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5726ec69dd62a815002e9566 | Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor? | John XXIII | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nOn basic Church teachings, the pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust. Po... |
5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01c | Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate? | opponents | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nUnlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which we... |
5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01d | What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be? | controversial | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nUnlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which we... |
5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01e | To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy? | theological freedoms | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nUnlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which we... |
5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01f | What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council? | taboo | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nUnlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which we... |
5726ef98708984140094d66d | How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy? | five | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nSome critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisio... |
5726ef98708984140094d66e | What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II? | National Bishop Conferences | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nSome critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisio... |
5726ef98708984140094d66f | What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with? | Communism | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nSome critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisio... |
5726ef98708984140094d670 | The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome? | Bishops | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nSome critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisio... |
5726ef98708984140094d671 | How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting? | all | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nSome critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisio... |
5726efc85951b619008f82c7 | How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978? | three hours | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nFrom his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ... |
5726efc85951b619008f82c8 | At what time did Paul VI die? | 21:41 | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nFrom his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ... |
5726efc85951b619008f82c9 | On what day did Paul VI die? | 6 August | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nFrom his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ... |
5726efc85951b619008f82ca | From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death? | bed | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nFrom his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ... |
5726efc85951b619008f82cb | What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death? | Castel Gandolfo | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nFrom his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ... |
5726efeff1498d1400e8f068 | How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976? | five | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nWith the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans li... |
5726efeff1498d1400e8f069 | What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent? | Argentina | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nWith the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans li... |
5726efeff1498d1400e8f06a | What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent? | Brazil | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nWith the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans li... |
5726efeff1498d1400e8f06b | What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in? | Roman Curia | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nWith the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans li... |
5726efeff1498d1400e8f06c | What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on? | regal vestments | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nWith the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans li... |
5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f122 | What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican? | army | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nPaul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first po... |
5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f123 | Who was the first pope to visit five continents? | Paul VI | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nPaul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first po... |
5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f124 | Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy? | world | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nPaul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first po... |
5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f125 | What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm? | bishops | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nPaul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first po... |
5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f126 | What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences? | motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane | [
"Pope_Paul_VI\n\nPaul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first po... |
57269f3b708984140094cbff | What is the largest rating of an electric motor? | 100 megawatts | [
"Electric_motor\n\nFound in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, s... |
57269f3b708984140094cc00 | What is the main example of a DC power source? | batteries | [
"Electric_motor\n\nFound in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, s... |
57269f3b708984140094cc01 | What does AC stand for? | alternating current | [
"Electric_motor\n\nFound in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, s... |
57269f3b708984140094cc02 | What does DC stand for? | direct current | [
"Electric_motor\n\nFound in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, s... |
57269f3b708984140094cc03 | In what device are small motors commonly found? | electric watches | [
"Electric_motor\n\nFound in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, s... |
5726a114708984140094cc49 | Who created the first electrostatic device? | Andrew Gordon | [
"Electric_motor\n\nPerhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by... |
5726a114708984140094cc4a | Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions? | André-Marie Ampère | [
"Electric_motor\n\nPerhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by... |
5726a114708984140094cc4b | In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy? | 1821 | [
"Electric_motor\n\nPerhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by... |
5726a114708984140094cc4c | What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors? | mercury | [
"Electric_motor\n\nPerhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by... |
5726a2605951b619008f786b | In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism? | 1827 | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices \"electromagnetic self-rotors\". Although they were used only for ins... |
5726a2605951b619008f786c | Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor? | rotor | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices \"electromagnetic self-rotors\". Although they were used only for ins... |
5726a2605951b619008f786d | What did Jedlik call his earliest devices? | electromagnetic self-rotors | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices \"electromagnetic self-rotors\". Although they were used only for ins... |
5726a2605951b619008f786e | What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation? | commutator | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices \"electromagnetic self-rotors\". Although they were used only for ins... |
5726a2605951b619008f786f | What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for? | permanent magnets | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices \"electromagnetic self-rotors\". Although they were used only for ins... |
5726a342f1498d1400e8e594 | When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments? | 1839/40 | [
"Electric_motor\n\nAfter many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which wa... |
5726a342f1498d1400e8e595 | What was Jacobi's improved motor used to propel? | boat | [
"Electric_motor\n\nAfter many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which wa... |
5726a342f1498d1400e8e596 | Who created the first real electric motor? | Moritz von Jacobi | [
"Electric_motor\n\nAfter many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which wa... |
5726a342f1498d1400e8e597 | Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's first motor? | Jacobi himself | [
"Electric_motor\n\nAfter many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which wa... |
5726a342f1498d1400e8e598 | How long did it take for Jacobi's first world record to be broken? | four years | [
"Electric_motor\n\nAfter many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which wa... |
5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc6 | Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery? | William Sturgeon | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenp... |
5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc7 | Which inventor went bankrupt? | Thomas Davenport | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenp... |
5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc8 | What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry? | the high cost of primary battery power | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenp... |
5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc9 | What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful? | electricity distribution | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenp... |
5726a45cdd62a815002e8bca | How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run? | 600 revolutions per minute | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenp... |
5726a572dd62a815002e8be2 | What made Pacinotti's motor an important advancement? | non-fluctuating current | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-f... |
5726a572dd62a815002e8be3 | Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti? | Zénobe Gramme | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-f... |
5726a572dd62a815002e8be4 | How far from each other were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations? | 2 km | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-f... |
5726a572dd62a815002e8be5 | Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for? | generator | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-f... |
5726a572dd62a815002e8be6 | In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations? | Vienna and Philadelphia | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-f... |
5726a6ba5951b619008f791d | What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency? | small air gap | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison)... |
5726a6ba5951b619008f791e | Which inventor created the first useful DC motor? | Frank Julian Sprague | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison)... |
5726a6ba5951b619008f791f | What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs? | electric trolley system | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison)... |
5726a6ba5951b619008f7920 | What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system? | South Side Elevated Railway | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison)... |
5726a6ba5951b619008f7921 | Who did Sprague work for early in his career? | Thomas Edison | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison)... |
5726a8565951b619008f7947 | How much energy do electric motors use in the modern United States? | more than half | [
"Electric_motor\n\nApplication of electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor, providing easy control at the point of use... |
5726a8565951b619008f7948 | In what domain did electric motors reduce reliance on humans and animals? | agriculture | [
"Electric_motor\n\nApplication of electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor, providing easy control at the point of use... |
5726a8565951b619008f7949 | Besides shafts, belts and compressed air, what did electric motors reduce the need for? | hydraulic pressure | [
"Electric_motor\n\nApplication of electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor, providing easy control at the point of use... |
5726a8565951b619008f794a | Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety? | in the home | [
"Electric_motor\n\nApplication of electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor, providing easy control at the point of use... |
5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e672 | Who built the first induction motor? | Walter Baily | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1824, the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor. In the 1880s, many inventors were tryin... |
5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e673 | What type of power were early motors unable to use? | AC | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1824, the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor. In the 1880s, many inventors were tryin... |
5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e674 | Who bought Tesla's patents? | George Westinghouse | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1824, the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor. In the 1880s, many inventors were tryin... |
5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e675 | For what application was Tesla's motor first used? | mining | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1824, the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor. In the 1880s, many inventors were tryin... |
5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e676 | What's another name for the bar-winding-rotor? | squirrel-cage | [
"Electric_motor\n\nIn 1824, the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor. In the 1880s, many inventors were tryin... |
5726aad5708984140094cd5d | What would a rotor do without current reversal? | brake to a stop | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving co... |
5726aad5708984140094cd5e | What switches the input of most DC motors? | commutator | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving co... |
5726aad5708984140094cd5f | From where is current to the motor supplied? | stationary brushes | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving co... |
5726aad5708984140094cd60 | What two motor types are ascendant today? | externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving co... |
5726abebdd62a815002e8c84 | What does the communicator do? | reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC m... |
5726abebdd62a815002e8c85 | What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors? | AC | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC m... |
5726abebdd62a815002e8c86 | Where do brushes get their power? | external | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC m... |
5726abebdd62a815002e8c87 | What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor? | rotating | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC m... |
5726ad34dd62a815002e8ca8 | Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what? | electromagnet | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically \"soft\" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by th... |
5726ad34dd62a815002e8ca9 | What rotates the motor shaft? | force between the two magnetic fields | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically \"soft\" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by th... |
5726ad34dd62a815002e8caa | What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning? | commutator | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically \"soft\" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by th... |
5726ad34dd62a815002e8cab | What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed? | compass | [
"Electric_motor\n\nThe rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically \"soft\" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by th... |
5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cce | How is RFI generated? | sparking | [
"Electric_motor\n\nMany of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sec... |
5726ae3cdd62a815002e8ccf | What do brushes need to be in contact with? | commutator | [
"Electric_motor\n\nMany of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sec... |
5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd0 | What is created by contact between parts of the motor? | friction | [
"Electric_motor\n\nMany of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sec... |
5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd1 | What does sparking limit? | maximum speed | [
"Electric_motor\n\nMany of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sec... |
5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd2 | What motor components most need replacement and maintenance? | Brushes | [
"Electric_motor\n\nMany of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sec... |
5726af505951b619008f7a47 | What are large brushes favorable for? | motor output | [
"Electric_motor\n\nLarge brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking. (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush s... |
5726af505951b619008f7a48 | Whate are small brushes favorable for? | speed | [
"Electric_motor\n\nLarge brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking. (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush s... |
5726af505951b619008f7a49 | What type of brushes are cheapest? | small | [
"Electric_motor\n\nLarge brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking. (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush s... |
5726af505951b619008f7a4a | How can the speed of larger brushes be increased? | Stiffer brush springs | [
"Electric_motor\n\nLarge brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking. (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush s... |
5726af505951b619008f7a4b | Besides wear, what is a downside of stiff brush springs? | lower efficiency | [
"Electric_motor\n\nLarge brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking. (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush s... |
5726b0355951b619008f7a7f | What can a PM motor not be adjusted for? | speed control | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because th... |
5726b0355951b619008f7a80 | What is another name for PM fields? | stators | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because th... |
5726b0355951b619008f7a81 | What design feature does a PM motor lack? | field winding | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because th... |
5726b0355951b619008f7a82 | What do field windings provide? | flux | [
"Electric_motor\n\nA PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because th... |
5726b10af1498d1400e8e792 | Why do miniature PM motors use high energy magnets? | To minimize overall weight and size | [
"Electric_motor\n\nTo minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally design... |
5726b10af1498d1400e8e793 | What are high energy magnets typically made of? | neodymium-iron-boron alloy | [
"Electric_motor\n\nTo minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally design... |
5726b10af1498d1400e8e794 | What does the outer housing of a miniature motor resemble? | steel tube | [
"Electric_motor\n\nTo minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally design... |
5726b10af1498d1400e8e795 | How do PMs rate against other types of electric motors? | least competitive | [
"Electric_motor\n\nTo minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally design... |
5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b4 | What is the typical maximum range of universal motors? | 1000 watts | [
"Electric_motor\n\nOperating at normal power line frequencies, universal motors are often found in a range less than 1000 watts. Universal motors also formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC... |
5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b5 | What type of motor was used in trailway traction applications? | universal | [
"Electric_motor\n\nOperating at normal power line frequencies, universal motors are often found in a range less than 1000 watts. Universal motors also formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC... |
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