id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56e42e3739bdeb140034791c | In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis? | Newer Orthography | [
"Estonian_language\n\nModern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German... |
56e42e3739bdeb140034791d | Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography? | Eduard Ahrens | [
"Estonian_language\n\nModern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German... |
56e42e3739bdeb140034791e | In what century was the Newer Orthography created? | 19th century | [
"Estonian_language\n\nModern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German... |
56e42e3739bdeb140034791f | Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place? | Older Orthography | [
"Estonian_language\n\nModern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German... |
56e42e3739bdeb1400347920 | From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis? | standard German orthography | [
"Estonian_language\n\nModern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German... |
56e42f658c00841900fbaf1f | In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from? | Russian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nIt should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of \"ya\" for \"ä\" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), \"y\" instead of \"õ\" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põ... |
56e42f658c00841900fbaf20 | What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian? | Encyclopædia Britannica | [
"Estonian_language\n\nIt should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of \"ya\" for \"ä\" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), \"y\" instead of \"õ\" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põ... |
56e42f658c00841900fbaf21 | What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica? | "ostrov Khiuma" | [
"Estonian_language\n\nIt should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of \"ya\" for \"ä\" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), \"y\" instead of \"õ\" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põ... |
56e4300a8c00841900fbaf25 | What is the typological form of Estonian? | transitional | [
"Estonian_language\n\nTypologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object)."
] |
56e4300a8c00841900fbaf26 | What is Estonian typologically transitioning from? | an agglutinating language | [
"Estonian_language\n\nTypologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object)."
] |
56e4300a8c00841900fbaf27 | What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into? | a fusional language | [
"Estonian_language\n\nTypologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object)."
] |
56e4300a8c00841900fbaf28 | How are words ordered in Estonian canonically? | subject–verb–object | [
"Estonian_language\n\nTypologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object)."
] |
56e431558c00841900fbaf2e | What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns? | Estonian | [
"Estonian_language\n\nIn Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number o... |
56e431558c00841900fbaf2f | In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case? | adjectives | [
"Estonian_language\n\nIn Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number o... |
56e431f98c00841900fbaf33 | What other language has a telicity contrast? | Finnish | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitiv... |
56e431f98c00841900fbaf34 | Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found? | partitive | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitiv... |
56e431f98c00841900fbaf35 | What is the accusative used for? | total objects | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitiv... |
56e432a68c00841900fbaf39 | From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking? | verbal system | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the \"impersonal\")."
] |
56e432a68c00841900fbaf3a | What is used in place of the future tense? | present tense | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the \"impersonal\")."
] |
56e432a68c00841900fbaf3b | What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject? | special forms | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the \"impersonal\")."
] |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf3f | Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages? | Germanic languages | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (... |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf40 | What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary? | Low Saxon | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (... |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf41 | When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language? | during the period of German rule | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (... |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf42 | From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary? | High German | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (... |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf43 | Standard German is part of what Germanic language? | High German | [
"Estonian_language\n\nAlthough the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (... |
56e43b098c00841900fbaf49 | What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian? | 'b' & 'p' | [
"Estonian_language\n\nOften 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'."
] |
56e43b098c00841900fbaf4a | What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'? | The initial letter 's' is often dropped | [
"Estonian_language\n\nOften 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'."
] |
56e43b098c00841900fbaf4b | In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced? | pagas | [
"Estonian_language\n\nOften 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'."
] |
56e43be78c00841900fbaf4f | Who was the journalist who was also a language planner? | Ado Grenzstein | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing."
] |
56e43be78c00841900fbaf50 | In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia? | 1870s–90s | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing."
] |
56e43be78c00841900fbaf51 | What is another term for making up words from nothing? | formation ex nihilo | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing."
] |
56e43be78c00841900fbaf52 | Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique? | Ado Grenzstein | [
"Estonian_language\n\nEstonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing."
] |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf57 | Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known? | Johannes Aavik | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dic... |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf58 | What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive? | 1880–1973 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dic... |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf59 | What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing? | creations ex nihilo | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dic... |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf5a | In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found? | Aavik’s dictionary | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dic... |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf5b | How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary? | approximately 4000 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nThe most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dic... |
56e43df08c00841900fbaf61 | What languages did Aavik know? | Ancient Greek, Latin and French | [
"Estonian_language\n\nMany of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Gr... |
56e43df08c00841900fbaf62 | When was Aavik's dictionary published? | 1921 | [
"Estonian_language\n\nMany of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Gr... |
56e43df08c00841900fbaf63 | What is another term for words created by Aavik? | Aavikisms | [
"Estonian_language\n\nMany of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Gr... |
56e43df08c00841900fbaf64 | Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what? | foreign lexical items | [
"Estonian_language\n\nMany of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Gr... |
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3b | What is a source for the particles in paper? | wood | [
"Paper\n\nPaper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes... |
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3c | What is a common use for paper? | writing | [
"Paper\n\nPaper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes... |
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3e | What is the last step in paper production? | drying | [
"Paper\n\nPaper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes... |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f0f | When was the pulp papermaking process developed? | 2nd century AD | [
"Paper\n\nThe pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry... |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f10 | What country was the process developed in? | China | [
"Paper\n\nThe pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry... |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f11 | What country is leading in production of paper? | China | [
"Paper\n\nThe pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry... |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f12 | What country is the second largest produced of paper? | United States | [
"Paper\n\nThe pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry... |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f13 | Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process? | Cai Lun | [
"Paper\n\nThe pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry... |
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f19 | Who is credited with the papermaking process? | Cai Lun | [
"Paper\n\nThe oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in... |
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1b | What material did paper replace upon its invention? | silk | [
"Paper\n\nThe oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in... |
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1c | Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards? | Golden Age | [
"Paper\n\nThe oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in... |
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1d | What century is the first papermaking process attributed to? | 2nd | [
"Paper\n\nThe oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in... |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5b | In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe? | 13th | [
"Paper\n\nIts knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufactur... |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5c | Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from? | Baghdad | [
"Paper\n\nIts knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufactur... |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5d | What name did the process take on in Baghdad? | bagdatikos | [
"Paper\n\nIts knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufactur... |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5e | In which century did the process become much cheaper than before? | 19th | [
"Paper\n\nIts knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufactur... |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5f | Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process? | Charles Fenerty | [
"Paper\n\nIts knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufactur... |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e1f | What Latin word is paper derived from? | Papyrus | [
"Paper\n\nThe word \"paper\" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultur... |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e20 | What language is papyrus derived from? | Greek | [
"Paper\n\nThe word \"paper\" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultur... |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e21 | What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking? | maceration | [
"Paper\n\nThe word \"paper\" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultur... |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e22 | What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus? | Cyperus | [
"Paper\n\nThe word \"paper\" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultur... |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e23 | What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus? | the pith | [
"Paper\n\nThe word \"paper\" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultur... |
56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e3d | What is separated from the cellulose fibres? | lignin | [
"Paper\n\nTo make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-fr... |
56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e3e | What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as? | wood-free | [
"Paper\n\nTo make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-fr... |
56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e40 | What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process? | 5% | [
"Paper\n\nTo make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-fr... |
56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e41 | What percentage of cotton is cellulose? | 90% | [
"Paper\n\nTo make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-fr... |
56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f80 | How many chemical pulping processes are there? | three | [
"Paper\n\nThere are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the ch... |
56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f81 | What decade does the sulfite process date to? | 1840s | [
"Paper\n\nThere are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the ch... |
56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f82 | What process is most commonly used? | The kraft process | [
"Paper\n\nThere are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the ch... |
56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f84 | What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content? | Soda pulping | [
"Paper\n\nThere are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the ch... |
56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8a | Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping? | groundwood pulp | [
"Paper\n\nThere are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed i... |
56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8b | What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process? | debarked logs | [
"Paper\n\nThere are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed i... |
56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8c | What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps? | weak | [
"Paper\n\nThere are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed i... |
56e7521e37bdd419002c3e69 | Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp? | virgin | [
"Paper\n\nRecycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter."
] |
56e753fb37bdd419002c3e81 | What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking? | china clay | [
"Paper\n\nBesides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correc... |
56e753fb37bdd419002c3e82 | What is added for sizing purposes? | Additives | [
"Paper\n\nBesides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correc... |
56e753fb37bdd419002c3e84 | What besides china clay is used as a filler? | chalk | [
"Paper\n\nBesides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correc... |
56e758c700c9c71400d76fe4 | How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper? | Pressing | [
"Paper\n\nPressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead."
] |
56e758c700c9c71400d76fe5 | What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing? | felt | [
"Paper\n\nPressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead."
] |
56e758c700c9c71400d76fe6 | What is used to collect water when hand-making paper? | blotter sheet | [
"Paper\n\nPressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead."
] |
56e758c700c9c71400d76fe7 | Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water? | felt | [
"Paper\n\nPressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead."
] |
56e759ac37bdd419002c3ebd | What is the main component of drying the paper? | air | [
"Paper\n\nDrying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. T... |
56e759ac37bdd419002c3ec1 | At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end? | 6 | [
"Paper\n\nDrying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. T... |
56e75b5300c9c71400d77006 | Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what? | china clay | [
"Paper\n\nPaper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoat... |
56e75b5300c9c71400d77008 | What process is done to polish the surface of the paper? | calendering | [
"Paper\n\nPaper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoat... |
56e75b5300c9c71400d77009 | What is the shiniest type of coated paper? | Gloss | [
"Paper\n\nPaper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoat... |
56e75b5300c9c71400d7700a | What papers give the best optical density? | Gloss | [
"Paper\n\nPaper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoat... |
56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee3 | What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses? | reels | [
"Paper\n\nThe paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut \"long-grain\", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of th... |
56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee4 | In what manner are sheets normally cut? | long-grain | [
"Paper\n\nThe paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut \"long-grain\", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of th... |
56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee6 | If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done? | cut into sheets | [
"Paper\n\nThe paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut \"long-grain\", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of th... |
56e75d7100c9c71400d77010 | What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier? | wove paper | [
"Paper\n\nAll paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by... |
56e75d7100c9c71400d77011 | What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns? | rollers | [
"Paper\n\nAll paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by... |
56e75d7100c9c71400d77012 | What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier? | density | [
"Paper\n\nAll paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by... |
56e75d7100c9c71400d77013 | What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise? | wire mesh | [
"Paper\n\nAll paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by... |
56e75e1200c9c71400d77018 | What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit? | Laidlines | [
"Paper\n\nWove paper does not exhibit \"laidlines\", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the \"chainlines\", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits... |
56e75e1200c9c71400d77019 | What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould? | Laidlines | [
"Paper\n\nWove paper does not exhibit \"laidlines\", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the \"chainlines\", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits... |
56e75e1200c9c71400d7701b | What runs perpendicular to the laidlines? | chainlines | [
"Paper\n\nWove paper does not exhibit \"laidlines\", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the \"chainlines\", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits... |
56e75e1200c9c71400d7701c | Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines? | Laidlines | [
"Paper\n\nWove paper does not exhibit \"laidlines\", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the \"chainlines\", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits... |
56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f09 | What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper? | caliper | [
"Paper\n\nThe thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick."
] |
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