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license: cc0-1.0
papers:
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01833
annotations_creators:
- found
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
- mul
pretty_name: OpenAlex Snapshot
tags:
- academic
- scholarly-metadata
- citation-data
- bibliometrics
- open-science
- tabular
size_categories:
- n>1T
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- tabular-classification
- feature-extraction
configs:
- config_name: works
data_files: data/works/**/*.jsonl.gz
default: true
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: doi
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: indexed_in
dtype: string
- name: publication_date
dtype: string
- name: publication_year
dtype: int64
- name: language
dtype: string
- name: type
dtype: string
- name: authorships
dtype: string
- name: authors_count
dtype: int64
- name: corresponding_author_ids
dtype: string
- name: corresponding_institution_ids
dtype: string
- name: primary_topic
dtype: string
- name: topics
dtype: string
- name: keywords
dtype: string
- name: concepts
dtype: string
- name: locations
dtype: string
- name: locations_count
dtype: int64
- name: primary_location
dtype: string
- name: best_oa_location
dtype: string
- name: sustainable_development_goals
dtype: string
- name: awards
dtype: string
- name: funders
dtype: string
- name: institutions
dtype: string
- name: countries_distinct_count
dtype: int64
- name: institutions_distinct_count
dtype: int64
- name: open_access
dtype: string
- name: is_paratext
dtype: bool
- name: is_retracted
dtype: bool
- name: is_xpac
dtype: bool
- name: biblio
dtype: string
- name: referenced_works
dtype: string
- name: referenced_works_count
dtype: int64
- name: related_works
dtype: string
- name: abstract_inverted_index
dtype: string
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: counts_by_year
dtype: string
- name: apc_list
dtype: string
- name: apc_paid
dtype: string
- name: fwci
dtype: float64
- name: citation_normalized_percentile
dtype: string
- name: cited_by_percentile_year
dtype: string
- name: mesh
dtype: string
- name: has_content
dtype: string
- name: has_fulltext
dtype: bool
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- config_name: authors
data_files: data/authors/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: orcid
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: display_name_alternatives
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: summary_stats
dtype: string
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: affiliations
dtype: string
- name: last_known_institutions
dtype: string
- name: topics
dtype: string
- name: topic_share
dtype: string
- name: x_concepts
dtype: string
- name: counts_by_year
dtype: string
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- config_name: sources
data_files: data/sources/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: issn_l
dtype: string
- name: issn
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: host_organization
dtype: string
- name: host_organization_name
dtype: string
- name: host_organization_lineage
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: oa_works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: summary_stats
dtype: string
- name: is_oa
dtype: bool
- name: is_in_doaj
dtype: bool
- name: is_in_doaj_since_year
dtype: string
- name: is_high_oa_rate
dtype: bool
- name: is_high_oa_rate_since_year
dtype: string
- name: is_in_scielo
dtype: bool
- name: is_ojs
dtype: bool
- name: is_core
dtype: bool
- name: oa_flip_year
dtype: string
- name: first_publication_year
dtype: int64
- name: last_publication_year
dtype: int64
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: homepage_url
dtype: string
- name: apc_prices
dtype: string
- name: apc_usd
dtype: string
- name: country_code
dtype: string
- name: societies
dtype: string
- name: alternate_titles
dtype: string
- name: type
dtype: string
- name: topics
dtype: string
- name: topic_share
dtype: string
- name: counts_by_year
dtype: string
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- config_name: institutions
data_files: data/institutions/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: ror
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: country_code
dtype: string
- name: type
dtype: string
- name: lineage
dtype: string
- name: is_super_system
dtype: bool
- name: type_id
dtype: string
- name: homepage_url
dtype: string
- name: image_url
dtype: string
- name: image_thumbnail_url
dtype: string
- name: display_name_acronyms
dtype: string
- name: display_name_alternatives
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: roles
dtype: string
- name: repositories
dtype: string
- name: geo
dtype: string
- name: wikidata_id
dtype: string
- name: wiki_page
dtype: string
- name: topics
dtype: string
- name: topic_share
dtype: string
- name: associated_institutions
dtype: string
- name: counts_by_year
dtype: string
- name: summary_stats
dtype: string
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- config_name: publishers
data_files: data/publishers/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: lineage
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: alternate_titles
dtype: string
- name: country_codes
dtype: string
- name: hierarchy_level
dtype: int64
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: ror_id
dtype: string
- name: image_url
dtype: string
- name: image_thumbnail_url
dtype: string
- name: wikidata_id
dtype: string
- name: homepage_url
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: summary_stats
dtype: string
- name: roles
dtype: string
- name: counts_by_year
dtype: string
- name: sources_api_url
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- config_name: funders
data_files: data/funders/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: alternate_titles
dtype: string
- name: country_code
dtype: string
- name: description
dtype: string
- name: homepage_url
dtype: string
- name: image_url
dtype: string
- name: image_thumbnail_url
dtype: string
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: awards_count
dtype: int64
- name: roles
dtype: string
- name: counts_by_year
dtype: string
- name: summary_stats
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- config_name: awards
data_files: data/awards/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: description
dtype: string
- name: funder_award_id
dtype: string
- name: amount
dtype: float64
- name: currency
dtype: string
- name: funder
dtype: string
- name: funding_type
dtype: string
- name: funder_scheme
dtype: string
- name: provenance
dtype: string
- name: start_date
dtype: string
- name: end_date
dtype: string
- name: start_year
dtype: int64
- name: end_year
dtype: int64
- name: lead_investigator
dtype: string
- name: co_lead_investigator
dtype: string
- name: investigators
dtype: string
- name: landing_page_url
dtype: string
- name: doi
dtype: string
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- name: funded_outputs
dtype: string
- name: funded_outputs_count
dtype: int64
- config_name: concepts
data_files: data/concepts/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: wikidata
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: level
dtype: int64
- name: description
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: summary_stats
dtype: string
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: image_url
dtype: string
- name: image_thumbnail_url
dtype: string
- name: international
dtype: string
- name: ancestors
dtype: string
- name: related_concepts
dtype: string
- name: counts_by_year
dtype: string
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- config_name: topics
data_files: data/topics/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: original_id
dtype: int64
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: description
dtype: string
- name: keywords
dtype: string
- name: domain
dtype: string
- name: field
dtype: string
- name: subfield
dtype: string
- name: siblings
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- config_name: domains
data_files: data/domains/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: original_id
dtype: int64
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: display_name_alternatives
dtype: string
- name: description
dtype: string
- name: fields
dtype: string
- name: siblings
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- config_name: fields
data_files: data/fields/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: original_id
dtype: int64
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: display_name_alternatives
dtype: string
- name: description
dtype: string
- name: domain
dtype: string
- name: subfields
dtype: string
- name: siblings
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
- config_name: subfields
data_files: data/subfields/**/*.jsonl.gz
features:
- name: original_id
dtype: int64
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: ids
dtype: string
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: display_name_alternatives
dtype: string
- name: description
dtype: string
- name: domain
dtype: string
- name: field
dtype: string
- name: topics
dtype: string
- name: siblings
dtype: string
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: works_api_url
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: updated_date
dtype: string
dataset_info:
- config_name: domains_external_ids
data_dir: domains/external_ids
features:
- name: domain_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 12
num_bytes: 1406
num_shards: 1
- config_name: domains_name_alternatives
data_dir: domains/name_alternatives
features:
- name: domain_id
dtype: int64
- name: display_name_alternative
dtype: string
num_rows: 6
num_bytes: 984
num_shards: 1
- config_name: fields_domains
data_dir: fields/domains
features:
- name: field_id
dtype: int64
- name: domain_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 26
num_bytes: 937
num_shards: 1
- config_name: fields_external_ids
data_dir: fields/external_ids
features:
- name: field_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 78
num_bytes: 2225
num_shards: 1
- config_name: fields_name_alternatives
data_dir: fields/name_alternatives
features:
- name: field_id
dtype: int64
- name: display_name_alternative
dtype: string
num_rows: 60
num_bytes: 1805
num_shards: 1
- config_name: subfields_domains
data_dir: subfields/domains
features:
- name: subfield_id
dtype: int64
- name: domain_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 252
num_bytes: 2166
num_shards: 1
- config_name: subfields_external_ids
data_dir: subfields/external_ids
features:
- name: subfield_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 756
num_bytes: 11198
num_shards: 1
- config_name: subfields_fields
data_dir: subfields/fields
features:
- name: subfield_id
dtype: int64
- name: field_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 252
num_bytes: 2354
num_shards: 1
- config_name: subfields_name_alternatives
data_dir: subfields/name_alternatives
features:
- name: subfield_id
dtype: int64
- name: display_name_alternative
dtype: string
num_rows: 393
num_bytes: 6728
num_shards: 1
- config_name: topics_domains
data_dir: topics/domains
features:
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: domain_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 4516
num_bytes: 27397
num_shards: 1
- config_name: topics_external_ids
data_dir: topics/external_ids
features:
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 9032
num_bytes: 145268
num_shards: 1
- config_name: topics_fields
data_dir: topics/fields
features:
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: field_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 4516
num_bytes: 29182
num_shards: 1
- config_name: topics_keywords
data_dir: topics/keywords
features:
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: keyword
dtype: string
num_rows: 45154
num_bytes: 482701
num_shards: 1
- config_name: topics_subfields
data_dir: topics/subfields
features:
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: subfield_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 4516
num_bytes: 31796
num_shards: 1
- config_name: publishers_alternate_titles
data_dir: publishers/alternate_titles
features:
- name: publisher_id
dtype: int64
- name: title
dtype: string
num_rows: 9072
num_bytes: 382770
num_shards: 51
- config_name: publishers_countries
data_dir: publishers/countries
features:
- name: publisher_id
dtype: int64
- name: country_code
dtype: string
num_rows: 18518
num_bytes: 279010
num_shards: 51
- config_name: publishers_counts_by_year
data_dir: publishers/counts_by_year
features:
- name: publisher_id
dtype: int64
- name: year
dtype: int32
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
num_rows: 188549
num_bytes: 1846648
num_shards: 51
- config_name: publishers_external_ids
data_dir: publishers/external_ids
features:
- name: publisher_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 47468
num_bytes: 1259281
num_shards: 51
- config_name: publishers_lineage
data_dir: publishers/lineage
features:
- name: publisher_id
dtype: int64
- name: ancestor_publisher_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 0
num_bytes: 21573
num_shards: 51
- config_name: publishers_roles
data_dir: publishers/roles
features:
- name: publisher_id
dtype: int64
- name: role_entity_id
dtype: int64
- name: role_type
dtype: string
- name: role_prefix
dtype: string
num_rows: 32476
num_bytes: 748215
num_shards: 51
- config_name: funders_alternate_titles
data_dir: funders/alternate_titles
features:
- name: funder_id
dtype: int64
- name: title
dtype: string
num_rows: 71645
num_bytes: 1450887
num_shards: 1
- config_name: funders_counts_by_year
data_dir: funders/counts_by_year
features:
- name: funder_id
dtype: int64
- name: year
dtype: int32
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: oa_works_count
dtype: int64
num_rows: 551451
num_bytes: 2705836
num_shards: 1
- config_name: funders_external_ids
data_dir: funders/external_ids
features:
- name: funder_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 135985
num_bytes: 1422310
num_shards: 1
- config_name: funders_roles
data_dir: funders/roles
features:
- name: funder_id
dtype: int64
- name: role_entity_id
dtype: int64
- name: role_type
dtype: string
- name: role_prefix
dtype: string
num_rows: 52733
num_bytes: 588203
num_shards: 1
- config_name: awards_funded_outputs
data_dir: awards/funded_outputs
features:
- name: award_id
dtype: int64
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 32514594
num_bytes: 357839382
num_shards: 20
- config_name: awards_investigator_affiliations
data_dir: awards/investigator_affiliations
features:
- name: award_id
dtype: int64
- name: investigator_orcid
dtype: string
- name: investigator_family_name
dtype: string
- name: affiliation_id
dtype: string
- name: affiliation_type
dtype: string
- name: asserted_by
dtype: string
num_rows: 742905
num_bytes: 22178902
num_shards: 20
- config_name: awards_investigators
data_dir: awards/investigators
features:
- name: award_id
dtype: int64
- name: given_name
dtype: string
- name: family_name
dtype: string
- name: orcid
dtype: string
- name: affiliation_name
dtype: string
- name: affiliation_country
dtype: string
- name: role_start
dtype: string
- name: is_lead
dtype: bool
- name: is_co_lead
dtype: bool
num_rows: 4658360
num_bytes: 249300204
num_shards: 20
- config_name: concepts_ancestors
data_dir: concepts/ancestors
features:
- name: concept_id
dtype: int64
- name: ancestor_concept_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 0
num_bytes: 1221
num_shards: 3
- config_name: concepts_counts_by_year
data_dir: concepts/counts_by_year
features:
- name: concept_id
dtype: int64
- name: year
dtype: int32
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: oa_works_count
dtype: int64
num_rows: 0
num_bytes: 2115
num_shards: 3
- config_name: concepts_external_ids
data_dir: concepts/external_ids
features:
- name: concept_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 195078
num_bytes: 3086645
num_shards: 3
- config_name: concepts_related
data_dir: concepts/related
features:
- name: concept_id
dtype: int64
- name: related_concept_id
dtype: int64
- name: score
dtype: float32
num_rows: 0
num_bytes: 1551
num_shards: 3
- config_name: institutions_associations
data_dir: institutions/associations
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: associated_institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: relationship_type
dtype: string
num_rows: 131583
num_bytes: 2003185
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_counts_by_year
data_dir: institutions/counts_by_year
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: year
dtype: int32
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: oa_works_count
dtype: int64
num_rows: 2107775
num_bytes: 25242763
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_external_ids
data_dir: institutions/external_ids
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 437211
num_bytes: 11418278
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_lineage
data_dir: institutions/lineage
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: ancestor_institution_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 58865
num_bytes: 785710
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_name_acronyms
data_dir: institutions/name_acronyms
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: display_name_acronym
dtype: string
num_rows: 81935
num_bytes: 1888938
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_name_alternatives
data_dir: institutions/name_alternatives
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: display_name_alternative
dtype: string
num_rows: 132397
num_bytes: 7667620
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_repositories
data_dir: institutions/repositories
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 8186
num_bytes: 199201
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_roles
data_dir: institutions/roles
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: role_entity_id
dtype: int64
- name: role_type
dtype: string
- name: role_prefix
dtype: string
num_rows: 201446
num_bytes: 4351258
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_topic_share
data_dir: institutions/topic_share
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: value
dtype: float64
num_rows: 3482471
num_bytes: 30081570
num_shards: 61
- config_name: institutions_topics
data_dir: institutions/topics
features:
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: count
dtype: int64
- name: score
dtype: float32
num_rows: 3482471
num_bytes: 27627497
num_shards: 61
- config_name: sources_alternate_titles
data_dir: sources/alternate_titles
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: title
dtype: string
num_rows: 22877
num_bytes: 905217
num_shards: 42
- config_name: sources_apc_prices
data_dir: sources/apc_prices
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: price
dtype: float64
- name: currency
dtype: string
num_rows: 25021
num_bytes: 283365
num_shards: 42
- config_name: sources_counts_by_year
data_dir: sources/counts_by_year
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: year
dtype: int32
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: oa_works_count
dtype: int64
num_rows: 1000731
num_bytes: 8405422
num_shards: 42
- config_name: sources_external_ids
data_dir: sources/external_ids
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 138631
num_bytes: 2618830
num_shards: 42
- config_name: sources_host_lineage
data_dir: sources/host_lineage
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: publisher_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 23820
num_bytes: 378319
num_shards: 42
- config_name: sources_issns
data_dir: sources/issns
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: issn
dtype: string
num_rows: 57525
num_bytes: 1302945
num_shards: 42
- config_name: sources_societies
data_dir: sources/societies
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: organization
dtype: string
- name: url
dtype: string
num_rows: 3811
num_bytes: 280131
num_shards: 42
- config_name: sources_topic_share
data_dir: sources/topic_share
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: value
dtype: float64
num_rows: 204995
num_bytes: 3064924
num_shards: 42
- config_name: sources_topics
data_dir: sources/topics
features:
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: count
dtype: int64
- name: score
dtype: float32
num_rows: 204995
num_bytes: 2089180
num_shards: 42
- config_name: authors_concepts
data_dir: authors/concepts
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: concept_id
dtype: int64
- name: score
dtype: float64
- name: count
dtype: int64
- name: level
dtype: int32
num_rows: 772383165
num_bytes: 8907493756
num_shards: 688
- config_name: authors_counts_by_year
data_dir: authors/counts_by_year
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: year
dtype: int32
- name: works_count
dtype: int64
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
- name: oa_works_count
dtype: int64
num_rows: 883778965
num_bytes: 3569671281
num_shards: 688
- config_name: authors_external_ids
data_dir: authors/external_ids
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 230981827
num_bytes: 2858151795
num_shards: 688
- config_name: authors_institutions
data_dir: authors/institutions
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 427101765
num_bytes: 1923414561
num_shards: 688
- config_name: authors_last_known_institutions
data_dir: authors/last_known_institutions
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 103777300
num_bytes: 954940491
num_shards: 688
- config_name: authors_name_alternatives
data_dir: authors/name_alternatives
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: display_name_alternative
dtype: string
num_rows: 392858113
num_bytes: 6044096512
num_shards: 688
- config_name: authors_sources
data_dir: authors/sources
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: is_core
dtype: bool
- name: is_in_doaj
dtype: bool
num_rows: 835250610
num_bytes: 4041979497
num_shards: 688
- config_name: authors_topic_share
data_dir: authors/topic_share
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: value
dtype: float64
num_rows: 544517049
num_bytes: 3739593865
num_shards: 688
- config_name: authors_topics
data_dir: authors/topics
features:
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: count
dtype: int64
- name: score
dtype: float32
num_rows: 544517049
num_bytes: 4270138942
num_shards: 688
- config_name: works_abstracts
data_dir: works/abstracts
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: abstract_inverted_index
dtype: string
num_rows: 248221431
num_bytes: 221145420894
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_authorship_institutions
data_dir: works/authorship_institutions
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 760634768
num_bytes: 11422205890
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_authorships
data_dir: works/authorships
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
- name: author_position
dtype: string
num_rows: 960189908
num_bytes: 11780783633
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_awards
data_dir: works/awards
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: award_id
dtype: int64
- name: display_name
dtype: string
- name: funder_award_id
dtype: string
- name: funder_id
dtype: int64
- name: funder_display_name
dtype: string
num_rows: 79317425
num_bytes: 2805473012
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_concepts
data_dir: works/concepts
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: concept_id
dtype: int64
- name: score
dtype: float32
num_rows: 4501395411
num_bytes: 32486361424
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_corresponding_authors
data_dir: works/corresponding_authors
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: author_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 293212905
num_bytes: 4487890024
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_corresponding_institutions
data_dir: works/corresponding_institutions
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: institution_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 181632080
num_bytes: 2120194663
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_counts_by_year
data_dir: works/counts_by_year
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: year
dtype: int32
- name: cited_by_count
dtype: int64
num_rows: 383642629
num_bytes: 2744668463
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_external_ids
data_dir: works/external_ids
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: source
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: string
num_rows: 968222949
num_bytes: 16373399055
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_funders
data_dir: works/funders
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: funder_id
dtype: int64
- name: award_id
dtype: string
num_rows: 0
num_bytes: 1050738
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_indexed_in
data_dir: works/indexed_in
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: index_name
dtype: string
num_rows: 336380264
num_bytes: 2397345528
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_keywords
data_dir: works/keywords
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: keyword_id
dtype: string
- name: score
dtype: float32
num_rows: 2832660113
num_bytes: 28074665218
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_locations
data_dir: works/locations
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: source_id
dtype: int64
- name: is_oa
dtype: bool
- name: is_primary
dtype: bool
- name: license
dtype: string
- name: version
dtype: string
num_rows: 537965838
num_bytes: 5106323570
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_mesh
data_dir: works/mesh
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: descriptor_ui
dtype: string
- name: descriptor_name
dtype: string
- name: qualifier_ui
dtype: string
- name: qualifier_name
dtype: string
- name: is_major_topic
dtype: bool
num_rows: 1127251188
num_bytes: 15921498336
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_references
data_dir: works/references
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: referenced_work_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 2912952343
num_bytes: 35367925096
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_related
data_dir: works/related
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: related_work_id
dtype: int64
num_rows: 2598276518
num_bytes: 18767817619
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_sdgs
data_dir: works/sdgs
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: sdg_id
dtype: int64
- name: score
dtype: float32
num_rows: 174402726
num_bytes: 2039374831
num_shards: 2127
- config_name: works_topics
data_dir: works/topics
features:
- name: work_id
dtype: int64
- name: topic_id
dtype: int64
- name: score
dtype: float32
num_rows: 1007532780
num_bytes: 7612990305
num_shards: 2127
---
# OpenAlex Snapshot
Mirror of the [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org) scholarly metadata snapshot — a free, open catalogue of 250M+ scholarly works, 100M+ authors, and related entities.
Hosted on [HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Mearman/OpenAlex) via [Xet](https://xetdata.com) for content-addressable deduplication.
**Source**: [s3://openalex](https://openalex.s3.amazonaws.com/) (public, anonymous S3 bucket)
## Dataset subsets
Each entity type is a separate subset (config):
| Config | Description | Shards |
|--------|-------------|--------|
| `works` | Scholarly works (papers, datasets, etc.) | 2,127 |
| `authors` | Authors of scholarly works | 738 |
| `institutions` | Universities, research orgs | 61 |
| `publishers` | Academic publishers | 51 |
| `sources` | Journals, repositories, conferences | 42 |
| `awards` | Grant/funding awards | 20 |
| `concepts` | Legacy concept taxonomy (Wikidata) | 3 |
| `topics` | Topic taxonomy | 1 |
| `domains` | Top-level topic domains | 1 |
| `fields` | Topic fields | 1 |
| `subfields` | Topic subfields | 1 |
| `funders` | Funding organisations | 1 |
## Data format
Each shard is a gzip-compressed JSON Lines file at:
```
data/{entity}/updated_date=YYYY-MM-DD/part_XXXX.jsonl.gz
```
The `.jsonl.gz` extension allows the HuggingFace dataset viewer to detect the inner format automatically. On S3, files are named `part_XXXX.gz`; the download pipeline renames them on save.
Each line is a JSON object representing one entity record. Fields vary by entity type. See the [OpenAlex data model](https://docs.openalex.org/) for field definitions.
### Example: Work record fields
`id`, `doi`, `title`, `display_name`, `publication_year`, `type`, `language`, `authorships`, `concepts`, `topics`, `keywords`, `cited_by_count`, `referenced_works`, `related_works`, `locations`, `open_access`, `funders`, `awards`, `mesh`, `sustainable_development_goals`, `counts_by_year`, `updated_date`, and more.
## Sync and extraction pipeline
The `sync/` directory contains a Python pipeline for downloading from S3 and extracting relationship tables to Parquet:
1. **Download**: `python3 -m sync.download sync [--entity X]` — syncs from `s3://openalex` (public, anonymous)
2. **Extract**: `python3 -m sync.extract extract [--entity X] --workers 6` — converts `.jsonl.gz` to nested parquet sub-tables
Extraction supports `--slice-index N --slice-total M` to partition work across machines.
## Adding new entity types
OpenAlex occasionally adds new entities. To support a new one:
1. **Download**: `python3 -m sync.download sync --entity {entity}`
2. **Schema**: Add entity + relationship schemas to `sync/schemas.py`
3. **Extraction**: Add dispatch entry to `_ENTITY_DISPATCH` in `sync/extract.py`
4. **Nesting**: Add singular→plural entry to `_ENTITY_SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL` in `sync/common.py`
5. **Commit**: Stage and push
## License
OpenAlex data is released under [CC0 1.0 Universal](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). See the [OpenAlex terms](https://docs.openalex.org/about/the-data) for details.
|