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Metal matrix composite Summary Metal_matrix_composites There is some overlap between MMCs and cermets, with the latter typically consisting of less than 20% metal by volume. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite. MMCs can have much higher strength-to-weight ratios, stiffness, and du... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Partial dislocation Summary Partial_dislocation In materials science, a partial dislocation is a decomposed form of dislocation that occurs within a crystalline material. An extended dislocation is a dislocation that has dissociated into a pair of partial dislocations. The vector sum of the Burgers vectors of the parti... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Polymer blend Summary Polymer_blend In materials science, a polymer blend, or polymer mixture, is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Polymer matrix composite Summary Polymer_matrix_composite In materials science, a polymer matrix composite (PMC) is a composite material composed of a variety of short or continuous fibers bound together by a matrix of organic polymers. PMCs are designed to transfer loads between fibers of a matrix. Some of the advanta... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Porous media Summary Porous_medium In materials science, a porous medium or a porous material is a material containing pores (voids). The skeletal portion of the material is often called the "matrix" or "frame". The pores are typically filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). The skeletal material is usually a solid, but s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Porous media Summary Porous_medium A porous medium is most often characterised by its porosity. Other properties of the medium (e.g. permeability, tensile strength, electrical conductivity, tortuosity) can sometimes be derived from the respective properties of its constituents (solid matrix and fluid) and the media por... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Porous media Summary Porous_medium Often both the solid matrix and the pore network (also known as the pore space) are continuous, so as to form two interpenetrating continua such as in a sponge. However, there is also a concept of closed porosity and effective porosity, i.e. the pore space accessible to flow. Many nat... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Porous media Summary Porous_medium Many of their important properties can only be rationalized by considering them to be porous media. The concept of porous media is used in many areas of applied science and engineering: filtration, mechanics (acoustics, geomechanics, soil mechanics, rock mechanics), engineering (petro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Precipitate-free zone Summary Precipitate-free_zone In materials science, a precipitate-free zone (PFZ) refers to microscopic localized regions around grain boundaries that are free of precipitates (solid impurities forced outwards from the grain during crystallization). It is a common phenomenon that arises in polycry... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Refractory lining Summary Refractory_materials In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack, and retains strength and form at high temperatures. Refractories are polycrystalline, polyphase, inorganic, non-metallic, por... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sandwich structured composite Summary Sandwich-structured_composite In materials science, a sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin-but-stiff skins to a lightweight but thick core. The core material is normally low strength, but its higher thickne... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sandwich structured composite Summary Sandwich-structured_composite Sometimes, the honeycomb structure is filled with other foams for added strength. Open- and closed-cell metal foam can also be used as core materials. Laminates of glass or carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics or mainly thermoset polymers (unsaturate... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mono-crystalline silicon Summary Single_Crystal In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mono-crystalline silicon Summary Single_Crystal On the other hand, imperfect single crystals can reach enormous sizes in nature: several mineral species such as beryl, gypsum and feldspars are known to have produced crystals several meters across.The opposite of a single crystal is an amorphous structure where the atom... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermosetting polymer Summary Thermosetting_polymers In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer (resin). Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermosetting polymer Summary Thermosetting_polymers The starting material for making thermosets is usually malleable or liquid prior to curing, and is often designed to be molded into the final shape. It may also be used as an adhesive. Once hardened, a thermoset cannot be melted for reshaping, in contrast to thermopl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Advanced composite materials (engineering) Summary Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) In materials science, advanced composite materials (ACMs) are materials that are generally characterized by unusually high strength fibres with unusually high stiffness, or modulus of elasticity characteristics, compared to ot... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Advanced composite materials (engineering) Summary Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) Advanced composites exhibit desirable physical and chemical properties that include light weight coupled with high stiffness (elasticity), and strength along the direction of the reinforcing fiber, dimensional stability, tempe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Advanced composite materials (engineering) Summary Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) These classifications are polymer matrix composites (PMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and metal matrix composites (MMCs). Also, materials within these categories are often called "advanced" if they combine the properti... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Advanced composite materials (engineering) Summary Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) Even more specifically ACMs are very attractive for aircraft and aerospace structural parts. ACMs have been developing for NASA's Advanced Space Transportation Program, armor protection for Army aviation and the Federal Aviati... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Interstitial defect Summary Interstitial_element In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Intrinsic properties Applications in science and engineering Intrinsic_property > Applications in science and engineering In materials science, an intrinsic property is independent of how much of a material is present and is independent of the form of the material, e.g., one large piece or a collection of small particl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Torsion tensor The torsion of a filament Torsion_form > Characterizations and interpretations > The torsion of a filament In materials science, and especially elasticity theory, ideas of torsion also play an important role. One problem models the growth of vines, focusing on the question of how vines manage to twist ar... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Asperity (material science) Summary Asperity_(materials_science) In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough"), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smoo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Asperity (material science) Summary Asperity_(materials_science) The fractal dimension of these structures has been correlated with the contact mechanics exhibited at an interface in terms of friction and contact stiffness. When two macroscopically smooth surfaces come into contact, initially they only touch at a few o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Asperity (material science) Summary Asperity_(materials_science) Friction and wear originate at these points, and thus understanding their behavior becomes important when studying materials in contact. When the surfaces are subjected to a compressive load, the asperities deform through elastic and plastic modes, increa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bulk density Summary Bulk_density In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density or volumetric density, is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, foodstuff, or any ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ceramic Matrix Composite Summary Ceramic_Matrix_Composite In materials science, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. The fibers and the matrix both can consist of any ceramic material, whereby carb... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Friction force microscopy Summary Friction_force_microscopy In materials science, chemical force microscopy (CFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization of materials surfaces. With AFM, structural morphology is probed using simple tapping or contact modes ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Friction force microscopy Summary Friction_force_microscopy CFM enables the ability to determine the chemical nature of surfaces, irrespective of their specific morphology, and facilitates studies of basic chemical bonding enthalpy and surface energy. Typically, CFM is limited by thermal vibrations within the cantileve... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Creep (deformation) Summary Creep_(deformation) In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to undergo slow deformation while subject to persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Creep (deformation) Summary Creep_(deformation) Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration, the deformation may become so large that a component can no longer perform its function – for example creep of a turbine blade could cause the blade to contact the casing, resulting in the failure of the b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Creep (deformation) Summary Creep_(deformation) For example, moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it relieves tensile stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking. Unlike brittle fracture, creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. Instead, strain accumulates as a re... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Critical resolved shear stress Summary Critical_resolved_shear_stress In materials science, critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the component of shear stress, resolved in the direction of slip, necessary to initiate slip in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the shear component of an applied tensile or compre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Critical resolved shear stress Summary Critical_resolved_shear_stress The CRSS is the value of resolved shear stress at which yielding of the grain occurs, marking the onset of plastic deformation. CRSS, therefore, is a material property and is not dependent on the applied load or grain orientation. The CRSS is related... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cross Slip Summary Cross_Slip In materials science, cross slip is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. It allows non-planar movement of screw dislocations. Non-planar movement of edge dislocations is achieved through climb. Since the Burgers vector of a pe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cross Slip Summary Cross_Slip Therefore, a screw dislocation can glide or slip along any plane that contains its Burgers vector. During cross slip, the screw dislocation switches from gliding along one slip plane to gliding along a different slip plane, called the cross-slip plane. The cross slip of moving dislocations... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Euler angle Crystallographic texture Euler_Angles > Applications > Crystallographic texture In materials science, crystallographic texture (or preferred orientation) can be described using Euler angles. In texture analysis, the Euler angles provide a mathematical depiction of the orientation of individual crystallites ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Direct laser interference patterning Summary Direct_laser_interference_patterning In materials science, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a laser-based technology that uses the physical principle of interference of high-intensity coherent laser beams to produce functional periodic microstructures. In order... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Direct laser interference patterning Summary Direct_laser_interference_patterning Sufficiently high power of the laser beam can thus result in the removal of material at the interference maximums thanks to ablation phenomenon, leaving the material intact at the minimums. In this way, a repeatable pattern can be permane... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Disappearing polymorphs Summary Disappearing_polymorphs In materials science, disappearing polymorphs (or perverse polymorphism) describes a phenomenon in which a seemingly stable crystal structure is suddenly unable to be produced, instead transforming into a polymorph, or differing crystal structure with the same che... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Disappearing polymorphs Summary Disappearing_polymorphs This is of concern to both the pharmaceutical and computer hardware industry, where disappearing polymorphs can ruin the effectiveness of their products, and make it impossible to manufacture the original product if there is any contamination. There have been case... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Disappearing polymorphs Summary Disappearing_polymorphs The drug paroxetine was subject to a lawsuit that hinged on such a pair of polymorphs, and multiple life-saving drugs, such as ritonavir, have been recalled due to unexpected polymorphism. Although it may seem like a so-called disappearing polymorph has disappeare... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Dispersion (materials science) Summary Dispersion_(materials_science) In materials science, dispersion is the fraction of atoms of a material exposed to the surface. In general, D = NS/N, where D is the dispersion, NS is the number of surface atoms and NT is the total number of atoms of the material. It is an important... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Effective medium Summary Effective_permittivity_and_permeability In materials science, effective medium approximations (EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the mult... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Effective medium Summary Effective_permittivity_and_permeability However, theories have been developed that can produce acceptable approximations which in turn describe useful parameters including the effective permittivity and permeability of the materials as a whole. In this sense, effective medium approximations are... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Effective medium Summary Effective_permittivity_and_permeability They both were derived in quasi-static approximation when the electric field inside a mixture particle may be considered as homogeneous. So, these formulae can not describe the particle size effect. Many attempts were undertaken to improve these formulae. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Environmental stress fracture Summary Environmental_stress_fracture In materials science, environmental stress fracture or environment assisted fracture is the generic name given to premature failure under the influence of tensile stresses and harmful environments of materials such as metals and alloys, composites, pla... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Environmental stress fracture Summary Environmental_stress_fracture Plastics and plastic-based composites may suffer swelling, debonding and loss of strength when exposed to organic fluids and other corrosive environments, such as acids and alkalies. Under the influence of stress and environment, many structural materi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Environmental stress fracture Summary Environmental_stress_fracture While their fracture toughness remains unaltered, their threshold stress intensity factor for crack propagation may be considerably lowered. Consequently, they become prone to premature fracture because of sub-critical crack growth. This article aims t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fast ion conductor Summary Solid_electrolytes In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fast ion conductor Summary Solid_electrolytes Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need for a liquid or soft membrane separating the electrodes. The phenomenon relies on the hopping of ions through an otherwise rigid crystal ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Material fatigue Summary Metal_fatigue In materials science, fatigue is the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, it grows a small amount with each loading cycle, typically producing striations on some parts of the fracture surface. The crack will ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Material fatigue Summary Metal_fatigue In the nineteenth century, the sudden failing of metal railway axles was thought to be caused by the metal crystallising because of the brittle appearance of the fracture surface, but this has since been disproved. Most materials, such as composites, plastics and ceramics, seem to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Material fatigue Summary Metal_fatigue However, there are also a number of special cases that need to be considered where the rate of crack growth is significantly different compared to that obtained from constant amplitude testing. Such as the reduced rate of growth that occurs for small loads near the threshold or af... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fracture toughening mechanisms Summary Fracture_toughness In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin compo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fracture toughening mechanisms Summary Fracture_toughness When a test fails to meet the thickness and other test requirements that are in place to ensure plane strain conditions, the fracture toughness value produced is given the designation K c {\displaystyle K_{\text{c}}} . Fracture toughness is a quantitative way of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fragile matter Summary Fragile_matter In materials science, fragile matter is a granular material that is jammed solid. Everyday examples include beans getting stuck in a hopper in a whole food shop, or milk powder getting jammed in an upside-down bottle. The term was coined by physicist Michael Cates, who asserts that... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fragile matter Summary Fragile_matter The jamming thus described can be unjammed by mechanical means, such as tapping or shaking the container, or poking it with a stick. Cates proposed that such jammed systems differ from ordinary solids in that if the direction of the applied stress changes, the jam will break up. So... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fragile matter Summary Fragile_matter Perhaps the simplest example is a pile of sand, which is solid in the sense that the pile sustains its shape despite the force of gravity. Slight tilting or vibration is enough to enable the grains to shift, collapsing the pile. Not all jammed systems are fragile, i.e. foam. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fragile matter Summary Fragile_matter Shaving foam is jammed because the bubbles are tightly packed together under the isotropic stress imposed by atmospheric pressure. If it were a fragile solid, it would respond plastically to shear stress, however small. But because bubbles deform, foam actually responds elastically... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Friability Summary Friability In materials science, friability ( FRY-ə-BIL-ə-tee), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under duress or contact, especially by rubbing. The opposite of friable is indurate. Substances that are designated hazardous, such ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Friability Summary Friability However, such substances are not generally considered friable because of the degree of difficulty involved in breaking the substance's chemical bonds through mechanical means. Some substances, such as polyurethane foams, show an increase in friability with exposure to ultraviolet radiation... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Galfenol Summary Galfenol In materials science, galfenol is the general term for an alloy of iron and gallium. The name was first given to iron-gallium alloys by United States Navy researchers in 1998 when they discovered that adding gallium to iron could amplify iron's magnetostrictive effect up to tenfold. Galfenol i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Galfenol Summary Galfenol Galfenol is machinable and can be produced in sheet and wire form.In 2009, scientists from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) used neutron beams to determine the structure of galfenol. They determined that the addition... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Galfenol Summary Galfenol These clumps have been described by Peter Gehring of the NIST Center for Neutron Research as "something like raisins within a cake". It has also been proposed that there is an intrinsic mechanism generating this enhanced magnetostriction, which has its origins in the electronic structure of th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Grain growth Summary Grain_growth In materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boun... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Grain refining Summary Grain_refining In materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hardness tester Summary Hardness_tests In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Intergranular corrosion Summary Sensitization_effect In materials science, intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf. transgranular corrosion.) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lamellar structure Summary Lamellar_structure In materials science, lamellar structures or microstructures are composed of fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae. They are often observed in cases where a phase transition front moves quickly, leaving behind two solid products, as in rapi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lamellar structure Summary Lamellar_structure A deeper eutectic or more rapid cooling will result in finer lamellae; as the size of an individual lamellum approaches zero, the system will instead retain its high-temperature structure. Two common cases of this include cooling a liquid to form an amorphous solid, and coo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Liquefaction Summary Liquefaction In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Material failure theory Material failure Material_failure_theory > Material failure In materials science, material failure is the loss of load carrying capacity of a material unit. This definition introduces to the fact that material failure can be examined in different scales, from microscopic, to macroscopic. In stru... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Metallic elements Refractory metal Metal_manufacturing > Categories > Refractory metal In materials science, metallurgy, and engineering, a refractory metal is a metal that is extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Misorientation Summary Misorientation In materials science, misorientation is the difference in crystallographic orientation between two crystallites in a polycrystalline material. In crystalline materials, the orientation of a crystallite is defined by a transformation from a sample reference frame (i.e. defined by th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Misorientation Summary Misorientation If the orientations are specified in terms of matrices of direction cosines gA and gB, then the misorientation operator ∆gAB going from A to B can be defined as follows: g B = Δ g A B g A Δ g A B = g B g A − 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&g_{B}=\Delta g_{AB}g_{A}\\&\Delta g_{AB}... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Paracrystallinity Summary Paracrystallinity In materials science, paracrystalline materials are defined as having short- and medium-range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Permeance Materials science Permeance > Materials science In materials science, permeance is the degree to which a material transmits another substance. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Polymorphism (crystallography) Summary Polymorph_(mineralogy) In materials science, polymorphism describes the existence of a solid material in more than one form or crystal structure. Polymorphism is a form of isomerism. Any crystalline material can exhibit the phenomenon. Allotropy refers to polymorphism for chemical... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Polymorphism (crystallography) Summary Polymorph_(mineralogy) Polymorphism is of practical relevance to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, dyestuffs, foods, and explosives. According to IUPAC, a polymorphic transition is "A reversible transition of a solid crystalline phase at a certain temperature and pressure ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quenching Summary Quenching In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil, polymer, air, or other fluids to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring. It does this... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quenching Summary Quenching In steel alloyed with metals such as nickel and manganese, the eutectoid temperature becomes much lower, but the kinetic barriers to phase transformation remain the same. This allows quenching to start at a lower temperature, making the process much easier. High-speed steel also has added tu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Radar absorbent material Summary Radar-absorbent_material In materials science, radiation-absorbent material (RAM) is a material which has been specially designed and shaped to absorb incident RF radiation (also known as non-ionising radiation), as effectively as possible, from as many incident directions as possible. ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Recrystallization temperature Summary Recrystallization_temperature In materials science, recrystallization is a process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of defect-free grains that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed. Recrystallization is usually accompanied by a re... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reinforcement (composite) Summary Reinforcement_(composite) In materials science, reinforcement is a constituent of a composite material which increases the composite's stiffness and tensile strength. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Segregation in materials Summary Segregation_in_materials In materials science, segregation is the enrichment of atoms, ions, or molecules at a microscopic region in a materials system. While the terms segregation and adsorption are essentially synonymous, in practice, segregation is often used to describe the partitio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Segregation in materials Summary Segregation_in_materials Segregation can occur in various materials classes. In polycrystalline solids, segregation occurs at defects, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, stacking faults, or the interface between two phases. In liquid solutions, chemical gradients exist near second ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Modulus of rigidity Summary Modulus_of_rigidity In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: G = d e f τ x y γ x y = F / A Δ x / l = F l A Δ x {\di... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Slip (materials science) Summary Slip_(materials_science) In materials science, slip is the large displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another part along crystallographic planes and directions. Slip occurs by the passage of dislocations on close/packed planes, which are planes containing the greatest numbe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Slip (materials science) Summary Slip_(materials_science) A slip system describes the set of symmetrically identical slip planes and associated family of slip directions for which dislocation motion can easily occur and lead to plastic deformation. The magnitude and direction of slip are represented by the Burgers vect... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stress relaxation Summary Stress_relaxation In materials science, stress relaxation is the observed decrease in stress in response to strain generated in the structure. This is primarily due to keeping the structure in a strained condition for some finite interval of time hence causing some amount of plastic strain. Th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stress relaxation Summary Stress_relaxation Thus, relaxation has the same effect as cold springing, except it occurs over a longer period of time. The amount of relaxation which takes place is a function of time, temperature and stress level, thus the actual effect it has on the system is not precisely known, but can b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stress relaxation Summary Stress_relaxation Because they are viscoelastic, polymers behave in a nonlinear, non-Hookean fashion. This nonlinearity is described by both stress relaxation and a phenomenon known as creep, which describes how polymers strain under constant stress. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stress relaxation Summary Stress_relaxation Experimentally, stress relaxation is determined by step strain experiments, i.e. by applying a sudden one-time strain and measuring the build-up and subsequent relaxation of stress in the material (see figure), in either extensional or shear rheology. Viscoelastic materials h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stress relaxation Summary Stress_relaxation Although the Maxwell model is good at predicting stress relaxation, it is fairly poor at predicting creep. On the other hand, the Voigt model is good at predicting creep but rather poor at predicting stress relaxation (see viscoelasticity). The extracellular matrix and most t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Superplastic deformation Summary Superplasticity In materials science, superplasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well beyond its usual breaking point, usually over about 400% during tensile deformation. Such a state is usually achieved at high homologous temperature. Examples of superpl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Superplastic deformation Summary Superplasticity Superplastically deformed material gets thinner in a very uniform manner, rather than forming a "neck" (a local narrowing) that leads to fracture. Also, the formation of microvoids, which is another cause of early fracture, is inhibited. Superplasticity must not be confu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Burgers vector Summary Burgers_vector In materials science, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as b, that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice. The vector's magnitude and direction is best ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Burgers vector Summary Burgers_vector This dislocation will have the effect of deforming, not only the perfect crystal structure, but the rectangle as well. The said rectangle could have one of its sides disjoined from the perpendicular side, severing the connection of the length and width line segments of the rectangl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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