id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57061e0f52bb8914006898c0 | What was first proposed in 1979? | The psychoacoustic masking codec | [
"MP3\n\nThe psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as mu... |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c1 | Which country were the researchers located in? | United States | [
"MP3\n\nThe psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as mu... |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c2 | Who was the first to produce hardware for speech? | Krasner | [
"MP3\n\nThe psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as mu... |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c3 | What does LPC stand for? | linear predictive coding | [
"MP3\n\nThe psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as mu... |
57061e0f52bb8914006898c4 | What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications? | audio compression algorithms | [
"MP3\n\nThe psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as mu... |
57061edc75f01819005e79ac | What does OCF stand for? | Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain | [
"MP3\n\nThe immediate predecessors of MP3 were \"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain\" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality compe... |
57061edc75f01819005e79ad | What does PXFM stand for? | Perceptual Transform Coding | [
"MP3\n\nThe immediate predecessors of MP3 were \"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain\" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality compe... |
57061edc75f01819005e79ae | What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into? | ASPEC | [
"MP3\n\nThe immediate predecessors of MP3 were \"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain\" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality compe... |
57061edc75f01819005e79af | Which competition did ASPEC win? | quality | [
"MP3\n\nThe immediate predecessors of MP3 were \"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain\" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality compe... |
57061edc75f01819005e79b0 | What was the first practical implementation based on? | Motorola 56000 DSP chips | [
"MP3\n\nThe immediate predecessors of MP3 were \"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain\" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality compe... |
57061f8275f01819005e79b6 | What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg? | doctoral | [
"MP3\n\nAs a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of th... |
57061f8275f01819005e79b7 | When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression? | early 1980s | [
"MP3\n\nAs a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of th... |
57061f8275f01819005e79b8 | Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at? | Erlangen-Nuremberg | [
"MP3\n\nAs a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of th... |
57061f8275f01819005e79b9 | Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression? | Fraunhofer Society | [
"MP3\n\nAs a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of th... |
57061f8275f01819005e79ba | When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute? | 1993 | [
"MP3\n\nAs a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of th... |
5706202975f01819005e79ca | What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3? | Tom's Diner | [
"MP3\n\nThe song \"Tom's Diner\" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice."
] |
5706202975f01819005e79cb | Who was the artist of the first song used? | Suzanne Vega | [
"MP3\n\nThe song \"Tom's Diner\" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice."
] |
5706202975f01819005e79cc | Who adjusted the song? | Karlheinz Brandenburg | [
"MP3\n\nThe song \"Tom's Diner\" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice."
] |
5706202975f01819005e79cd | The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what? | scheme | [
"MP3\n\nThe song \"Tom's Diner\" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice."
] |
5706202975f01819005e79ce | What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve? | subtlety | [
"MP3\n\nThe song \"Tom's Diner\" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice."
] |
5706219a52bb8914006898d8 | How many proposals were available in 1991? | two | [
"MP3\n\nIn 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Ne... |
5706219a52bb8914006898d9 | Other than ASPEC what was another proposal? | Musicam | [
"MP3\n\nIn 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Ne... |
5706219a52bb8914006898da | The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country? | Netherlands | [
"MP3\n\nIn 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Ne... |
5706219a52bb8914006898db | Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal? | error robustness | [
"MP3\n\nIn 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Ne... |
5706219a52bb8914006898dc | What was the Musican format based on? | sub-band coding | [
"MP3\n\nIn 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Ne... |
5706233475f01819005e79de | What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II? | filter bank | [
"MP3\n\nMuch of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann (University of Hannover) the editing ... |
5706233475f01819005e79df | Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard? | Professor Musmann | [
"MP3\n\nMuch of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann (University of Hannover) the editing ... |
5706233475f01819005e79e0 | Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I? | Leon van de Kerkhof | [
"MP3\n\nMuch of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann (University of Hannover) the editing ... |
5706233475f01819005e79e1 | Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II? | Gerhard Stoll | [
"MP3\n\nMuch of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann (University of Hannover) the editing ... |
570623ba75f01819005e79e6 | What was the name given to the proposal? | ASPEC | [
"MP3\n\nASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency."
] |
570623ba75f01819005e79e7 | What did the joint proposal provide? | the highest coding efficiency | [
"MP3\n\nASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency."
] |
570623ba75f01819005e79e8 | Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal? | AT&T Bell Laboratories | [
"MP3\n\nASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency."
] |
570624f252bb8914006898f6 | What did the working group take ideas from? | ASPEC | [
"MP3\n\nA working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own idea... |
570624f252bb8914006898f7 | What did the working group integrate their ideas with? | filter bank | [
"MP3\n\nA working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own idea... |
570624f252bb8914006898f8 | Where was the filter bank taken from? | Layer 2 | [
"MP3\n\nA working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own idea... |
570624f252bb8914006898f9 | What did the working group eventually create? | MP3 | [
"MP3\n\nA working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own idea... |
570624f252bb8914006898fa | What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s? | MP2 at 192 kbit/s | [
"MP3\n\nA working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own idea... |
5706254b75f01819005e79ec | When were the algorithms approved? | 1991 | [
"MP3\n\nAll algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993."
] |
5706254b75f01819005e79ed | When were the approved algorithms finalized? | 1992 | [
"MP3\n\nAll algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993."
] |
5706254b75f01819005e79ee | What was the first started suite by MPEG? | MPEG-1 | [
"MP3\n\nAll algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993."
] |
5706254b75f01819005e79ef | What was the official name of the internation standard? | ISO/IEC 11172-3 | [
"MP3\n\nAll algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993."
] |
5706254b75f01819005e79f0 | When was the international standard published? | 1993 | [
"MP3\n\nAll algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993."
] |
5706262d52bb891400689900 | Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard? | second suite | [
"MP3\n\nFurther work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) ... |
5706262d52bb891400689901 | What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as? | MPEG-2 | [
"MP3\n\nFurther work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) ... |
5706262d52bb891400689902 | At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio? | half | [
"MP3\n\nFurther work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) ... |
5706262d52bb891400689903 | Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half? | bitrate | [
"MP3\n\nFurther work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) ... |
5706262d52bb891400689904 | Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what? | MPEG-2 Part 3 | [
"MP3\n\nFurther work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) ... |
5706282e52bb89140068990a | As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2? | MPEG-2.5 audio | [
"MP3\n\nAn additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scop... |
5706282e52bb89140068990b | Where was this extension developed? | Fraunhofer IIS | [
"MP3\n\nAn additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scop... |
5706282e52bb89140068990c | The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what? | human speech | [
"MP3\n\nAn additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scop... |
5706282e52bb89140068990d | What is not an ISO recognized standard? | MPEG-2.5 | [
"MP3\n\nAn additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scop... |
5706282e52bb89140068990e | As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format? | proprietary | [
"MP3\n\nAn additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scop... |
570629ba52bb891400689914 | What defines the compression efficiency of encoders? | bit rate | [
"MP3\n\nCompression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bit... |
570629ba52bb891400689915 | Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal? | input | [
"MP3\n\nCompression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bit... |
570629ba52bb891400689916 | What does CD stand for? | Compact Disc | [
"MP3\n\nCompression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bit... |
570629ba52bb891400689917 | What can CD parameters be used as references for? | compression ratios | [
"MP3\n\nCompression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bit... |
570629ba52bb891400689918 | Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references? | Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP | [
"MP3\n\nCompression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bit... |
57062a3a75f01819005e7a14 | What type of recording did Brandenburg use? | CD | [
"MP3\n\nKarlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song \"Tom's Diner\" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some... |
57062a3a75f01819005e7a15 | What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine? | the MP3 compression algorithm | [
"MP3\n\nKarlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song \"Tom's Diner\" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some... |
57062a3a75f01819005e7a16 | What word describes the nature of the song used? | monophonic | [
"MP3\n\nKarlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song \"Tom's Diner\" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some... |
57062a3a75f01819005e7a17 | As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what? | The mother of MP3 | [
"MP3\n\nKarlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song \"Tom's Diner\" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some... |
57062a3a75f01819005e7a18 | Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats? | EBU V3/SQAM | [
"MP3\n\nKarlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song \"Tom's Diner\" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some... |
57062b6152bb89140068991e | Which language was the reference simulation software written in? | C | [
"MP3\n\nA reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IE... |
57062b6152bb89140068991f | Who developed the reference simulation software? | the ISO MPEG Audio committee | [
"MP3\n\nA reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IE... |
57062b6152bb891400689920 | When was the reference software approved? | March 1994 | [
"MP3\n\nA reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IE... |
57062b6152bb891400689921 | When did the reference software become an international standard? | 1998 | [
"MP3\n\nA reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IE... |
57062b6152bb891400689922 | What could the reference software demonstrate? | real time hardware decoding | [
"MP3\n\nA reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IE... |
57062c2552bb891400689928 | When was the first software MP3 encoder released? | 7 July 1994 | [
"MP3\n\nOn 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many peopl... |
57062c2552bb891400689929 | What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder? | l3enc | [
"MP3\n\nOn 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many peopl... |
57062c2552bb89140068992a | What was the filename extension? | .mp3 | [
"MP3\n\nOn 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many peopl... |
57062c2552bb89140068992b | What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player? | WinPlay3 | [
"MP3\n\nOn 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many peopl... |
57062c2552bb89140068992c | What was the average high end hard drive size? | 1000 MB | [
"MP3\n\nOn 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many peopl... |
57062c9b52bb891400689932 | What was Jonathan Sterne's profession? | sound scholar | [
"MP3\n\nAs sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, \"An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it \"thank you Fraunhofer\"\"."
] |
57062c9b52bb891400689933 | Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc? | Australian | [
"MP3\n\nAs sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, \"An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it \"thank you Fraunhofer\"\"."
] |
57062c9b52bb891400689934 | What did the hacker use to acquire the software? | stolen credit card | [
"MP3\n\nAs sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, \"An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it \"thank you Fraunhofer\"\"."
] |
57062c9b52bb891400689935 | The hacker re-wrote which element of the program? | user interface | [
"MP3\n\nAs sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, \"An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it \"thank you Fraunhofer\"\"."
] |
57062c9b52bb891400689936 | How much did the new released program by the hacker cost? | free | [
"MP3\n\nAs sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, \"An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it \"thank you Fraunhofer\"\"."
] |
57062dd675f01819005e7a32 | Where did MP3s begin to spread? | the Internet | [
"MP3\n\nIn the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headqu... |
57062dd675f01819005e7a33 | Which audio player was released in 1997? | Winamp | [
"MP3\n\nIn the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headqu... |
57062dd675f01819005e7a34 | Who released the audio player? | Nullsoft | [
"MP3\n\nIn the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headqu... |
57062dd675f01819005e7a35 | What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player? | MPMan | [
"MP3\n\nIn the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headqu... |
57062dd675f01819005e7a36 | In which country was the first portable audio player developed? | South Korea | [
"MP3\n\nIn the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headqu... |
57062e7e52bb89140068993c | Which website offered MP3s for free? | mp3.com | [
"MP3\n\nIn November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing networ... |
57062e7e52bb89140068993d | How many MP3s were offered for free by the website? | thousands | [
"MP3\n\nIn November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing networ... |
57062e7e52bb89140068993e | What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s? | peer-to-peer | [
"MP3\n\nIn November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing networ... |
57062e7e52bb89140068993f | How did people come into possession of MP3s? | ripped from CDs | [
"MP3\n\nIn November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing networ... |
57062e7e52bb891400689940 | Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network? | Napster | [
"MP3\n\nIn November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing networ... |
57062ef375f01819005e7a46 | What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s? | copyright | [
"MP3\n\nThe ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it \"music piracy\". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against indi... |
57062ef375f01819005e7a47 | What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing? | music piracy | [
"MP3\n\nThe ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it \"music piracy\". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against indi... |
57062ef375f01819005e7a48 | Who was the target of the record companies? | Napster | [
"MP3\n\nThe ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it \"music piracy\". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against indi... |
57062ef375f01819005e7a49 | What happened to Napster? | shut down and later sold | [
"MP3\n\nThe ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it \"music piracy\". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against indi... |
57062f6975f01819005e7a58 | What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on? | Unauthorized | [
"MP3\n\nUnauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 for... |
57062f6975f01819005e7a59 | Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service? | authorized | [
"MP3\n\nUnauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 for... |
57062f6975f01819005e7a5a | What kind of music is sold by these companies? | unrestricted | [
"MP3\n\nUnauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 for... |
57062f6975f01819005e7a5b | Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally? | MP3 | [
"MP3\n\nUnauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 for... |
5706300775f01819005e7a60 | A header and data block together make up what? | MP3 frames | [
"MP3\n\nAn MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the \"byte reservoir\", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed... |
5706300775f01819005e7a61 | What is a sequence of MP3 frames called? | elementary stream | [
"MP3\n\nAn MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the \"byte reservoir\", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed... |
5706300775f01819005e7a62 | What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header? | dard | [
"MP3\n\nAn MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the \"byte reservoir\", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed... |
5706300775f01819005e7a63 | How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used? | two | [
"MP3\n\nAn MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the \"byte reservoir\", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed... |
5706300775f01819005e7a64 | MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta? | ID3 | [
"MP3\n\nAn MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the \"byte reservoir\", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed... |
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