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Smoothing filter Rectifier output smoothing Electrolytic_rectifier > Rectifier output smoothing In its simplest form this can be just a capacitor (functioning as both a smoothing capacitor as well as a reservoir, buffer or bulk capacitor), choke, resistor, Zener diode and resistor, or voltage regulator placed at the ou... |
Population change Population trends Population_change > Population trends The change in total population over a period is equal to the number of births, minus the number of deaths, plus or minus the net amount of migration in a population. The number of births can be projected as the number of females at each relevant ... |
Mathematics of artificial neural networks Neural networks as functions Mathematics_of_artificial_neural_networks > Neural networks as functions The first view is the functional view: the input x {\displaystyle \textstyle x} is transformed into a 3-dimensional vector h {\displaystyle \textstyle h} , which is then transf... |
Karl Popper Falsifiability and the problem of demarcation Karl_Popper > Philosophy > Philosophy of science > Falsifiability and the problem of demarcation Alan Chalmers gives "The brick fell upward when released" as an example of an imaginary observation that shows that Newton's law of gravitation is falsifiable.In All... |
Biomechanics Continuum biomechanics Biofluid_mechanics > Subfields > Continuum biomechanics Mechanical deformation of hard tissues (like wood, shell and bone) may be analysed with the theory of linear elasticity. On the other hand, soft tissues (like skin, tendon, muscle and cartilage) usually undergo large deformation... |
Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) Design and construction Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_(1940) > Design and construction They showed that the stiffness of the main cables (via the suspenders) would absorb up to one-half of the static wind pressure pushing a suspended structure laterally. This energy would then be transmitted to the... |
Regularity problem Summary Regularity_problem Regularity is a property of elliptic partial differential equations such as Laplace's equation. Hilbert's nineteenth problem was concerned with this concept. == References == |
Temporal gauge An illustration Feynman_gauge > Gauge freedom > An illustration Almost any line is a valid gauge fixing, i.e., there is a large gauge freedom. In summary, to tell whether the rod is twisted, the gauge must be known. Physical quantities, such as the energy of the torsion, do not depend on the gauge, i.e.,... |
Sierpinski curve Uses of the curve Sierpiński_curve > Uses of the curve The Sierpiński curve is useful in several practical applications because it is more symmetrical than other commonly studied space-filling curves. For example, it has been used as a basis for the rapid construction of an approximate solution to the ... |
Chemical Thermodynamics Chemical affinity Chemical_energetics > Chemical reactions > Chemical affinity The expressions above are equal to zero at thermodynamic equilibrium, while they are negative when chemical reactions proceed at a finite rate, producing entropy. This can be made even more explicit by introducing the... |
Easy Programming Language Summary Easy_Programming_Language Easy Programming Language (EPL, Chinese: 易语言) is a visual compiled multilingual proprietary programming language. EPL is somewhat popular in China because it features a full Chinese environment. (The language has traditional Chinese, simplified Chinese, Englis... |
Codd's cellular automaton Summary Codd's_cellular_automaton Codd's cellular automaton is a cellular automaton (CA) devised by the British computer scientist Edgar F. Codd in 1968. It was designed to recreate the computation- and construction-universality of von Neumann's CA but with fewer states: 8 instead of 29. Codd ... |
Move semantics Rvalue references and move constructors C++11 > Extensions to the C++ core language > Core language runtime performance enhancements > Rvalue references and move constructors Hence, the operation not only forgoes the expense of a deep copy, but is safe and invisible. Rvalue references can provide perform... |
Magnetic surveys Overview Magnetic_survey_(archaeology) > Overview Environmental processes such as repeated vegetation fires and redox reactions caused by wetting and drying of the soil convert iron compounds to oxide maghemite (y-Fe2O3). Associated anthropogenic activities such as lighting fires or irrigated farming a... |
Molybdenum ditelluride Crystal form Molybdenum(IV)_telluride > Physical properties > Crystal form At temperatures above 900 °C MoTe2 crystallises in the monoclinic 1T form (β–MoTe2), with space group P21/m with unit cell sizes of a=6.33 Å b=3.469 Å and c=13.86 Å with the angle β=93°55′. The high-temperature form has ro... |
Kepler-40b Summary Kepler-40b Kepler-40b, formerly known as KOI-428b, is a hot Jupiter discovered in orbit around the star Kepler-40, which is about to become a red giant. The planet was first noted as a transit event by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. The Kepler team made data collected by its satellite publicly available, ... |
Ring class field Summary Ring_class_field In mathematics, a ring class field is the abelian extension of an algebraic number field K associated by class field theory to the ring class group of some order O of the ring of integers of K. |
Piezoelectric accelerometer Manufacturing Piezoelectric_accelerometer > Manufacturing There are two common methods used to manufacture accelerometers. One is based upon the principles of piezoresistance and the other is based on the principles of piezoelectricity. Both methods ensure that unwanted orthogonal accelerati... |
G force Measurement using an accelerometer G-force > Measurement using an accelerometer An accelerometer, in its simplest form, is a damped mass on the end of a spring, with some way of measuring how far the mass has moved on the spring in a particular direction, called an 'axis'. Accelerometers are often calibrated to... |
Schema matching Approaches Schema_matching > Schema matching > Approaches Constraint based matchers exploit constraints often contained in schemas. Such constraints are used to define data types and value ranges, uniqueness, optionality, relationship types and cardinalities, etc. Constraints in two input schemas are ma... |
Pedestrian motion Biomechanics Pedestrian_motion > Biomechanics The motion of the two legs is coordinated so that one foot or the other is always in contact with the ground. While walking, the muscles of the calf contract, raising the body's center of mass, while this muscle is contracted potential energy is stored. Th... |
The problem of infinities Two-point correlation function Quantum_theory_of_fields > Principles > Two-point correlation function }}\phi _{I}(x)^{4}} ,: 84 and the expansion of the two-point correlator in terms of λ {\displaystyle \lambda } becomesThis perturbation expansion expresses the interacting two-point function i... |
Cingulate cortex Inputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus Cingulate_cortex > Structure > Inputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus A retrograde tracing experiment on macaque monkeys revealed that the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) of the thalamus are connected with motor areas of the cing... |
Earthquake location Epicentral distance Earthquake_location > Epicentral distance This distance is called the epicentral distance, commonly measured in ° (degrees) and denoted as Δ (delta) in seismology. The Láska's empirical rule provides an approximation of epicentral distance in the range of 2 000 − 10 000 km. Once ... |
History of speciation Biogeographic influence History_of_speciation > Biogeographic influence Mayr's 1942 publication, influenced heavily by the ideas of Karl Jordan and Poulton, was regarded as the authoritative review of speciation for over 20 years—and is still valuable today.A major focus of Mayr's works was on the... |
Vitamin B3 Mechanism of action Vitamin_B3 > Mechanism of action Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), along with its phosphorylated variant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), are utilized in transfer reactions within DNA repair and calcium mobilization. NAD also plays a critical role in human metabo... |
Semiconservative replication Summary Semiconservative_replication Semiconservative replication describe the mechanism of DNA replication in all known cells. DNA replication occurs on multiple origins of replication along the DNA template strands. As the DNA double helix is unwound by helicase, replication occurs separa... |
Supply and Demand Equilibrium Supply_and_Demand > Microeconomics > Equilibrium The quantity demanded at each price is the same as before the supply shift, reflecting the fact that the demand curve has not shifted. But due to the change (shift) in supply, the equilibrium quantity and price have changed. The movement of ... |
Foundations of statistics Grounds of disagreement Foundations_of_statistics > Fisher's "significance testing" vs. Neyman–Pearson "hypothesis testing" > Grounds of disagreement These arguments occurred 15 years after textbooks began teaching a hybrid theory of statistical testing. Fisher and Neyman held different perspe... |
Ethereum Summary Ethereum_Virtual_Machine Ethereum allows anyone to deploy permanent and immutable decentralized applications onto it, with which users can interact. Decentralized finance (DeFi) applications provide financial instruments which do not directly rely on financial intermediaries like brokerages, exchanges,... |
Units of mass Phenomena Unit_of_mass > Phenomena If a first body of mass mA is placed at a distance r (center of mass to center of mass) from a second body of mass mB, each body is subject to an attractive force Fg = GmAmB/r2, where G = 6.67×10−11 N⋅kg−2⋅m2 is the "universal gravitational constant". This is sometimes r... |
Vitamin B12-binding domain Summary Vitamin_B12-binding_domain The replacement of dimethylbenzimidazole by histidine allows switching between the catalytic and activation cycles. In methionine synthase the cobalamin cofactor is sandwiched between the cobalamin-binding domain and an approximately 90 residues N-terminal d... |
Self-control Prefrontal cortex Self-control > Brain regions involved > Prefrontal cortex The prefrontal cortex is located in the most anterior portion of the frontal lobe in the brain. It forms a larger portion of the cortex in humans. The dendrites in the prefrontal cortex contain up to 16 times as many dendritic spin... |
Exclusion of the null hypothesis History of statistical tests Null_hypothesis > History of statistical tests The history of the null and alternative hypotheses is embedded in the history of statistical tests. Before 1925: There are occasional transient traces of statistical tests for centuries in the past, which provid... |
URI scheme URLs and URNs Uniform_Resource_Identifier > Design > URLs and URNs As such, a URL is simply a URI that happens to point to a resource over a network. However, in non-technical contexts and in software for the World Wide Web, the term "URL" remains widely used. Additionally, the term "web address" (which has ... |
Grid connection Frequency Electric_grid > Functionalities > Frequency For timekeeping purposes, the nominal frequency will be allowed to vary in the short term, but is adjusted to prevent line-operated clocks from gaining or losing significant time over the course of a whole 24 hour period. An entire synchronous grid r... |
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