Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
5726d1d8708984140094d242	What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?	power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation	[ "Electric_motor\n\nThe continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. De...
5726d1d8708984140094d243	What does continuous torque density refer to?	method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating	[ "Electric_motor\n\nThe continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. De...
5726d1d8708984140094d244	How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?	virtually the same	[ "Electric_motor\n\nThe continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. De...
5726d2f5708984140094d271	What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?	electrostatic	[ "Electric_motor\n\nAn electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors inst...
5726d2f5708984140094d272	What are electrostatic motors like two of?	conventional coil-based motors	[ "Electric_motor\n\nAn electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors inst...
5726d2f5708984140094d273	What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?	high-voltage	[ "Electric_motor\n\nAn electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors inst...
5726d2f5708984140094d274	What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?	Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon	[ "Electric_motor\n\nAn electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors inst...
5726d2f5708984140094d275	Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?	electrostatic motor	[ "Electric_motor\n\nAn electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors inst...
5726a6b8708984140094cced	What is the official name of Switzerland?	Swiss Confederation	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the \"Swiss Confederation\" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, w...
5726a6b8708984140094ccee	What type of government does Switzerland have?	a federal directorial republic	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the \"Swiss Confederation\" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, w...
5726a6b8708984140094ccef	How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?	26	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the \"Swiss Confederation\" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, w...
5726a6b8708984140094ccf0	What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland?	the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the \"Swiss Confederation\" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, w...
5726a6b8708984140094ccf1	What is the population of Switzerland?	approximately 8 million	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the \"Swiss Confederation\" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, w...
5726a7ef708984140094cd07	What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?	1 August 1291	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002...
5726a7ef708984140094cd08	What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?	2002	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002...
5726a7ef708984140094cd09	What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?	Switzerland	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002...
5726a7ef708984140094cd0a	In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?	1815	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002...
5726a7ef708984140094cd0b	What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?	Swiss National Day	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002...
5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c3e	Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?	German, French, Italian and Romansh	[ "Switzerland\n\nStraddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather,...
5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c3f	What is the predominant language in Switzerland?	German	[ "Switzerland\n\nStraddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather,...
5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c40	What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?	Suisse	[ "Switzerland\n\nStraddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather,...
5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c41	What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?	Schweiz	[ "Switzerland\n\nStraddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather,...
5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c42	What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?	Svizzera	[ "Switzerland\n\nStraddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather,...
5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c66	How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?	top or close to the top	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nomi...
5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c67	Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?	Switzerland	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nomi...
5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c68	Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?	Zürich and Geneva	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nomi...
5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c69	What assets are included in nominal wealth?	financial and non-financial	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nomi...
5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c6a	What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?	eighth-highest	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nomi...
57276a1b5951b619008f898d	What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries?	Switzer	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin...
57276a1b5951b619008f898e	Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?	French Suisse	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin...
57276a1b5951b619008f898f	Where did the name Switzer originate from?	the Alemannic Schwiizer	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin...
57276a1b5951b619008f8990	What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of?	the Old Swiss Confederacy	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin...
57276c675951b619008f89b1	In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes?	972	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradual...
57276c675951b619008f89b2	At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation?	after the Swabian War of 1499	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradual...
57276c675951b619008f89b3	What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?	Schwiiz	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradual...
57276c675951b619008f89b4	What was the name d'Schwiiz used for?	the Confederation	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradual...
57276e95dd62a815002e9cbc	What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?	Hallstatt and La Tène	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence f...
57276e95dd62a815002e9cbd	Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?	La Tène	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence f...
57276e95dd62a815002e9cbe	Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?	the Helvetii	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence f...
57276e95dd62a815002e9cbf	In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?	15 BC	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence f...
57276e95dd62a815002e9cc0	What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?	Vindonissa	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence f...
572770f9f1498d1400e8f82c	In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?	about 260 AD	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like ...
572770f9f1498d1400e8f82d	In about 260 AD, what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses?	raids by the Alamanni tribes	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like ...
572770f9f1498d1400e8f82e	What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?	the linear defence concept	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like ...
572770f9f1498d1400e8f82f	What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century?	Germanic	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like ...
572770f9f1498d1400e8f830	Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century?	German tribes	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like ...
5727729cdd62a815002e9d14	From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?	the Kings of the Burgundians	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day S...
5727729cdd62a815002e9d15	Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?	the Swiss plateau	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day S...
5727729cdd62a815002e9d16	Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?	valleys of the Alps	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day S...
5727729cdd62a815002e9d17	In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?	Alemannia and Burgundy	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day S...
5727729cdd62a815002e9d18	What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?	Frankish Empire	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day S...
5727746d708984140094de07	In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?	the Swiss plateau	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its...
5727746d708984140094de08	In 1264 AD, what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall?	extinction of its male line in 1263	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its...
5727746d708984140094de09	Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD?	the Habsburgs	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its...
5727746d708984140094de0a	Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD?	King Rudolph I	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its...
5727746d708984140094de0b	What did the three regions of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden become known as?	Waldstätten	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its...
5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cc	In what year did the three original cantons join with five other cantons to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states?	By 1353	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, ...
5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cd	Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?	end of the 15th century	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, ...
5727766cf1498d1400e8f8ce	What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?	increased power and wealth	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, ...
5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cf	By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?	the confederates	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, ...
5727766cf1498d1400e8f8d0	Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?	Swabian War	[ "Switzerland\n\nBy 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, ...
572778a2708984140094de85	Which Battle was the first to interrupt the seeming invincibility of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1515?	Battle of Marignano	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called \"heroic\" epoch of Swiss history. The success of Zwingli's Reformatio...
572778a2708984140094de86	What inter-cantonal conflicts resulted in the Wars of Kappel?	religious	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called \"heroic\" epoch of Swiss history. The success of Zwingli's Reformatio...
572778a2708984140094de87	In what year did European countries first recognize Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire?	1648	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called \"heroic\" epoch of Swiss history. The success of Zwingli's Reformatio...
572778a2708984140094de88	In what two years were the Wars of Kappel?	1529 and 1531	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called \"heroic\" epoch of Swiss history. The success of Zwingli's Reformatio...
572778a2708984140094de89	Under the Peace of Westphalia, who finally recognized Switzerland's neutrality?	European countries	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called \"heroic\" epoch of Swiss history. The success of Zwingli's Reformatio...
57277a89f1498d1400e8f940	Who conquered Switzerland in 1798?	the revolutionary French government	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland....
57277a89f1498d1400e8f941	What did the French government impose on Switzerland in 1798, centralizing the Swiss government?	a new unified constitution	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland....
57277a89f1498d1400e8f942	What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland?	the cantons	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland....
57277a89f1498d1400e8f943	What was the name of the new regime created when the Cisalpine Republic separated from Switzerland?	Helvetic Republic	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland....
57277a89f1498d1400e8f944	Which unpopular republic destroyed centuries of Swiss traditions?	Helvetic	[ "Switzerland\n\nIn 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland....
57277da6dd62a815002e9e88	During the Helvetic Republic, which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals?	Russian and Austrian	[ "Switzerland\n\nWhen war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the ...
57277da6dd62a815002e9e89	Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians?	The Swiss	[ "Switzerland\n\nWhen war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the ...
57277da6dd62a815002e9e8a	What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean?	Act of Mediation	[ "Switzerland\n\nWhen war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the ...
57277da6dd62a815002e9e8b	What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring?	Swiss autonomy	[ "Switzerland\n\nWhen war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the ...
57277da6dd62a815002e9e8c	How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation?	19	[ "Switzerland\n\nWhen war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the ...
57277f175951b619008f8b5d	What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?	a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for...
57277f175951b619008f8b5e	What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?	friendly fire	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for...
57277f175951b619008f8b5f	How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?	less than a month	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for...
57277f175951b619008f8b60	What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?	the Sonderbundskrieg	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for...
57277f175951b619008f8b61	How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?	major	[ "Switzerland\n\nThe restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for...
5727816ddd62a815002e9ef2	What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?	American	[ "Switzerland\n\nThus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Gi...
5727816ddd62a815002e9ef3	Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?	local issues	[ "Switzerland\n\nThus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Gi...
5727816ddd62a815002e9ef4	How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?	two	[ "Switzerland\n\nThus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Gi...
5727816ddd62a815002e9ef5	What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?	Council of States	[ "Switzerland\n\nThus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Gi...
5727816ddd62a815002e9ef6	What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?	National Council	[ "Switzerland\n\nThus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Gi...
57278395f1498d1400e8fa50	Though invasion plans were drawn up the the Germans, which war did Switzerland escape attack during?	World War II	[ "Switzerland\n\nDuring World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under ...
57278395f1498d1400e8fa51	Who was the head of the Swiss central command during World War II?	General Henri Guisan	[ "Switzerland\n\nDuring World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under ...
57278395f1498d1400e8fa52	What did General Henry Guisan order a general mobilisation of during World War II?	armed forces	[ "Switzerland\n\nDuring World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under ...
57278395f1498d1400e8fa53	What was the original goal of the Swiss military strategy?	protect the economic heartland	[ "Switzerland\n\nDuring World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under ...
57278395f1498d1400e8fa54	What were the Reduit?	strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps	[ "Switzerland\n\nDuring World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under ...
572784dcf1498d1400e8fa96	Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?	by both the Allies and by the Axis	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through ...
572784dcf1498d1400e8fa97	What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?	a crucial rail link through Vichy France	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through ...
572784dcf1498d1400e8fa98	How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?	over 300,000	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through ...
572784dcf1498d1400e8fa99	When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?	end of the 20th century	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through ...
572784dcf1498d1400e8fa9a	Where was the International Red Cross based?	Geneva	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through ...
5727860fdd62a815002e9f74	Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?	women	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining ...
5727860fdd62a815002e9f75	When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?	1971	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining ...
5727860fdd62a815002e9f76	Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?	Elisabeth Kopp	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining ...
5727860fdd62a815002e9f77	Who was Switzerland's first female president?	Ruth Dreifuss	[ "Switzerland\n\nSwitzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining ...

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