id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57061c5c52bb8914006898b8 | The structure of immune system components can be described as what? | typically cellular in nature | [
"Immunology\n\nMany components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body."
] |
57061c5c52bb8914006898b9 | Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually? | not associated with any specific organ | [
"Immunology\n\nMany components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body."
] |
57061c5c52bb8914006898ba | What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body? | embedded | [
"Immunology\n\nMany components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body."
] |
57061c5c52bb8914006898bb | What is another way these tissues are housed within the body? | circulating | [
"Immunology\n\nMany components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body."
] |
57061fb875f01819005e79c0 | Which two fields of study are associated with immunology? | epidemiology and medicine | [
"Immunology\n\nClassical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from... |
57061fb875f01819005e79c1 | Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another? | the body systems, pathogens, and immunity | [
"Immunology\n\nClassical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from... |
57061fb875f01819005e79c2 | When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body? | 430 BCE | [
"Immunology\n\nClassical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from... |
57061fb875f01819005e79c3 | Which Greek historian made that notation? | Thucydides | [
"Immunology\n\nClassical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from... |
57061fb875f01819005e79c4 | When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory? | 19th and 20th centuries | [
"Immunology\n\nClassical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from... |
5706265075f01819005e79f6 | What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as? | innate immune system | [
"Immunology\n\nThe study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system.... |
5706265075f01819005e79f7 | Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component? | acquired or adaptive immune system | [
"Immunology\n\nThe study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system.... |
5706265075f01819005e79f8 | What is one type of adaptive immune system component? | humoral (or antibody) | [
"Immunology\n\nThe study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system.... |
5706265075f01819005e79f9 | Name the other type of adaptive immune system component? | cell-mediated | [
"Immunology\n\nThe study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system.... |
5706265075f01819005e79fa | The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures? | molecular and cellular components | [
"Immunology\n\nThe study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system.... |
57062eba75f01819005e7a3c | Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements? | antibodies and antigens | [
"Immunology\n\nThe humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (\"anti\"body \"gen\"e... |
57062eba75f01819005e7a3d | What are antibodies comprised of? | specific proteins | [
"Immunology\n\nThe humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (\"anti\"body \"gen\"e... |
57062eba75f01819005e7a3e | What cells produce antibodies? | B lymphocytes | [
"Immunology\n\nThe humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (\"anti\"body \"gen\"e... |
57062eba75f01819005e7a3f | The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words? | "anti"body "gen"erators | [
"Immunology\n\nThe humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (\"anti\"body \"gen\"e... |
57062eba75f01819005e7a40 | Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens? | cellular response | [
"Immunology\n\nThe humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (\"anti\"body \"gen\"e... |
570632d275f01819005e7a74 | In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized? | research | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010)."
] |
570632d275f01819005e7a75 | What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency? | non-classical models of immunity | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010)."
] |
570632d275f01819005e7a76 | The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body? | cells, organs and systems | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010)."
] |
570632d275f01819005e7a77 | These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason? | not previously associated with the immune system | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010)."
] |
5706a57852bb891400689b1a | The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called? | Clinical immunology | [
"Immunology\n\nClinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features."
] |
5706a57852bb891400689b1b | What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology? | failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth | [
"Immunology\n\nClinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features."
] |
5706a57852bb891400689b1c | Where can these three elements occur in the immune system? | cellular elements | [
"Immunology\n\nClinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features."
] |
5706a57852bb891400689b1d | What else does clinical immunology concern itself with? | diseases of other systems | [
"Immunology\n\nClinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features."
] |
5706a57852bb891400689b1e | Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas? | immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features | [
"Immunology\n\nClinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features."
] |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce6 | What is a type of immune system disorder? | hypersensitivities | [
"Immunology\n\nOther immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds."
] |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce7 | What are some examples of hypersensitivities? | asthma and other allergies | [
"Immunology\n\nOther immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds."
] |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce8 | What characterizes a hypersensitivity? | respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds. | [
"Immunology\n\nOther immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds."
] |
5706ac3452bb891400689b54 | What is the most famous immune system disease? | AIDS | [
"Immunology\n\nThe most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)."
] |
5706ac3452bb891400689b55 | What kind of disease is AIDS? | an immunodeficiency | [
"Immunology\n\nThe most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)."
] |
5706ac3452bb891400689b56 | Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS? | CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages | [
"Immunology\n\nThe most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)."
] |
5706ac3452bb891400689b57 | What virus specifically suppresses those cells? | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | [
"Immunology\n\nThe most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)."
] |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d7 | What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen? | person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area | [
"Immunology\n\nThe body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed.... |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d8 | Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient? | both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed | [
"Immunology\n\nThe body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed.... |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d9 | Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by? | low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas | [
"Immunology\n\nThe body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed.... |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91da | What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants? | phagocytic | [
"Immunology\n\nThe body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed.... |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91db | Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this? | activate T cells | [
"Immunology\n\nThe body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed.... |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e1 | In babies, what is another element impacting immune response? | Maternal factors | [
"Immunology\n\nMaternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can pr... |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e2 | Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means? | breast milk | [
"Immunology\n\nMaternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can pr... |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e3 | For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants? | up to 18 months | [
"Immunology\n\nMaternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can pr... |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e4 | At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins? | glycoproteins | [
"Immunology\n\nMaternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can pr... |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e5 | The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what? | distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules | [
"Immunology\n\nMaternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can pr... |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9205 | What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens? | hormones | [
"Immunology\n\nDuring adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 a... |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9206 | What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females? | 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) | [
"Immunology\n\nDuring adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 a... |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9207 | Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males? | testosterone | [
"Immunology\n\nDuring adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 a... |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9208 | Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what? | increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity | [
"Immunology\n\nDuring adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 a... |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9209 | Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what? | detect sex hormones in the system | [
"Immunology\n\nDuring adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 a... |
5706f5de90286e26004fc763 | The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as? | strongly experimental | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a... |
5706f5de90286e26004fc764 | What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology? | "cellular" and "humoral" | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a... |
5706f5de90286e26004fc765 | Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses? | phagocytes | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a... |
5706f5de90286e26004fc766 | Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what? | soluble components (molecules) | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a... |
5706f5de90286e26004fc767 | Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside? | the organism’s “humors” | [
"Immunology\n\nImmunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a... |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9267 | What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology? | Frank Burnet | [
"Immunology\n\nIn the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: \"self\" constituents (constituents ... |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9268 | What triggers an immune response according to CST? | self/nonself distinction | [
"Immunology\n\nIn the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: \"self\" constituents (constituents ... |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9269 | In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response? | "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) | [
"Immunology\n\nIn the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: \"self\" constituents (constituents ... |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e926a | What property of T cells caused modification of CST? | the complex "two-signal" activation | [
"Immunology\n\nIn the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: \"self\" constituents (constituents ... |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e926b | When was clonal selection theory first proposed? | In the mid-1950s | [
"Immunology\n\nIn the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: \"self\" constituents (constituents ... |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927b | What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study? | Bioscience | [
"Immunology\n\nBioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to st... |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927c | Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study? | bioscience | [
"Immunology\n\nBioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to st... |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927d | The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings? | humans and animals | [
"Immunology\n\nBioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to st... |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927e | The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what? | research | [
"Immunology\n\nBioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to st... |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927f | What two conditions apply to good immunological study? | effective yet consistent research | [
"Immunology\n\nBioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to st... |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a5 | Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters? | AAI courses | [
"Immunology\n\nMost graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medi... |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a6 | What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai? | Icahn School of Medicine | [
"Immunology\n\nMost graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medi... |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a7 | AAI immunology courses include what two components? | Introductory Course and an Advance Course | [
"Immunology\n\nMost graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medi... |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a8 | What does the introductory AAI immunology course do? | gives students an overview of the basics of immunology | [
"Immunology\n\nMost graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medi... |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a9 | The Langone Medical Center is part of what college? | New York University | [
"Immunology\n\nMost graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medi... |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7af | Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what? | an introduction to the basic principles of immunology | [
"Immunology\n\nIn addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advance... |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b0 | Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what? | clinically-oriented lecture series | [
"Immunology\n\nIn addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advance... |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b1 | What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have? | a background of the principles of immunology | [
"Immunology\n\nIn addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advance... |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b2 | How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree? | two years of study | [
"Immunology\n\nIn addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advance... |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b3 | What program requires an additional two years of study? | a doctoral programme | [
"Immunology\n\nIn addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advance... |
570616a075f01819005e7970 | What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III? | MP3 | [
"MP3\n\nMPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and p... |
570616a075f01819005e7971 | What kind of audio is the coding format for? | digital | [
"MP3\n\nMPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and p... |
570616a075f01819005e7972 | Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for? | consumer audio streaming | [
"MP3\n\nMPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and p... |
570616a075f01819005e7973 | What does MP3 use to format it's data? | lossy data compression | [
"MP3\n\nMPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and p... |
570616a075f01819005e7974 | Where will MP3 files most commonly be found? | digital audio players | [
"MP3\n\nMPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and p... |
57061a1e75f01819005e7984 | What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio? | sound like a faithful reproduction | [
"MP3\n\nThe use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that i... |
57061a1e75f01819005e7985 | What kind of compression is used? | created | [
"MP3\n\nThe use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that i... |
57061a1e75f01819005e7986 | If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD? | 1/11 | [
"MP3\n\nThe use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that i... |
57061a1e75f01819005e7987 | How many total bit/s would a CD have? | 1,411,200 | [
"MP3\n\nThe use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that i... |
57061a1e75f01819005e7988 | How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have? | 128,000 | [
"MP3\n\nThe use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that i... |
57061b0f75f01819005e798e | What does the compression target in the song? | accuracy | [
"MP3\n\nThe compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to hum... |
57061b0f75f01819005e798f | The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people? | auditory resolution | [
"MP3\n\nThe compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to hum... |
57061b0f75f01819005e7990 | What is this method commonly referred to as? | perceptual coding | [
"MP3\n\nThe compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to hum... |
57061b0f75f01819005e7991 | What kind of model is used in this kind of compression? | psychoacoustic | [
"MP3\n\nThe compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to hum... |
57061b0f75f01819005e7992 | These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing? | less audible | [
"MP3\n\nThe compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to hum... |
57061bc675f01819005e7998 | Who designed MP3? | Moving Picture Experts Group | [
"MP3\n\nMP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Aud... |
57061bc675f01819005e7999 | What was the first standard that this group had? | MPEG-1 | [
"MP3\n\nMP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Aud... |
57061bc675f01819005e799a | The first standard later developed into which standard? | MPEG-2 | [
"MP3\n\nMP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Aud... |
57061bc675f01819005e799b | When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard? | 1991 | [
"MP3\n\nMP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Aud... |
57061bc675f01819005e799c | When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published? | 1995 | [
"MP3\n\nMP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Aud... |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a2 | What does the MP3 compression take advantage of? | perceptual limitation | [
"MP3\n\nThe MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete... |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a3 | What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as? | auditory masking | [
"MP3\n\nThe MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete... |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a4 | Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible. | Alfred M. Mayer | [
"MP3\n\nThe MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete... |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a5 | When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer? | 1959 | [
"MP3\n\nThe MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete... |
57061d0c75f01819005e79a6 | The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else? | critical bandwidths | [
"MP3\n\nThe MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete... |
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