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Anatomy_Gray_400 | Anatomy_Gray | The naming of the three cusps, the anterior, septal, and posterior cusps, is based on their relative position in the right ventricle. The free margins of the cusps are attached to the chordae tendineae, which arise from the tips of the papillary muscles. During filling of the right ventricle, the tricuspid valve is ope... | Anatomy_Gray. The naming of the three cusps, the anterior, septal, and posterior cusps, is based on their relative position in the right ventricle. The free margins of the cusps are attached to the chordae tendineae, which arise from the tips of the papillary muscles. During filling of the right ventricle, the tricuspi... |
Anatomy_Gray_401 | Anatomy_Gray | Simply put, the papillary muscles and associated chordae tendineae keep the valves closed during the dramatic changes in ventricular size that occur during contraction. In addition, chordae tendineae from two papillary muscles attach to each cusp. This helps prevent separation of the cusps during ventricular contractio... | Anatomy_Gray. Simply put, the papillary muscles and associated chordae tendineae keep the valves closed during the dramatic changes in ventricular size that occur during contraction. In addition, chordae tendineae from two papillary muscles attach to each cusp. This helps prevent separation of the cusps during ventricu... |
Anatomy_Gray_402 | Anatomy_Gray | Necrosis of a papillary muscle following a myocardial infarction (heart attack) may result in prolapse of the related valve. At the apex of the infundibulum, the outflow tract of the right ventricle, the opening into the pulmonary trunk is closed by the pulmonary valve (Fig. 3.71), which consists of three semilunar cus... | Anatomy_Gray. Necrosis of a papillary muscle following a myocardial infarction (heart attack) may result in prolapse of the related valve. At the apex of the infundibulum, the outflow tract of the right ventricle, the opening into the pulmonary trunk is closed by the pulmonary valve (Fig. 3.71), which consists of three... |
Anatomy_Gray_403 | Anatomy_Gray | The cusps are named the left, right, and anterior semilunar cusps, relative to their fetal position before rotation of the outflow tracts from the ventricles is complete. Each cusp forms a pocket-like sinus (Fig. 3.72)—a dilation in the wall of the initial portion of the pulmonary trunk. After ventricular contraction, ... | Anatomy_Gray. The cusps are named the left, right, and anterior semilunar cusps, relative to their fetal position before rotation of the outflow tracts from the ventricles is complete. Each cusp forms a pocket-like sinus (Fig. 3.72)—a dilation in the wall of the initial portion of the pulmonary trunk. After ventricular... |
Anatomy_Gray_404 | Anatomy_Gray | The anterior half is continuous with the left auricle. It contains musculi pectinati and derives from the embryonic primitive atrium. Unlike the crista terminalis in the right atrium, no distinct structure separates the two components of the left atrium. The interatrial septum is part of the anterior wall of the left a... | Anatomy_Gray. The anterior half is continuous with the left auricle. It contains musculi pectinati and derives from the embryonic primitive atrium. Unlike the crista terminalis in the right atrium, no distinct structure separates the two components of the left atrium. The interatrial septum is part of the anterior wall... |
Anatomy_Gray_405 | Anatomy_Gray | The left ventricle lies anterior to the left atrium. It contributes to the anterior, diaphragmatic, and left pulmonary surfaces of the heart, and forms the apex. Blood enters the ventricle through the left atrioventricular orifice and flows in a forward direction to the apex. The chamber itself is conical, is longer th... | Anatomy_Gray. The left ventricle lies anterior to the left atrium. It contributes to the anterior, diaphragmatic, and left pulmonary surfaces of the heart, and forms the apex. Blood enters the ventricle through the left atrioventricular orifice and flows in a forward direction to the apex. The chamber itself is conical... |
Anatomy_Gray_406 | Anatomy_Gray | The general appearance of the trabeculae with muscular ridges and bridges is similar to that of the right ventricle (Fig. 3.74). Papillary muscles, together with chordae tendineae, are also observed and their structure is as described above for the right ventricle. Two papillary muscles, the anterior and posterior papi... | Anatomy_Gray. The general appearance of the trabeculae with muscular ridges and bridges is similar to that of the right ventricle (Fig. 3.74). Papillary muscles, together with chordae tendineae, are also observed and their structure is as described above for the right ventricle. Two papillary muscles, the anterior and ... |
Anatomy_Gray_407 | Anatomy_Gray | The muscular part is thick and forms the major part of the septum, whereas the membranous part is the thin, upper part of the septum. A third part of the septum may be considered an atrioventricular part because of its position above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. This superior location places this part of the... | Anatomy_Gray. The muscular part is thick and forms the major part of the septum, whereas the membranous part is the thin, upper part of the septum. A third part of the septum may be considered an atrioventricular part because of its position above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. This superior location places th... |
Anatomy_Gray_408 | Anatomy_Gray | The aortic vestibule, or outflow tract of the left ventricle, is continuous superiorly with the ascending aorta. The opening from the left ventricle into the aorta is closed by the aortic valve. This valve is similar in structure to the pulmonary valve. It consists of three semilunar cusps with the free edge of each pr... | Anatomy_Gray. The aortic vestibule, or outflow tract of the left ventricle, is continuous superiorly with the ascending aorta. The opening from the left ventricle into the aorta is closed by the aortic valve. This valve is similar in structure to the pulmonary valve. It consists of three semilunar cusps with the free e... |
Anatomy_Gray_409 | Anatomy_Gray | The functioning of the aortic valve is similar to that of the pulmonary valve with one important additional process: as blood recoils after ventricular contraction and fills the aortic sinuses, it is automatically forced into the coronary arteries because these vessels originate from the right and left aortic sinuses. ... | Anatomy_Gray. The functioning of the aortic valve is similar to that of the pulmonary valve with one important additional process: as blood recoils after ventricular contraction and fills the aortic sinuses, it is automatically forced into the coronary arteries because these vessels originate from the right and left ao... |
Anatomy_Gray_410 | Anatomy_Gray | The cardiac skeleton helps maintain the integrity of the openings it surrounds and provides points of attachment for the cusps. It also separates the atrial musculature from the ventricular musculature. The atrial myocardium originates from the upper border of the rings, whereas the ventricular myocardium originates fr... | Anatomy_Gray. The cardiac skeleton helps maintain the integrity of the openings it surrounds and provides points of attachment for the cusps. It also separates the atrial musculature from the ventricular musculature. The atrial myocardium originates from the upper border of the rings, whereas the ventricular myocardium... |
Anatomy_Gray_411 | Anatomy_Gray | The returning venous blood passes through cardiac veins, most of which empty into the coronary sinus. This large venous structure is located in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium between the opening of th... | Anatomy_Gray. The returning venous blood passes through cardiac veins, most of which empty into the coronary sinus. This large venous structure is located in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium between the... |
Anatomy_Gray_412 | Anatomy_Gray | An early atrial branch passes in the groove between the right auricle and ascending aorta, and gives off the sinu-atrial nodal branch (Fig. 3.78A), which passes posteriorly around the superior vena cava to supply the sinu-atrial node. A right marginal branch is given off as the right coronary artery approaches the infe... | Anatomy_Gray. An early atrial branch passes in the groove between the right auricle and ascending aorta, and gives off the sinu-atrial nodal branch (Fig. 3.78A), which passes posteriorly around the superior vena cava to supply the sinu-atrial node. A right marginal branch is given off as the right coronary artery appro... |
Anatomy_Gray_413 | Anatomy_Gray | The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and right ventricle, the sinu-atrial and atrioventricular nodes, the interatrial septum, a portion of the left atrium, the posteroinferior one third of the interventricular septum, and a portion of the posterior part of the left ventricle. Left coronary artery. The le... | Anatomy_Gray. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and right ventricle, the sinu-atrial and atrioventricular nodes, the interatrial septum, a portion of the left atrium, the posteroinferior one third of the interventricular septum, and a portion of the posterior part of the left ventricle. Left coronary ... |
Anatomy_Gray_414 | Anatomy_Gray | The anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending artery—LAD) (Fig. 3.78A,C) continues around the left side of the pulmonary trunk and descends obliquely toward the apex of the heart in the anterior interventricular sulcus (Fig. 3.78A,C). During its course, one or two large diagonal branches may arise and ... | Anatomy_Gray. The anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending artery—LAD) (Fig. 3.78A,C) continues around the left side of the pulmonary trunk and descends obliquely toward the apex of the heart in the anterior interventricular sulcus (Fig. 3.78A,C). During its course, one or two large diagonal branches ... |
Anatomy_Gray_415 | Anatomy_Gray | Variations in the distribution patterns of coronary arteries. Several major variations in the basic distribution patterns of the coronary arteries occur. The distribution pattern described above for both right and left coronary arteries is the most common and consists of a right dominant coronary artery. This means tha... | Anatomy_Gray. Variations in the distribution patterns of coronary arteries. Several major variations in the basic distribution patterns of the coronary arteries occur. The distribution pattern described above for both right and left coronary arteries is the most common and consists of a right dominant coronary artery. ... |
Anatomy_Gray_416 | Anatomy_Gray | Another point of variation relates to the arterial supply to the sinu-atrial and atrioventricular nodes. In most cases, these two structures are supplied by the right coronary artery. However, vessels from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery occasionally supply these structures. The coronary sinus receive... | Anatomy_Gray. Another point of variation relates to the arterial supply to the sinu-atrial and atrioventricular nodes. In most cases, these two structures are supplied by the right coronary artery. However, vessels from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery occasionally supply these structures. The coronary... |
Anatomy_Gray_417 | Anatomy_Gray | The coronary sinus receives four major tributaries: the great, middle, small, and posterior cardiac veins. Great cardiac vein. The great cardiac vein begins at the apex of the heart (Fig. 3.82A). It ascends in the anterior interventricular sulcus, where it is related to the anterior interventricular artery and is often... | Anatomy_Gray. The coronary sinus receives four major tributaries: the great, middle, small, and posterior cardiac veins. Great cardiac vein. The great cardiac vein begins at the apex of the heart (Fig. 3.82A). It ascends in the anterior interventricular sulcus, where it is related to the anterior interventricular arter... |
Anatomy_Gray_418 | Anatomy_Gray | Middle cardiac vein. The middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular vein) begins near the apex of the heart and ascends in the posterior interventricular sulcus toward the coronary sinus (Fig. 3.82B). It is associated with the posterior interventricular branch of the right or left coronary artery throughout its co... | Anatomy_Gray. Middle cardiac vein. The middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular vein) begins near the apex of the heart and ascends in the posterior interventricular sulcus toward the coronary sinus (Fig. 3.82B). It is associated with the posterior interventricular branch of the right or left coronary artery thr... |
Anatomy_Gray_419 | Anatomy_Gray | Posterior cardiac vein. The posterior cardiac vein lies on the posterior surface of the left ventricle just to the left of the middle cardiac vein (Fig. 3.82B). It either enters the coronary sinus directly or joins the great cardiac vein. Other cardiac veins. Two additional groups of cardiac veins are also involved in ... | Anatomy_Gray. Posterior cardiac vein. The posterior cardiac vein lies on the posterior surface of the left ventricle just to the left of the middle cardiac vein (Fig. 3.82B). It either enters the coronary sinus directly or joins the great cardiac vein. Other cardiac veins. Two additional groups of cardiac veins are als... |
Anatomy_Gray_420 | Anatomy_Gray | A group of smallest cardiac veins (venae cordis minimae or veins of Thebesius) have also been described. Draining directly into the cardiac chambers, they are numerous in the right atrium and right ventricle, are occasionally associated with the left atrium, and are rarely associated with the left ventricle. The lympha... | Anatomy_Gray. A group of smallest cardiac veins (venae cordis minimae or veins of Thebesius) have also been described. Draining directly into the cardiac chambers, they are numerous in the right atrium and right ventricle, are occasionally associated with the left atrium, and are rarely associated with the left ventric... |
Anatomy_Gray_421 | Anatomy_Gray | The unique distribution pattern of the cardiac conduction system establishes an important unidirectional pathway of excitation/contraction. Throughout its course, large branches of the conduction system are insulated from the surrounding myocardium by connective tissue. This tends to decrease inappropriate stimulation ... | Anatomy_Gray. The unique distribution pattern of the cardiac conduction system establishes an important unidirectional pathway of excitation/contraction. Throughout its course, large branches of the conduction system are insulated from the surrounding myocardium by connective tissue. This tends to decrease inappropriat... |
Anatomy_Gray_422 | Anatomy_Gray | This is also the junction between the parts of the right atrium derived from the embryonic sinus venosus and the atrium proper. The excitation signals generated by the sinu-atrial node spread across the atria, causing the muscle to contract. Concurrently, the wave of excitation in the atria stimulates the atrioventricu... | Anatomy_Gray. This is also the junction between the parts of the right atrium derived from the embryonic sinus venosus and the atrium proper. The excitation signals generated by the sinu-atrial node spread across the atria, causing the muscle to contract. Concurrently, the wave of excitation in the atria stimulates the... |
Anatomy_Gray_423 | Anatomy_Gray | The right bundle branch continues on the right side of the interventricular septum toward the apex of the right ventricle. From the septum it enters the septomarginal trabecula to reach the base of the anterior papillary muscle. At this point, it divides and is continuous with the final component of the cardiac conduct... | Anatomy_Gray. The right bundle branch continues on the right side of the interventricular septum toward the apex of the right ventricle. From the septum it enters the septomarginal trabecula to reach the base of the anterior papillary muscle. At this point, it divides and is continuous with the final component of the c... |
Anatomy_Gray_424 | Anatomy_Gray | The autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system is directly responsible for regulating: heart rate, force of each contraction, and cardiac output. Branches from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems contribute to the formation of the cardiac plexus. This plexus consists of a superficial part, inferio... | Anatomy_Gray. The autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system is directly responsible for regulating: heart rate, force of each contraction, and cardiac output. Branches from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems contribute to the formation of the cardiac plexus. This plexus consists of a superficial... |
Anatomy_Gray_425 | Anatomy_Gray | Stimulation of the parasympathetic system: decreases heart rate, reduces force of contraction, and constricts the coronary arteries. The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach the heart as cardiac branches from the right and left vagus nerves. They enter the cardiac plexus and synapse in ganglia located either with... | Anatomy_Gray. Stimulation of the parasympathetic system: decreases heart rate, reduces force of contraction, and constricts the coronary arteries. The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach the heart as cardiac branches from the right and left vagus nerves. They enter the cardiac plexus and synapse in ganglia locat... |
Anatomy_Gray_426 | Anatomy_Gray | Visceral afferents from the heart are also a component of the cardiac plexus. These fibers pass through the cardiac plexus and return to the central nervous system in the cardiac nerves from the sympathetic trunk and in the vagal cardiac branches. The afferents associated with the vagal cardiac nerves return to the vag... | Anatomy_Gray. Visceral afferents from the heart are also a component of the cardiac plexus. These fibers pass through the cardiac plexus and return to the central nervous system in the cardiac nerves from the sympathetic trunk and in the vagal cardiac branches. The afferents associated with the vagal cardiac nerves ret... |
Anatomy_Gray_427 | Anatomy_Gray | The afferents associated with the cardiac nerves from the sympathetic trunks return to either the cervical or the thoracic portions of the sympathetic trunk. If they are in the cervical portion of the trunk, they normally descend to the thoracic region, where they reenter the upper four or five thoracic spinal cord seg... | Anatomy_Gray. The afferents associated with the cardiac nerves from the sympathetic trunks return to either the cervical or the thoracic portions of the sympathetic trunk. If they are in the cervical portion of the trunk, they normally descend to the thoracic region, where they reenter the upper four or five thoracic s... |
Anatomy_Gray_428 | Anatomy_Gray | The pulmonary trunk is contained within the pericardial sac (Fig. 3.85), is covered by the visceral layer of serous pericardium, and is associated with the ascending aorta in a common sheath. It arises from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle at the opening of the pulmonary trunk slightly anterior to the aortic... | Anatomy_Gray. The pulmonary trunk is contained within the pericardial sac (Fig. 3.85), is covered by the visceral layer of serous pericardium, and is associated with the ascending aorta in a common sheath. It arises from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle at the opening of the pulmonary trunk slightly anterior... |
Anatomy_Gray_429 | Anatomy_Gray | The ascending aorta is contained within the pericardial sac and is covered by a visceral layer of serous pericardium, which also surrounds the pulmonary trunk in a common sheath (Fig. 3.85A). The origin of the ascending aorta is the aortic orifice at the base of the left ventricle, which is level with the lower edge of... | Anatomy_Gray. The ascending aorta is contained within the pericardial sac and is covered by a visceral layer of serous pericardium, which also surrounds the pulmonary trunk in a common sheath (Fig. 3.85A). The origin of the ascending aorta is the aortic orifice at the base of the left ventricle, which is level with the... |
Anatomy_Gray_430 | Anatomy_Gray | The inferior half of the superior vena cava is located within the pericardial sac (Fig. 3.85B). It passes through the fibrous pericardium at approximately the level of the second costal cartilage and enters the right atrium at the lower level of the third costal cartilage. The portion within the pericardial sac is cove... | Anatomy_Gray. The inferior half of the superior vena cava is located within the pericardial sac (Fig. 3.85B). It passes through the fibrous pericardium at approximately the level of the second costal cartilage and enters the right atrium at the lower level of the third costal cartilage. The portion within the pericardi... |
Anatomy_Gray_431 | Anatomy_Gray | A very short segment of each of the pulmonary veins is also within the pericardial sac. These veins, usually two from each lung, pass through the fibrous pericardium and enter the superior region of the left atrium on its posterior surface. In the pericardial sac, all but a portion of the posterior surface of these vei... | Anatomy_Gray. A very short segment of each of the pulmonary veins is also within the pericardial sac. These veins, usually two from each lung, pass through the fibrous pericardium and enter the superior region of the left atrium on its posterior surface. In the pericardial sac, all but a portion of the posterior surfac... |
Anatomy_Gray_432 | Anatomy_Gray | Inferiorly, a transverse plane passing from the sternal angle to the intervertebral disc between vertebra TIV/V separates it from the inferior mediastinum. Laterally, it is bordered by the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura on either side. The superior mediastinum is continuous with the neck above and with the inf... | Anatomy_Gray. Inferiorly, a transverse plane passing from the sternal angle to the intervertebral disc between vertebra TIV/V separates it from the inferior mediastinum. Laterally, it is bordered by the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura on either side. The superior mediastinum is continuous with the neck above an... |
Anatomy_Gray_433 | Anatomy_Gray | The thymus is the most anterior component of the superior mediastinum, lying immediately posterior to the manubrium of the sternum. It is an asymmetrical, bilobed structure (see Fig. 3.58). The upper extent of the thymus can reach into the neck as high as the thyroid gland; a lower portion typically extends into the an... | Anatomy_Gray. The thymus is the most anterior component of the superior mediastinum, lying immediately posterior to the manubrium of the sternum. It is an asymmetrical, bilobed structure (see Fig. 3.58). The upper extent of the thymus can reach into the neck as high as the thyroid gland; a lower portion typically exten... |
Anatomy_Gray_434 | Anatomy_Gray | Lymphatic drainage returns to multiple groups of nodes at one or more of the following locations: along the internal thoracic arteries (parasternal); at the tracheal bifurcation (tracheobronchial); and in the root of the neck. The left and right brachiocephalic veins are located immediately posterior to the thymus. The... | Anatomy_Gray. Lymphatic drainage returns to multiple groups of nodes at one or more of the following locations: along the internal thoracic arteries (parasternal); at the tracheal bifurcation (tracheobronchial); and in the root of the neck. The left and right brachiocephalic veins are located immediately posterior to t... |
Anatomy_Gray_435 | Anatomy_Gray | The left brachiocephalic vein begins posterior to the medial end of the left clavicle. It crosses to the right, moving in a slightly inferior direction, and joins with the right brachiocephalic vein to form the superior vena cava posterior to the lower edge of the right first costal cartilage close to the right sternal... | Anatomy_Gray. The left brachiocephalic vein begins posterior to the medial end of the left clavicle. It crosses to the right, moving in a slightly inferior direction, and joins with the right brachiocephalic vein to form the superior vena cava posterior to the lower edge of the right first costal cartilage close to the... |
Anatomy_Gray_436 | Anatomy_Gray | The left superior intercostal vein receives the second, third, and sometimes the fourth posterior intercostal veins, usually the left bronchial veins, and sometimes the left pericardiacophrenic vein. It passes over the left side of the aortic arch, lateral to the left vagus nerve and medial to the left phrenic nerve, b... | Anatomy_Gray. The left superior intercostal vein receives the second, third, and sometimes the fourth posterior intercostal veins, usually the left bronchial veins, and sometimes the left pericardiacophrenic vein. It passes over the left side of the aortic arch, lateral to the left vagus nerve and medial to the left ph... |
Anatomy_Gray_437 | Anatomy_Gray | The lower half of the superior vena cava is within the pericardial sac and is therefore contained in the middle mediastinum. The superior vena cava receives the azygos vein immediately before entering the pericardial sac and may also receive pericardial and mediastinal veins. The superior vena cava can be easily visual... | Anatomy_Gray. The lower half of the superior vena cava is within the pericardial sac and is therefore contained in the middle mediastinum. The superior vena cava receives the azygos vein immediately before entering the pericardial sac and may also receive pericardial and mediastinal veins. The superior vena cava can be... |
Anatomy_Gray_438 | Anatomy_Gray | The superior vena cava can be easily visualized forming part of the right superolateral border of the mediastinum on a chest radiograph (see Fig. 3.67A). Arch of aorta and its branches The thoracic portion of the aorta can be divided into ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, and thoracic (descending) aorta. Only the arc... | Anatomy_Gray. The superior vena cava can be easily visualized forming part of the right superolateral border of the mediastinum on a chest radiograph (see Fig. 3.67A). Arch of aorta and its branches The thoracic portion of the aorta can be divided into ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, and thoracic (descending) aorta... |
Anatomy_Gray_439 | Anatomy_Gray | Three branches arise from the superior border of the arch of the aorta; at their origins, all three are crossed anteriorly by the left brachiocephalic vein. The first branch Beginning on the right, the first branch of the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic trunk (Fig. 3.90). It is the largest of the three branche... | Anatomy_Gray. Three branches arise from the superior border of the arch of the aorta; at their origins, all three are crossed anteriorly by the left brachiocephalic vein. The first branch Beginning on the right, the first branch of the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic trunk (Fig. 3.90). It is the largest of the... |
Anatomy_Gray_440 | Anatomy_Gray | Occasionally, the brachiocephalic trunk has a small branch, the thyroid ima artery, which contributes to the vascular supply of the thyroid gland. The second branch The second branch of the arch of the aorta is the left common carotid artery (Fig. 3.90). It arises from the arch immediately to the left and slightly post... | Anatomy_Gray. Occasionally, the brachiocephalic trunk has a small branch, the thyroid ima artery, which contributes to the vascular supply of the thyroid gland. The second branch The second branch of the arch of the aorta is the left common carotid artery (Fig. 3.90). It arises from the arch immediately to the left and... |
Anatomy_Gray_441 | Anatomy_Gray | The left subclavian artery is the major blood supply to the left upper limb. The ligamentum arteriosum is also in the superior mediastinum and is important in embryonic circulation, when it is a patent vessel (the ductus arteriosus). It connects the pulmonary trunk with the arch of the aorta and allows blood to bypass ... | Anatomy_Gray. The left subclavian artery is the major blood supply to the left upper limb. The ligamentum arteriosum is also in the superior mediastinum and is important in embryonic circulation, when it is a patent vessel (the ductus arteriosus). It connects the pulmonary trunk with the arch of the aorta and allows bl... |
Anatomy_Gray_442 | Anatomy_Gray | As the trachea and esophagus pass through the superior mediastinum, they are crossed laterally by the azygos vein on the right side and the arch of the aorta on the left side. The trachea divides into the right and left main bronchi at, or just inferior to, the transverse plane between the sternal angle and vertebral l... | Anatomy_Gray. As the trachea and esophagus pass through the superior mediastinum, they are crossed laterally by the azygos vein on the right side and the arch of the aorta on the left side. The trachea divides into the right and left main bronchi at, or just inferior to, the transverse plane between the sternal angle a... |
Anatomy_Gray_443 | Anatomy_Gray | Visceral afferents in the vagus nerves relay information to the central nervous system about normal physiological processes and reflex activities. They do not transmit pain sensation. The right vagus nerve enters the superior mediastinum and lies between the right brachiocephalic vein and the brachiocephalic trunk. It ... | Anatomy_Gray. Visceral afferents in the vagus nerves relay information to the central nervous system about normal physiological processes and reflex activities. They do not transmit pain sensation. The right vagus nerve enters the superior mediastinum and lies between the right brachiocephalic vein and the brachiocepha... |
Anatomy_Gray_444 | Anatomy_Gray | As the right vagus nerve passes through the superior mediastinum, it gives branches to the esophagus, cardiac plexus, and pulmonary plexus. The left vagus nerve enters the superior mediastinum posterior to the left brachiocephalic vein and between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries (Fig. 3.95). As it ... | Anatomy_Gray. As the right vagus nerve passes through the superior mediastinum, it gives branches to the esophagus, cardiac plexus, and pulmonary plexus. The left vagus nerve enters the superior mediastinum posterior to the left brachiocephalic vein and between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries (Fig.... |
Anatomy_Gray_445 | Anatomy_Gray | As the left vagus nerve passes through the superior mediastinum, it gives branches to the esophagus, the cardiac plexus, and the pulmonary plexus. The left vagus nerve also gives rise to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, which arises from it at the inferior margin of the arch of the aorta just lateral to the ligament... | Anatomy_Gray. As the left vagus nerve passes through the superior mediastinum, it gives branches to the esophagus, the cardiac plexus, and the pulmonary plexus. The left vagus nerve also gives rise to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, which arises from it at the inferior margin of the arch of the aorta just lateral t... |
Anatomy_Gray_446 | Anatomy_Gray | The phrenic nerves arise in the cervical region mainly from the fourth, but also from the third and fifth, cervical spinal cord segments. The phrenic nerves descend through the thorax to supply motor and sensory innervation to the diaphragm and its associated membranes. As they pass through the thorax, they provide inn... | Anatomy_Gray. The phrenic nerves arise in the cervical region mainly from the fourth, but also from the third and fifth, cervical spinal cord segments. The phrenic nerves descend through the thorax to supply motor and sensory innervation to the diaphragm and its associated membranes. As they pass through the thorax, th... |
Anatomy_Gray_447 | Anatomy_Gray | On entering the middle mediastinum, the right phrenic nerve descends along the right side of the pericardial sac, within the fibrous pericardium, anterior to the root of the right lung. The pericardiacophrenic vessels accompany it through most of its course in the thorax (see Fig. 3.60). It leaves the thorax by passing... | Anatomy_Gray. On entering the middle mediastinum, the right phrenic nerve descends along the right side of the pericardial sac, within the fibrous pericardium, anterior to the root of the right lung. The pericardiacophrenic vessels accompany it through most of its course in the thorax (see Fig. 3.60). It leaves the tho... |
Anatomy_Gray_448 | Anatomy_Gray | On entering the middle mediastinum, the left phrenic nerve follows the left side of the pericardial sac, within the fibrous pericardium, anterior to the root of the left lung, and is accompanied by the pericardiacophrenic vessels (see Fig. 3.60). It leaves the thorax by piercing the diaphragm near the apex of the heart... | Anatomy_Gray. On entering the middle mediastinum, the left phrenic nerve follows the left side of the pericardial sac, within the fibrous pericardium, anterior to the root of the left lung, and is accompanied by the pericardiacophrenic vessels (see Fig. 3.60). It leaves the thorax by piercing the diaphragm near the ape... |
Anatomy_Gray_449 | Anatomy_Gray | The posterior mediastinum is posterior to the pericardial sac and diaphragm and anterior to the bodies of the mid and lower thoracic vertebrae (see Fig. 3.57). Its superior boundary is a transverse plane passing from the sternal angle to the intervertebral disc between vertebrae TIV and TV. Its inferior boundary is the... | Anatomy_Gray. The posterior mediastinum is posterior to the pericardial sac and diaphragm and anterior to the bodies of the mid and lower thoracic vertebrae (see Fig. 3.57). Its superior boundary is a transverse plane passing from the sternal angle to the intervertebral disc between vertebrae TIV and TV. Its inferior b... |
Anatomy_Gray_450 | Anatomy_Gray | The esophagus descends on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the vertebrae, generally in a midline position as it moves through the thorax (Fig. 3.97). As it approaches the diaphragm, it moves anteriorly and to the left, crossing from the right side of the thoracic aorta to eventually assume a position anterior to it... | Anatomy_Gray. The esophagus descends on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the vertebrae, generally in a midline position as it moves through the thorax (Fig. 3.97). As it approaches the diaphragm, it moves anteriorly and to the left, crossing from the right side of the thoracic aorta to eventually assume a position ... |
Anatomy_Gray_451 | Anatomy_Gray | In the posterior mediastinum, the esophagus is related to a number of important structures. The right side is covered by the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura. Posterior to the esophagus, the thoracic duct is on the right side inferiorly, but crosses to the left more superiorly. Also on the left side of the esoph... | Anatomy_Gray. In the posterior mediastinum, the esophagus is related to a number of important structures. The right side is covered by the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura. Posterior to the esophagus, the thoracic duct is on the right side inferiorly, but crosses to the left more superiorly. Also on the left sid... |
Anatomy_Gray_452 | Anatomy_Gray | Structures other than the thoracic duct posterior to the esophagus include portions of the hemiazygos veins, the right posterior intercostal vessels, and, near the diaphragm, the thoracic aorta. The esophagus is a flexible, muscular tube that can be compressed or narrowed by surrounding structures at four locations (Fi... | Anatomy_Gray. Structures other than the thoracic duct posterior to the esophagus include portions of the hemiazygos veins, the right posterior intercostal vessels, and, near the diaphragm, the thoracic aorta. The esophagus is a flexible, muscular tube that can be compressed or narrowed by surrounding structures at four... |
Anatomy_Gray_453 | Anatomy_Gray | These constrictions have important clinical consequences. For example, a swallowed object is most likely to lodge at a constricted area. An ingested corrosive substance would move more slowly through a narrowed region, causing more damage at this site than elsewhere along the esophagus. Also, constrictions present prob... | Anatomy_Gray. These constrictions have important clinical consequences. For example, a swallowed object is most likely to lodge at a constricted area. An ingested corrosive substance would move more slowly through a narrowed region, causing more damage at this site than elsewhere along the esophagus. Also, constriction... |
Anatomy_Gray_454 | Anatomy_Gray | Lymphatic drainage of the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum returns to posterior mediastinal and left gastric nodes. Innervation of the esophagus, in general, is complex. Esophageal branches arise from the vagus nerves and sympathetic trunks. Striated muscle fibers in the superior portion of the esophagus originat... | Anatomy_Gray. Lymphatic drainage of the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum returns to posterior mediastinal and left gastric nodes. Innervation of the esophagus, in general, is complex. Esophageal branches arise from the vagus nerves and sympathetic trunks. Striated muscle fibers in the superior portion of the esop... |
Anatomy_Gray_455 | Anatomy_Gray | Sensory innervation of the esophagus involves visceral afferent fibers originating in the vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks, and splanchnic nerves. The visceral afferents from the vagus nerves are involved in relaying information back to the central nervous system about normal physiological processes and reflex activiti... | Anatomy_Gray. Sensory innervation of the esophagus involves visceral afferent fibers originating in the vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks, and splanchnic nerves. The visceral afferents from the vagus nerves are involved in relaying information back to the central nervous system about normal physiological processes and r... |
Anatomy_Gray_456 | Anatomy_Gray | After passing posteriorly to the root of the lungs, the right and left vagus nerves approach the esophagus. As they reach the esophagus, each nerve divides into several branches that spread over this structure, forming the esophageal plexus (Fig. 3.99). There is some mixing of fibers from the two vagus nerves as the pl... | Anatomy_Gray. After passing posteriorly to the root of the lungs, the right and left vagus nerves approach the esophagus. As they reach the esophagus, each nerve divides into several branches that spread over this structure, forming the esophageal plexus (Fig. 3.99). There is some mixing of fibers from the two vagus ne... |
Anatomy_Gray_457 | Anatomy_Gray | The vagal trunks continue on the surface of the esophagus as it passes through the diaphragm into the abdomen. The thoracic portion of the descending aorta (thoracic aorta) begins at the lower edge of vertebra TIV, where it is continuous with the arch of the aorta. It ends anterior to the lower edge of vertebra TXII, w... | Anatomy_Gray. The vagal trunks continue on the surface of the esophagus as it passes through the diaphragm into the abdomen. The thoracic portion of the descending aorta (thoracic aorta) begins at the lower edge of vertebra TIV, where it is continuous with the arch of the aorta. It ends anterior to the lower edge of ve... |
Anatomy_Gray_458 | Anatomy_Gray | Azygos system of veins The azygos system of veins consists of a series of longitudinal vessels on each side of the body that drain blood from the body wall and move it superiorly to empty into the superior vena cava. Blood from some of the thoracic viscera may also enter the system, and there are anastomotic connection... | Anatomy_Gray. Azygos system of veins The azygos system of veins consists of a series of longitudinal vessels on each side of the body that drain blood from the body wall and move it superiorly to empty into the superior vena cava. Blood from some of the thoracic viscera may also enter the system, and there are anastomo... |
Anatomy_Gray_459 | Anatomy_Gray | There is significant variation in the origin, course, tributaries, anastomoses, and termination of these vessels. The azygos vein arises opposite vertebra LI or LII at the junction between the right ascending lumbar vein and the right subcostal vein (Fig. 3.102). It may also arise as a direct branch of the inferior ven... | Anatomy_Gray. There is significant variation in the origin, course, tributaries, anastomoses, and termination of these vessels. The azygos vein arises opposite vertebra LI or LII at the junction between the right ascending lumbar vein and the right subcostal vein (Fig. 3.102). It may also arise as a direct branch of th... |
Anatomy_Gray_460 | Anatomy_Gray | Tributaries of the azygos vein include: the right superior intercostal vein (a single vessel formed by the junction of the second, third, and fourth intercostal veins), fifth to eleventh right posterior intercostal veins, the hemiazygos vein, the accessory hemiazygos vein, esophageal veins, mediastinal veins, pericardi... | Anatomy_Gray. Tributaries of the azygos vein include: the right superior intercostal vein (a single vessel formed by the junction of the second, third, and fourth intercostal veins), fifth to eleventh right posterior intercostal veins, the hemiazygos vein, the accessory hemiazygos vein, esophageal veins, mediastinal ve... |
Anatomy_Gray_461 | Anatomy_Gray | Tributaries joining the hemiazygos vein include: the lowest four or five left posterior intercostal veins, esophageal veins, and mediastinal veins. The accessory hemiazygos vein (superior hemiazygos vein) descends on the left side from the superior portion of the posterior mediastinum to approximately vertebral level T... | Anatomy_Gray. Tributaries joining the hemiazygos vein include: the lowest four or five left posterior intercostal veins, esophageal veins, and mediastinal veins. The accessory hemiazygos vein (superior hemiazygos vein) descends on the left side from the superior portion of the posterior mediastinum to approximately ver... |
Anatomy_Gray_462 | Anatomy_Gray | Thoracic duct in the posterior mediastinum The thoracic duct is the principal channel through which lymph from most of the body is returned to the venous system. It begins as a confluence of lymph trunks in the abdomen, sometimes forming a saccular dilation referred to as the cisterna chyli (chyle cistern), which drain... | Anatomy_Gray. Thoracic duct in the posterior mediastinum The thoracic duct is the principal channel through which lymph from most of the body is returned to the venous system. It begins as a confluence of lymph trunks in the abdomen, sometimes forming a saccular dilation referred to as the cisterna chyli (chyle cistern... |
Anatomy_Gray_463 | Anatomy_Gray | At vertebral level TV, the thoracic duct moves to the left of midline and enters the superior mediastinum. It continues through the superior mediastinum and into the neck. After being joined, in most cases, by the left jugular trunk, which drains the left side of the head and neck, and the left subclavian trunk, which ... | Anatomy_Gray. At vertebral level TV, the thoracic duct moves to the left of midline and enters the superior mediastinum. It continues through the superior mediastinum and into the neck. After being joined, in most cases, by the left jugular trunk, which drains the left side of the head and neck, and the left subclavian... |
Anatomy_Gray_464 | Anatomy_Gray | The sympathetic trunks are an important component of the sympathetic part of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system and are usually considered a component of the posterior mediastinum as they pass through the thorax. This portion of the sympathetic trunks consists of two parallel cords punctuated by 11... | Anatomy_Gray. The sympathetic trunks are an important component of the sympathetic part of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system and are usually considered a component of the posterior mediastinum as they pass through the thorax. This portion of the sympathetic trunks consists of two parallel cords pu... |
Anatomy_Gray_465 | Anatomy_Gray | Branches from the ganglia Two types of medial branches are given off by the ganglia: The first type includes branches from the upper five ganglia. The second type includes branches from the lower seven ganglia. The first type, which includes branches from the upper five ganglia, consists mainly of postganglionic sympat... | Anatomy_Gray. Branches from the ganglia Two types of medial branches are given off by the ganglia: The first type includes branches from the upper five ganglia. The second type includes branches from the lower seven ganglia. The first type, which includes branches from the upper five ganglia, consists mainly of postgan... |
Anatomy_Gray_466 | Anatomy_Gray | The greater splanchnic nerve on each side usually arises from the fifth to ninth or tenth thoracic ganglia. It descends across the vertebral bodies moving in a medial direction, passes into the abdomen through the crus of the diaphragm, and ends in the celiac ganglion. The lesser splanchnic nerve usually arises from th... | Anatomy_Gray. The greater splanchnic nerve on each side usually arises from the fifth to ninth or tenth thoracic ganglia. It descends across the vertebral bodies moving in a medial direction, passes into the abdomen through the crus of the diaphragm, and ends in the celiac ganglion. The lesser splanchnic nerve usually ... |
Anatomy_Gray_467 | Anatomy_Gray | The ability to visualize how anatomical structures in the thorax are related to surface features is fundamental to a physical examination. Landmarks on the body’s surface can be used to locate deep structures and to assess function by auscultation and percussion. How to count ribs Knowing how to count ribs is important... | Anatomy_Gray. The ability to visualize how anatomical structures in the thorax are related to surface features is fundamental to a physical examination. Landmarks on the body’s surface can be used to locate deep structures and to assess function by auscultation and percussion. How to count ribs Knowing how to count rib... |
Anatomy_Gray_468 | Anatomy_Gray | Surface anatomy of the breast in women Although breasts vary in size, they are normally positioned on the thoracic wall between ribs II and VI and overlie the pectoralis major muscles. Each mammary gland extends superolaterally around the lower margin of the pectoralis major muscle and enters the axilla (Fig. 3.106). T... | Anatomy_Gray. Surface anatomy of the breast in women Although breasts vary in size, they are normally positioned on the thoracic wall between ribs II and VI and overlie the pectoralis major muscles. Each mammary gland extends superolaterally around the lower margin of the pectoralis major muscle and enters the axilla (... |
Anatomy_Gray_469 | Anatomy_Gray | The costal cartilage of rib II articulates with the sternum. The superior mediastinum is separated from the inferior mediastinum. The ascending aorta ends and the arch of the aorta begins. The arch of the aorta ends and the thoracic aorta begins. The trachea bifurcates. Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinu... | Anatomy_Gray. The costal cartilage of rib II articulates with the sternum. The superior mediastinum is separated from the inferior mediastinum. The ascending aorta ends and the arch of the aorta begins. The arch of the aorta ends and the thoracic aorta begins. The trachea bifurcates. Visualizing structures in the super... |
Anatomy_Gray_470 | Anatomy_Gray | The brachiocephalic veins unite to form the superior vena cava behind the lower border of the costal cartilage of the right first rib. The arch of the aorta begins and ends at the transverse plane between the sternal angle anteriorly and vertebral level TIV/V posteriorly. The arch may reach as high as the midlevel of t... | Anatomy_Gray. The brachiocephalic veins unite to form the superior vena cava behind the lower border of the costal cartilage of the right first rib. The arch of the aorta begins and ends at the transverse plane between the sternal angle anteriorly and vertebral level TIV/V posteriorly. The arch may reach as high as the... |
Anatomy_Gray_471 | Anatomy_Gray | The left margin of the heart descends laterally from the second intercostal space to the apex located near the midclavicular line in the fifth intercostal space. The lower margin of the heart extends from the sternal end of the right sixth costal cartilage to the apex in the fifth intercostal space near the midclavicul... | Anatomy_Gray. The left margin of the heart descends laterally from the second intercostal space to the apex located near the midclavicular line in the fifth intercostal space. The lower margin of the heart extends from the sternal end of the right sixth costal cartilage to the apex in the fifth intercostal space near t... |
Anatomy_Gray_472 | Anatomy_Gray | The aortic valve is heard over the medial end of the right second intercostal space. Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural recesses, and lung lobes and fissures Palpable surface landmarks can be used to visualize the normal outlines of the pleural cavities and the lungs and to determine the positions of t... | Anatomy_Gray. The aortic valve is heard over the medial end of the right second intercostal space. Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural recesses, and lung lobes and fissures Palpable surface landmarks can be used to visualize the normal outlines of the pleural cavities and the lungs and to determine the ... |
Anatomy_Gray_473 | Anatomy_Gray | The lungs do not completely fill the area surrounded by the pleural cavities, particularly anteriorly and inferiorly. Costomediastinal recesses occur anteriorly, particularly on the left side in relationship to the heart bulge. Costodiaphragmatic recesses occur inferiorly between the lower lung margin and the lower mar... | Anatomy_Gray. The lungs do not completely fill the area surrounded by the pleural cavities, particularly anteriorly and inferiorly. Costomediastinal recesses occur anteriorly, particularly on the left side in relationship to the heart bulge. Costodiaphragmatic recesses occur inferiorly between the lower lung margin and... |
Anatomy_Gray_474 | Anatomy_Gray | In the anterior view, the horizontal fissure on the right side follows the contour of rib IV and its costal cartilage and the oblique fissures on both sides follow the contour of rib VI and its costal cartilage (Fig. 3.112B). Where to listen for lung sounds The stethoscope placements for listening for lung sounds are s... | Anatomy_Gray. In the anterior view, the horizontal fissure on the right side follows the contour of rib IV and its costal cartilage and the oblique fissures on both sides follow the contour of rib VI and its costal cartilage (Fig. 3.112B). Where to listen for lung sounds The stethoscope placements for listening for lun... |
Anatomy_Gray_475 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.4 A. Inferior thoracic aperture. B. Diaphragm. Rib XIDistal cartilaginousends of ribs VII to X;costal marginsCentraltendonLeft domeRight domeAortichiatusEsophagealhiatusInferior thoracicapertureXiphoid processRib XIIVertebra TXIIAB Fig. 3.5 Subdivisions of the mediastinum. Fig. 3.6 Pleural cavities. TracheaLeft ... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.4 A. Inferior thoracic aperture. B. Diaphragm. Rib XIDistal cartilaginousends of ribs VII to X;costal marginsCentraltendonLeft domeRight domeAortichiatusEsophagealhiatusInferior thoracicapertureXiphoid processRib XIIVertebra TXIIAB Fig. 3.5 Subdivisions of the mediastinum. Fig. 3.6 Pleural cavities... |
Anatomy_Gray_476 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.10 Vertebral level TIV/V. Fig. 3.11 Left-to-right venous shunts. Fig. 3.12 A. Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall. B. Anterior view of thoracic dermatomes associated with thoracic spinal nerves. C. Lateral view of dermatomes associated with thoracic spinal nerves. Left common carotid arteryInternal t... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.10 Vertebral level TIV/V. Fig. 3.11 Left-to-right venous shunts. Fig. 3.12 A. Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall. B. Anterior view of thoracic dermatomes associated with thoracic spinal nerves. C. Lateral view of dermatomes associated with thoracic spinal nerves. Left common carotid ar... |
Anatomy_Gray_477 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.15 Innervation of the diaphragm. Fig. 3.16 Breasts. Parasternal nodesSuspensory ligamentsLactiferous sinusesLactiferous ductsRetromammary spaceSecretory lobulesPectoralis major muscleMammary branches ofinternal thoracic arteryAxillary processLateral thoracic arteryLateral axillary nodesCentral axillary nodesApic... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.15 Innervation of the diaphragm. Fig. 3.16 Breasts. Parasternal nodesSuspensory ligamentsLactiferous sinusesLactiferous ductsRetromammary spaceSecretory lobulesPectoralis major muscleMammary branches ofinternal thoracic arteryAxillary processLateral thoracic arteryLateral axillary nodesCentral axil... |
Anatomy_Gray_478 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.17 Muscles and fascia of the pectoral region. Fig. 3.18 Typical thoracic vertebra. LaminaSpinous processTransverse processPedicleVertebral bodyPosteriorAnteriorVertebral foramenSuperior demifacetFacet for articulation with tubercle of ribSuperiorPosteriorInferiorAnteriorFacet for articulationwith tubercle of rib... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.17 Muscles and fascia of the pectoral region. Fig. 3.18 Typical thoracic vertebra. LaminaSpinous processTransverse processPedicleVertebral bodyPosteriorAnteriorVertebral foramenSuperior demifacetFacet for articulation with tubercle of ribSuperiorPosteriorInferiorAnteriorFacet for articulationwith t... |
Anatomy_Gray_479 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.20 Ribs. Fig. 3.21 A typical rib. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view of proximal end of rib. Fig. 3.22 Atypical ribs. Fig. 3.23 Sternum. Fig. 3.24 Costovertebral joints. Joint capsuleVertebraVertebraDiscRibJoint cavitiesCostotransverse jointCostotransverse ligamentSuperior costotransverse ligamentLateral costot... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.20 Ribs. Fig. 3.21 A typical rib. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view of proximal end of rib. Fig. 3.22 Atypical ribs. Fig. 3.23 Sternum. Fig. 3.24 Costovertebral joints. Joint capsuleVertebraVertebraDiscRibJoint cavitiesCostotransverse jointCostotransverse ligamentSuperior costotransverse ligament... |
Anatomy_Gray_480 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.25 Sternocostal joints. Fig. 3.26 Intercostal space. A. Anterolateral view. B. Details of an intercostal space and relationships. Intercostal space. C. Transverse section. Posterior ramus of spinal nerveLateral branches ofintercostal nerveand vesselsAnterior cutaneousbranch ofintercostal nerve Anterior perforati... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.25 Sternocostal joints. Fig. 3.26 Intercostal space. A. Anterolateral view. B. Details of an intercostal space and relationships. Intercostal space. C. Transverse section. Posterior ramus of spinal nerveLateral branches ofintercostal nerveand vesselsAnterior cutaneousbranch ofintercostal nerve Ante... |
Anatomy_Gray_481 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.27 Intercostal muscles. Fig. 3.28 A. Subcostal muscles. B. Transversus thoracis muscles. Fig. 3.29 Arteries of the thoracic wall. Superior epigastric arteryInternal thoracic arteryAortaAnterior perforatingbranchesAnterior intercostal arteryCollateral branch of posteriorintercostal arterySupreme intercostal arter... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.27 Intercostal muscles. Fig. 3.28 A. Subcostal muscles. B. Transversus thoracis muscles. Fig. 3.29 Arteries of the thoracic wall. Superior epigastric arteryInternal thoracic arteryAortaAnterior perforatingbranchesAnterior intercostal arteryCollateral branch of posteriorintercostal arterySupreme int... |
Anatomy_Gray_482 | Anatomy_Gray | BuckethandlemovementElevation of lateralshaft of ribSuperior and anteriormovement of sternumBAPump handle Fig. 3.36 Chest radiograph showing an elevated right hemidiaphragm in a patient with right-sided diaphragmatic paralysis. Fig. 3.37 Pleural cavities. Fig. 3.38 Parietal pleura. Costal partPulmonary ligamentMediasti... | Anatomy_Gray. BuckethandlemovementElevation of lateralshaft of ribSuperior and anteriormovement of sternumBAPump handle Fig. 3.36 Chest radiograph showing an elevated right hemidiaphragm in a patient with right-sided diaphragmatic paralysis. Fig. 3.37 Pleural cavities. Fig. 3.38 Parietal pleura. Costal partPulmonary li... |
Anatomy_Gray_483 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.43 Lungs. Fig. 3.44 Roots and hila of the lungs. Fig. 3.45 A. Right lung. B. Major structures related to the right lung. DiaphragmBronchusBronchus to superior lobePulmonary arteryPulmonary veinsRib ISubclavian arterySubclavian veinEsophagusPosteriorAnteriorInferior vena cavaAzygos veinLeft brachiocephalic veinRi... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.43 Lungs. Fig. 3.44 Roots and hila of the lungs. Fig. 3.45 A. Right lung. B. Major structures related to the right lung. DiaphragmBronchusBronchus to superior lobePulmonary arteryPulmonary veinsRib ISubclavian arterySubclavian veinEsophagusPosteriorAnteriorInferior vena cavaAzygos veinLeft brachioc... |
Anatomy_Gray_484 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.48 Bronchopulmonary segments. A. Right lung. B. Left lung. (Bronchopulmonary segments are numbered and named.) Fig. 3.49 Pulmonary vessels. A. Diagram of an anterior view. B. Axial computed tomography image showing the left pulmonary artery branching from the pulmonary trunk. C. Axial computed tomography image (... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.48 Bronchopulmonary segments. A. Right lung. B. Left lung. (Bronchopulmonary segments are numbered and named.) Fig. 3.49 Pulmonary vessels. A. Diagram of an anterior view. B. Axial computed tomography image showing the left pulmonary artery branching from the pulmonary trunk. C. Axial computed tomo... |
Anatomy_Gray_485 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.52 HRCT of patient with emphysema. Fig. 3.53 Bronchoscopic evaluation. A. Of the lower end of the trachea and its main branches. B. Of tracheal bifurcation showing a tumor at the carina. Fig. 3.54 Imaging of the lungs. A. Standard posteroanterior view of the chest showing tumor in upper right lung. B. Axial CT i... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.52 HRCT of patient with emphysema. Fig. 3.53 Bronchoscopic evaluation. A. Of the lower end of the trachea and its main branches. B. Of tracheal bifurcation showing a tumor at the carina. Fig. 3.54 Imaging of the lungs. A. Standard posteroanterior view of the chest showing tumor in upper right lung.... |
Anatomy_Gray_486 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.60 Phrenic nerves and pericardiacophrenic vessels. Fig. 3.61 Posterior portion of pericardial sac showing reflections of serous pericardium. Arch of aortaSuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaBranch of rightpulmonary arteryAscending aortaThoracic aortaCut edge of pericardiumRight pulmonary veinsLeft pulmonary arte... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.60 Phrenic nerves and pericardiacophrenic vessels. Fig. 3.61 Posterior portion of pericardial sac showing reflections of serous pericardium. Arch of aortaSuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaBranch of rightpulmonary arteryAscending aortaThoracic aortaCut edge of pericardiumRight pulmonary veinsLeft ... |
Anatomy_Gray_487 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.65 Anterior surface of the heart. RALABicuspidvalveTricuspid valveAortic valvePulmonary trunkPulmonary valveAortaRVLVArch of aortaSuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaRight coronaryarteryRight atriumRight ventricleAscending aortaInferior marginApexSmall cardiac veinPulmonary trunkLeft auricleLeft ventricleObtuse ... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.65 Anterior surface of the heart. RALABicuspidvalveTricuspid valveAortic valvePulmonary trunkPulmonary valveAortaRVLVArch of aortaSuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaRight coronaryarteryRight atriumRight ventricleAscending aortaInferior marginApexSmall cardiac veinPulmonary trunkLeft auricleLeft ve... |
Anatomy_Gray_488 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.67 Chest radiographs. A. Standard posteroanterior view of the chest. B. Standard lateral view of the heart. Right ventricleLeft atrium Right atriumArch of aortaInferior vena cavaABPulmonary trunkLeft auricleLeft ventricle Superior vena cava Apex of heart Fig. 3.68 Sulci of the heart. A. Anterior surface of the h... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.67 Chest radiographs. A. Standard posteroanterior view of the chest. B. Standard lateral view of the heart. Right ventricleLeft atrium Right atriumArch of aortaInferior vena cavaABPulmonary trunkLeft auricleLeft ventricle Superior vena cava Apex of heart Fig. 3.68 Sulci of the heart. A. Anterior su... |
Anatomy_Gray_489 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.71 Internal view of the right ventricle. Arch of aortaSuperior vena cavaTricuspidvalveRight auricleRight atriumAnterior cuspSeptal cuspPosterior cuspPosterior papillary muscleTrabeculae carneaeAnterior papillary muscleChordae tendineaePulmonary trunkPulmonaryvalveLeft auricleSeptal papillary muscleSeptomarginal ... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.71 Internal view of the right ventricle. Arch of aortaSuperior vena cavaTricuspidvalveRight auricleRight atriumAnterior cuspSeptal cuspPosterior cuspPosterior papillary muscleTrabeculae carneaeAnterior papillary muscleChordae tendineaePulmonary trunkPulmonaryvalveLeft auricleSeptal papillary muscle... |
Anatomy_Gray_490 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.74 Internal view of the left ventricle. Arch of aortaCoronary sinusMitral valve posterior cuspPulmonary arteriesPulmonary veinsAnterior papillarymuscleMitral valve anterior cuspPosterior papillarymuscleChordae tendineaeTrabeculae carneaeLeft atrium Fig. 3.75 Anterior view of the aortic valve. Fig. 3.76 Cardiac s... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.74 Internal view of the left ventricle. Arch of aortaCoronary sinusMitral valve posterior cuspPulmonary arteriesPulmonary veinsAnterior papillarymuscleMitral valve anterior cuspPosterior papillarymuscleChordae tendineaeTrabeculae carneaeLeft atrium Fig. 3.75 Anterior view of the aortic valve. Fig. ... |
Anatomy_Gray_491 | Anatomy_Gray | C. Right anterior oblique view of left coronary artery. Right marginal branch Posterior interventricular branchRight coronary artery Left marginal branch Circumflex branchAnterior interventricular branchRight marginal branchof right coronary artery Right coronary arteryRight atriumRight ventricleSinu-atrial nodal branc... | Anatomy_Gray. C. Right anterior oblique view of left coronary artery. Right marginal branch Posterior interventricular branchRight coronary artery Left marginal branch Circumflex branchAnterior interventricular branchRight marginal branchof right coronary artery Right coronary arteryRight atriumRight ventricleSinu-atri... |
Anatomy_Gray_492 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.79 Left dominant coronary artery. Right marginal branchof right coronary arteryRight coronary arteryPosterior interventricular branch ofcircumflex branch of left coronary arterySinu-atrial nodal branchof left coronary arteryAnterior interventricularbranch of left coronary artery Left coronary arteryCircumflex br... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.79 Left dominant coronary artery. Right marginal branchof right coronary arteryRight coronary arteryPosterior interventricular branch ofcircumflex branch of left coronary arterySinu-atrial nodal branchof left coronary arteryAnterior interventricularbranch of left coronary artery Left coronary arter... |
Anatomy_Gray_493 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.81 Heart sounds and how they relate to valve closure, the electrocardiogram (ECG), and ventricular pressure. RPQST1st2nd1stSYSTOLESYSTOLEDIASTOLEVentricularpressureECGHeartsoundsAtrial contractionClosure of mitraland tricuspid valvesClosure of aortic andpulmonary valves"lub""lub""dub" Fig. 3.82 Major cardiac vei... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.81 Heart sounds and how they relate to valve closure, the electrocardiogram (ECG), and ventricular pressure. RPQST1st2nd1stSYSTOLESYSTOLEDIASTOLEVentricularpressureECGHeartsoundsAtrial contractionClosure of mitraland tricuspid valvesClosure of aortic andpulmonary valves"lub""lub""dub" Fig. 3.82 Maj... |
Anatomy_Gray_494 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.85 Major vessels within the middle mediastinum. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. Ascending aortaPulmonary trunkSuperiorvena cavaSuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaOblique pericardial sinusRight pulmonaryarteryRight pulmonaryveinsRight atriumLeft pulmonaryveinsLeft pulmonaryarteryArch of aortaAB Fig. 3.86 St... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.85 Major vessels within the middle mediastinum. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. Ascending aortaPulmonary trunkSuperiorvena cavaSuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaOblique pericardial sinusRight pulmonaryarteryRight pulmonaryveinsRight atriumLeft pulmonaryveinsLeft pulmonaryarteryArch of aortaA... |
Anatomy_Gray_495 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.87 Cross section through the superior mediastinum at the level of vertebra TIII. A. Diagram. B. Axial computed tomography image. ThymusManubrium of sternumLeft brachiocephalic veinRight brachiocephalic veinBrachiocephalic trunkLeft phrenic nerveRight phrenic nerveLeft vagus nerveLeft recurrent laryngeal nerveRig... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.87 Cross section through the superior mediastinum at the level of vertebra TIII. A. Diagram. B. Axial computed tomography image. ThymusManubrium of sternumLeft brachiocephalic veinRight brachiocephalic veinBrachiocephalic trunkLeft phrenic nerveRight phrenic nerveLeft vagus nerveLeft recurrent lary... |
Anatomy_Gray_496 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.91 Axial CT showing aortic dissection. Fig. 3.92 Cross section through the superior mediastinum at the level of vertebra TIV. A. Diagram. B. Axial computed tomography image. Manubrium of sternumThymusLeft phrenic nerveRight phrenicnerveArch of aortaLeft vagus nerveRight vagusnerveLeft recurrent laryngeal nerveTh... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.91 Axial CT showing aortic dissection. Fig. 3.92 Cross section through the superior mediastinum at the level of vertebra TIV. A. Diagram. B. Axial computed tomography image. Manubrium of sternumThymusLeft phrenic nerveRight phrenicnerveArch of aortaLeft vagus nerveRight vagusnerveLeft recurrent lar... |
Anatomy_Gray_497 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.95 Left vagus nerve passing through the superior mediastinum. Fig. 3.96 Left recurrent laryngeal nerve passing through the superior mediastinum. Left recurrent laryngeal nerveLeft vagus nerveRight mainbronchusTIV/VvertebrallevelLeft main bronchusLigamentum arteriosumLeft pulmonary arteryLeft subclavian arteryPul... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.95 Left vagus nerve passing through the superior mediastinum. Fig. 3.96 Left recurrent laryngeal nerve passing through the superior mediastinum. Left recurrent laryngeal nerveLeft vagus nerveRight mainbronchusTIV/VvertebrallevelLeft main bronchusLigamentum arteriosumLeft pulmonary arteryLeft subcla... |
Anatomy_Gray_498 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.99 Esophageal plexus. Fig. 3.100 Axial CT showing esophageal cancer. Fig. 3.101 Thoracic aorta and branches. Left subclavian arterySupremeintercostal arterySuperior leftbronchialarteryRightbronchialarteryEsophagusEsophagusTracheaArch of aortaPosteriorintercostalarteriesMediastinalbranchesEsophageal branches Fig.... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.99 Esophageal plexus. Fig. 3.100 Axial CT showing esophageal cancer. Fig. 3.101 Thoracic aorta and branches. Left subclavian arterySupremeintercostal arterySuperior leftbronchialarteryRightbronchialarteryEsophagusEsophagusTracheaArch of aortaPosteriorintercostalarteriesMediastinalbranchesEsophageal... |
Anatomy_Gray_499 | Anatomy_Gray | Fig. 3.103 Thoracic duct. Fig. 3.104 Thoracic portion of sympathetic trunks. Fig. 3.105 Anterior view of chest wall with the locations of skeletal structures shown. A. In women. The location of the nipple relative to a specific intercostal space varies depending on the size of the breasts, which may not be symmetrical.... | Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 3.103 Thoracic duct. Fig. 3.104 Thoracic portion of sympathetic trunks. Fig. 3.105 Anterior view of chest wall with the locations of skeletal structures shown. A. In women. The location of the nipple relative to a specific intercostal space varies depending on the size of the breasts, which may not b... |
Subsets and Splits
Textbook Content Analysis
Provides useful aggregations showing document length statistics grouped by title, helping identify variations in content length across different documents.
Textbook Chunk Counts
Identifies the most frequently occurring titles in the training dataset, which could reveal common themes or topics that dominate the data.
Short Textbook Content Examples
Retrieves short content entries from the training dataset, useful for identifying very brief samples but providing limited analytical value beyond basic filtering.