Datasets:

MVRL
/

dense500

license: cc-by-nc-4.0
language:
  - en
tags:
  - satellite-imagery
  - remote-sensing
  - hierarchical
  - benchmark
  - pyramid-generation
  - dense500
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
pretty_name: Dense500
configs:
  - config_name: default
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/train-*.parquet
dataset_info:
  features:
    - name: image
      dtype: image
    - name: location
      dtype: string
    - name: site_id
      dtype: string
    - name: tag
      dtype: string
    - name: continent
      dtype: string
    - name: site_lon
      dtype: float64
    - name: site_lat
      dtype: float64
    - name: zoom
      dtype: int32
    - name: tile_x
      dtype: int32
    - name: tile_y
      dtype: int32
    - name: site_start_zoom
      dtype: int32
    - name: site_leaf_zoom
      dtype: int32
    - name: site_depth
      dtype: int32
    - name: is_root
      dtype: bool
    - name: is_leaf
      dtype: bool
    - name: zoom_window
      dtype: int32
    - name: site_index_in_window
      dtype: int32
  splits:
    - name: train
      num_bytes: 1087489040
      num_examples: 42500
  download_size: 1087489040
  dataset_size: 1087489040

Dense500

Fully observed satellite tile pyramids for multi-scale tile completion. Each site is a complete depth-4 quadtree: 85 tiles of 256×256 at four consecutive zoom levels (1 + 4 + 16 + 64), so any seed configuration can be completed and scored against ground truth at every level. This is the benchmark of Genesis (ACM SIGSPATIAL 2026). A companion retrieval split with object annotations and captions is in MVRL/dense500-retrieval and MVRL/dense500-retrieval-instances.

Construction

Site centers were sampled worldwide with a population prior and continent stratification, restricted to populated areas. Sites are organized in five zoom windows, each sliding a four-level span up the pyramid; for each site, every tile between its root zoom and its leaf zoom was collected. Sites whose imagery source changes between adjacent zoom levels were removed, so every site is visually coherent across its four zooms.

Window	Root zoom	Leaf zoom
W1	11	14
W2	12	15
W3	13	16
W4	14	17
W5	15	18

Schema

Each row is one tile.

Column	Type	Description
`image`	image	256×256 JPEG
`location`	string	Tile key `"{zoom}_{x}_{y}"` (Web Mercator)
`site_id`	string	Groups all 85 tiles of one quadtree
`tag`	string	`naeu_urban` or `global_urban`
`continent`	string	NA, EU, Asia, Africa, SA, Oceania
`site_lon`, `site_lat`	float64	Site center (degrees)
`zoom`, `tile_x`, `tile_y`	int32	Web Mercator tile coordinates
`site_start_zoom`, `site_leaf_zoom`	int32	Root and leaf zoom of the site
`site_depth`	int32	Always 4
`is_root`, `is_leaf`	bool	Tile position in its site
`zoom_window`	int32	1 to 5, W1 to W5
`site_index_in_window`	int32	Site index within its window

Loading

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("MVRL/dense500", split="train")

from collections import defaultdict
by_site = defaultdict(list)
for row in ds:
    by_site[row["site_id"]].append(row)

w3 = ds.filter(lambda r: r["zoom_window"] == 3)

Citation

@inproceedings{khanal2026genesis,
  author    = {Khanal, Subash and Cui, Yangzhi and Cher, Daniel and Xing, Eric and Wei, Brian and Sastry, Srikumar and Jacobs, Nathan},
  title     = {Genesis: A Generative Engine for Hierarchical Satellite Image Synthesis},
  booktitle = {ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM SIGSPATIAL)},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.1145/3841645.3843313}
}