Split (1)

train · 126k rows

Subsets and Splits

Textbook Content Analysis

Provides useful aggregations showing document length statistics grouped by title, helping identify variations in content length across different documents.

Textbook Chunk Counts

Identifies the most frequently occurring titles in the training dataset, which could reveal common themes or topics that dominate the data.

Short Textbook Content Examples

Retrieves short content entries from the training dataset, useful for identifying very brief samples but providing limited analytical value beyond basic filtering.

id stringlengths 14 28	title stringclasses 18 values	content stringlengths 2 999	contents stringlengths 19 1.02k
Anatomy_Gray_600	Anatomy_Gray	Large vessels, nerves, and lymphatics are associated with the posterior abdominal wall along the median axis of the body in the region where, during development, the peritoneum reflects off the wall as the dorsal mesentery, which supports the developing gut tube. As a consequence, branches of the neurovascular structur...	Anatomy_Gray. Large vessels, nerves, and lymphatics are associated with the posterior abdominal wall along the median axis of the body in the region where, during development, the peritoneum reflects off the wall as the dorsal mesentery, which supports the developing gut tube. As a consequence, branches of the neurovas...
Anatomy_Gray_601	Anatomy_Gray	The superior aperture of the abdomen is the inferior thoracic aperture, which is closed by the diaphragm (see pp. 126-127). The margin of the inferior thoracic aperture consists of vertebra TXII, rib XII, the distal end of rib XI, the costal margin, and the xiphoid process of the sternum. The musculotendinous diaphragm...	Anatomy_Gray. The superior aperture of the abdomen is the inferior thoracic aperture, which is closed by the diaphragm (see pp. 126-127). The margin of the inferior thoracic aperture consists of vertebra TXII, rib XII, the distal end of rib XI, the costal margin, and the xiphoid process of the sternum. The musculotendi...
Anatomy_Gray_602	Anatomy_Gray	Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments cross muscles of the posterior abdominal wall and attach to vertebrae, the transverse processes of vertebra LI and rib XII, respectively. A median arcuate ligament crosses the aorta and is continuous with the crus on each side. The posterior attachment of the diaphragm extends much ...	Anatomy_Gray. Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments cross muscles of the posterior abdominal wall and attach to vertebrae, the transverse processes of vertebra LI and rib XII, respectively. A median arcuate ligament crosses the aorta and is continuous with the crus on each side. The posterior attachment of the diaphragm...
Anatomy_Gray_603	Anatomy_Gray	Because of the way in which the sacrum and attached pelvic bones are angled posteriorly on the vertebral column, the pelvic cavity is not oriented in the same vertical plane as the abdominal cavity. Instead, the pelvic cavity projects posteriorly, and the inlet opens anteriorly and somewhat superiorly (Fig. 4.10). The ...	Anatomy_Gray. Because of the way in which the sacrum and attached pelvic bones are angled posteriorly on the vertebral column, the pelvic cavity is not oriented in the same vertical plane as the abdominal cavity. Instead, the pelvic cavity projects posteriorly, and the inlet opens anteriorly and somewhat superiorly (Fi...
Anatomy_Gray_604	Anatomy_Gray	The bladder expands superiorly from the pelvic cavity into the abdominal cavity and, during pregnancy, the uterus expands freely superiorly out of the pelvic cavity into the abdominal cavity. The abdomen communicates directly with the thigh through an aperture formed anteriorly between the inferior margin of the abdomi...	Anatomy_Gray. The bladder expands superiorly from the pelvic cavity into the abdominal cavity and, during pregnancy, the uterus expands freely superiorly out of the pelvic cavity into the abdominal cavity. The abdomen communicates directly with the thigh through an aperture formed anteriorly between the inferior margin...
Anatomy_Gray_605	Anatomy_Gray	Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult A basic knowledge of the development of the gastrointestinal tract is needed to understand the arrangement of viscera and mesenteries in the abdomen (Fig. 4.13). The early gastrointestinal tract is oriented longitudinally in the body cavity and is suspended from surrounding...	Anatomy_Gray. Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult A basic knowledge of the development of the gastrointestinal tract is needed to understand the arrangement of viscera and mesenteries in the abdomen (Fig. 4.13). The early gastrointestinal tract is oriented longitudinally in the body cavity and is suspended fr...
Anatomy_Gray_606	Anatomy_Gray	Development of the foregut In abdominal regions, the foregut gives rise to the distal end of the esophagus, the stomach, and the proximal part of the duodenum. The foregut is the only part of the gut tube suspended from the wall by both the ventral and dorsal mesenteries. A diverticulum from the anterior aspect of the ...	Anatomy_Gray. Development of the foregut In abdominal regions, the foregut gives rise to the distal end of the esophagus, the stomach, and the proximal part of the duodenum. The foregut is the only part of the gut tube suspended from the wall by both the ventral and dorsal mesenteries. A diverticulum from the anterior ...
Anatomy_Gray_607	Anatomy_Gray	At the same time, the duodenum, together with its dorsal mesentery and an appreciable part of the pancreas, swings to the right and fuses to the body wall. Secondary fusion of the duodenum to the body wall, massive growth of the liver in the ventral mesentery, and fusion of the superior surface of the liver to the diap...	Anatomy_Gray. At the same time, the duodenum, together with its dorsal mesentery and an appreciable part of the pancreas, swings to the right and fuses to the body wall. Secondary fusion of the duodenum to the body wall, massive growth of the liver in the ventral mesentery, and fusion of the superior surface of the liv...
Anatomy_Gray_608	Anatomy_Gray	Part of the dorsal mesentery that initially forms part of the lesser sac greatly enlarges in an inferior direction, and the two opposing surfaces of the mesentery fuse to form an apron-like structure (the greater omentum). The greater omentum is suspended from the greater curvature of the stomach, lies over other visce...	Anatomy_Gray. Part of the dorsal mesentery that initially forms part of the lesser sac greatly enlarges in an inferior direction, and the two opposing surfaces of the mesentery fuse to form an apron-like structure (the greater omentum). The greater omentum is suspended from the greater curvature of the stomach, lies ov...
Anatomy_Gray_609	Anatomy_Gray	Rapid growth of the gastrointestinal system results in a loop of the midgut herniating out of the abdominal cavity and into the umbilical cord. As the body grows in size and the connection with the yolk sac is lost, the midgut returns to the abdominal cavity. While this process is occurring, the two limbs of the midgut...	Anatomy_Gray. Rapid growth of the gastrointestinal system results in a loop of the midgut herniating out of the abdominal cavity and into the umbilical cord. As the body grows in size and the connection with the yolk sac is lost, the midgut returns to the abdominal cavity. While this process is occurring, the two limbs...
Anatomy_Gray_610	Anatomy_Gray	Development of the hindgut The distal one-third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and superior part of the rectum develop from the hindgut. Proximal parts of the hindgut swing to the left and become the descending colon and sigmoid colon. The descending colon and its dorsal mesentery fuse to the...	Anatomy_Gray. Development of the hindgut The distal one-third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and superior part of the rectum develop from the hindgut. Proximal parts of the hindgut swing to the left and become the descending colon and sigmoid colon. The descending colon and its dorsal mesente...
Anatomy_Gray_611	Anatomy_Gray	T6 also supplies cutaneous innervation to skin over the xiphoid. Skin and muscle in the inguinal and suprapubic regions of the abdominal wall are innervated by L1 and not by thoracic nerves. Dermatomes of the anterior abdominal wall are indicated in Figure 4.14. In the midline, skin over the infrasternal angle is T6 an...	Anatomy_Gray. T6 also supplies cutaneous innervation to skin over the xiphoid. Skin and muscle in the inguinal and suprapubic regions of the abdominal wall are innervated by L1 and not by thoracic nerves. Dermatomes of the anterior abdominal wall are indicated in Figure 4.14. In the midline, skin over the infrasternal ...
Anatomy_Gray_612	Anatomy_Gray	During development, the gonads in both sexes descend from their sites of origin on the posterior abdominal wall into the pelvic cavity in women and the developing scrotum in men (Fig. 4.15). Before descent, a cord of tissue (the gubernaculum) passes through the anterior abdominal wall and connects the inferior pole of ...	Anatomy_Gray. During development, the gonads in both sexes descend from their sites of origin on the posterior abdominal wall into the pelvic cavity in women and the developing scrotum in men (Fig. 4.15). Before descent, a cord of tissue (the gubernaculum) passes through the anterior abdominal wall and connects the inf...
Anatomy_Gray_613	Anatomy_Gray	In men, the testis, together with its neurovascular structures and its efferent duct (the ductus deferens) descends into the scrotum along a path, initially defined by the gubernaculum, between the processus vaginalis and the accompanying coverings derived from the abdominal wall. All that remains of the gubernaculum i...	Anatomy_Gray. In men, the testis, together with its neurovascular structures and its efferent duct (the ductus deferens) descends into the scrotum along a path, initially defined by the gubernaculum, between the processus vaginalis and the accompanying coverings derived from the abdominal wall. All that remains of the ...
Anatomy_Gray_614	Anatomy_Gray	In women, the gonads descend to a position just inside the pelvic cavity and never pass through the anterior abdominal wall. As a result, the only major structure passing through the inguinal canal is a derivative of the gubernaculum (the round ligament of the uterus). In both men and women, the groin (inguinal region)...	Anatomy_Gray. In women, the gonads descend to a position just inside the pelvic cavity and never pass through the anterior abdominal wall. As a result, the only major structure passing through the inguinal canal is a derivative of the gubernaculum (the round ligament of the uterus). In both men and women, the groin (in...
Anatomy_Gray_615	Anatomy_Gray	The transpyloric plane is a horizontal plane that transects the body through the lower aspect of vertebra LI (Fig. 4.16). It: is about midway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis, and crosses the costal margin on each side at roughly the ninth costal cartilage; crosses through the opening of the stomach in...	Anatomy_Gray. The transpyloric plane is a horizontal plane that transects the body through the lower aspect of vertebra LI (Fig. 4.16). It: is about midway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis, and crosses the costal margin on each side at roughly the ninth costal cartilage; crosses through the opening of ...
Anatomy_Gray_616	Anatomy_Gray	of the hila of the kidneys; though because the left kidney is slightly higher than the right, the transpyloric plane crosses through the inferior aspect of the left hilum and the superior part of the right hilum.	Anatomy_Gray. of the hila of the kidneys; though because the left kidney is slightly higher than the right, the transpyloric plane crosses through the inferior aspect of the left hilum and the superior part of the right hilum.
Anatomy_Gray_617	Anatomy_Gray	The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries	Anatomy_Gray. The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries
Anatomy_Gray_618	Anatomy_Gray	Three large unpaired arteries branch from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta to supply the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract and all of the structures (liver, pancreas, and gallbladder) to which this part of the gut gives rise during development (Fig. 4.17). These arteries pass through derivatives o...	Anatomy_Gray. Three large unpaired arteries branch from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta to supply the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract and all of the structures (liver, pancreas, and gallbladder) to which this part of the gut gives rise during development (Fig. 4.17). These arteries pass through...
Anatomy_Gray_619	Anatomy_Gray	Venous shunts from left to right All blood returning to the heart from regions of the body other than the lungs flows into the right atrium of the heart. The inferior vena cava is the major systemic vein in the abdomen and drains this region together with the pelvis, perineum, and both lower limbs (Fig. 4.18). The infe...	Anatomy_Gray. Venous shunts from left to right All blood returning to the heart from regions of the body other than the lungs flows into the right atrium of the heart. The inferior vena cava is the major systemic vein in the abdomen and drains this region together with the pelvis, perineum, and both lower limbs (Fig. 4...
Anatomy_Gray_620	Anatomy_Gray	Other vessels crossing the midline include the left lumbar veins, which drain the back and posterior abdominal wall on the left side. All venous drainage from the through the liver Blood from abdominal parts of the gastrointestinal system and the spleen passes through a second vascular bed, in the liver, before ultimat...	Anatomy_Gray. Other vessels crossing the midline include the left lumbar veins, which drain the back and posterior abdominal wall on the left side. All venous drainage from the through the liver Blood from abdominal parts of the gastrointestinal system and the spleen passes through a second vascular bed, in the liver, ...
Anatomy_Gray_621	Anatomy_Gray	Normally, vascular beds drained by the hepatic portal system interconnect, through small veins, with beds drained by systemic vessels, which ultimately connect directly with either the superior or inferior vena cava. Among the clinically most important regions of overlap between the portal and caval systems are those a...	Anatomy_Gray. Normally, vascular beds drained by the hepatic portal system interconnect, through small veins, with beds drained by systemic vessels, which ultimately connect directly with either the superior or inferior vena cava. Among the clinically most important regions of overlap between the portal and caval syste...
Anatomy_Gray_622	Anatomy_Gray	Other regions where portal and caval systems interconnect include: where the liver is in direct contact with the diaphragm (the bare area of the liver); where the wall of the gastrointestinal tract is in direct contact with the posterior abdominal wall (retroperitoneal areas of the large and small intestine); and the p...	Anatomy_Gray. Other regions where portal and caval systems interconnect include: where the liver is in direct contact with the diaphragm (the bare area of the liver); where the wall of the gastrointestinal tract is in direct contact with the posterior abdominal wall (retroperitoneal areas of the large and small intesti...
Anatomy_Gray_623	Anatomy_Gray	Blockage of the hepatic portal vein or of vascular channels in the liver Blockage of the hepatic portal vein or of vascular channels in the liver can affect the pattern of venous return from abdominal parts of the gastrointestinal system. Vessels that interconnect the portal and caval systems can become greatly enlarge...	Anatomy_Gray. Blockage of the hepatic portal vein or of vascular channels in the liver Blockage of the hepatic portal vein or of vascular channels in the liver can affect the pattern of venous return from abdominal parts of the gastrointestinal system. Vessels that interconnect the portal and caval systems can become g...
Anatomy_Gray_624	Anatomy_Gray	The prevertebral plexus contains sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory components: Sympathetic components originate from spinal cord levels T5 to L2. Parasympathetic components are from the vagus nerve [X] and spinal cord levels S2 to S4. Visceral sensory fibers generally parallel the motor pathways. The a...	Anatomy_Gray. The prevertebral plexus contains sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory components: Sympathetic components originate from spinal cord levels T5 to L2. Parasympathetic components are from the vagus nerve [X] and spinal cord levels S2 to S4. Visceral sensory fibers generally parallel the motor p...
Anatomy_Gray_625	Anatomy_Gray	A horizontal transumbilical plane passing through the umbilicus and the intervertebral disc between vertebrae LIII and LIV and intersecting with the vertical median plane divides the abdomen into four quadrants—the right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants (Fig. 4.22). The nine-region pattern is ba...	Anatomy_Gray. A horizontal transumbilical plane passing through the umbilicus and the intervertebral disc between vertebrae LIII and LIV and intersecting with the vertical median plane divides the abdomen into four quadrants—the right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants (Fig. 4.22). The nine-region...
Anatomy_Gray_626	Anatomy_Gray	The inferior horizontal plane (the intertubercular plane) connects the tubercles of the iliac crests, which are palpable structures 5 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spines, and passes through the upper part of the body of vertebra LV. The vertical planes pass from the midpoint of the clavicles inferiorly t...	Anatomy_Gray. The inferior horizontal plane (the intertubercular plane) connects the tubercles of the iliac crests, which are palpable structures 5 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spines, and passes through the upper part of the body of vertebra LV. The vertical planes pass from the midpoint of the clavicle...
Anatomy_Gray_627	Anatomy_Gray	The abdominal wall covers a large area. It is bounded superiorly by the xiphoid process and costal margins, posteriorly by the vertebral column, and inferiorly by the upper parts of the pelvic bones. Its layers consist of skin, superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue), muscles and their associated deep fascias, extrape...	Anatomy_Gray. The abdominal wall covers a large area. It is bounded superiorly by the xiphoid process and costal margins, posteriorly by the vertebral column, and inferiorly by the upper parts of the pelvic bones. Its layers consist of skin, superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue), muscles and their associated deep fa...
Anatomy_Gray_628	Anatomy_Gray	The superficial fatty layer of superficial fascia (Camper’s fascia) contains fat and varies in thickness (Figs. 4.25 and 4.26). It is continuous over the inguinal ligament with the superficial fascia of the thigh and with a similar layer in the perineum. In men, this superficial layer continues over the penis and, afte...	Anatomy_Gray. The superficial fatty layer of superficial fascia (Camper’s fascia) contains fat and varies in thickness (Figs. 4.25 and 4.26). It is continuous over the inguinal ligament with the superficial fascia of the thigh and with a similar layer in the perineum. In men, this superficial layer continues over the p...
Anatomy_Gray_629	Anatomy_Gray	The deeper membranous layer of superficial fascia (Scarpa’s fascia) is thin and membranous, and contains little or no fat (Fig. 4.25). Inferiorly, it continues into the thigh, but just below the inguinal ligament, it fuses with the deep fascia of the thigh (the fascia lata; Fig. 4.26). In the midline, it is firmly atta...	Anatomy_Gray. The deeper membranous layer of superficial fascia (Scarpa’s fascia) is thin and membranous, and contains little or no fat (Fig. 4.25). Inferiorly, it continues into the thigh, but just below the inguinal ligament, it fuses with the deep fascia of the thigh (the fascia lata; Fig. 4.26). In the midline, it ...
Anatomy_Gray_630	Anatomy_Gray	In men, the deeper membranous layer of superficial fascia blends with the superficial layer as they both pass over the penis, forming the superficial fascia of the penis, before they continue into the scrotum where they form the dartos fascia (Fig. 4.25). Also in men, extensions of the deeper membranous layer of superf...	Anatomy_Gray. In men, the deeper membranous layer of superficial fascia blends with the superficial layer as they both pass over the penis, forming the superficial fascia of the penis, before they continue into the scrotum where they form the dartos fascia (Fig. 4.25). Also in men, extensions of the deeper membranous l...
Anatomy_Gray_631	Anatomy_Gray	There are five muscles in the anterolateral group of abdominal wall muscles: three flat muscles whose fibers begin posterolaterally, pass anteriorly, and are replaced by an aponeurosis as the muscle continues toward the midline—the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles; two vertical musc...	Anatomy_Gray. There are five muscles in the anterolateral group of abdominal wall muscles: three flat muscles whose fibers begin posterolaterally, pass anteriorly, and are replaced by an aponeurosis as the muscle continues toward the midline—the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles; two...
Anatomy_Gray_632	Anatomy_Gray	In addition, contraction of these muscles assists in both quiet and forced expiration by pushing the viscera upward (which helps push the relaxed diaphragm further into the thoracic cavity) and in coughing and vomiting. All these muscles are also involved in any action that increases intraabdominal pressure, including ...	Anatomy_Gray. In addition, contraction of these muscles assists in both quiet and forced expiration by pushing the viscera upward (which helps push the relaxed diaphragm further into the thoracic cavity) and in coughing and vomiting. All these muscles are also involved in any action that increases intraabdominal pressu...
Anatomy_Gray_633	Anatomy_Gray	The lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis forms the inguinal ligament on each side (Fig. 4.27). This thickened reinforced free edge of the external oblique aponeurosis passes between the anterior superior iliac spine laterally and the pubic tubercle medially (Fig. 4.28). It folds under itself forming a troug...	Anatomy_Gray. The lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis forms the inguinal ligament on each side (Fig. 4.27). This thickened reinforced free edge of the external oblique aponeurosis passes between the anterior superior iliac spine laterally and the pubic tubercle medially (Fig. 4.28). It folds under itself f...
Anatomy_Gray_634	Anatomy_Gray	Additional fibers extend from the lacunar ligament along the pecten pubis of the pelvic brim to form the pectineal (Cooper’s) ligament. Deep to the external oblique muscle is the internal oblique muscle, which is the second of the three flat muscles (Fig. 4.30, Table 4.1). This muscle is smaller and thinner than the ex...	Anatomy_Gray. Additional fibers extend from the lacunar ligament along the pecten pubis of the pelvic brim to form the pectineal (Cooper’s) ligament. Deep to the external oblique muscle is the internal oblique muscle, which is the second of the three flat muscles (Fig. 4.30, Table 4.1). This muscle is smaller and thinn...
Anatomy_Gray_635	Anatomy_Gray	Each of the three flat muscles is covered on its anterior and posterior surfaces by a layer of deep (or investing) fascia. In general, these layers are unremarkable except for the layer deep to the transversus abdominis muscle (the transversalis fascia), which is better developed. The transversalis fascia is a continuo...	Anatomy_Gray. Each of the three flat muscles is covered on its anterior and posterior surfaces by a layer of deep (or investing) fascia. In general, these layers are unremarkable except for the layer deep to the transversus abdominis muscle (the transversalis fascia), which is better developed. The transversalis fascia...
Anatomy_Gray_636	Anatomy_Gray	After attaching to the crest of the ilium, the transversalis fascia blends with the fascia covering the muscles associated with the upper regions of the pelvic bones and with similar fascia covering the muscles of the pelvic cavity. At this point, it is referred to as the parietal pelvic (or endopelvic) fascia. There i...	Anatomy_Gray. After attaching to the crest of the ilium, the transversalis fascia blends with the fascia covering the muscles associated with the upper regions of the pelvic bones and with similar fascia covering the muscles of the pelvic cavity. At this point, it is referred to as the parietal pelvic (or endopelvic) f...
Anatomy_Gray_637	Anatomy_Gray	The two vertical muscles in the anterolateral group of abdominal wall muscles are the large rectus abdominis and the small pyramidalis (Fig. 4.32, Table 4.1). The rectus abdominis is a long, flat muscle and extends the length of the anterior abdominal wall. It is a paired muscle, separated in the midline by the linea a...	Anatomy_Gray. The two vertical muscles in the anterolateral group of abdominal wall muscles are the large rectus abdominis and the small pyramidalis (Fig. 4.32, Table 4.1). The rectus abdominis is a long, flat muscle and extends the length of the anterior abdominal wall. It is a paired muscle, separated in the midline ...
Anatomy_Gray_638	Anatomy_Gray	The rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles are enclosed in an aponeurotic tendinous sheath (the rectus sheath) formed by a unique layering of the aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles (Fig. 4.33). The rectus sheath completely encloses the upper three-quarters of the rectu...	Anatomy_Gray. The rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles are enclosed in an aponeurotic tendinous sheath (the rectus sheath) formed by a unique layering of the aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles (Fig. 4.33). The rectus sheath completely encloses the upper three-quarter...
Anatomy_Gray_639	Anatomy_Gray	The anterior wall consists of the aponeurosis of the external oblique and half of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique, which splits at the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis. The posterior wall of the rectus sheath consists of the other half of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique and the aponeurosis of the ...	Anatomy_Gray. The anterior wall consists of the aponeurosis of the external oblique and half of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique, which splits at the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis. The posterior wall of the rectus sheath consists of the other half of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique and the apone...