitated initial mitigation of space pollution and created a foundation for space sustainability efforts. To further mitigation, international and transdisciplinary consortia have stepped forward to analyze existing operations, develop standards, and incentivize future procedures to prioritize a sustainable approach. A shift towards sustainable interactions with the space environment is growing in urgency due to the implications of climate change and increasing risk to spacecraft as time presses on. |
The Mark of the Assassin | The Mark of the Assassin is a 1998 spy fiction novel by Daniel Silva. |
Postpartum depression | Postpartum depression (PPD), also called postnatal depression, is a type of mood disorder experienced after childbirth, which can affect both sexes. Symptoms may include extreme sadness, low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, irritability, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. PPD can also negatively affect the newborn child.While the exact cause of PPD is unclear, the cause is believed to be a combination of physical, emotional, genetic, and social factors. These may include factors such as hormonal changes and sleep deprivation. Risk factors include prior episodes of postpartum depression, bipolar disorder, a family history of depression, psychological stress, complications of childbirth, lack of support, or a drug use disorder. Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms. While most women experience a brief period of worry or unhappiness after delivery, postpartum depression should be suspected when symptoms are severe and last over two weeks.Among those at risk, providing psychosocial support may be protective in preventing PPD. This may include community support such as food, household chores, mother care, and companionship. Treatment for PPD may include counseling or medications. Types of counseling that have been found to be effective include interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychodynamic therapy. Tentative evidence supports the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).Postpartum depression affects roughly 8.9-10.1% of women in high income countries and 17.8-19.7% of women in low and middle income countries. Moreover, this mood disorder is estimated to affect 1% to 26% of new fathers. Postpartum psychosis, a more severe form of postpartum mood disorder, occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women following childbirth. Postpartum psychosis is one of the leading causes of the murder of children less than one year of age, which occurs in about 8 per 100,000 births in the United States. |
Wc (Unix) | wc (short for word count) is a command in Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and Unix-like operating systems. The program reads either standard input or a list of computer files and generates one or more of the following statistics: newline count, word count, and byte count. If a list of files is provided, both individual file and total statistics follow. |
Plasmid preparation | A plasmid preparation is a method of DNA extraction and purification for plasmid DNA, it is an important step in many molecular biology experiments and is essential for the successful use of plasmids in research and biotechnology. Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid DNA from bacteria. During the purification procedure, the plasmid DNA is often separated from contaminating proteins and genomic DNA. |
Single scan dynamic molecular imaging technique | Single Scan Dynamic Molecular Imaging Technique is a positron emission tomography (PET) based neuroimaging technique that allows detection of dopamine released in the brain during a cognitive or behavioral processing. The technique was developed by a psychiatry resident Rajendra Badgaiyan and his colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital Boston.. The technique has been used to detect dopamine released during cognitive, behavioral and emotional tasks by a number of investigators. This technique has for the first time allowed scientists to detect changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters released acutely during task performance. It expanded the scope of neuroimaging studies by allowing detection of neurochemical changes associated with the brain processing. |
Well travelled road effect | The well travelled road effect is a cognitive bias in which travellers will estimate the time taken to traverse routes differently depending on their familiarity with the route. Frequently travelled routes are assessed as taking a shorter time than unfamiliar routes. This effect creates errors when estimating the most efficient route to an unfamiliar destination, when one candidate route includes a familiar route, whilst the other candidate route includes no familiar routes. The effect is most salient when subjects are driving, but is still detectable for pedestrians and users of public transport. The effect has been observed for centuries but was first studied scientifically in the 1980s and 1990s following from earlier "heuristics and biases" work undertaken by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.Much like the Stroop task, it is hypothesised that drivers use less cognitive effort when traversing familiar routes and therefore underestimate the time taken to traverse the familiar route. The well travelled road effect has been hypothesised as a reason that self-reported experience curve effects are overestimated. |
MYD88 | Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the MYD88 gene. |
Cartan's theorems A and B | In mathematics, Cartan's theorems A and B are two results proved by Henri Cartan around 1951, concerning a coherent sheaf F on a Stein manifold X. They are significant both as applied to several complex variables, and in the general development of sheaf cohomology. |
Carbonates on Mars | Head (vessel) Evidence for carbonates on Mars was first discovered in 2008. Previously, most remote sensing instruments such as OMEGA and THEMIS—sensitive to infrared emissivity spectral features of carbonates—had not suggested the presence of carbonate outcrops, at least at the 100 m or coarser spatial scales available from the returned data.Though ubiquitous, a 2003 study of carbonates on Mars showed that they are dominated by Magnesite (MgCO3) in Martian dust, had mass fractions less than 5%, and could have formed under current atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, with the exception of the surface dust component, by 2007 carbonates had not been detected by any in situ mission, even though mineralogic modeling did not preclude small amounts of calcium carbonate in Independence class rocks of Husband Hill in Gusev crater (note: An IAU naming convention within Gusev is not yet established). |
Bicycle collecting | As with many consumer products, early bicycles were purchased solely for their usefulness or fashionableness and discarded as they wore out or were replaced by newer models. Some items were thrown into storage and survived, but many others went to the scrapyard. Decades later, those with an interest in cycling and history began to seek out older bikes, collecting different varieties. Like other forms of collecting, bike collectors can be completists or specialists, and many have extensive holdings in bike parts or literature, in addition to complete bicycles. |
MIR1269A | MicroRNA 1269a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIR1269A gene. |
DOTA (chelator) | DOTA (also known as tetraxetan) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2NCH2CO2H)4. The molecule consists of a central 12-membered tetraaza (i.e., containing four nitrogen atoms) ring. DOTA is used as a complexing agent, especially for lanthanide ions. Its complexes have medical applications as contrast agents and cancer treatments. |
Protonophore | A protonophore, also known as a proton translocator, is an ionophore that moves protons across lipid bilayers or other type of membranes. This would otherwise not occur as protons cations (H+) have positive charge and hydrophilic properties, making them unable to cross without a channel or transporter in the form of a protonophore. Protonophores are generally aromatic compounds with a negative charge, that are both hydrophobic and capable of distributing the negative charge over a number of atoms by π-orbitals which delocalize a proton's charge when it attaches to the molecule. Both the neutral and the charged protonophore can diffuse across the lipid bilayer by passive diffusion and simultaneously facilitate proton transport. Protonophores uncouple oxidative phosphorylation via a decrease in the membrane potential of the inner membrane of mitochondria. They stimulate mitochondria respiration and heat production. Protonophores (uncouplers) are often used in biochemistry research to help explore the bioenergetics of chemiosmotic and other membrane transport processes. It has been reported that the protonophore has antibacterial activity by perturbing bacterial proton motive force.Representative anionic protonophores include: 2,4-dinitrophenol Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP)Representative cationic protonophores include: C4R1 (a short-chain alkyl derivative of rhodamine 19) EllipticineRepresentative zwitterionic protonophores include: mitoFluo (10-[2-(3-hydroxy-6-oxo-xanthen-9-yl)benzoyl]oxydecyl-triphenyl-phosphonium bromide) PP6 (2-(2-Hydroxyaryl)hexylphosphonium bromide) |
Suspensory behavior | Suspensory behaviour is a form of arboreal locomotion or a feeding behavior that involves hanging or suspension of the body below or among tree branches. This behavior enables faster travel while reducing path lengths to cover more ground when travelling, searching for food and avoiding predators. Different types of suspensory behaviour include brachiation, climbing, and bridging. These mechanisms allow larger species to distribute their weight among smaller branches rather than balancing above these weak supports. Primates and sloths are most commonly seen using these behaviours, however, other animals such as bats may be seen hanging below surfaces to obtain food or when resting. |
Downcasting | In class-based programming, downcasting or type refinement is the act of casting a reference of a base class to one of its derived classes.
In many programming languages, it is possible to check through type introspection to determine whether the type of the referenced object is indeed the one being cast to or a derived type of it, and thus issue an error if it is not the case.
In other words, when a variable of the base class (parent class) has a value of the derived class (child class), downcasting is possible.
Some languages, such as OCaml, disallow downcasting. |
Guaijaverin | Guaijaverin is the 3-O-arabinoside of quercetin. It is found in the leaves of Psidium guajava, the common guava. |
Goin' Nuts | Goin' Nuts is a pinball machine that was designed by Adolf Seitz, Jr. for Gottlieb in 1983. The game never went into production and only 10 prototypes were built. |
Diisopromine | Diisopromine or disoprominum, usually as the hydrochloride salt, is a synthetic spasmolytic which neutralizes spastic conditions of the biliary tract and of the sphincter of Oddi. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1955. It is sold in South Africa under the brand name Agofell syrup as a mixture with sorbitol, and elsewhere as Megabyl. |
Townhouse | A townhouse, townhome, town house, or town home, is a type of terraced housing. A modern townhouse is often one with a small footprint on multiple floors. In a different British usage, the term originally referred to any type of city residence (normally in London) of someone whose main or largest residence was a country house. |
Laminar organization | A laminar organization describes the way certain tissues, such as bone membrane, skin, or brain tissues, are arranged in layers. |
Scaffolding | Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious injury. Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, concert stages, access/viewing towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects. |
Watchdog timer | A watchdog timer (or simply a watchdog), sometimes called a computer operating properly timer (COP timer), is an electronic or software timer that is used to detect and recover from computer malfunctions. Watchdog timers are widely used in computers to facilitate automatic correction of temporary hardware faults, and to prevent errant or malevolent software from disrupting system operation. |
Calibre (software) | Calibre (, stylised calibre) is a cross-platform free and open-source suite of e-book software. Calibre supports organizing existing e-books into virtual libraries, displaying, editing, creating and converting e-books, as well as syncing e-books with a variety of e-readers. Editing books is supported for EPUB and AZW3 formats. Books in other formats like MOBI must first be converted to those formats, if they are to be edited. |
Homodes | Homodes is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. |
DSDP 367 | The DSDP 367 was an area that was drilled as part of the Deep Sea Drilling Project that took place below the Cape Verde Basin. |
Sequence | In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called elements, or terms). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is called the length of the sequence. Unlike a set, the same elements can appear multiple times at different positions in a sequence, and unlike a set, the order does matter. Formally, a sequence can be defined as a function from natural numbers (the positions of elements in the sequence) to the elements at each position. The notion of a sequence can be generalized to an indexed family, defined as a function from an arbitrary index set. |
Quixotism | Quixotism ( or ; adj. quixotic) is impracticality in pursuit of ideals, especially those ideals manifested by rash, lofty and romantic ideas or extravagantly chivalrous action. It also serves to describe an idealism without regard to practicality. An impulsive person or act might be regarded as quixotic.
Quixotism is usually related to "over-idealism", meaning an idealism that doesn't take consequence or absurdity into account. It is also related to naïve romanticism and to utopianism. |
Zinc pest | Zinc pest (from German Zinkpest), also known as zinc rot and zamak rot, is a destructive, intercrystalline corrosion process of zinc alloys containing lead impurities. While impurities of the alloy are the primary cause of the problem, environmental conditions such as high humidity (greater than 65%) may accelerate the process.It was first discovered to be a problem in 1923, and primarily affects die-cast zinc articles that were manufactured during the 1920s through 1950s. The New Jersey Zinc Company developed zamak alloys in 1929 using 99.99% pure zinc metal to avoid the problem, and articles made after 1960 are usually considered free of the risk of zinc pest since the use of purer materials and more controlled manufacturing conditions make zinc pest degradation unlikely.Affected objects may show surface irregularities such as small cracks and fractures, blisters or pitting. Over time, the material slowly expands, cracking, buckling and warping in an irreversible process that makes the object exceedingly brittle and prone to fracture, and can eventually shatter the object, destroying it altogether. Due to the expansion process, attached normal material may also be damaged. The occurrence and severity of zinc pest in articles made of susceptible zinc alloys depends both on the concentration of lead impurities in the metal and on the storage conditions of the article in the ensuing decades. Zinc pest is dreaded by collectors of vintage die-cast model trains, toys, or radios, because rare or otherwise valuable items can inescapably be rendered worthless as the process of zinc pest destroys them. Because castings of the same object were usually made from various batches of metal over the production process, some examples of a given toy or model may survive today completely unaffected, while other identical examples may have completely disintegrated. It has also affected carburetors, hubcaps, door handles and automobile trim on cars of the 1920s and 1930s. |
Vaneless ion wind generator | A vaneless ion wind generator or power fence is a device that generates electrical energy by using the wind to move charged particles across an electric field. |
Dibunate | Dibunate is a cough suppressant. As the sodium salt, it has been marketed under the name Becantyl (in the United Kingdom), Becantex (in continental Europe), or Linctussal with a dosage of 20 to 30 mg, as either syrup or tablets.Similar to benzonatate, it is a peripherally acting drug. It has not been reported to cause sedation, euphoria, habituation, or respiratory depression, unlike narcotic antitussives such as codeine. It may work by blocking afferent signals in the reflex arc which controls cough. Nausea is rarely seen as an adverse effect. |
Autocorrelation (words) | In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, the autocorrelation of a word is the set of periods of this word. More precisely, it is a sequence of values which indicate how much the end of a word looks likes the beginning of a word. This value can be used to compute, for example, the average value of the first occurrence of this word in a random string. |
Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma | The ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is essentially a benign tumor with the features characteristic of ameloblastic fibroma along with enamel and dentin (hard tissues). Though it is generally regarded as benign, there have been cases of its malignant transformation into ameloblastic fibrosarcoma and odontogenic sarcoma. Cahn LR and Blum T, believed in "maturation theory", which suggested that AFO was an intermediate stage and eventually developed during the period of tooth formation to a complex odontoma thus, being a hamartoma.World Health Organization (WHO) defines AFO as a neoplasm consisting of odontogenic ectomesenchyme resembling the dental papilla, epithelial strands and nest resembling dental lamina and enamel organ conjunction with the presence of dentine and enamel. There is a consensus that AFO should be grouped under Odontomas. This is because once the hard tissues start forming it will eventually lead to formation of Odontomas. The Recent WHO classification published in 2017 has grouped AFDs into odontomes. According to Tekkesin S et al, combination of age and lesion size should be used to distinguish between lesions of a true neoplastic nature and hamartomatous formation. |
Starter (engine) | A starter (also self-starter, cranking motor, or starter motor) is a device used to rotate (crank) an internal-combustion engine so as to initiate the engine's operation under its own power. Starters can be electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic. The starter can also be another internal-combustion engine in the case, for instance, of very large engines, or diesel engines in agricultural or excavation applications.Internal combustion engines are feedback systems, which, once started, rely on the inertia from each cycle to initiate the next cycle. In a four-stroke engine, the third stroke releases energy from the fuel, powering the fourth (exhaust) stroke and also the first two (intake, compression) strokes of the next cycle, as well as powering the engine's external load. To start the first cycle at the beginning of any particular session, the first two strokes must be powered in some other way than from the engine itself. The starter motor is used for this purpose and it is not required once the engine starts running and its feedback loop becomes self-sustaining. |
Mereology | In logic, philosophy and related fields, mereology (from Greek μέρος 'part' (root: μερε-, mere-, 'part') and the suffix -logy, 'study, discussion, science') is the study of parts and the wholes they form. Whereas set theory is founded on the membership relation between a set and its elements, mereology emphasizes the meronomic relation between entities, which—from a set-theoretic perspective—is closer to the concept of inclusion between sets. |
Miniature horse | A miniature horse is a breed or type of horse characterised by its small size. Usually it has been bred to display in miniature the physical characteristics of a full-sized horse, but to be little over 100 cm (40 in) in height, or even less. Although such horses have the appearance of small horses, they are genetically much more similar to pony breeds such as the Shetland.: 486 They have various colors and coat patterns. |
Conference on Web and Internet Economics | Conference on Web and Internet Economics (WINE) (prior to 2013, The Workshop on Internet & Network Economics) is an interdisciplinary workshop devoted to the analysis of algorithmic and economic problems arising in the Internet and the World Wide Web. The submissions are peer reviewed and the proceedings of the conference is published by Springer-Verlag. The conference has been held every year since 2005. Previous sessions include: WINE 2005: Hong Kong, China : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3828 Springer 2005, ISBN 3-540-30900-4 WINE 2006: Patras, Greece : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4286 Springer 2006, ISBN 3-540-68138-8 WINE 2007: San Diego, CA, USA : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4858 Springer 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-77104-3 WINE 2008: Shanghai, China : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5385 Springer 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-92184-4 WINE 2009: Rome, Italy : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5929 Springer 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-10840-2 WINE 2010: Stanford, CA, USA : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6484 Springer 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-17571-8 WINE 2011: Singapore : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7090 Springer 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-25509-0 WINE 2012: Liverpool, UK : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7695 Springer 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-35310-9 WINE 2013: Cambridge, MA, USA : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8289 Springer 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-45046-4 WINE 2014: Beijing, China : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8877 Springer 2014, ISBN 978-3-319-13128-3 WINE 2015: Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9470 Springer 2015, ISBN 978-3-662-48994-9 WINE 2016: Montreal, Canada : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10123 Springer 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-54109-8 WINE 2017: Bangalore, India : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10660 Springer 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-71924-5 WINE 2018: Oxford, UK : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11316 Springer 2018, ISBN 978-3-030-04611-8 WINE 2019: New York, NY, USA : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11920 Springer 2019, ISBN 978-3-030-35388-9 WINE 2020: Beijing, China : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12495 Springer 2020, ISBN 978-3-030-64945-6 WINE 2021: Potsdam, Germany : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13112 Springer 2022, ISBN 978-3-030-94675-3 WINE 2022: Troy, NY, USA : Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13778 Springer 2022, ISBN 978-3-031-22831-5 |
Log reduction | Log reduction is a measure of how thoroughly a decontamination process reduces the concentration of a contaminant. It is defined as the common logarithm of the ratio of the levels of contamination before and after the process, so an increment of 1 corresponds to a reduction in concentration by a factor of 10. |
Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation | Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA) is a semantic approach to grammatical representation. It is a cross-linguistically applicable semantic representation scheme, and has demonstrated support for rapid annotation. |
Voronezhselmash | Voronezhselmash (Russian: Воронежсельмаш) produces equipment for post-harvest handling, drying and storing grain, including grain elevators and separators. Construction of grain elevators for turnkey grain storage. |
Three mountain problem | The Three Mountains Task was a task developed by Jean Piaget, a developmental psychologist from Switzerland. Piaget came up with a theory for developmental psychology based on cognitive development. Cognitive development, according to his theory, took place in four stages. These four stages were classified as the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages. The Three Mountain Problem was devised by Piaget to test whether a child's thinking was egocentric, which was also a helpful indicator of whether the child was in the preoperational stage or the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. |
LE (text editor) | LE is a text editor which appears something like the Norton Editor, but has many additional features: Rectangle select/copy/paste (block type is switchable) Search/replace with regular expressions Filtering block contents through an external program Linear multilevel undo/redo Customizable menus Color syntax highlighting (using regular expressions in an external file) Handles UTF-8 characters, based on locale settings Customizable keymaps for different terminal types (associating either literal strings or terminfo capability names) Hexadecimal editing mode Editing of mmap'd files or devices in replace mode Frame drawing mode (first seen in Lexicon) File selection box (inspired by Turbo C) Built-in postfix calculator.It uses ncurses for display, mouse and part of the keyboard handling. The application has a built-in table of key assignments for xterm, rxvt and some less familiar terminal types. |
IAd Producer | iAd Producer was introduced by Apple Inc. in 2010 as a new authoring tool for designing and developing interactive iAd using HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript standards for distribution through its iAd network within iOS apps. iAd and by extension iAd Producer were both discontinued in June 2016. |
Graphene lens | A graphene lens is an optical refraction device. Graphene's unique 2-D honeycomb contributes to its unique optical properties. |
ACS Energy Letters | ACS Energy Letters is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in 2016 and the editor-in-chief is Prashant V. Kamat (University of Notre Dame). It covers research on all aspects of energy and aims for rapid publication. |
Equivariant stable homotopy theory | In mathematics, more specifically in topology, the equivariant stable homotopy theory is a subfield of equivariant topology that studies a spectrum with group action instead of a space with group action, as in stable homotopy theory. The field has become more active recently because of its connection to algebraic K-theory. |
Polysome | A polyribosome (or polysome or ergosome) is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like “beads” on a “thread”. It consists of a complex of an mRNA molecule and two or more ribosomes that act to translate mRNA instructions into polypeptides. Originally coined "ergosomes" in 1963, they were further characterized by Jonathan Warner, Paul M. Knopf, and Alex Rich. |
Roberts linkage | A Roberts linkage is a four-bar linkage which converts a rotational motion to approximate straight-line motion.The linkage was developed by Richard Roberts.The Roberts linkage can be classified as: Watt-type linkage Grashof rocker-rocker Symmetrical four-bar linkage |
Design closure | Design Closure is a part of the digital electronic design automation workflow by which an integrated circuit (i.e. VLSI) design is modified from its initial description to meet a growing list of design constraints and objectives.
Every step in the IC design (such as static timing analysis, placement, routing, and so on) is already complex and often forms its own field of study. This article, however, looks at the overall design closure process, which takes a chip from its initial design state to the final form in which all of its design constraints are met. |
Shell builtin | In computing, a shell builtin is a command or a function, called from a shell, that is executed directly in the shell itself, instead of an external executable program which the shell would load and execute.Shell builtins work significantly faster than external programs, because there is no program loading overhead. However, their code is inherently present in the shell, and thus modifying or updating them requires modifications to the shell. Therefore, shell builtins are usually used for simple, almost trivial, functions, such as text output. |
Measurement Science and Technology | Measurement Science and Technology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal, published by IOP Publishing, covering the areas of measurement, instrumentation, and sensor technology in the sciences. The editor-in-chief is Andrew Yacoot (National Physical Laboratory). |
Ansys HFSS | Ansys HFSS (high-frequency structure simulator), is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic (EM) structures from Ansys that offers multiple state-of-the-art solver technologies. Each solver in ANSYS HFSS is an automated solution processor for which the user dictates the geometry, properties of the material and the required range of solution frequencies.Engineers use Ansys HFSS primarily to design and simulate high-speed, high-frequency electronics in radar systems, communication systems, satellites, ADAS, microchips, printed circuit boards, IoT products, and other digital devices and RF devices. The solver has also been used to simulate the electromagnetic behavior of objects such as automobiles and aircraft. ANSYS HFSS allows system and circuit designers to simulate EM issues such as losses due to attenuation, coupling, radiation and reflection.The benefits of simulating a circuit's high frequency behavior with high accuracy on a computer reduces the final testing and verification effort of the system as well as mitigating the necessity of building costly multiple prototypes, saving both time and money in product development.HFSS captures and simulates objects in 3D, accounting for materials composition and shapes/geometries of each object. HFSS is one of several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design of complex radio frequency electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and packaging. |
Cowboy bowline | The cowboy bowline or left-hand bowline, is a variation of the bowline loop knot. The cowboy bowline has the working end go around the standing part on the side closer to the loop and results with the working end outside the loop. In contrast, a regular bowline has the working end finishing inside the loop. (The "rabbit" goes around the "tree" in the opposite direction from normal.) The Ashley Book of Knots states that it is "distinctly inferior" to the standard bowline because of its similarity to the left-hand sheet bend. Various tests of the different versions' strengths show little difference; conjecture about either knot's vulnerability to some failure remain pretty much only that – conjectures. However, the left-hand bowline is much more stable under ring loading, as it then acts effectively as a proper Lapp bend, while the simple bowline acts as the inferior version of the Lapp bend, which tends to slip. |
Congenital afibrinogenemia | Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare, genetically inherited blood fibrinogen disorder in which the blood does not clot normally due to the lack of fibrinogen, a blood protein necessary for coagulation. This disorder is autosomal recessive, meaning that two unaffected parents can have a child with the disorder. The lack of fibrinogen expresses itself with excessive and, at times, uncontrollable bleeding. |
Air base | An airbase (stylised air base in American English), sometimes referred to as a military airbase, military airfield, military airport, air station, naval air station, air force station, or air force base, is an aerodrome or airport used as a military base by a military force for the operation of military aircraft. |
Vault (architecture) | In architecture, a vault (French voûte, from Italian volta) is a self-supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof. As in building an arch, a temporary support is needed while rings of voussoirs are constructed and the rings placed in position. Until the topmost voussoir, the keystone, is positioned, the vault is not self-supporting. Where timber is easily obtained, this temporary support is provided by centering consisting of a framed truss with a semicircular or segmental head, which supports the voussoirs until the ring of the whole arch is completed. |
Renfe Class 446 | The Renfe Class 446 is a series of electric multiple units designed to provide effective commuter services in major urban centers in Spain. |
PCDHA5 | Protocadherin alpha-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA5 gene.This gene is a member of the protocadherin alpha gene cluster, one of three related gene clusters tandemly linked on chromosome 5 that demonstrate an unusual genomic organization similar to that of B-cell and T-cell receptor gene clusters. The alpha gene cluster is composed of 15 cadherin superfamily genes related to the mouse CNR genes and consists of 13 highly similar and 2 more distantly related coding sequences. The tandem array of 15 N-terminal exons, or variable exons, are followed by downstream C-terminal exons, or constant exons, which are shared by all genes in the cluster. The large, uninterrupted N-terminal exons each encode six cadherin ectodomains while the C-terminal exons encode the cytoplasmic domain. These neural cadherin-like cell adhesion proteins are integral plasma membrane proteins that most likely play a critical role in the establishment and function of specific cell-cell connections in the brain. Alternative splicing has been observed and additional variants have been suggested but their full-length nature has yet to be determined. |
Sequence space | In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a sequence space is a vector space whose elements are infinite sequences of real or complex numbers. Equivalently, it is a function space whose elements are functions from the natural numbers to the field K of real or complex numbers. The set of all such functions is naturally identified with the set of all possible infinite sequences with elements in K, and can be turned into a vector space under the operations of pointwise addition of functions and pointwise scalar multiplication. All sequence spaces are linear subspaces of this space. Sequence spaces are typically equipped with a norm, or at least the structure of a topological vector space. |
Baer function | Baer functions Bpq(z) and Cpq(z) , named after Karl Baer, are solutions of the Baer differential equation d2Bdz2+12[1z−b+1z−c]dBdz−[p(p+1)z+q(b+c)(z−b)(z−c)]B=0 which arises when separation of variables is applied to the Laplace equation in paraboloidal coordinates. The Baer functions are defined as the series solutions about z=0 which satisfy Bpq(0)=0 , Cpq(0)=1 . By substituting a power series Ansatz into the differential equation, formal series can be constructed for the Baer functions. For special values of p and q , simpler solutions may exist. For instance, ln [z+(z−b)(z−c)−(b+c)/2bc−(b+c)/2] Moreover, Mathieu functions are special-case solutions of the Baer equation, since the latter reduces to the Mathieu differential equation when b=0 and c=1 , and making the change of variable cos 2t Like the Mathieu differential equation, the Baer equation has two regular singular points (at z=b and z=c ), and one irregular singular point at infinity. Thus, in contrast with many other special functions of mathematical physics, Baer functions cannot in general be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions. |
27-Hydroxycholesterol | 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) is an endogenous oxysterol with multiple biological functions, including activity as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) (a mixed, tissue-specific agonist-antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER)) and as an agonist of the liver X receptor (LXR). It is a metabolite of cholesterol that is produced by the enzyme CYP27A1.A link between high cholesterol and breast cancer has been identified, and it has been proposed that this is due to 27-HC production by CYP27A1. Because of its estrogenic action, 27-HC stimulates the growth of ER-positive breast cancer cells, and has been implicated in limiting the effectiveness of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer. As such, identified CYP27A1 inhibitors, including the marketed drugs anastrozole, fadrozole, bicalutamide, dexmedetomidine, ravuconazole, and posaconazole, have been proposed as potential adjuvant therapies in ER-positive breast cancer. |
S100A3 | S100 calcium-binding protein A3 (S100A3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A3 gene.The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein has the highest content of cysteines of all S100 proteins, has a high affinity for Zinc, and is highly expressed in human hair cuticle. The precise function of this protein is unknown. |
Air draft | Air draft (or air draught) is the distance from the surface of the water to the highest point on a vessel. This is similar to the "deep draft" of a vessel which is measured from the surface of the water to the deepest part of the hull below the surface, but air draft is expressed as a height, not a depth. |
Eardrum | In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window in the fluid-filled cochlea. Hence, it ultimately converts and amplifies vibration in the air to vibration in cochlear fluid. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. Collapse or retraction of the eardrum can cause conductive hearing loss or cholesteatoma. |
Matrix molding | Matrix molding or matrix transfer molding is a technique often used during molding. The person doing the assembly will first create the rigid outer shell or flask, then introduce the softer and more fluid molding material between the shell and the prototype. This process is often used for complex shapes using composites such as with glass and glass/ceramic composites. |
WDR4 | tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase subunit WDR4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the WDR4 gene.This gene encodes a member of the WD repeat protein family. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by gly-his and trp-asp (GH-WD), which may facilitate formation of heterotrimeric or multiprotein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. This gene is excluded as a candidate for a form of nonsyndromic deafness (DFNB10), but is still a candidate for other disorders mapped to 21q22.3 as well as for the development of Down syndrome phenotypes. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. |
Nano-Micro Letters | Nano-Micro Letters is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering nanotechnology. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The editor-in-chief is Yafei Zhang (Shanghai Jiao Tong University). The journal was established in 2009. |
Pattern coin | A pattern coin is a coin which has not been approved for release, but produced to evaluate a proposed coin design. They are often off-metal strike (using metals of lower value to test out the dies), to proof standard or piedforts. Many coin collectors collect and study pattern coins because of their historical importance. Many of the world's most valuable coins are pattern coins; nearly 25 of the pieces listed in 100 Greatest US Coins are pattern coins. |
Hot dog stand | A hot dog stand is a business that sells hot dogs, usually from an external counter. Hot dog stands can be located on a public thoroughfare, near a sports stadium, in a shopping mall, or at a fair. They are often found on the streets of major American cities. According to one report, some hot dog stands are paying up to $80,000 in rent for prime locations in Manhattan.Similar businesses include hot dog carts or wagons, which are portable hand carts with a grill or boiler for cooking the hot dogs and keeping them hot. In the United States, hot dog carts are also referred to as hot dog stands. However, a hot dog stand is typically a permanent or semi-permanent structure, whereas a hot dog cart is movable. Similarly, hot dog trucks are motor vehicles that are set up at a roadside location, and often include a complete kitchen for storage and preparation. In Denmark, hot dog stands are called Pølsevogn (sausage wagons). They serve traditional hot dogs as well as assorted sausages and sausage meats. |
Dog pox | Dog pox is an infection of canines which may be caused by the canine herpes virus, and can result in symptoms ranging from no symptoms to inflammation of the respiratory or digestive tract to skin inflammation and lesions. Over 60% of adult male dogs exhibit lesions as a result of this infection. It can result in reduction of epithelial function in the intestine.: 129 |
Photonic crystal sensor | Photonic crystal sensors use photonic crystals: nanostructures composed of periodic arrangements of dielectric materials that interact with light depending on their particular structure, reflecting lights of specific wavelengths at specific angles. Any change in the periodicity or refractive index of the structure can give rise to a change in the reflected color, or the color perceived by the observer or a spectrometer. That simple principle makes them useful colorimetric intuitive sensors for different applications including, but not limited to, environmental analysis, temperature sensing, magnetic sensing, biosensing, diagnostics, food quality control, security, and mechanical sensing. Many animals in nature such as fish or beetles employ responsive photonic crystals for camouflage, signaling or to bait their prey. The variety of materials utilizable in such structures ranging from inorganic, organic as well as plasmonic metal nanoparticles makes these structures highly customizable and versatile. In the case of inorganic materials, variation of the refractive index is the most commonly exploited effect in sensing, while periodicity change is more commonly exhibited in polymer-based sensors. Besides their small size, current developments in manufacturing technologies have made them easy and cheap to fabricate on a larger scale, making them mass-producible and practical. |
Copper chromite | Copper chromite is an inorganic compound with the formula Cu2Cr2O5. It is a black solid that is used to catalyze reactions in organic synthesis. |
Narrowcasting | Narrowcasting is the dissemination of information (usually via Internet, radio, newspaper, or television) to a narrow audience, rather than to the broader public at-large. Related to niche marketing or target marketing, narrowcasting involves aiming media messages at specific segments of the public defined by values, preferences, demographic attributes or subscription. Narrowcasting is based on the postmodern idea that mass audiences do not exist.The term narrowcasting can also apply to the spread of information to an audience (private or public) which is by nature geographically limited—a group such as office employees, military troops, or conference attendees—and requires a localized dissemination of information from a shared source. |
Side Pocket | Side Pocket is a pocket billiards simulation released as an arcade video game by Data East in 1986. It was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy, while an enhanced remake was later released on the Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Game Gear. The game spawned two sequels, as well as arcade spin-off series titled Pocket Gal. |
Landing | Landing is the last part of a flight, where a flying animal, aircraft, or spacecraft returns to the ground. When the flying object returns to water, the process is called alighting, although it is commonly called "landing", "touchdown"a or "splashdown" as well. A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing. |
Air cooling | Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat. It works by expanding the surface area or increasing the flow of air over the object to be cooled, or both. An example of the former is to add cooling fins to the surface of the object, either by making them integral or by attaching them tightly to the object's surface (to ensure efficient heat transfer). In the case of the latter, it is done by using a fan blowing air into or onto the object one wants to cool. The addition of fins to a heat sink increases its total surface area, resulting in greater cooling effectiveness. There are two types of cooling pads that can used for air cooling: one is the honeycomb design and another one is excelsior.In all cases, the air has to be cooler than the object or surface from which it is expected to remove heat. This is due to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat will only move spontaneously from a hot reservoir (the heat sink) to a cold reservoir (the air). |
Honda–Tate theorem | In mathematics, the Honda–Tate theorem classifies abelian varieties over finite fields up to isogeny. It states that the isogeny classes of simple abelian varieties over a finite field of order q correspond to algebraic integers all of whose conjugates (given by eigenvalues of the Frobenius endomorphism on the first cohomology group or Tate module) have absolute value √q.
Tate (1966) showed that the map taking an isogeny class to the eigenvalues of the Frobenius is injective, and Taira Honda (1968) showed that this map is surjective, and therefore a bijection. |
Stage machinery | Stage machinery, also known as stage mechanics, comprises the mechanical devices used to create special effects in theatrical productions. |
August 2013 NASDAQ flash freeze | For three hours on August 22, 2013, trading was halted on the Nasdaq Stock Market. Trading on the exchange stopped at 12:14 pm and resumed at 3:25 pm, with 35 minutes left of trading for the day. One week after the trading halt NASDAQ OMX credited the freeze to an overloading of the Securities Information Processor (SIP) caused by reconnection issues with the New York Stock Exchange Arca. The freeze received substantial media coverage and generated discussions on the security of increasingly technologically advanced stock exchanges. The event coined the term "flash freeze" following the earlier "flash crash" on May 6, 2010.Throughout the freeze the Nasdaq composite remained at 3631.17. Following the reopening of the market it rose, closing at 3,638.71, 1.1% higher. Shares of the Nasdaq exchange closed 3.42% down following the freeze. |
Tobacco smoke enema | The tobacco smoke enema, an insufflation of tobacco smoke into the rectum by enema, was a medical treatment employed by European physicians for a range of ailments. |
6-aminohexanoate-cyclic-dimer hydrolase | In enzymology, a 6-aminohexanoate-cyclic-dimer hydrolase (EC 3.5.2.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione + H2O ⇌ N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohexanoateThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione and H2O, whereas its product is N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohexanoate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione lactamhydrolase. |
Ornidazole | Ornidazole is an antibiotic used to treat protozoan infections.: 1368 A synthetic nitroimidazole, it is commercially obtained from an acid-catalyzed reaction between 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole and epichlorohydrin.Antimicrobial spectrum is similar to that of metronidazole and is more well tolerated;: 1368 however there are concerns of lower relative efficacy.It was first introduced for treating trichomoniasis before being recognized for its broad anti-protozoan and anti-anaerobic-bacterial capacities.: 1261 has also been investigated for use in Crohn's disease after bowel resection. |
Independence of premise | In proof theory and constructive mathematics, the principle of independence of premise states that if φ and ∃x θ are sentences in a formal theory and φ → ∃x θ is provable, then ∃x (φ → θ) is provable. Here x cannot be a free variable of φ, while θ can be a predicate depending on it.
The main application of the principle is in the study of intuitionistic logic, where the principle is not generally valid. The principle is valid in classical logic. |
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