id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56e16a5ecd28a01900c678c1 | Who became chairperson of Universal Pictures in September 2013? | Donna Langley | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn late 2005, Viacom's Paramount Pictures acquired DreamWorks SKG after acquisition talks between GE and DreamWorks stalled. Universal's long time chairperson, Stacey Snider, left the company in early 2006 to head up DreamWorks. Snider was replaced by then-Vice Chairman Marc Shmuger and Focus ... |
56e16abbe3433e1400422ee0 | Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013? | Elliott Management | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nUniversal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner... |
56e16abbe3433e1400422ee1 | With whom did Universal sign a marketing and distribution deal in July 2013? | Legendary Pictures | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nUniversal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner... |
56e16abbe3433e1400422ee2 | How many years is the deal with Legendary Pictures intended to run? | five years | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nUniversal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner... |
56e16abbe3433e1400422ee3 | In what year did Universal's deal with Legendary Pictures begin? | 2014 | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nUniversal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner... |
56e16b3de3433e1400422ee9 | What film studio was brought back in May 2015? | Gramercy Pictures | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn June 2014, Universal Partnerships took over licensing consumer products for NBC and Sprout with expectation that all licensing would eventually be centralized within NBCUniversal. In May 2015, Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label, that concentrated on action, sci... |
56e16b3de3433e1400422eea | What division of NBCUniversal revived Gramercy Pictures? | Focus Features | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn June 2014, Universal Partnerships took over licensing consumer products for NBC and Sprout with expectation that all licensing would eventually be centralized within NBCUniversal. In May 2015, Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label, that concentrated on action, sci... |
56e16b3de3433e1400422eeb | What genre of films will Gramercy be responsible for creating? | action, sci-fi, and horror | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn June 2014, Universal Partnerships took over licensing consumer products for NBC and Sprout with expectation that all licensing would eventually be centralized within NBCUniversal. In May 2015, Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label, that concentrated on action, sci... |
56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e7 | In what year did Universal release three billion-dollar films? | 2015 | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nAs of 2015, Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7, Jurassic World and Minions."
] |
56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e8 | Along with Jurassic World and Furious 7, what billion-dollar film was released by Universal in 2015? | Minions | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nAs of 2015, Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7, Jurassic World and Minions."
] |
56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e9 | How many studios have released three billion-dollar films in one year? | Universal is the only studio | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nAs of 2015, Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7, Jurassic World and Minions."
] |
56e16c15cd28a01900c678f7 | What was the name of the Universal production company based in Paris? | Universal Productions France S.A. | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except ... |
56e16c15cd28a01900c678f8 | What was the name of Universal's French distribution company? | Universal Pictures France | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except ... |
56e16c15cd28a01900c678f9 | What was the English title of Le scandale? | The Champagne Murders | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except ... |
56e16c15cd28a01900c678fa | Who directed The Day of the Jackal? | Fred Zinnemann | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except ... |
56e16c15cd28a01900c678fb | What film was known in English as Going Places? | Les Valseuses | [
"Universal_Studios\n\nIn the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except ... |
56e3a635e375b8140053a3cc | What country has Estonian as its official language? | Estonian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family."
] |
56e3a636e375b8140053a3cd | In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language | 1.1 million | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family."
] |
56e3a636e375b8140053a3ce | Of what language family is Estonian a part of? | Uralic | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family."
] |
56e3a636e375b8140053a3cf | On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found? | Finnic | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family."
] |
56e3a636e375b8140053a3d0 | How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia? | tens of thousands | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family."
] |
56e3a745d654871900275377 | Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length? | linguists | [
"Estonian_language\n\nOne distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and \"overlong\", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic l... |
56e3a745d654871900275378 | What are the phonemic length's three degrees? | short, long, and "overlong" | [
"Estonian_language\n\nOne distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and \"overlong\", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic l... |
56e3a745d654871900275379 | What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction? | the underlying phonological mechanism | [
"Estonian_language\n\nOne distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and \"overlong\", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic l... |
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d6 | What Uralic language branch contains Estonian? | Finnic | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages."
] |
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d7 | What are two other languages in the Finnic branch? | Finnish, Karelian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages."
] |
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d8 | What language group is Estonian not a part of? | Indo-European languages | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages."
] |
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d9 | What languages are related to Estonian but not closely? | Hungarian and to the Sami languages | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages."
] |
56e3a927e375b8140053a3df | Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia? | Baltic Germans | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by st... |
56e3a927e375b8140053a3e0 | Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian? | Middle Low German | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by st... |
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed5 | What kind of harmony has Estonian lost? | vowel | [
"Estonian_language\n\nLike Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-f... |
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed6 | What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? | agglutinative | [
"Estonian_language\n\nLike Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-f... |
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed7 | In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language? | subject–verb–object | [
"Estonian_language\n\nLike Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-f... |
56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d4 | What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia? | two | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic v... |
56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d5 | What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages? | North and South Estonian languages | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic v... |
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478da | When did the Northern Crusades happen? | 13th century to 1918 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]"
] |
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478db | Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades? | Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]"
] |
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dc | Following the crusades which country was dominated? | Estonia | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]"
] |
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dd | What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia? | indigenous literacy | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]"
] |
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e2 | How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go? | 13th century | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences."
] |
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e3 | Where can records of Estonian place names be found? | Originates Livoniae | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences."
] |
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e4 | Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae? | Chronicle of Henry of Livonia | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences."
] |
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e5 | Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia? | words and fragments of sentences. | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences."
] |
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedb | What was the first Estonian language book to be published? | a Lutheran manuscript | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after ... |
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedc | When were the Kallamaa prayers written? | 1524 and 1528 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after ... |
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedd | What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525? | destroyed | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after ... |
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaede | At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed? | immediately after publication | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after ... |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee3 | What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language? | S. Wanradt and J. Koell | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translate... |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee4 | In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written? | 1535 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translate... |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee5 | What type of book was it? | bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translate... |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee6 | What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian? | An Estonian grammar book | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translate... |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee7 | What year was the priests' grammar book put into print? | 1637 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translate... |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478ea | Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820? | Kristjan Jaak Peterson | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a he... |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478eb | What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on? | patriotic and philosophical | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a he... |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478ec | When was Peterson born? | March 14 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a he... |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478ed | What is another name given for Peterson's birthday? | Mother Tongue Day | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a he... |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478ee | What university did Peterson attend? | German-language University of Dorpat | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a he... |
56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f4 | In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed? | 23,868 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nFrom 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]"
] |
56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f5 | In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed? | 14,503 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nFrom 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]"
] |
56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f6 | In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918? | Estonian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nFrom 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]"
] |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fa | What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance? | Age of Enlightenment | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWritings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile e... |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fb | Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians? | Baltic Germans | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWritings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile e... |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fc | Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture? | Estophile educated class | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWritings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile e... |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fd | Who conquered the ancient Estonians? | Danes and Germans | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWritings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile e... |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fe | When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end? | 13th century | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWritings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile e... |
56e3c50e39bdeb1400347904 | What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place? | 1919 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAfter the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language."
] |
56e3c50e39bdeb1400347905 | After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language? | Estonian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAfter the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language."
] |
56e3c50f39bdeb1400347906 | What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945? | 97.3% | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAfter the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language."
] |
56e3c50f39bdeb1400347907 | What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians? | Estonian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAfter the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language."
] |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeed | What happened to Estonia during WWII? | invaded and occupied | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWhen Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970... |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeee | Who invaded Estonia? | Soviet Union | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWhen Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970... |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeef | After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language? | Russian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWhen Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970... |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaef0 | What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia? | Latvia | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWhen Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970... |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaef1 | What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia? | pressure of bilingualism | [
"Estonian_language\n\nWhen Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970... |
56e3c6788c00841900fbaef7 | What historical event once again freed Estonia? | collapse of the Soviet Union | [
"Estonian_language\n\nDuring the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use... |
56e3c6788c00841900fbaef8 | Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language? | Estonian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nDuring the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use... |
56e3c6788c00841900fbaef9 | What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages? | Russian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nDuring the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use... |
56e3c6788c00841900fbaefa | What came into being in January 1989? | The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language | [
"Estonian_language\n\nDuring the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use... |
56e3c76639bdeb140034790e | Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia? | above 70% | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census."
] |
56e427248c00841900fbaeff | How many groups of Estonian dialects are there? | two | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia."
] |
56e427248c00841900fbaf00 | What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups? | the northern and southern dialects | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia."
] |
56e427248c00841900fbaf01 | What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated? | Tallinn | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia."
] |
56e427248c00841900fbaf02 | Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken? | the northeastern coast of Estonia | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia."
] |
56e427248c00841900fbaf03 | What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken? | Tartu | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia."
] |
56e428b08c00841900fbaf09 | What dialect is also known as the central dialect? | the keskmurre | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect o... |
56e428b08c00841900fbaf0a | What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi? | the idamurre or eastern dialect | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect o... |
56e428b08c00841900fbaf0b | What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre? | Saaremaa and Hiiumaa | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect o... |
56e428b08c00841900fbaf0c | What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect? | the läänemurre | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect o... |
56e429db8c00841900fbaf11 | What dialects comprise the southern group? | the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by lan... |
56e429db8c00841900fbaf12 | More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other? | their culture | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by lan... |
56e429db8c00841900fbaf13 | Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered? | separate languages altogether | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by lan... |
56e429db8c00841900fbaf14 | What religion is associated with Seto and Võro? | Christian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by lan... |
56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf19 | From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet? | Latin | [
"Estonian_language\n\nLike Finnish, Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö a... |
56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf1a | What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet? | Finnish | [
"Estonian_language\n\nLike Finnish, Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö a... |
56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf1b | In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced? | [æ], as in English mat | [
"Estonian_language\n\nLike Finnish, Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö a... |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347912 | What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography? | phonemic principles | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p... |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347913 | To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond? | one | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p... |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347914 | What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle? | some historical and morphological deviations | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p... |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347915 | On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh? | Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p... |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347916 | What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative? | Pasha (pas-ha) | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p... |
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